UNIT III

THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLICE

The International Police is the title used for an organization of police officers representing various countries throughout
the world, brought together to assist in the training, organization, stabilization of a destabilized region, or creation of
indigenous police forces primarily in war-torn countries. It should not be confused with Interpol, which is a different
organization.
Its beginnings, in the form in which it presently exists, can be traced back to the late 1980s, when police officers serving
with the force served mostly unarmed and in a monitoring or advising role. By the mid-1990s, with the advent of the problems
in Haiti and Bosnia, the force began expanding into a more evolved and proactive role, and usually officers are armed with
either a sidearm pistol or, on occasion, both a pistol and a rifle, depending on the dangers of the area in which they are
assigned. Each war-torn country receiving International Police is referred to officially as a "mission", and each "mission"
receives a specific title, such as the United Nations Mission in Kosovo, or the United Nations Transitional Authority for East
Timor.
Rarely are officers from the same country allowed to serve in the same unit in the roles of Commander and Deputy
Commander, which ensures national balance. Although contributing countries often deploy officers who in their own country
are of high rank, while serving with the International Police their respective ranks are not taken into regard, but rather their
professional abilities and experience. The organization has its own Internal Affairs section for each mission assignment,
with rules banning any investigator from overseeing an investigation involving a member from his or her own country
contingent.
Usually falling under the direction of the United Nations, or more recently the Coalition Forces in Iraq and Afghanistan,
the International Police have served in various places of interest: most notably, Haiti, Bosnia, Croatia, Kosovo, East Timor,
Liberia, Cyprus, Iraq, Sudan, and Afghanistan. Each country contributing officers has its own Contingent Command
structure, but falls operationally under either the United Nations or the Coalition Forces.

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION (INTERPOL)

INTERPOL is the world’s largest international police organization, with 188 member countries. Created in 1923, it
facilitates cross-border police co-operation, and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose
mission is to prevent or combat international crime.
INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where diplomatic relations do not exist between
particular countries. Action is taken within the limits of existing laws in different countries and in the spirit of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. INTERPOL’s constitution prohibits ‘any intervention or activities of a political, military, religious
or racial character.’

INTERPOL’s Leadership
The President of INTERPOL and the Secretary General work closely together in providing strong leadership and
direction to the Organization.
INTERPOL’s Structure
Logo of the International
Criminal Police
Organization – INTERPOL.

As defined in Article 5 of its Constitution, INTERPOL (whose correct full name is 'The International Criminal Police
Organization – INTERPOL’) comprises the following:

General Assembly

Executive Committee

General Secretariat

National Central Bureaus

Advisers

The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files

INTERPOL Headquarters in Lyon,
France
The General Assembly and the Executive Committee form the organization’s
Governance.

General Assembly - INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets annually and comprises delegates appointed by each
member country. The assembly takes all important decisions related to policy, resources, working methods, finances,
activities and programmes.

Executive Committee – this 13-member committee is elected by the General Assembly, and comprises the president,
three vice-presidents and nine delegates covering the four regions.

General Secretariat - located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is
run by the Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 countries work side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four
official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; in
Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special Representatives at
the United Nations in New York and at the European Union in Brussels.

National Central Bureaus (NCB) - Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by
national law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional offices and
other member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

Advisers – these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive Committee and
confirmed by the General Assembly.
Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files (CCF) – this is an independent body whose mandate is threefold: (1)
to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations, (2) to
advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the processing of personal information
and (3) to process requests concerning the information contained in INTERPOL's files.

General Secretariat

Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Officials from more than
80 countries work side-by-side in any of the organization’s four official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.

(www.interpol.int)

Sub-Bureaus

United Kingdom: Bermuda | Gibraltar | Cayman Islands | Anguilla | Montserrat | British Virgin Islands | Turks and Caicos

United States: Puerto Rico | American Samoa

China: Hong Kong, Macao

(www.interpol.int)

Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files (CCF) – this is an independent body whose mandate is threefold: (1)
to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's regulations, (2) to
advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the processing of personal information
and (3) to process requests concerning the information contained in INTERPOL's files.

General Secretariat

Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Officials from more than
80 countries work side-by-side in any of the organization’s four official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.

