LEARNING MODULE IN COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

MODULE 1

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SCOPES & CONCEPTS OBJECTIVES

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At the end of the

OF POLICING WITH module, you should be
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able to:

GLOBALIZATION a. differentiate
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policing and law

LESSON 1 - INTRODUCTION TO POLICING enforcement;
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b. demonstrate the
different policing
LESSON 2 - POLICING ACTIVITIES
activities;

c. identify the
LESSON 3 - FUNCTION OF POLICE SERVICE
functions of police
service;
LESSON 4 - WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
d. illustrate the
concepts of
LESSON 5 - EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION globalization; and

IN LAW ENFORCEMENT e. discuss the effects of

globalization in law
enforcement.
 LEARNING MODULE IN COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

INTRODUCTION TO POLICING
Lesson 1
Policing is the most obvious and apparent aspect of the Criminal Justice System.
Police Systems around the world varied in terms of approach and practices in
achieving police goals due to diversity of culture however similarities are placed
on the purpose of their existence:
•Crime prevention, Peace and order
•Law enforcement and
•Criminal Investigation
Police
defined as an entity created by law, funded by government for the specific
purpose of maintaining social order and to enforce the law.
Can be defined as the governmental department charged with the regulation

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and control of the affairs of a community, now chiefly the department

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established to maintain order, enforce the law, and prevent and detect crime.
Policing

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refers to the actions taken by a police agency to fulfill a legal mandate of
which the end result is maintenance of order and keeping the peace.
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Comparison
In a social sciences context, it refers to a specific methodology of analyzing
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similarities and contrasts amongst selected entities and defined variables.

Comparative
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denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing or other entity has a
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property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another.

What is meant by model system?
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Model system is used to described the countries being used as topics of

discussion. These countries are chosen not because they are greater than others but
because they are the focus of comparison being studied.
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Why compare systems and issues in criminal justice?

According to Harry Damner there are many reasons why we need to
compare but the basic reasons are:
To benefit from the experience of others.
To broaden our understanding of the different cultures and approaches to
problems.
To help us deal with the many transnational crime problems that plague our
world today.
Why do we need to innovate our policing system?
Theories and practices in law enforcement have been compared in several
studies under diverse circumstances, the goal is to test whether the theory and
practice in policing needs innovation to meet the demands of the present
trends in crime fighting.

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 LEARNING MODULE IN COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

The Difference between Law

Enforcement and Policing CONCEPT OF POLICING

·Policing requires cooperation

from residents, business owners
and leaders who participate in the
process of reducing crime and
improving quality of life. While
the idea of community policing
may sound revolutionary, it
actually dates back to the earliest
days of the modern police force.
The concept is best articulated in
Sir Robert Peel’s nine principles of
policing.

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This term has come to mean an approach to crime· fighting through
community service and problem-solving. Its idea requires holistic approach to

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community service, considering the problems that plague a community and
working with the people within that community to solve them.
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CONCEPT OF LAW
ENFORCEMENT
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At its core, it consists of just that: enforcing the law. In its purest form, it
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requires an unwavering adherence to rules and procedures. It is a focus on the

letter of the law rather than the spirit of the law. Citations are issued, arrest are
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made, and force is employed with little regard for the reason or meaning behind
a particular law or policy.
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Law Enforcement can be a very effective

way to maintain public order and punish crime
in as much as it is focused on requiring the
members of a community or society to comply
with the law or face the consequences. The
problem of this alone as a response to crime is
that it is singular in its approach, responding to
effects without consideration for cause.

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 LEARNING MODULE IN COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

POLICING ACTIVITIES
Lesson 2
TRADITIONAL POLICING
ACTIVTIES
Because the citizens have such a great
influence on the goals of policing activities
within the community, the goals of different
police agencies vary. Traditionally, there are
five basic goals:

1. Enforcing Laws
-the designation of police agency underscores the

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central importance of this long-accepted goal.

