LEARNING MODULE IN COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

MODULE 4

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THE INTERNATIONAL
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OBJECTIVES
COOPERATION IN THE
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At the end of the

POLICING OF module, you should be
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able to:
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
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appraise the
AND CRIMINALS. contributions of
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international law
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enforcement
LESSON 1 - INTERPOL organizations in the
fight of crime; and

LESSON 2 - OTHER
INTERNATIONAL LAW explain their anti-
crime programs.
ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATIONS
 LEARNING MODULE IN COMPARATIVE MODELS OF POLICING

INTRODUCTION TO POLICING
Lesson 1

In the past, local police worked within their own geographically limited jurisdictions. When
international cooperation was needed in an ongoing investigation, “international policing”
provided the model for interstate relationships. In international policing, national police
organizations served as the conduit for sharing information among foreign law enforcement
agencies. To facilitate this exchange between states, bilateral relationships – limited to specific
investigations or cases – were developed. Over time, international institutions, such as the 181-
member International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO-Interpol), founded in 1923, and the
European Police Office (Europol), founded in 1992, were created to help facilitate this “case-by-
case” collaboration.

International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)

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The world’s largest international police organization, with 188-member countries.
Founded in Vienna in 1923 and reconstituted in 1946.

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It facilitates cross-border police co-operation, and supports and assists all organizations,
authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime.
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Action is taken within the limits of existing laws in different countries and in the spirit
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of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

INTERPOL COMPRISES THE FF:
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General Assembly
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it s composed of delegates appointed by the governments of Member countries.

As INTERPOL's supreme governing body, it meets once a year and takes all the
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major decisions affecting general policy, the resources needed for international
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co-operation, working methods, finances and programs of activities.

It also elects the Organization's Executive Committee.
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Executive Committee
This 13-member committee is elected by the General Assembly.
The Executive Committee is INTERPOL’s select deliberative organ which meets
three (3) times a year, usually in March, July and immediately before the General
Assembly.
The Executive Committee has 13 members comprising the: President of the
organization, 3 vice-presidents and 9 delegates.
These members are elected by the General Assembly and should belong to
different countries.
The president is elected for 4 years, Vice-presidents for 3. They are not
immediately eligible for reelection either to the same posts, or as delegates to the
Executive Committee.
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The only Filipino Former President of the Interpol was JOLLY R. BUGARIN –
was the Filipino President of the Interpol in 1980 – 1984 after the term of Carl
G. Persson of Sweden.
General Secretariat
Officials from more than 80 countries work side-by-side in any of the
organization’s four official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.
The General Secretariat headquarters is in Lyon, France
Seven Regional Offices (Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador,
Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe)
It has a liaison office at the United Nations in New York.
National Central Bureaus
Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed
by national law enforcement officers.

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The NCB is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat for all

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INTERPOL Operations, regional offices and other member countries requiring
assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of

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fugitives.
Advisers
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These are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the
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Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

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The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files

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*The General Assembly and the Executive Committee form the organization’s
Governance.
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INTERPOL’s Four Core Functions

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1. Secure Global Police Communications Services

2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police
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3. Operational Police Support Services

4. Training and Development

INTERPOL-United Nations Special Notice

Issued for groups and individuals who are the targets of UN sanctions against
Al Qaeda and the Taliban.

Types of Notices and their Objectives

Red Notice - To seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a
view to extradition.
Yellow Notice - To help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help
identify persons who are unable to identify themselves.
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Blue Notice - To collect additional information about a person’s identity or

activities in relation to a crime.
Black Notice - To seek information on unidentified bodies.
Green Notice - To provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons
who have committed criminal offences and are likely to repeat these crimes in
other countries.
Orange Notice - To warn police, public entities and other international
organizations about potential threats from disguised weapons, parcel bombs
and other dangerous materials.
Purple Notice - To Provide information on modus operandi, procedures,
objects, devices and concealment methods used by criminals.

Update: INTERPOL

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INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization)
Inter-governmental organization to help the police in all of its members to work

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together
This organization enables them to share and access data on crimes and criminals, it
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also offers a range of technical and operational support.
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194 member countries

Who makes up INTERPOL?
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General Secretariat; currently Jürgen Stock of Germany, who was appointed by

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the General Assembly in November 2014.

