UniversidaddeManilaUniversidaddeManilaUniversidaddeManilaUniversidadeManilaUnbersidaddeManilaUniversidaddeMan

ilaUniversidad

Universidad de Manila
CM Palma Street corner Arroceros, Manila
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

Area: Human Behavior & Crisis Management

Content: human behavior , Criminal psychology , Crisis Management
Prepared by: JUAN PAOLO AGUIRRE

Police Organization and Administration
Organization
 A group of persons working together for a
common goal or objectives. A form of
human association for the attainment of a
goal or objective the process of identifying
and grouping the work to be performed,
defining and delegating responsibility and
authority, establishing relationships for the
purpose of enabling people work effectively
 In its broader sense, it denotes the power of
the government which concerns with the
maintenance of tranquility, public order,
peace, security of persons and property and
the protection of health and morale.
 In its restricted sense, it refers exclusively
to that body of armed men, which as an
institution, is capable of exercising its duties
by armed physical forces in the preservation
of peace and order, detection of crime and
the execution of laws.

Police Organization THEORIES AND CONCEPT OF POLICE

 A group of trained personnel in the field of
public safety administration engaged in the
achievement of goals and objectives that
promotes the maintenance of peace and
order, protection of life and property,
enforcement of the laws and the prevention
of crimes.
Administration
 An organizational process concerned with
the implementation of objectives and plans
and internal operating efficiency connotes
bureaucratic structure and behavior,
relatively routine decision-making and
maintenance of the internal order.
Police Administration
 The process involved in ensuring strict
compliance, proper obedience of laws and
related statutes focuses on the policing
process or how law enforcement agencies
are organizaed and managed in order to
achieve the goals of law enforcement most
effectively, efficiently and productively.
 and the yardstick of police efficiency is more on
POLICE
 It is originated from the Greek word
POLITEA, which means “a government of
a city”. The Romans borrowed the word and
changed it into POLITIA, adopting the
same meaning
 It was subsequently borrowed by the French
and changed it into POLICE, which means
a person who enforces the law
 Police in its broadest sense means the
internal organization or regulation of a State,
the control and regulation of a community
through the exercise of the Constitutional
power of the government.
SERVICE
The Continental Theory – policemen are
considered as servants of the higher authorities, and
the people have little or no share at all in their
duties, nor any direct connection with them. This
theory prevails among the continental countries like
France, Italy, Spain, where governmental structure
follows the centralized pattern.
The Home Rule Theory – considered policemen as
servants of the community, who depend for the
effectiveness of their functions upon express wishes
of the people. In this theory, policemen are civil
employees whose primary duty is the preservation
for the public peace and security. This is practiced in
England and in the United States of America where
the governmental structure is decentralized pattern.
Old Concept – in this concept of police service, the
police organization is looked upon as merely
repressive machinery. This means that placing more
people in jail rather than keeping them out of jail.
Punishment is the only instrument of crime control,
arrest.
Modern Concept – modern concept of police
service considers police organization as an organ of
crime prevention. This activity includes certain
aspects of social services, and has for its objectives
the welfare of the individual as well as that of
society. The yardstick of police efficiency is the
absence of crime
Police Objectives, Functions and Activities Police
Objectives
1. To make sure there is an order in the
community;
2. To protect the lives and limbs of every
member of the community

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3. To protect the properties of the citizenry
4. To render appropriate assistance to other
government office concerned
Basic Police Functions
1. Crime Prevention – this is a function of the
police service which is directed at the
elimination or reduction of the desire to commit
crime. It must be coordinated very closely with
other agencies or sectors of society such as the
members of criminal justice system.
a. Elimination of Desire of the would be
criminal to commit crime
b. Destroying opportunity of the would-be
criminal to commit crime.
2. Crime control – it refers to the control or
neutralization of criminal activity. The key to
crime control is proper enforcement of the
provisions of the Revised Penal Code and
Special Laws Governing Criminal Acts
3. Regulations or Control of Non-Criminal
Conduct – police functions which concern to
the maintenance of an order by enforcing rules,
regulations and ordinances; all aimed at
achieving a desired uniform standard of activity
among members of society.
General Categories of Police Activities
1. Primary, Line or Operation Police Functions
– refer to activities such as patrol work, traffic
control/management, criminal investigation,
juvenile and vice control. Sometimes
intelligence is classified as line function. The
accomplishment of these primary tasks should
achieve the police objectives.
2. Secondary, Auxiliary or Service Functions –
it take charge of transportation, communication,
property supply, records, laboratory, jail or
custody maintenance and identification. These
tasks shall assist and effectively support the
primary tasks in the accomplishment of the
police objectives.
3. Administrative or Managerial Functions – it
include personnel, intelligence, inspection,
planning activities, budgeting, training and
public relations. These tasks should assist and
effectively support the primary and secondary
police tasks in the attainment of the police
objectives.
Functional Units
 Bureau – the largest organic unit within a large
department. The PNP is a bureau under the
DILG
 Division – the primary subdivision of a bureau
 Section – Functional units within a division.
This is necessary for specialization
 Units – functional groups within a section.
Other Terminologies
Human Behavior and Crisis Management by JUAN PAOLO AGUIRRE
 Sworn Officer – the term referring to personnel
of the police department who has taken oath of
office and possesses the power to arrest.
 Superior Officer – one having supervisory
responsibilities over officers to the lower rank,
whether temporary or permanent.
 Ranking Officer – Refers to the officers having
the highest rank or grade according to their date
of appointment to that grade
 Length of Service – the period of time elapsed
since the oath of office was administered.