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Historically, enforcing laws has been a prime goal of
policing activities. However, this goal has become

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increasingly complex. Police must not only decide
what laws to enforce, but they also must serve as an
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integral part of the criminal justice system,
responsible for apprehending offenders and assisting
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in their prosecution.
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2. Preserving the Peace

-the legal authority to arrest individuals for
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disturbing the peace or for disorderly conduct. The

police are often called to intervene in non-criminal
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conduct such as those that which occurs at public

events, in social relations, and in traffic control to
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maintain law and order. They often help people

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solve problems that the latter cannot cope alone.

3. Preventing Crime
-crime prevention is closely related to law
enforcement and peace preservation. If the peace
has been kept, crime has, in effect, been
prevented. Crime prevention differs from
peacekeeping and law enforcing in that it attempts
to eliminate potentially dangerous situation. It is
proactive. It is often undertaken by the police
agency in working with juveniles, cooperating
with probation and parole administration and
educating the public.
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 LEARNING MODULE IN COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING
4. Protecting the
Rights and Liberties
-the police are not only charged with enforcing laws,
preserving the peace and preventing crimes. They are also
expected to do so as specified by the Bill of Rights. They are
independent decision makers and have both personal and
positional power. The goals and methods of the police must
promote individual liberty, public safety, and social justice.
Protecting rights and liberties of the people is perceived by
some as the single most important goal of policing
activities.
5. Providing other
Services
-as society has become more complex, so are the types
of services requested. Many new demands are made
including giving information, intervening in domestic

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disputes, rendering emergency or recue services,
controlling traffic and crowds, etc. in addition, many

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police agencies provide community education
programs regarding crimes, drugs supply and demand

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reduction, public safety, and the like.
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CONTEMPORARY GOALS OF POLICING ACTIVITIES
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1. Partnership with the Community

a cornerstone of policing activities. Police officers and their agencies may
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team-up with citizens, businesses, private policing enterprises, and the other
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law enforcement agencies to achieve the objectives of policing activities.

Community-police partnership exists on two levels:
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On a more passive A more active level which citizens step beyond their law-
level, the community abiding lives and get directly involved in policing
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is in a complaint role activities to enhance community safety. Partnership with

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and shows support the community usually results in a more effective

for law and order; solution to a problem because there are shared
and responsibilities. Partnerships are referred to as
collaborations.

2. Problem-Solving Approach to Crime

focuses on determining the underlying causes of problems, including
crime, and identifying solutions to problems identified.
It is defined as organizational-wide strategy aimed at solving persistent
community problems, and incidents”. Many law enforcement agencies
have now combined problem-solving approach to crime and policing
activities to address a broad range of crime problems and the quality-of-
life issues associated with them.

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 LEARNING MODULE IN COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

POLICING ACTIVITIES
Lesson 3
Primary Functions of Police Service
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE
- those functions that occur “behind the scenes”, away
from the front line of police officers in the field. These
services include clerical and technical support to
manage the information needed and generated by
those in field services. The two areas that most directly
affect the efficient provision of filed services are
communications and records.

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FIELD SERVICE

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These are performed by one functional office,
sometimes by a separate office and may be further

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specialized by the type of individual crime involves.
This includes the following:
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1.Patrol – usually sixty to seventy percent of the police
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agencies’ police officers are assigned to it providing

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continuous police service and visibility. Tasks include calls

for service, self-initiated activity, and administrative
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functions.

2.Traffic – a well-rounded traffic program involves many activities designed to

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maintain order and safety in streets and highways. Traffic officers enforce traffic laws,
direct and control traffic, and provide emergency assistance.
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3.Investigation – has the responsibility to follow-up investigation. The success of any

criminal investigation relies on the cooperative and coordinated efforts of both the
patrol and investigative functions.

4.Community Service – in essence, every action of police officer affects community

relations either positively or negatively. Many larger police agencies have separate
community relations service to strengthen the communication channels and
cooperation between the public and police agencies.

5.Specialized Officers – in addition to the basic functions within the police agencies,
larger agencies frequently train officers to perform highly specialized tasks that may
include evidence technician, intelligence operatives, K-9 handlers, SWAT team
members, bomb squad, etc.