Coordinates day-to-day activities to fight a range of crimes. Run by the
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Secretary General, which is staffed by both police and civilians and comprises
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headquarters.
Each country, an INTERPOL National Central Bureau (NCB) provides the
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central point of contact for the General Secretariat and other NCBs. An NCB is
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run by national police officials and usually sits in the government ministry
responsible for policing.

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Connecting Police
INTERPOL connects all countries via a communications system called I-24/7.
Countries use this secure network to contact each other, and the General Secretariat. It
also allows them to access databases and services in real-time, from both central and
remote locations.
They also coordinate networks of police and experts in different crime areas, who
come together through working groups and at conferences to share experiences and
ideas.
What they do?
The General Secretariat provides a range of expertise and services to our member
countries.
manage 18 police databases with information on crimes and criminals (from names
and fingerprints to stolen passports), accessible in real-time to countries.

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offer investigative support such as forensics, analysis, and assistance in locating

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fugitives around the world. Training is an important part of what they do in many
areas so that officials know how to work efficiently with their services.

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This expertise supports national efforts in combating crimes across three global areas
we consider the most pressing today; terrorism, cybercrime and organized crime.
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Officials working in each specialized crime area run a variety of different activities
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alongside member countries. This can be investigative support, field operations,

training and networking.
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Importantly, since crimes evolve, they keep an eye on the future through research and
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development in international crime and trends.

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A Global Platform
Today’s crimes are increasingly international. It is crucial that there is coordination
among all the different players in maintaining a global security architecture.
Since INTERPOL is a global organization, it can provide this platform for
cooperation; we enable police to work directly with their counterparts, even between
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countries which do not have diplomatic relations.

They also provide a voice for police on the world stage, engaging with governments
at the highest level to encourage this cooperation and use of our services.
All actions are politically neutral and taken within the limits of existing laws in
different countries.
The General Secretariat runs INTERPOL’s day-to-day activities to support member
countries in their international policing. 24/7/365
The General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year thanks to our
Command and Coordination Centre, which provides a point of contact for any
country needing assistance with an investigation, and operates from offices in
Lyon, Buenos Aires and Singapore. 100+ nationalities
Reflecting the diversity of their membership, more than 100 different nationalities
are represented at the Secretariat.

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There are around 1,000 staff, one-quarter of whom are law enforcement personnel

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seconded by their national administration. Staff work in any of the Organization's
four languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.

INTERPOL Global Complex for Innovation

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Based in Singapore since 2015, the INTERPOL Global Complex for Innovation is
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the center of our activities in cybercrime, research and development, and capacity
building. It also provides an Asian base for the Organization in several crime areas.
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INTERPOL Global Complex for Innovation - IGCI

The seven regional bureaus bring together police within a region to share
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experiences and tackle common crime issues: Argentina (Buenos Aires); Cameroon
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(Yaoundé); Côte d’Ivoire (Abidjan); El Salvador (San Salvador); Kenya (Nairobi); Thailand
liaison office (Bangkok); and Zimbabwe (Harare).
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AU, EU and UN offices

They have three special representative offices at the African Union in Addis Ababa,
the European Union in Brussels and the United Nations in New York. They also
have a liaison office at the UN Office on Drugs and Crime in Vienna.
These enable them to work closely with these entities who share our mission of
preventing and combating transnational crime. They also develop joint efforts to
enhance regional and global security.
Each country hosts an INTERPOL National Central Bureau (NCB), which links
national police with their global network.
Countries come together at their annual General Assembly to decide policy,
working methods, finances and activities. In addition, heads of NCB meet annually
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Crimes:
1. Corruption
2. Counterfeit currency and
documents
3. Crimes against children
4. Cultural heritage crime
5. Cybercrime
6. Drug Trafficking
7. Environmental crime

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8. Financial crime

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9. Firearms trafficking

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10. Human trafficking
11. Illicit goods
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12. Maritime crime
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13. Organized crime

14. People smuggling
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15. Terrorism
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16. Vehicle crime

17. War crimes
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Name: Year: Date: Teacher:

OBSERVE
What to do: Cite at least one major present program of the INTERPOL in fighting
transnational crime. After you have carefully examined it, give your
observation/opinion/reaction about it.