(www.interpol.int)

Sub-Bureaus

United Kingdom: Bermuda | Gibraltar | Cayman Islands | Anguilla | Montserrat | British Virgin Islands | Turks and Caicos

United States: Puerto Rico | American Samoa

China: Hong Kong, Macao

(www.interpol.int)

Interpol’s Criminal Intelligence Analysis

Criminal Intelligence Analysis (Crime Analysis) has been recognized by law enforcement as a useful support tool and
is successfully used within the international community. Within the last decade, the role and position of Criminal Intelligence
Analysis in the global law enforcement community has fundamentally changed. Whereas, previously there were a few key
countries acting as forerunners and promoters of the discipline, more and more countries have implemented analytical
techniques within their police forces.

Definition:

There are many definitions of Criminal Intelligence Analysis in use throughout the world. The one definition agreed in
June 1992 by an international group of twelve (12) European Interpol member countries and subsequently adopted by other
countries is as follows: the identification of and provision of insight into the relationship between crime data and other
potentially relevant data with a view to police and judicial practice.
 One of Interpol's most important functions is to help the police in member countries communicate critical crime-
related information to one another using Interpol's system of international notices. Notices form part of a vast number of
investigative resources used by Interpol to assist the international law enforcement community to solve cases.
The information exchanged concerns persons who are wanted for committing serious crimes, missing persons,
unidentified bodies, possible threats and criminals' modus operandi.
Based on requests made by the National Central Bureaus (NCBs), the General Secretariat produces notices in all
four of the Organization's official languages. However, the General Secretariat can issue green notices on its own initiative.
Shortly after its inception, in 1923, Interpol began posting wanted notices in its journal, International Public Safety
(subsequently the International Criminal Police Review).
In time, however, this method proved to be ineffective, and in 1946, Interpol initiated its present system. The first
red notice was produced in 1946, and the first notice for a missing child was produced in 1949.

Red Notice
Used to seek the arrest with a view to extradition of subjects wanted and based upon an arrest warrant.

Green Notice
Used to provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who have committed criminal offences, and are
likely to repeat these crimes in other countries.

Blue Notice
Used to collect additional information about a person's identity or illegal activities in relation to a criminal matter

Yellow Notice
Used to help locate missing persons, especially minors, or to help identify persons who are not able to identify
themselves (e.g. those suffering from amnesia)

Black Notice
Used to seek the true identity of unidentified bodies.

Orange Notice
Used to warn police, public bodies and other international organizations of possible threats to them from hidden
weapons, parcel bombs and other dangerous items or material.

Contents of Notices
Apart from the orange notice, notices contain two types of information about individuals:
 Identity particulars (comprehensive identity details, physical description, photograph, fingerprints, any other relevant
information such as occupation, languages spoken, identity document numbers, etc.);
 Judicial information: offence with which the person is charged, references to the laws under which the charge is made
or conviction was obtained, the maximum penalty that has been or can be imposed and, in the case of red notices, the
references of the arrest warrant or of the sentence imposed by a court, and details of the countries from which the
requesting country will seek the fugitive's extradition.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE (IACP)

The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) was founded in Chicago in 1893 as the National Chiefs of Police
Union. The primary goal of this organization was to apprehend and return criminals who had fled the agency jurisdictions in
which they were wanted. The organization has expanded over the years with the goals of advancing the science and art of
police work, promoting improved practices throughout the law enforcement community and foster cooperation and
information exchange among police administrators.

IACP's stated mission includes to:

 Advance the science and art of police services;
 Develop and disseminate improved administrative, technical and operational practices and promote their use in police
work;
 Foster police cooperation and the exchange of information and experience among police administrators throughout the
world;
 Bring about recruitment and training in the police profession of qualified persons
 Encourage adherence of all police officers to high professional standards of performance and conduct.

Activities
The IACP helped to develop and/or promote many tools currently used by law enforcement agencies. These tools
include the use of fingerprints, Uniform Crime Reports and the Federal Bureau of Investigation's National Academy for state
and local police.
The United Nations granted a Consultative Status to the IACP in the 1970s due to the IACPs work in several UN member
nations. Also in the 1970s, the IACP developed a national bomb data center and turned this over to the FBI.
Along with other activities, the IACP publishes Police Chief Magazine.

Psychological Services Section

There is a special section of the International Association of Chiefs of Police called the Psychological Services Section.
The Psychological Services Section is composed of recognized specialists in this field, both those employed by larger
department and independent consultants. The section has been in operation since 1986 and now consists of over one
hundred members, primarily from the United States. The section publishes guidelines for various types of police
psychological services.

