COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

Definitions of Comparative Police system

It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It
covers the study police organization, trainings and methods of policing various nations.
Police - Refers to body of civil authority, which is tasked to maintain peace and order, enforce
the law, protect lives and properties and ensure public safety.
Comparative- the degree of likeness and unlikeness of two police models.
Globalization- The process of creating transnational markets, politics and legal system in an
effort to form and sustain a global economy.

Effects of Globalization to law enforcement

Law enforcers are expected to be the protector of the people....unacccountable flow of
migration and open markets present new threats to state-based human rights regimes- great
challenge to law enforcement

Threats to Law Enforcement

-Increasing volume of human rights violations as evidence by genocides and mass killing.
- Conflict between nations
-Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism.

Transnational crime- is defined as any activity that is illegal in at least two countries. It is an
offense involving more than one activity in its inception, prevention, and/or indirect
consequences.
Note; International Crimes are crimes prohibited by international laws, norms, treaties and
customs.
Examples of Transnational crimes.
1. Terrorism- A tactic or technique by means of which a violent act or threat thereof is used for
the prime objective of creating overwhelming fear for coercive purposes.
2. Trafficking in persons- the exploitation of vulnerable people for purposes of sex, labor, an
organ harvest by organized criminal groups.
3. Money Laundering- is a process by which, assets primarily cash assets, which are derived
from illegal activities are manipulated in such a manner to make them look as it were derived
from legitimate sources.
4. Drug Trafficking- illegal movement across one or more national frontiers of psychoactive
substances.
5. Cybercrimes- rime that involve in an information and communication technology (ICT)
network.
 Continents
Continents which is composed the Global Community
Asia- Asia being the largest of the continents covers around one third of the world’s total land
area.
Africa- Second largest of the continents, covers around 22% of the world's land area.
North America- is around twice the size of Europe.
South America- Is the fourth largest continent of the world.
Europe- Fifth largest of the continents,.
Australia- is the smallest of the seven continents.
Antartica- Is the largest of the continents is ice bound throughout the year.

Theories of Police service

Continental- is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers are servants of
higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental countries like France, Italy, Spain.
Home rule- the theory of police service which states that police officers are servants of the
community or the people. This theory prevails in England and US.

Concept of POLICE SERVICE

1. Old Police Service- states that the yardstick of police efficiency relies on the number of arrest.
2. Modern Police Service- states that the yardstick of police efficiency relies on the absence of
crime

Officer de la paix = a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police Officer

Praetorian Guards- Military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient rome in which
the idea of policing said to have originated.

EVOLUTION OF 'OLICING SYSTEM

1. Anglo Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)
A. Tun Policing System
A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon Period whereby all male residents
were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of
the people.

B. Hue and Cry

A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending criminal by an
act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.
C. Trial by Ordeal
A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by
subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. The word 'ordeal' was derived
from the medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum" which means 'a miraculous decision'

INTERNATIONAL POLICING ORGANIZATION

UNITED NATIONS
United Nations- officially came to existence on October 24, 1945, San Francisco California US.
= coined by Winston Churchili and Franklin D. Roosevelt
UN- is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international
peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations and achieve International
cooperation.
Official language of UN
The six official language of the United Nations used in intergovernmental meetings and
documents are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.
Headquarters- Manhattn, New York City
193- members of the United Nations

LEADERS
Antonio Guterres- Secretary General
Amina J. Mohammed- Deputy Secretary General
Csaba Korosi- General assemble President

OBJECTIVES:
1. Peacekeeping and Security
2. Human Rights
3. Economic Development and Humanitarian assistance
=eradicate extreme hunger and poverty
=Promote gender equality and empower women
=Improve maternal
4. Environment and Climate
5. Other Global issues

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

 Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction,

 Issues legal opinions,
 Renders judgment by relative majority
  Its fifteen (15) judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine-year terms.

SECURITY COUNCIL

 Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security.

 May adopt compulsory resolutions;
 Most powerful organ since it can deploy Peacekeeping and Observer Mission as
Preventive Action or
 Deploy Air Sea and Land Military Forces as part of its Enforcement Actions
 Fifteen members FIVE (5) PERMANENT members with veto power and ten elected
members US, UK, FRANCE, RUSSIA & CHINA

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

 Responsible for co-operation between states as regards economic and social matters;
 Higher standards of livings
 Solutions of Infernational economic, social, health and related problems;
 Universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms;
 Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN's numerous specialized agencies;
 Has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly to serve staggered three- year
mandates
INTERPOL (ICPO) or INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION
The world's largest international police organization.
International Criminal Police Organization (I.C.P.O) or Interpol- is the criminal police forces
organization that primarily manifest global or international cooperation in addressing transnational
crime.
Its headquarters was initially located in Vienna Austria (it is where Interpol was founded) but at
present it is transferred to Lyon France.
= is the world largest international police organization with 195 member countries. It exist to
create a safer world by supporting law enforcement agencies worldwide to combat crime.
Motto- Connecting police for a safer world.
Formed- 7 September 1923; 99 years ago
Ahmed Naser Al-Raisi - Current president of the Interpol
Languages USED
Official languages of the INTERPOL, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, they
are: SPANISH, ARABIC, FRENCH, and ENGLISH.