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OTHER INTERNATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATIONS

Lesson 2

The United Nations Convention against

Transnational Organized Crime
the main international instrument in the fight
against transnational organized crime
The Convention is further supplemented by
three Protocols, which target specific areas
and manifestations of organized crime

1. The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially

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Women and Children;

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It is the first global legally binding instrument with an agreed definition on
trafficking in persons.

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The intention behind this definition is to facilitate convergence in national
approaches with regard to the establishment of domestic criminal offences that
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would support efficient international cooperation in investigating and prosecuting
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trafficking in persons cases.

to protect and assist the victims of trafficking in persons with full respect for their
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human rights.
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2. The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air;
It deals with the growing problem of organized criminal groups who smuggle
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migrants, often at high risk to the migrants and at great profit for the offenders.
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A major achievement of the Protocol was that, for the first time in a global
international instrument, a definition of smuggling of migrants was developed and
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agreed upon.
The Protocol aims at preventing and combating the smuggling of migrants, as well
as promoting cooperation among States parties, while protecting the rights of
smuggled migrants and preventing the worst forms of their exploitation which often
characterize the smuggling process.
3. The Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, their
Parts and Components and Ammunition.
The objective of the Protocol, which is the first legally binding instrument on small
arms that has been adopted at the global level, is to promote, facilitate and
strengthen cooperation among States Parties in order to prevent, combat and
eradicate the illicit manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms, their parts and
components and ammunition.
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By ratifying the Protocol, States make a commitment to adopt a series of crime-

control measures and implement in their domestic legal order three sets of
normative provisions: the first one relates to the establishment of criminal offenses
related to illegal manufacturing of, and trafficking in, firearms on the basis of the
Protocol requirements and definitions
The second to a system of government authorizations or licensing intending to
ensure legitimate manufacturing of, and trafficking in, firearms; and the third one to
the marking and tracing of firearms.
Countries must become parties to the Convention itself before they can become
parties to any of the Protocols.

ASEANAPOL
The first formal meeting

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of the Chiefs of ASEAN

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Police was held in Manila,

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Philippines on the 21-23 Oct, 1981.
Note: ASEAN Bodies Combating Transnational Crime (Dec. 20, 1997)
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Original members: Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines
Current members: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar,
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Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam

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Kuala Lumpur – permanent seat for the Secretariat (fully operational from 1st Jan,
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2010)
Objectives: Enhancing police professionalism;
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Forge stronger regional co-operation in policing; and

Promote lasting friendship amongst the police officers of ASEAN countries
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Basic aim: To discuss matters of law enforcement and crime control among members as
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evoked in the tagline: “Together we keep this region safe”.

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PROGRAMS:
ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Transnational Crime (AMMTC)
ASEAN Finance Ministers Meeting (AFMM)
ASEAN Chiefs of National Police (ASEANAPOL)
ASEAN Senior Officials on Drug Matters

ASEAN Anti-Cybercrime Declaration

ASEAN Declaration to Prevent and Combat Cybercrime (Nov. 13, 2017)
1st formal declaration
Issues: Phishing, ransomware to identify theft and targeted traffic flooding etc

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ASEAN Declaration on Joint Action to Counter Terrorism (Nov. 5, 2001):

6 Strategic Thrust
Information exchange
Cooperation in the legal matters
Cooperation in law enforcement matters
Institutional capacity building
Training
Extra-regional cooperation

OBJECTIVE OF ASEANAPOL
Enhance police professionalism
Forge stronger regional cooperation in policing
Promote lasting friendship amongst police officers of member countries

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OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SECRETARIAT

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Ensure the effective implementation of all resolutions adopted at the ASEANAPOL
Conferences;
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Serve as a coordination and communication mechanism to allow members to establish
and to maintain all channels of interaction amongst members;
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Foster mutual assistance and cooperation amongst members; and

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Endeavour to increase regional cooperation efforts against transnational crime.