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 LEARNING MODULE IN COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

Variations of Styles in Policing

The styles of policing in different agencies do not fall completely into single
typology and the variations may be either any of the following:

1. LAW ENFORCERS
The enforcers focus on social order and keeping society safe. Enforcers are less
concerned with individual rights and due process. Such police officers are often
critical. They have little time for minor violations of the law or for the social services
aspect, seeing that as a waste of time and resources. Police officers of this typology are
most likely to use excessive force.
2. CRIME FIGHTERS
The crime fighters are like enforcers in that their primary goal is to keep society
safe. These police officers tend to deal with all the laws and all offenders equally. The
crime fighters are often relatively new, inexperienced or unable to see the gray areas
associated with policing activities than enforcers.

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3. SOCIAL SERVICE AGENTS

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The social service agents are more accepting of the social service roles, and more

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attuned to due process. Such police officers are often young, well-educated and idealistic.
Like the enforcers, and the crimefighters, social service agents are also interested in
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protecting society, but are more flexible on the approach is applied. They are more on
providing miscellaneous policing activities.
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4. NEIGHBORHOOD WATCHDOG
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The neighborhood watchdogs are on the opposite end of the spectrum from the
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enforcers. The neighborhood watchdogs may ignore common violations, such as traffic
offenses and tolerance to certain amount of vice and gambling. They use the law more to
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maintain order than regulate conduct. They also tend to judge the requirement of order
differently depending on the group if the infraction occurs.
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Significance of Police in Social Life

Represents the presence of civil body politic in everyday life.

Conveys a sense of power or sacredness that lies at the root of

political order.

Represents the means by which the political authorities maintain

status quo.

Represent the capacity of state to deter citizens from committing

acts that threaten the order they are believed to symbolize.

Gives a corporate identity to the police men.

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 LEARNING MODULE IN COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

Types of Police Officers:

Behind the Badge (US)

1. UNIFORMED – maintain regular patrols and respond to emergency calls,

OFFICERS involved in investigating criminal activity, directing traffic and
generally helping citizens in need

2. DETECTIVES – active at crime scenes and spend their time

investigating crimes

3. STATE POLICE AND – often busy patrolling highways… sometimes referred to as

HIGWAY PATROL state trooper
OFFICERS
– tasked with enforcing the rules and regulations designed to
4. FISH AND GAME protect wildlife

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WARDENS

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5. TRANSIT AND – responsible for patrolling
RAILROAD OFFICERS public transportation areas like
subways and trains or railways
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6. SHERIFFS – duties are of a COP
7. SPECIAL
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– airport police are an

JURISDICTIONS
example
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Five (5) Top Trends Currently Shaping

the Law Enforcement Field:
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1. Focus on community-oriented policing

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2. Increase use of technology and tools – body

camera, facial recognition, predictive policing,
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GPS application, Next generation 911, robots and

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drones
3. Expanding opportunities for women in law
enforcement
4. The fast-growing threat of cyber crime
5. Promoting a new generation into leadership
roles

Types of Law Enforcement Agencies

1. Local law enforcement agencies include police and sheriff departments
2. State agencies include the state or highway patrol
3.Federal agencies
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 LEARNING MODULE IN COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
Lesson 4

Globalization – refers to the rapid development of the western culture that

ultimately affects other cultures in the world as brought by intellectual and
technological advances, in which some crimes occurring in other countries are
attributed.

Every nation has its own law enforcement agency called the Police. One thing is
common, the police symbolize the presence of a civil body politics in everyday life; they
symbolize the capacity of the state to intervene to common concern of the state for the
affairs of citizenry. It is therefore timely to discuss the connection of globalization to
policing.

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Globalization is the package of transnational flow of people, production, investment,

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information, ideas and authority. It is the growing interpenetration of states, markets,
communications, and ideas (Alison Brysk). It is one of the leading characteristics of the

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contemporary world. International norms and institutions for the protection or policing
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human rights, are more developed than at any previous point in history, while global
civil society fosters growing avenues of appeal for citizens repressed by their own states.
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But assaults on fundamental human dignity continue, and the very blurring of
borders and rise of transnational actors that facilitated the development of a global
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human rights regime that may also be generating new sources of human rights abuse.
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With Brysk’s view on globalization and human rights, a more broadly articulated
and accepted way of protecting these rights is with in the hands of Law Enforcement
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Agencies in the world. The rights of individuals have come to depend ever more on a
broad array of global system of policing and forces, from local police to the international
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police.
As Internationalization: as simply another adjective to describe cross-border
relations between countries; and it describes the growth in international exchange and
interdependence.