EUROPEAN POLICE (EUROPOL)

Europol is the European Union law enforcement agency that handles criminal intelligence. Its aim is to
improve the effectiveness and co –operation between the competent authorities of the Member States in
preventing and combating all forms of serious international organized crime and terrorism.

The mission of Europol is to make a significant contribution to the European Union‘s law enforcement action
against organized crime and terrorism with an emphasis on targeting criminal organizations.

History

The establishment of Europol was agreed in the Treaty on European Union of 7 February 1992. Based in
The Hague, Netherlands, Europol started limited operations on 3 January 1994 in the form of the Europol Drugs
Unit (EDU) fighting against drug-related crimes. The Europol Convention was ratified by all EU member states
and came into force on 1 October 1998. Following a number of legal acts related to the Convention, Europol
commenced its full activities on 1 July 1999. Progressively, other important areas of criminality were added.
On 1 January 2002, the mandate of Europol was extended to deal with all serious forms of international crime
as listed in the annex to the Europol Convention. In its meeting in Luxembour g 06 April 2009 the Council of the
European Union, Justice and Home Affairs, adopted a decision transforming Europol into an EU body from 01
January 2010. W ithin the new legal framework changes can be introduced more rapidly in response to trends
in crime. Europol’s current direct Member State funding will be replaced by funding via the general budget of
the EU. This will make Europol become an EU body subject to the Financial Regulation and the Staff
Regulations of the European Communities.

Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the Member States by:

 facilitating the exchange of information between Europol and Europol Liaison Officers (ELOs). These ELOs
are seconded to Europol by the Member States as representatives of their national law enforc ement
agencies, thus they are not under the command of Europol and its Director as such. Furthermore, they act
in accordance with their national law.
 providing operational analysis and support to Member States’ operations;
 providing expertise and technica l support for investigations and operations carried out within the EU, under
the supervision and the legal responsibility of the Member States;
 generating strategic reports (e.g. threat assessments) and crime analysis on the basis of information and
intelligence supplied by Member States or gathered from other sources.

Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the member states mainly against:

 Illicit drug trafficking;

 Illicit immigration networks;
 Terrorism;
 Forgery of money (counterfeiting of the euro) and other means of payment;
 Trafficking in human beings (including child pornography);
 Illicit vehicle trafficking;
 Money laundering.

In addition, other main priorities for Europol include combating crimes against persons, financial crime and
cyber crime. Europol comes into action when an organized criminal structure is involved or a case of terrorism
or serious crime has occurred which affects two or more Member States. The recent extension of the mandate
means that Europol may support Member States investigations into serious crime that is not necessarily carried
out by organized groups; e.g. a serial killer operating in two or more Member States.

Difference between Europol and the Interpol

Interpol and Europol are structured differently and therefore provide different possibilities for international
law enforcement co–operation. Interpol is a network of police agencies in countries worldwide, whereas Europol
mainly supports the EU Member States. Interpol and Europol have different but re lated roles in the fight against
organized crime and therefore there is no competition between the organizations. To enhance international law
enforcement co–operation a co-operation agreement was signed between the two organizations in 2001.

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA (ICTY)

The International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International
Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, more commonly referred to as
the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia or ICTY, is a body of the United Nations established to
prosecute serious crimes committed during the wars in the former Yugoslavia, and to try their perpetrators. The tribunal is
an ad hoc court which is located in The Hague, the Netherlands.
The Court was established by Resolution 827 of the United Nations Security Council, which was passed on 25 May
1993. It has jurisdiction over four clusters of crime committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991: grave
breaches of the Geneva Conventions, violations of the laws or customs of war, genocide, and crime against humanity. The
maximum sentence it can impose is life imprisonment. Various countries have signed agreements with the UN to carry out
custodial sentences. The last indictment was issued 15 March 2004. The Tribunal aims to complete all trials by the middle
of 2011 and all appeals by 2013, with the exception of Radovan Karadžić whose trial is expected to end in 2012 and the
appeal to be heard by February 2014. Ratko Mladić and Goran Hadžić have been charged, however are still at large and
thus do not fall within the court's completion strategy.
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia should not be confused with the International Criminal
Court and the International Court of Justice; both courts are also based in The Hague, but have a permanent status and
different jurisdictions.