 Active Service – shall refer to services rendered
as an officer and non-officer, cadet, trainee or
draftee in PNP
Organizational Structure
Organizational structure – the systematic
arrangement of the relationship of the members,
positions, departments and functions or work of the
organization. It is comprised of functions,
relationships, responsibilities and authorities of
individuals within the organization.
Kinds of Organizational Structures
1. Line
 The olders and simplest kind; also called
military
2. Functional
3. Line and Staff
Principles of Organization Applicable to Police
Service
1. Division of Work – an apportioning of works or
tasks among the various units or groups
according to some logical plan. Works are
apportioned based on the functions, time
schedule, territorial units, specialization and
other aspects, so long as to avoid duplication
confusion and friction among various units.
2. Delineation of Responsibility – making lines of
authority and responsibility definite and direct as
possible so that responsibility may properly fix
and duplication avoided. Thus, every member in
the force knows where he fits in the patter, to
whom he is responsible and who is responsible
to him.
3. Span of Control – the extent of direction
coordination and control over immediate
subordinates. The span of control of a supervisor
over personnel or units shall not be more than
what he can effectively supervise. It depends
upon various factors such as: the type and
complexity of the work performed; the skills,
training and experience of personnel performing
the work; the degree of specialization involved
in the work performed and the knowledge, skills
and experience of the supervisor.
4. Unity of Command – each individual, unit or
situation shall be under the immediate control of
one and only one person. Unity of command is
based on the belief that an individual should be
responsible to one and only one person at any
given time and in any given situation.
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5. Chain of Command – a lines or chain of
superiors from top to bottom. Chain of
command holds that successive person in the
chain of command, from the first level
supervisor to the chief of police, must be given
an opportunity to deal with those incidents for
which he or she is responsible. A person cannot
be held accountable if the chain of command is
violated by allowing other persons below or to
handle the situation.
6. Delegation of authority – it is the division of
tasks of command among the officers of the
various units. The authority that the chief
delegates to an officer is not the total authority
of the chief. It is limited to command of
members within the pyramid of that officer’s
authority. These officers in turn may delegate
the authority given to him to the heads smaller
subordinate units. The responsibility for a
function shall carry with it commensurate
authority and the person whom the authority is
delegated.
7. Integration and Coordination – the efforts of
the different units must be coordinated and
integrated to as to accomplish a harmonious
progress towards the primary objectives of the
office. The more specialized units there are, the
greater is the need for integration and
coordination.
8. Command Responsibility – it means the
commander is directly responsible for any act or
omission of his subordinates in relation to the
performance of their official duties.
Circumstances that the Commander maybe
exempted from Command Responsibility:
1. When he is not properly informed of the acts
or omission of his subordinates;
2. When he was properly informed and he
acted by conducting immediate
investigation/action thereof; and
3. When he acted upon lawful orders from
higher authorities.
Circumstances the the Command is
Presumed to be Knowledgeable on the
Commission of Irregularities or Criminal
Offenses of his Subordinates (E.O 226)
1. When the irregularities or illegal acts are
widespread within his area of jurisdiction;
2. When the irregularities or illegal acts have
been repeatedly or regularly committed
within his area of responsibility; and
3. When members of his immediate staff or
office personnel are involved.
EVOLUTION OF THE POLICING SYSTEM
A. The Anglo- Saxon Period (871 – 899)
1. Tun Policing System – Tun is the forerunner
of the word “town”. Under this system all male
residents are required to guard the town to
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preserve the peace, maintain order and protect
life and property from harm and disturbance.
2. Watch and Ward or Hue and Cry – this was
a system of apprehending criminal which the
victim goes to the middle of the street and
shouts, calling all males to assemble. The
victim will report his complaint to the assembly
and the where abouts of the perpetrator. They
would them proceed to locate and apprehend
the culprit and subjected to trial.
3. The Royal Judge – Appointed to conduct
Criminal Investigation and impose punishment
which usually fits to the crime committed.
4. Trial by Ordeal – a system of determining
guilt and innocence in the ancient times which
was based on painful test of skills. It is usually
accompanied by harsh punishment.
B. The Norman Period
1. Shire-Rieve System – at the time of William
Norman, England was divided into 55 military
districts known as the Shire-Rieve. Shire was
the District, Rieve was the ruler who makes
law, pass judgment and impose punishment,
with the assistance of the Constable (the one
keeping peace).
2. The Travelling Judge – a person responsible
for passing judgment taken from the Shire-
Rieve for the abuses committed by the Rieves.
3. Leges Henry – During the time King Henry I,
the following were established:
a. Offenses were considered as a crime
against the king and individual;
b. Police men were regarded public
officials;
c. Police and citizens have the broad
power to arrest; and
d. A grand jury was created to inquire on
the facts of the law.
4. The Magna-Carta Law – laws enacted upon
the demand of the Knights of the Round Table
which the King compelled to sign. Examples of
which are the following:
a. No freemen shall be taken or
imprisoned, disposed or outlawed
except by legal judgment of his peers;
b. No person should be tried for murder
unless there is the body of the victim;
and
c. The establishment of the national and
local government as well as legislation.
C. The Westminster Period (1285 – 1500)
1. The Statue of 1285 – this law prescribes the
closing of the gates of London at Sundown. It
was the beginning of Curfew Systems.
2. Justice of the Peace – a position in the
government that gives a person the power to
arrest, pursue and impose imprisonment.]
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3. The Star Chamber Court – a special court
which try offenses against the state. The room
setup is formed in a shape of a star and judges
were given great powers such as the power to
force testimony from a defendant leading to a
great abuse of power or brutality on the part of
the judges.