GLOBALIZATION THEORY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

integrates the key ideas of modernization theory, civilization and world-systems
theory into a single framework of analysis of the contemporary world
becomes relevant in comparative criminal justice because of its wider analytical
scope of examining the connectivity between crime, law, and justice and the
vicissitudes of the modern world economy and culture
the core idea: connectivity among world’s nations and civilizations… that provides
a challenge to the comparative method in cross-national analyses of crime and
justice

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 LEARNING MODULE IN COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

In the context of a cross-national analysis of crime, law and justice, three

hypotheses of globalization theory need to be explored.
1. World-system theory – it is important to explore whether the integration within the
global economy is related to a low or high rate of crime.
2. Political globalization – increasing demand for sustainable development, human
security, democracy, human rights, equal justice, and transparent governance all over the
world. Nation-states are being increasingly challenged by transnational issues (economy
and politics issues are being increasingly addressed by and within international and
regional political organizations such as UN, EU, WTO, ASEAN, Organization of African
Unity (OAU),Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), Organization of Islamic
Cooperation (OIC), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), and Gulf
Cooperation Council (GCC)
3. Cultural globalization – globalization of the culture of all countries and civilizations into
a new form of symbolism and expression…progress of modernization at a global scale…

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creating a new virtual global culture characterized by intense curiosity about human acts

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and creations in different land civilizations

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Ø due to rise of modern information technology
Ø the birth of knowledge economy
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Ø the rapid expansion of the Internet around the world
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Rapid globalization has also seen the rapid development of a new generation of
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global crimes and transnational organized crime groups: illegal drug trade, global sex
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trade, trafficking of women and children, illegal trading of conventional weapons, money
laundering, maritime piracy, and crimes in cyberspace.
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THREE TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Globalization as Reality – the increase in global trade and global markets, global
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communication, global travel and global migration, global networks (from online
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gamers to terrorists), global environmental destruction and climate change,

increased hybridity of cultures and societies, increased influence of US values
and culture on the rest of the world.
Four elements that characterized globalization:
a)Extensity – stretching of activities across borders and distances
b)Intensity – the magnitude of interconnectedness inherent in these transactions
c)Velocity – how these transactions have gained in speed, e.g. email, fax mail
d)Impact – the idea that local events can have global consequences, and that on the
other hand global materialize locally, often with considerable variations

2. Globalization as Theory – Methodological nationalism (Westphalian Model) describes an

approach in social theory that takes the nation state as an assumption… in three modes:
Ø the transcendence of ethnic, religious and economic differences
Ø social theory has naturalized the nation state and thereby made it the framework of its
analysis of society
Ø the analytical focus of social science and theory have been restrained by the boundaries
of the nation state
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3. Globalization as Ideology – related ideology variants:

Ø World community in which everyone is connected with everyone… Individuals would no
longer be citizens of individual countries but instead citizens of the world–globalization as
cosmopolitanism
Ø Neoliberalization is the idea that markets should emancipate from states and their
regulation and thereby lead to more freedom and more prosperity
Ø Individualization… in which the state loses its regulatory appeal.

CONCEPT OF GLOBAL COMMUNITY

1. Interpersonal relations
ü Varies from: family or kinship, friendship,
marriage, relations with associates, work,
clubs, neighborhoods, and places of worship
ü Maybe regulated by: law, custom or mutual
agreement, and are the basis of social groups
and society as a whole

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2. Inter-territorial relations
ü Kinds of human territory: tribal, family and

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personal
ü Territorial disputes are disagreement over
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the possession/control of land between two or
more states, over the possession or control if
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land by a new state and occupying power after

it has conquered the land from a former state
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no longer currently recognized by the new

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state.

