 Frame: Think of a photo album. Each slot in the album holds a picture.

In
computer memory, a frame is like a slot that holds a piece of data.
 Page: Imagine a notebook divided into sections. Each section is a page. Similarly,
in computer memory, a page is a section used to store data.
 Segment: Picture a multi-compartment toolbox. Each compartment holds
different tools. In memory management, a segment is a section allocated for
specific tasks.
 Swapping: Think of shuffling cards. You temporarily place some cards aside to
make space on the table. In computing, swapping moves data between main
memory and secondary storage.
 Fragmentation: Consider a jigsaw puzzle missing a few pieces. The missing
spaces represent wasted memory. Fragmentation in computers refers to
inefficiently used memory space.
 External Fragmentation: Picture a parking lot with small empty spots scattered
around, but they're too small for a car. Similarly, in computing, there's available
memory, but it's in small, scattered portions, making it unusable for larger tasks.
 Internet Fragmentation: Imagine breaking a long message into smaller
postcards to send. Internet fragmentation involves breaking large data into
smaller packets for transmission across the internet.


EXTERNAL VS INTERNAL FRAGMENTATION

Internal Fragmentation: It's like buying a big pizza but having a smaller
appetite. Internal fragmentation happens when a memory block is allocated for
data, but it's larger than what the data needs. So, some space inside that block
remains unused.
 External Fragmentation: Imagine a jigsaw puzzle where you have gaps between
completed parts. External fragmentation occurs when there's enough total
memory space available, but it's divided into small chunks scattered across,
making it challenging to find a single large, continuous space for new data.

Recolation: Think of it like a moving company that shifts homes. Relocation in
computing refers to moving a program or a piece of data from one area of
memory to another.
 Protection: It's similar to locking your personal diary. Protection in computing
involves setting rules and restrictions to control who can access or modify certain
data or programs, ensuring security and preventing unauthorized changes.
 Sharing: It's like sharing toys with friends. Sharing in computing refers to
allowing multiple programs or users to access the same resources, like memory
or files, concurrently.
  Logical Organization: Think of it like arranging books by genre. Logical
organization in computing refers to how data is structured and accessed logically,
based on labels, names, or other logical criteria.
 Physical Organization: It's akin to storing books on shelves in a library. Physical
organization in computing refers to how data is stored and accessed physically
on a storage device or in memory.

RAM (Random Access Memory): This is the main memory or primary memory.
It's volatile, meaning it temporarily holds data that the CPU is actively using. It's
fast but has limited space and loses its contents when the computer is turned off.
 Hard Drive (or any secondary storage device like SSDs, HDDs, etc.): This is
secondary memory or secondary storage. It's non-volatile, meaning it stores data
persistently even when the computer is turned off. It has much larger capacity
compared to RAM but is slower in terms of access speed.

In summary, RAM is the main memory that the CPU uses to store and access data
actively, while the hard drive is a form of secondary memory used for long-term storage
of files and data.

Fixed Partitioning Example:

Imagine a computer system with 1000MB (1GB) of memory. The system divides this
memory into four fixed partitions: 200MB each for system processes, 400MB for
multimedia applications, 150MB for word processing, and 250MB for internet browsers.
These partitions remain static; even if a process needs less memory, it's allocated the
entire partition, leading to unused space and internal fragmentation.

Dynamic Partitioning Example:

In dynamic partitioning, the memory is allocated based on the actual size of the process.
For instance, if the system needs to run a process that requires 300MB of memory, it
finds an available free space closest to that size and allocates it. If a 200MB process
comes next, it occupies another available block that can accommodate it. This approach
minimizes internal fragmentation but might create smaller, scattered free spaces leading
to external fragmentation.

Virtual Memory Example:

Imagine you're working on a project. Your desk represents your computer's RAM, and
your bookshelf is the hard drive. Your desk has limited space (RAM), so you keep only
the essential items on it. However, when you need other less important items, you
temporarily move the crucial items to the bookshelf to make room. When required, you
can swap these items between your desk and the bookshelf as needed.

Virtual Memory Paging Example:

Think of your notes for different subjects (pages) spread across a binder. Each subject's
notes are on separate pages, and when you need to review them, you take out these
pages and lay them on your desk, even if they aren't in consecutive order. Your table of
contents (page table) helps you find where each subject's notes are in your binder.

Virtual Memory Segmentation Example:

Imagine a big sketchbook with sections allocated for different types of drawings: one
section for portraits, one for landscapes, and another for cartoons. When you need to
reference or draw something, you look at the table of contents (segment table) to find
which section/page the specific type of drawing is on and then flip to that part of the
sketchbook to work on it.