The Modern Policing System (1829)
In 1829, Sir Robert Peel introduced the
London Metropolitan Police under the
Metropolitan Police Act which was passed by the
Parliament of England. This is milestone of
England’s police force. For his contribution to the
modernization of the police force, Sir Robert Peel
was regarded as the Father of Modern Policing
System.
According to Peel, the police should be:
1. Organized along military lines;
2. Screened and trained;
3. Hired on a probationary basis;
4. Deployed by time and area;
5. Accessible to the people; and
6. Record-keeping is essential
Principles of Law Enforcement Advocated by Sir
Robert Peel
1. Prevention of Crime is the basic mission of the
police.
2. Police must have the full respect of the citizenry.
3. A citizen’s respect for law develops his respect
for the police.
4. Cooperation of the public decreases as the use of
force increases.
5. Police must render impartial enforcement of the
law.
6. Physical force is used only as a last resort.
7. The police are the public and the public are the
police.
8. The police represent the law.
9. The absence of crime and disorder is the test of
police efficiency.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE
PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM
The Local Police
The Barangay Period – prior to Spanish
colonization, the Philippines was divided into
political units called the Barangay. Each barangay
was headed or rules by a Datu whose responsibility,
aside from exercising all the powers – executive,
legislative and judicial was to maintain peace and
order within his jurisdiction. The Datu designated
among his warriors a chief warrior who, together
with some subordinates were charged with the duty
to enforce the decrees, customs and traditions as
well as practices and usages. The chief warrior was
then in effect the chief of police.
Spanish Regime – Police functions during the
Spanish Regime costs mainly of the following; (a)
the suppression of brigandage by patrolling
Human Behavior and Crisis Management by JUAN PAOLO AGUIRRE
unpacified areas; (b) the detection of local or petty
uprising by spying upon the work and movements of
the people; and (c) the enforcement of tax collection
including church revenues.
a) Carabineros de Seguridad Publica (1712).
Armed with carbines, this police body was
organized for the purpose of carrying out the
regulations of the department of State. It became
police-like when reorganized and named
Cuerpo de Seguridad Publica (Corps of
Carrabineroes for Public Security). Its specific
duties were watching and guarding the custom
houses, rivers, seacoasts, tobacco warehouses
and the prevention of entry of contraband. It
developed into a more special kind of police for
land and sea.
b) The Cuadrilleros (1836). It was a body of
police organized in each town during the
Spanish Regime. The Royal Decree which
established it provided that five percent of the
able-bodied male inhabitants of each province
was to be enlisted in this organization for three
years. The duties consisted of maintaining peace
and order in the towns, patrolling, guarding the
tribunal and prison cells, and other odd duties in
the town. Each members of the organization in
each town were formed into company.
Administered like a military unit, having
officers of different rants and enlisted men of
different grades.
c) Guardia Civil (1852). This police institution
was created to partially relieve the colonial army
troops of their wok in policing the towns. But
since those duties were not wholly police in
nature, it did not advance the development of the
local police. On the contrary, being a part of the
army in fact, it strengthened the old doctrine of
military control in civil affairs. It was very
military in organization and control in the same
way that the Philippine Constabulary is built and
administered.
As a national police body the Guardia Civil
was instrumental in checking highway robbery to a
certain extent. Its utility, however, was impaired for
it was misused in apprehending political offenders,
in detecting the enemies of the church, and in
framing up cases to compromise persons who were
persona-non-grata into the ruling power or to the
henchman of the church authorities. So it was hated
and feared by all; rightly feared by the outlaws and
hated by the peaceful citizens.
The Revolutionary Government Period – when
the Filipinos revolted against the Spanish rule, the
insurrector emerged to exercise police authority
over the areas within their jurisdiction. With their de
facto government they imposed taxation, military
conscription and was responsible for the peace and
order situation in general.
The American Military Occupation – when
manila feel into the Americans, the city was placed
under military rule. All powers of the government
were vested upon the Military Governor and his
representatives.
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In order to restore peace and order, Headquarters
Philippine division issued General Order No. 43 on
august 8, 1899 vesting in the “Lieutenant of Police
the powers to arrest or order the arrest of persons
violating city ordinances, disturbing the peace or
accused of a crime”. The Lieutenant of the Police is
equivalent of out police station commanders at
present. The local police was organized for
pacification duties and as adjunct to the military.
Upon Termination of the Filipino-American War,
The Philippine Commission was established. To
pursue further pacification in the provinces, the
commission passed Act. No. 175 on July 18, 1901
entitled “An act Providing for the Organization
and Government of Insular constabulary and for
Inspection of the Municipal Police”. And thus the
Philippine Constabulary was born; the local police
force continued to exist, under “inspection” of the
Insular Constabulary.
ACT NO. 255 – “AN ACT AMENDING ACT
NUMBERED ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-
FIVE BY CHANGING THE NAME OF THE
INSULAR CONSTABULARY TO THE
PHILIPPINES CONSTABULARY AND
PROVIDING FOR A SECTION OF
INFORMATION”
The Philippine Constabulary – the Philippine
constabulary was formally inaugurated on 1901 with
Lt. Col Henry Allen as its chief. Its personnel
strength was about 2,500 and were tasked to
maintain peace and order and suppression of
rebellion in the territory.
In 1917, Brig. General Rafael Crame was
appointed as the First Filipino Chief of the
Philippine Constabulary. General Crame headed the
Philippine Constabulary for 10 years.
Act. No. 70 – establishment of the Philippine
Commission headed by General Howard Taft
(Metropolitan Police Force , January 09, 1901)
Capt. George Curry – the first chief of police of
the Manila Police Department in 1901
January 9 – anniversary of Manila’s Finest
The National Police Commission – it was
organized on September 12, 1966 by virtue of
Republic Act No. 3864 which was approved
September 8, 1966. The act created the POLCOM
as an advisory body to the President on all matters
affecting local police administration. Lately, in
accordance with the Government Reorganization
Plan, the Commission was designated the National
Police Commission.