3. Inter-governmental relations
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ü refers to a broad array of services to the

public and state local and tribal governments.
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It supports countries, municipalities, citizens

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and business by providing support services in

many different ways.

4. Economic relations
ü refers to agreement and cooperation of
people, government and countries for a
smooth and equitable exchange of resources
for the purpose of sustaining economic
stability that will satisfy the needs of the
constituents

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 LEARNING MODULE IN COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION IN
LAW ENFORCEMENT
Lesson 5
The emergence of an “international regime” for state security and protection of
human rights, growing transnational social movement networks, increasing
consciousness and information politics have the potential to address both traditional
and emerging forms of law violations. Open international system should free individuals
to pursue their rights, but large numbers of people seem to be suffering from both long-
standing state repression and new denials of rights linked to transnational force like
international forces like international terrorism and other acts against humanity.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
What is Transnational Crime?
It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in
recent years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by

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the United Nations (UN) offences whose inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect
effects involve in more than one country

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a continuing illegal activity of group of persons which is primarily concerned with the
generation of profits, irrespective of national boundaries as a result of globalization.

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Examples are:
CYBERCRIME
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Any crime accomplished through special knowledge of
computer technology.
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Any crime where computer is used as a tool or as a target

or incidental to the commission of a crime.
Any illegal act in which knowledge of computer
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technology is used to commit the offense. (L. E.

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Quaratiello)
All illegal activities that are committed by or with the aid
of computer or information technology or in which the
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computers are the target of the criminal enterprise.

(Martin L. Forst)
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TRAFFICKING IN PERSON
it is the acquisition of people by improper means such as
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force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting

them while Smuggling migrants involves the
procurement for financial or other material benefit of
illegal entry of a person into a State of which that person
is not a national or resident.

TERRORISM
The commission of crimes of rebellion, murder,
kidnapping, hijacking etc. that sow or create a
condition of widespread and extraordinary fear
and panic among the populace in order to coerce
the government to give in to an unlawful demand.
(R.A. 9372 or the H.S.A.)

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DRUG TRAFFICKING
The illegal drug trade or trafficking is a global black market
consisting of:
ü Cultivation ü distribution and
ü manufacture ü sale of illegal drugs

MONEY LAUNDERING
The monetary proceeds of
criminal activity are
converted into funds with an
apparent legal source.
(Manzel, 1996)

“TURNING OF DIRTY MONEY

INTO CLEAN MONEY”

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What is International Crime? Some Threats brought about by Globalization are:

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Defined as crimes against the peace and Increasing volume of human rights
security of mankind (Adler, Mueller, and violations evident by genocide or mass
Laufer, 1994). The UN has identified the

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killing;
following as international crimes. The underprivilege gain unfair access to
ü Aggression (by one state against global mechanism on law enforcement and
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another) security;
ü Treat of aggression Conflict between nations; and
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ü Genocide (destroying a national,

Transnational criminal networks for
ethnic, racial, or religious group)
drug trafficking, money laundering,
ü Terrorism
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ü Drug trafficking terrorism, etc.

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LAW ENFORCEMENT IN GLOBAL ARENA

Bases of global scale:
1. The “International Bill of Human Rights” Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
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International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, and

2. International Covenant on Social and Economic Rights; phenomenon- specific treaties on
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war crimes
3. Geneva Conventions, genocide, and torture; and protections for vulnerable groups such as
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the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of
Discrimination against Women
4. International dialogue on human rights has produced a distinction between three
“generations” of human rights, labelled for their historical emergence
5. Security rights encompass life, bodily integrity, liberty, and sometimes associated rights of
political participation and democratic governance
6. Social and economic rights, highlighted in the eponymous International Covenant,
comprise both negative and positive freedoms, enacted by states and others: prominently,
rights to food, health care, education and free labor

Opportunities for Law Enforcement

While globalization brings the threats and many other threats to law enforcement, opportunities
like the following are carried:
Creation of International tribunals to deal with human rights problems;
Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to enforcement power
of states;
Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational crime; and
Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across transnational issues.
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REFERENCES

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