General Assembly

 INTERPOL's supreme governing body and composed of delegates appointed by

each member country.
 It meets annually to take all important decisions related to policy, resources,
working methods, finances, activities and programs.
Executive Committee

 Elected by the General Assembly, it is headed by the President of the Organization.

  It provides guidance and direction to the Organization and oversees the implementation of
decisions made at the annual General Assembly.

-It focuses on

1. Combat crimes and Transnational crimes

2. Protect minorities against dominant group

3. Maintain law enforcement regardless of race and religion.

- The president of the organization is elected by the General Assembly for a period of 4 years.

Oskar Dressier- The first secretary general of the Interpol

Johann Schober- the first president of the Interpol.

Mireille Ballestrazzi-First woman president of the Interpol.

INTERPOL'S NOTICE

1. Red Notice- a notice which is used to seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with
the view to extradition.
2. Blue Notice- this type of notice is issued in order to locate identity or obtain information on a
person of interest in a criminal investigation.

3. Yellow Notice- to help locate missing persons often minors or to help indentify persons who are
unable to indentify themselves.

4. Green Notice- to warn about a person's criminal activities if that persons is considered to be a
possible threat to public safety.

5. Orange Notice- to warm of an event, a person, an object or a process representing an imminent

threat and danger to persons or property.

6. Black Notice- a notice issued to seek information on unidentified bodies.

7. Purple Notice- issued to provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment
methods used by criminals.

Model Countries
Switzerland
There is a saying that "there is no crime in Switzerland". It can be because of the high rate of
firearm ownership or the extensive welfare system or they are simply not reporting all of their
crimes. Although its true that their crime rate is low.
Reasons of having low crime rates:
 They did a remarkable job in managing their underclass population, the poor people who
lived in the ghettos and slums.
 Swiss crime control is highly effective in using an "iron fist, velvet glove" approach.
Unauthorize
 Japan
Another country with an interestingly low crime rate is Japan where the crime rates are not
necessarily that low, but stable and resistant to fluctuating spikes.
Reasons of having low crime rates:
 Having a "shame-based society rather than "guilt-based"
 Focus on community policing (Koban and Chuzaisho)
 Patriarchal family system
Ireland
Ireland is another country with a surprisingly low crime rate. Notwithstanding a serious
problem with unemployment, the presence of large urban ghettos and religious terrorism, the
Irish pattern of urban crime is no higher than as pattern of natural crime.
Reasons of having low crime rates:
 High sense of confidence and hope among the people of Ireland. The Irish people still
believe in their jaw enforcement forces
 The Irish people feels they are somehow responsible in their crime situations.

Egypt
The Siwa Oasis in Egypt is another place with little or no crime. The population of
33,000 consists of 11 tribes who are the descendants of ancient Greeks.
Reasons of having low crime rates:
 High sense of confidence and hope among the people of Ireland. The Irish people still
believe in their law enforcement forces
 They embrace Urrf law (the law of tradition). Conflicts are resolved by a tribal
council, and there are no jails or prisons.
 The typical punishment for wrongdoing is social ostracization (shunning).

Comparison of Different Police Services

Country Name of Agency Highest Rank Lowest Rank
Philippines Philippine National PolicePolice General Patrolman/Patrolwoman
China People’s Armed Police Commissioner General Police Constable 2nd Class
Japan National Police Agency Commissioner General Police Officer
Hong Kong Hong Kong Police Force Commissioner Police Police Constable
Singapore Singapore Police Force Commissioner of Police Police Constable
Indonesia Indonesian National PoliceJenderal Polisi (Police Bhayangkara Dua (Bhrada)
General) (Patrolman)
Taiwan National Police Agency Police General Police Rank Four
Thailand Royal Thai Police Police General Police Constable
Malaysia Royal Malaysian Police Inspector General Police Constable
South Korea Korean National Police Commissioner General Police Officer
Agency
India Indian Police Service Commissioner of Police Police Constable
Brunei Royal Brunei Police Force Inspector general Lance Corporal
Laos Royal Lao Police Major General Patrolman
Macau Public Security Police Superintendent General Police Constable
 Force
Myanmar Myanmar Police Fore Police General Police Lance Corporal

PHILIPINE NATIONAL POLICE

PNP- is the armed national police force in the Philippines.
National Headquarters- Camp Crame in Bagong Lipunan ng Crame, Quezon City.
-The agency is administered and controlled by the National Police Commission and is part of the
DILG.
-Local police officers are operationally controlled by municipal mayors.
Motto- To serve and protect. January 29,1991- The PNP was formed.
Commander in Chief- Pres. Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr.
Chief PNP- Police Major General Benjamin Acorda Jr.
Prepared by:
Joy A. Bartolata Rcrim.