The Integration of the Philippine Constabulary
and Local Police – Sec 12, Article XV of the 1973
Constitution provided that “The State shall
establish and maintain an integrated national
police force whose organization and operation
shall be provided by law.” This Constitutional
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mandate has been implemented by various
Presidential Decrees and Letter of Instruction.
Presidential Decree Nos. 421, 482, 531 and 641 have
provided for the integration of municipal/city police
and fire departments and jails into law enforcement
units knows as Metropolitan Police Force in the
Greater Manila Area and provincial integrated police
forces in the provinces. These integrated police
forces have been placed under the operational and
administrative control of the Philippine
constabulary.
All these Presidential Decrees culminated in
the promulgation of Presidential Decree No. 765 on
august 8, 1795 establishing and constituting the
Integrated National Police with the Philippine
Constabulary as the nucleus and the local police
forces and city and municipal fire departments as
components.
PD 1184 – "Integrated National Police Personnel
Professionalization Law of 1977."
Executive Order 389 – ordered that the Philippine
Constabulary be one of the four services of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines, enacted on
December 23, 1940
RA 157 – created the NBI, enacted June 19, 1947
and later reorganized by RA 2678
Important Filipino Personalities in the Evolution
of Philippine Policing
 Brig. Gen Rafael Crame – the first Filipino
chief of the Philippine Constabulary
 Col. Antonio Torres – the first Filipino chief of
police of the Manila police Department in 1935
 Col. Lamberto Javalero – the first chief of
police of the MPD after the Philippine
Independence from the USA
 P/Dir Gen. Cesar Nazareno – the first chief of
the PNP
The Birth of the Philippine National Police
Constitutional Provision Related to the Creation
of the Philippine National Police
“The state shall establish and maintain one
police force, which shall be national in scope and
civilian in character to be administered and
controlled by a National Police Commission, the
authority of Local Executives over the police units
in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law”
(Section 6, Article XVI 1987 Constitution)
Creation of PNP – by the Constitutional Mandate,
R.A No. 6975 knows as Department of the
Interior and Local Government Act of 1990 was
enacted paving the way of establishing the PNP as a
bureau under the Department of the Interior and
Local Government. The act was signed by late
Pres Corazon Aquino on December 13, 1990 and
took effect on January 1, 1991.
The Philippine National Police as an
Organization
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The PNP is a line and staff organization. It
is so because its structure is the combination of the
line and staff or functional organization.
The Line structure organization is one
which simple. In this process, decision is hard to
accomplish because the officers below cannot make
command as they would wait order from the top.
The Staff or Functional organization is
different. The responsibilities are divided among the
officers who are accountable to the Commander
above.
The PNP as a Line and Staff organization
have both feature of Line and functional or Staff
Organization.
THE NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
NAPOLCOM
The NAPOLCOM is an agency
ATTACHED to the DILG for policy and program
coordination. The power of the NAPOLCOM is to
exercise administrative control and operational
supervision over the PNP.
The NAPOLCOM Officer are national,
regional and provincial. The national office is in
Makati City headed by the Vice-Chairperson as the
executive Officer; the Regional is headed by a
Director and the Provincial is headed by a provincial
officer.
NAPOLCOM Composition
It is composed of a Chairperson, four (4)
regular commissioners, and the Chief on the PNP as
Ex Officio members, bringing all in all, five (5)
Commissioners and a Chairperson. From the four (4)
Regular commissioners, three (3) of them must
come from the civilian sector who are neither active
nor former members of the police or military, ONE
OF WHOM shall be designated as Vice-
Chairperson. One of the Three must be a Woman.
The fourth commissioner shall come from the law
enforcement sector either active or retired byt once
appointed and assumed office shall be considered
resigned from the said law enforcement agency. All
of them shall be appointed by the president with the
Secretary of the DOLG as Ex officio Chairperson.
The Term of office of the NAPOLCOM
Commissioners
The four (4) regular and full-time
commissioners of NAPOLCOM shall be appointed
by the President for a term of six (6) years without
re-appointment or extension.
Qualifications of NAPOLCOM Regular
Commissioners
The regular member of the Commission
shall possess the following qualifications:
1. Citizen of the Philippines
2. A member of the Philippine Bar with at least
five (5) years experience in handling criminal or
human rights cases or a holder of a master’s
degree but preferably a doctorate degree in
public administration, sociology, criminology,
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criminal justice, law enforcement and other
related disciplines; and
3. The regular member coming from the law
enforcement sector should have practical
experience in law enforcement work for at least
five (5) years while the three (3) other regular
commissioners must have done extensive
research work or projects on law enforcement,
criminology or criminal justice or members of a
duly registered non-government organization
involved in the promotion of peace and order.
Vacancy in the Office of the Chairman
In case of absence due to the temporary
incapacity of the chairperson, the vice chair shall
serve as Chairperson until the chairperson is present
or regains capacity to serve. In case of death or
permanent incapacity or disqualification of the
chairperson, the acting chairperson shall also act as
such until a new chairperson shall have been
appointed b the President and qualified.
Note:
It is not automatic that the Vice chair of the
NAPOLCOM will become the chairperson in case of
permanent incapacity of the Chairman. He will chair
only in an acting capacity because NAPOLCOM
Chairmanship is based on the Office of the DOLG
Secretary. It must be remembered that the DILG
secretary according to the law will be the ex-officio
chair of the NAPOLCOM. Hence, the only way to
become a NAPOLCOM Chairman is being
appointed as DILG Secretary.