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FUNCTIONS
Prepare and implement work plans for effective implementation of all the resolutions
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adopted in the annual Joint Communiqués signed at the ASEANAPOL Conferences;

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Facilitate and coordinate cross-border cooperation on intelligence and information

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sharing and exchange;

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Facilitate and coordinate joint operations and activities involving criminal

investigations, the building and maintenance of the ASEANAPOL database, training,
capacity building, the development of scientific investigative tools, technical support
and forensic science;
Provide support and necessary assistance in organizing the ASEANAPOL Conferences;
Submit on a quarterly basis to the Chiefs of ASEAN Police Forces proposals on all
planned programmed and activities to be carried out;
Prepare an annual report on its activities and expenditure to be presented to the
ASEANAPOL Executive Committee immediately before the ASEANAPOL Conference,
and distributed to all members and to the ASEANAPOL Conference; and;
Act as a custodian of all documents and records of ASEANAPOL

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The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)

The world’s oldest and largest non-profit membership organization of police
executives.
It is a comprehensive professional organization that “Serves the Leaders of Today and
Develops the Leaders of Tomorrow.”
The IACP “serves the leaders of today” through advocacy, training, research, and
professional services; the IACP addresses the most pressing issues facing leaders today.
From new technologies to emerging threats and trends, the IACP provides
comprehensive and responsive service to its members throughout the world.
The IACP is also focused on “developing the law enforcement leaders of tomorrow.”
The IACP Center of Police Leadership, its Police Chief Mentoring program, and
numerous other training and educational opportunities are designed to prepare
tomorrow’s leaders for the challenges they will face.

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Missions of IACP

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Advance professional services

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Promote enhanced administrative, technical and operational police practices; foster
cooperation and exchange information and experience
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The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) is a professional association for
law enforcement worldwide, representing more than 30,000 members in more than
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150 countries. The IACP provides members with the opportunities to connect,
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participate, learn, advocate, and succeed.

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IACP membership is open to all law enforcement and those affiliated with the law
enforcement profession.
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Opportunities Offered
Connect. The heart of IACP membership is the ability to connect with law enforcement
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leaders from around the world and gain access to the valuable resources you need to
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succeed.
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Participate. IACP provides a gateway to opportunities to grow your network and put
you on the path to success. There are a number of ways to get involved in the work of
the association including IACP events, working groups, and projects and programs.
Learn. IACP regularly provides education and training opportunities for law
enforcement professional around the world, working continuously to address emerging
issues.
Advocate. By serving as the professional voice of law enforcement, IACP works to
ensure that communities, legislators, and other stakeholders understand issues related
to law enforcement and public safety.
Succeed. Reports, checklist, toolkits, and other resources produced by the IACP are
available to help you respond to ever-changing environments in the field and within
your agency.
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The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)

The world’s oldest and largest non-profit
membership organization of police executives.
It is a comprehensive professional organization
that “Serves the Leaders of Today and Develops
the Leaders of Tomorrow.”
The IACP “serves the leaders of today” through advocacy, training, research, and
professional services; the IACP addresses the most pressing issues facing leaders today.
From new technologies to emerging threats and trends, the IACP provides
comprehensive and responsive service to its members throughout the world.
The IACP is also focused on “developing the law enforcement leaders of tomorrow.”
The IACP Center of Police Leadership, its Police Chief Mentoring program, and
numerous other training and educational opportunities are designed to prepare

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tomorrow’s leaders for the challenges they will face.

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Missions of IACP: -Advance professional services; Promote enhanced administrative,

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technical and operational police practices; foster cooperation and exchange information
and experience
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The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) is a professional association for
law enforcement worldwide, representing more than 30,000 members in more than
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150 countries. The IACP provides members with the opportunities to connect,
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participate, learn, advocate, and succeed.