Disciplinary Appellate Boards – the Commission
shall establish a formal administrative disciplinary
appellate machinery consisting of the National
Appellate Board and the regional Appellate boards.
The National Appellate Board shall decide
cases on appeal from decisions rendered by the PNP
chief, while the regional appellate boards shall
decide cases on appeal from decisions rendered by
officers other than the PNP chief, the mayor and the
People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB) created
hereunder.
THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
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Police Discretion – one of the most important Rank Classification: (as compared to AFP)
powers vested by law to the police officers is to
exercise discretion. This is defined as an authority PNP AFP
conferred by law to act in a certain condition or Director- General General (4 stars)
situation in accordance with an official or an official Deputy Director-General Lt. General (3 stars)
agency’s own considered judgment and conscience. Director Major General(2star)
Chief Superintendent Brigadier General(1)
The Role of the PNP in Counter-Insurgency Senior Superintendent Colonel
Functions Superintendent Lt. Colonel
The department of the Interior and Local Chief Inspector Major
Government shall be relieved of the primary Senior Inspector Captain
responsibility on matters involving the suppression Inspector Lieutenant (1st)
of insurgency and other serious threats to national Senior Police Officer IV Master Sergeant
security. The Philippine National Police shall, Senior Police Officer III Technical Sergeant
through information gathering and performance of Senior Police Officer II Staff Sergeant
its ordinary police functions, support the armed Senior Police Officer 1 Sergeant
Forces of the Philippines on matters involving Police Officer III Corporal
suppression of insurgency, except in cases where the Police Officer II Private First Class
President shall call on the PNP to support the AFP in Police Officer I Private
combat operations.
Note:
“in times of national emergency, the PNP, The cadets of PNPA shall be considered
the Bureau of Fire Protection, and the Bureau of Jail above the rank of the SPOIV but below rank of
Management and Penology shall, upon the direction Inspector.
of the President, assist the armed forces in meeting
the national emergency.” (Section 12 of RA 6975 as General qualification for Appointment in PNP
amended by Section 3 or RA 8551) (Minimum Standard): Section 14, RA 8551 as
amended by RA 9708.
a. Citizen of the Philippines
b. Person of Good Moral Conduct
The Philippine National Police (Section 2, RA c. Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological,
8551) drug and physical tests to be administered by
the PNP shall be a community and service PNP or by any NAPOLCOM accredited
oriented agency responsible for the maintenance of government hospital for the purpose of
peace and order and public safety. determining physical and mental health
d. Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree
The PNP shall be so organized to ensure from a recognized institution of learning.
accountability and uprightness in police exercise of e. Must be eligible in accordance with the
discretion as well as to achieve efficiency and standards set by the NAPOLCOM
effectiveness of its members and units in the f. Must not have been dishonorably discharged
performance of their functions. from military employment or dismissed for
cause from any civilian position in government.
Initial Composition of the PNP g. must not have been convicted by final judgment
of an offense or crime involving moral turpitude
1. Former INP Members h. must be at least 1.62 meters (5’4) in height for
2. Commissioned officers and enlisted male and 1.57 (5’2) meters for female
personnel of PC i. must not be less than 21 nor more than 30 years
3. Members of the inspection, investigation f age.
and intelligence branch of NAPOLCOM
4. Civilian operatives of CIS Note: Section 30 (j) of Republic Act No. 6975, as
amended by Section 14 of Republic Act No. 8551m
The PNP absorbed the Office/Function of the was further amended by RA 9708 to read as follows:
following:
1. National Action Committee on Anti- “(j) For a new applicant, must not be less than
Hijacking Security (NACAH), formerly twenty-one (21) nor more than thirty (30) years of
under the DND age: Provided, That except for the last qualification,
2. All the functions of the Philippine air force the above-enumerated qualifications shall be
Security Command (PAFSECOM) continuing in character and an absence of any one of
3. Police functions of the Philippine Cost them at any given time shall be a ground for
Guard (PCG) separation or retirement from the
service: Provided, further, That PNP members who
are already in the service upon the effectivity of
Republic Act No. 8551 shall be given five (5) years
to obtain the minimum educational qualification
preferably in law enforcement related courses, to be
reckoned from the date of the effectivity of this
amendatory Act: Provided, furthermore, That for

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concerned PNP members rendering more than
fifteen (15) years of service and who have exhibited
exemplary performance as determined by the
Commission, shall no longer be required to comply
with the aforementioned minimum educational
requirement.”
Note: RA 9708 was approved by former Pres.
Macapagal-Arroyo August 12, 2009
WAIVER PROGRAM
The age, height, weight and educational
requirements for initial appointment to the PNP may
be waived.
The waiver issued by NAPOLCOM en banc
per recommendation of the Committee on Waiver
after considering the following:
1. the number of qualified applicants falls
below the minimum annual quota
2. endorsement of the Chief PNP
3. Outstanding accomplishment or possession
of special skills in law enforcement, police
work, martial arts, marksmanship and
similar skills’ special talents in the field of
sports, music and other; extensive
experiences of training in forensic science
and other technical services.
GRANT OF SPECIAL WAIVER under
Resolution No. 2002-048
1. NAPOLCOM now allows the direct filing
with NAPOLCOM, without need of
endorsement from the Chief PNP, of
application for age and height waivers by
the top twenty board passers of the
Criminology Licensure Examination and
related discipline where examined exceeds
2,000.
2. A waiver for height requirement shall be
automatically granted to applicant belonging
to the cultural communities (Section 15 RA
8551)
Specific Qualification that may be waived:
1. Age – provided not below 20 or over 35
years old
2. Height – automatically granted to members
of cultural minorities.
3. Weight – to comply within 6 months
4. Educational – provided at least possesses 72
collegiate units but is given 4 years to obrain
degree
Notes:
 Under the waiver program, it can only be
applied when the numbers of qualified
applicants are fall below the minimum
annual quota.
 Appointment under the waiver program is
temporary. PNP member who failed to
comply with the specific requirements shall
be dismissed.
 A PNP member who has been appointed
under the waiver program but is dismissed
for failure to comply with the requirements
Human Behavior and Crisis Management by JUAN PAOLO AGUIRRE
can RE-APPLY provided he already
possesses the minimum requirements.
Field Training Program:
All uniformed member of the PNP shall
undergo a Field Training Program for 12 months
involving actual experience and assignment in
patrol, traiffc and investigation as a requirement for
permanency of their appointment.
Exception from Field Training Program
MC No. 2008-001 dated January 22, 2008
“Clarifying the Status of Appointment of Graduates
of the PNPA who joined the PNP
 Section 13, RA 6975 provides for automatic
appointment of PNPA Graduates with the initial
rank of Inspector via Lateral Entry
 MC 96-008, granting testimonial eligibility for
the purpose of automatic appointment in the
PNP
 MC 2008-001, exempts PNPA Graduates to
undergo the mandatory Field Training Program
(FTP) and be issued a permanent appointment
 However, this testimonial eligibility shall not be
used for promotion.
Examination of Policemen
The NAPOLCOL shall administer the
ENTRANCE AND PROMOTIONAL
EXAMINATION
The entrance examination is for those who
desire to join the organization and the promotional
examination is required for promotion.
Attrition System
A system of Force Retirement or Separation
from the police service
1. Attrition by attainment of Maximum Tenure
in Position
The Maximum tenure in PNP Member
holding key position is as follows:
Position Maximum Tenure
Chief 4 years
Deputy Chief 4 years
Director of Staff Services 4 years
Regional Directors 6 years
Provincial City Directors 9 years
Note: Upon reaching the maximum tenure
without being promoted or assigned to a higher
position, a PNP member shall be compulsorily
retired if he has reached the maximum tenure of
20 years of service of more or separated if less
than 20 years of service.
2. Attrition by Relief – pnp member who has been
relieved for just cause and has not been given an
assignment within 2 years such relief shall be
retired or separated, as the case may be.
3. Attrition by Demotion in Position or Rank –
any PNP personnel, civilian or an uniformed,
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who is relieved and reassigned to a position
lower than what is established for his or her
grade in the PNP staffing pattern and who shall
not be assigned to a position commensurate to
his/her grade within 18 months after such
demotion in position shall be retired or
separated.
4. Attrition by Non-Promotion – any PNP
personnel who have not been promoted for a
continuous period of 10 years shall be retired or
separated.
5. Attrition by other Means – a PNP member or
officer with at least 5 years accumulated active
service shall be separated based on the following
factors:
a.) Inefficiency based on poor performance
during the last 2 successive annual rating
periods.
b.) Inefficiency based on poor performance
during the last 3 cumulative annual rating
periods.
c.) Physical and/or mental incapacity to
perform police functions and duties OR
d.) Failure to passed the required entrance
examination twice and/or finished the
required career courses except for justifiable
reasons.
e.) Refusal to take periodic PNP Physical
Fitness Test without justifiable reasons
f.) Failure to take the PNP Fitness Test for four
(4) Consecutive periodic tests due to health
reasons
g.) Failure to pass the PNP Fitness Test for two
(2) Consecutive periodic test or for four (4)
Cumulative period Test.
h.) Non-Compliance with the minimum
qualification standards for permanency or
original appointment.
Attrition System is under NAPOLCOM
Resolution 2008-005
Promotion
Promotion is defined as the advancement of
an employee from one position to another with an
increase in duties and responsibilities as authorized
by law usually accompanied by an increase in salary
(Rule V!, section 1, Omnibus rules Implementing
book V or E.O 292)
Legal Basis
Section 2. Section 38(a) of Republic Act
No. 6975, as amended by Section 33 of Republic
Act No. 8551, is hereby further amended to read as
follows:
"SEC. 38. Promotions. - (a) A uniformed
member of the PNP shall not be eligible for
promotion to a higher position or rank
unless he or she has successfully passed the
corresponding promotional examination
given by the Commission, or the Bar, or the
corresponding board examinations for
technical services and other professions, has
Human Behavior and Crisis Management by JUAN PAOLO AGUIRRE
satisfactorily completed the appropriate and
accredited course in the PNPA or equivalent
training institutions, and has satisfactorily
passed the required
psychiatric/psychological and drug tests. In
addition, the institution of a criminal
action or complaint against a police
officer shall not be a bar to
promotion: Provided, however, That upon
finding of probable cause, notwithstanding
any challenge that may be raised against that
finding thereafter, the concerned police
officer shall be ineligible for
promotion: Provided, further, That if the
case remains unresolved after two (2) years
from the aforementioned determination of
probable cause, he or she shall be considered
for promotion. In the event he or she is held
guilty of the crime by final judgment, said
promotion shall be recalled without
prejudice to the imposition of the
appropriate penalties under applicable laws,
rules and
regulations: Provided, furthermore, That if
the complaint filed against the police officer
is for a crime including, but not limited to, a
violation of human rights, punishable
by reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment,
and the court has determined that the
evidence of guilt is strong, said police
officer shall be completely ineligible for
promotion during the pendency of the said
criminal case.
Promotion Policy:
Promotional Personel action should be
aligned towards recognition of good performance in
the service and potential to discharged greater duties
and responsibilities in the next higher grade. It
provides higher level of employee morale and work
performance.