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IACP membership is open to all law enforcement and those affiliated with the law
enforcement profession.
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Opportunities Offered
Connect. The heart of IACP membership is the ability to connect with law enforcement
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leaders from around the world and gain access to the valuable resources you need to
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succeed.
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Participate. IACP provides a gateway to opportunities to grow your network and put
you on the path to success. There are a number of ways to get involved in the work of
the association including IACP events, working groups, and projects and programs.
Learn. IACP regularly provides education and training opportunities for law
enforcement professional around the world, working continuously to address emerging
issues.
Advocate. By serving as the professional voice of law enforcement, IACP works to
ensure that communities, legislators, and other stakeholders understand issues related
to law enforcement and public safety.
Succeed. Reports, checklist, toolkits, and other resources produced by the IACP are
available to help you respond to ever-changing environments in the field and within
your agency.
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EUROPOL
Headquartered in The Hague, the Netherlands
Large-scale criminal and terrorist networks pose a
significant threat to the internal security of the EU
and to the safety and livelihood of its people. The
biggest security threats come from: terrorism;
international drug trafficking and money laundering;
organized fraud; the counterfeiting of euros; trafficking
in human beings.
Unique Service
Position at the heart of the European security architecture allows them to offer a unique
range of services and to serve as a:
support center for law enforcement operations;

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hub for information on criminal activities;

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center for law enforcement expertise.

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EUROPOL IN NUMBERS
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More than 1000 staff
220 Europol Liaison Officers
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Around 100 crime analysts

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Supporting over 40 000 international investigations each year

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Analysis is at the core of their activities. Their criminal analysts are among the best
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trained in Europe. They use state-of-the-art tools to support investigations by law

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enforcement in Member States on a daily basis.

To give their partners deeper insights into the crimes they are tackling, we produce
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regular assessments that offer comprehensive, forward-looking analyses of crime and

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terrorism in the EU, including the:

i. EU Serious and Organized Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA), which updates
Europe’s law enforcement community and decision-makers on developments in
serious and organized crime and the threats it poses;
ii. EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT), which gives a detailed
account of the state of terrorism in the EU;
iii. Internet Organized Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA), which reports on key
findings and emerging threats and developments in cybercrime;
iv. Europol Review, an annual publication that details the progress that the we and
our partners has made in fighting crime.

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Mandate
Europol supports law enforcement authorities throughout the EU on crime fighting
activities in all its mandated areas.
Operational activities. These activities focus on:
·illicit drugs
·trafficking in human beings
·facilitated illegal immigration
·cybercrime
·intellectual property crime
·cigarette smuggling
·euro counterfeiting
·VAT fraud
·terrorism
·money laundering and asset tracing
·mobile organised-crime groups
·outlawing motorcycle gangs

Management and Control

Europol is accountable at the EU level to the Council of Ministers for Justice and Home

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Affairs.

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The Council is responsible for the main control and guidance of Europol. It appoints

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the Executive Director and the Deputy Directors, and approves Europol’s budget (which
is part of the general budget of the EU), together with the European Parliament. It also
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can adopt, together with the European Parliament, regulations related to Europol’s
work. Each year the Council forwards a special report to the European Parliament on
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the work of Europol.

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Organizational structure
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Europol is headed by an Executive Director, who is Europol’s legal representative and is

appointed by the Council of the European Union. Europol’s current Executive Director
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is Catherine De Bolle, who assumed the post in May 2018.

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She is assisted by three Deputy Executive Directors:

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Wil van Gemert, Operations Directorate

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Jürgen Ebner, Governance Directorate

Luis de Eusebio Ramos, Capabilities Directorate
Europol staff members come from a wide variety of backgrounds and nations.
On 1 January 2010 Europol became a full EU agency. On 1 May 2017, Europol became
officially the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation, after its new
Regulation entered into force.
The new regulation was adopted on 11 May 2016, when the European Parliament voted
on updated powers to enable Europol to step up efforts to fight terrorism, cybercrime
and other serious and organized forms of crime. The new regulation strengthens
Europol’s role in supporting cooperation among law enforcement authority.

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STUDENT NAME: TEACHER:

CLASS: DATE:

Poster Making
What to do: Make a poster illustrating the Crime Programs of UN Convention
against Transnational Organized Crime, ASEANAPOL, IACP & EUROPOL.
Place each in a separate short/A4 bond paper in landscape layout.

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