Kinds of Promotion
1. Regular Promotion
2. Special / Meritorious / Spot Promotion
3. Promotion by virtue of Position
Regular Promotion
A uniformed member of the PNP shall not
be eligible for promotion to a higher position or rank
unless he or shee has possessed:
1) Appropriate eligibility
2) Appropriate training
3) Have passed the required
psychiatric/psychological and drug test
Other factors considered to determine most
qualified and capable candidate
 Performance
 Command and Leadership Competence
 Field and Administrative Duty Experience
 Geographical Assignment
 Service Reputation, Potential, Personality
Traits
 Awards, Recognition and Fitness
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OTHER IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES ON
REGULAR PROMOTION
 Section 14(e) RA 6975 – the authority of the
Commission to develop policies promotion
 There shall be considerable balance between
competence and seniority
 There is a corresponding promotion Board
for each rank
 Section 25, par 4 RA 8551 – no promotional
if less than 1 year of service
 The promotion of the PNP Officers to the
rank of Police inspector and up shall be
coursed through the NAPOLCOM for
review and conformation ( MC98-02)
VALIDITY OF CLEARANCE FOR PURPOSES
OF PROMOTION
Resolution No. 2008-055 dated January 24,
2008, prescribed the period of validity of clearance
issued by NAPOLCOM, PNP, IAS, and PLEB from
3 months to 6 months from the date of issuance.
Special / Meritorious / Spot Promotion
Any Uniformed member of the PNP who
has exhibited acts of conspicuous courage and
gallantry at the task of his/her life above and beyong
the call of duty, shall be promoted to the next higher
rank; Provided, that such acts shall be validated by
the Commission based on established criteria.”
[Section 38 (b) RA 6975 as amended by Section
33(b) RA 8551]
Acts amounting to conspicuous courage and
gallantry
1. A deed of personnel bravery and self-sacrifice
above and beyond the call of duty of a pnp
uniformed personnel so conspicuous as to
distinguished himself clearly above his
comrades in the performance of more than
ordinary hazardous service such as, but not
limited to the following circumstances
a. Overwhelming number of enemies and
firepower capability as against the
strength of PNP operatives and their
firepower capability
b. Infiltration and penetration of the safe
houses and hideouts of organized crime
syndicates like kidnapping, drugs, car
napping hijacking and terrorism
c. Shootouts in robbery/hold up incidents
in public utility vehicles
d. Conduct of rescue/disaster operations
that resulted in the saving of lives and
properties.
2. An act of heroism exhibited in the fact of an
armed enemy or in the conduct of rescue/disaster
operations resulting in the loss of life
(Posthumous Promotions)
Note:
- Only operational accomplishment shall
merit special promotion
- It must be supported by the Affidavit of two
(2) Responsible persons who are
eyewitnesses to the deed or act cited; or if
Human Behavior and Crisis Management by JUAN PAOLO AGUIRRE
none, it must be supported by the sworn
declaration of the immediate superior.
Waiver of Certain Requirements in Special
Promotion
 For PNCOs – requirements on educational
attainment, eligibility, training and
experience may be waived
 For PCO – only the experience requirement
may be waived (time and grade)
Other Principles on Special Promotion
 Applicable even on personnel with
temporary appointment (MC No. 2008-002)
 Must be transmitted to NAPOLCOM within
1 year from the time occurrence of the deed.
Promotion by virtue of Position (Section 32 RA
8551)
Any PNP Personnel designated to any key
position whose rank is lower than that which is
required for such position shall, after six (6) months
of occupying the same, be entitled to a rank
adjustment corresponding to the position: Provided,
that the personnel shall not be reassigned to a
position calling for a higher rank until after two (2)
years from the date of such rank adjustment:
Provided, further, that any personnel designated to
the position who does not possess the established
minimum qualifications therefore shall occupy the
same temporarily for not more than six (6) months
without reappointment or extension.
Note: Additional psychiatric/psychological and drug
test are required for promotion.
Promoting authorities:
Grade/Rank Promoting Authorities
Director-General President
Sr.Supt to DDG President
Inspector to Supt Chief, PNP
PO1 to SPOIV Regional Director
Appointment Status
1. Permanent – to those who meet all the
qualifications required
2. Temporary – for initial appointment under the
waiver program, in case of promotion, meets all
the established qualifications required except the
appropriate eligibility.
3. Probationary – all PNP member appoint to
permanent status in entry level grade shall
undergo a mandatory 1 year probationary period.
Once promoted in a permanent status he shall
have a probationary period of 1 year. During this
period, he may be dropped from the service for
unsatisfactory conduct or performance anytime
within the same period, or recall the promotion.
Lateral entry
Original appointment for officers shall
commence with the rank of inspector, like those
graduate of PNPA.
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For Lateral entry 0 Dentist, Nurses,
Engineer, Graduates of Forensic Science, and others,
shall commence, with the rank of Inspector. Doctor
of medicine, lawyers and Chaplain shall commence
with the rank of Senior Inspector.
Rank Insignia:
The corresponding rank insignia are as
follows:
a) 4,3,2,1 silver stars for Director-General, Deputy
Director-General, Director, Chief Supt.,
respectively
b) 3,2,1 silver sampaguita cluster for Sr.Supt.,
Supt., and Chief Inspector, respectively
c) 2,1 bronze anahaw leaf for Senior Inspector and
Inspector, respectively
d) PNCO – Chevron
e) Executive SPO-SPOIV – chevron in white
sampaguita cluster at the center flanked by gold
laurel leaves.
Badges:
a) Police Badge – Center of the left breast pocket
b) Combat Citation Badge – above the right pocket
on the top of citation badges
c) Parachutist/EDC/Pilot Wings/Technical Service
Badge – above the left pocket on the top of the
service decorations.
Retirement Program:
1. PNP member who reached the age 56 shall be
compulsory retired from the service compulsory
retirement.
2. PNP member with the rank of Chief
Superintendent, Director, or Deputy Director-
General may be allowed by the NAPOLCOM to
stay in the service even after attaining the age of
56 but only for a non-extendible period of one
year.
3. PNP member who accumulated at least 20 years
of satisfactory service, may upon request and
with the approval of the NAPOLCOM may be
retired from the service – OPTIONAL
RETIREMENT
4. PNP member, who is continuously in the active
service, is permanently and totally disabled as a
result of injuries suffered or sickness contracted
in the performance of duty as duly certified by
the NAPOLCOM, upon finding and certification
by the appropriate medical officer, that the
extent of disability or sickness renders such
member unfit or unable to further perform the
duties of his position, shall be entitled to 1 year
salary and to lifetime monthly pension
equivalent to 80% of his last salary (base pay
only) should such member who has been retired
under permanent total disability died within 5
years from retirement, his surviving spouse, or if
there be none, surviving legitimate children shall
be entitled to the pension of the reminder of the
5 years guaranteed period.
Human Behavior and Crisis Management by JUAN PAOLO AGUIRRE
5. Any personnel who is dismissed from the PNP
under attrition system, shall be retired if he has
rendered at least 20 years of service or separated
if he has rendered less than 20 years of active
service.
6. Monthly retirement benefits or pay shall be 50%
of the base pay and longevity pay of the retired
grade in case of 20 years active service,
increasing by 2.5% for every year of active
service of over 20 years,provided that uniformed
personnel shall have the option to receive in
advance and in lump sum his retirement pay for
the 1st five years, which shall be paid within 6
months from the affectivity of requirement. And
finally, retirement pay is subject to adjustment
based of the prevailing scale of base pay of
police personnel in the active service.
7. The PNP personnel who will retire is entitled to
1 rank higher of the retired grade as basis of
computing the retire pay; provided his
appointment to his retried grade is permanent.
8. Within 3 years from march 6, 1998, any PNP,
PNCO and PCO may retire and be paid
separation benefits corresponding to a position 2
ranks higher than his/her present rank subject to
the following conditions (early retirement):
a. That at a time he or she applies to
retirement, he/she has rendered at least 10
years of continuous service.
b. The application is not scheduled for
separation or retirement from the service
due to the attrition system or separation for
cause
c. He/she has no pending administrative or
criminal case.
d. He/she has at least 3 more years in the
service before reaching the compulsory
retirement and at least a year before his/her
maximum tenure position.
Gender Sensitivity Program
To the establishment of equal opportunities
for women in the PNP, the prevention of sexual
harassment in the workplace, and the prohibition of
discrimination on the basis of gender or sexual
orientation.
Administrative Liability – any personnel who shall
violate the established rules and regulations
regarding gender sensitivity and gender equality
shall be suspended without pay for not less than 30
days and shall undergo gender sensitivity and gender
equality seminar or training: Provided, that any
personnel who violates the rules more than twice
shall be recommended for demotion or dismissal
from the PNP.
Participation of Local Government Executives in
the Administration of the PNP:
Mayors and Governors once elected are
automatically became deputies of the NAPOLCOM.
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Power of the Governor – to choose the Provincial
Director of the Province from the 3 recommendees
by the Regional Director
Mayor – Power to choose the COP from the 5
recommendees of the Provincial Director
Power to employ and deploy through the chief of
Police Authority to recommend to the Provincial
Director the transfer, reassignment or detail of PNP
members outside of their respective city or town.
Recommendatory Authority – to recommend from
a list of eligibles previously screened by the peace
and order council the appointment of new members
of the PNP to be assigned to their respective cities or
towns WITHOUT WHICH NO SUCH
APPOINTMENTS SHALL BE ATTESTED.
The Control and supervision of Anti-gambling
operations shall be within the jurisdiction of local
government executives.
Note:
The term “operational supervision and
control” shall mean the power to direct,
superintend, and oversee the day to day functions of
police investigation of crime, crime prevention
activities, and traffic control in accordance with
rules and regulations set by the NAPOLCOM. It
shall also include the power to direct the
employment and deployment of units or elements of
the PNP through the Chief of Police concerned.
Employment refers to the utilization of units or
elements of the PNP for the purpose of protectiong
of lives and properties, enforcement of laws,
maintenance of peace and order, prevention of
crimes, arrest of criminals and bringing the
offenders to justice, and ensuring public safety,
particularly in the suppression of disorders, riots,
lawless violence, rebellious and seditions
conspiracy, insurgency, subversion and other related
activities.
Deployment shall mean the orderly and organized
physical movement of elements or units of the PNP
within the city or municipality for purposes of
employment thereof
Grounds for Suspension or withdrawal of
Deputation;
Unless reversed by the President, the
NAPOLCOM may, after consultation with the
provincial governor and congressman concerned,
suspend or withdraw the deputation of any local
executive for any of the following grounds:
1. Frequent unauthorized absences
2. Abuse of authority
3. Providing material support to criminal
elements OR
4. Engaging in acts inimical to national
security or which negate the effectiveness of
the peace and order campaign
Human Behavior and Crisis Management by JUAN PAOLO AGUIRRE
Note: The president may, directly or through
the NAPOLCOM restore such deputation
upon good cause shown.
POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING
Planning – is devising a method or course of action;
arranging means or steps for the attainment of an
objective. In police work, plans can be procedural,
tactical, operational, extra-departmental and
management plans.
Its objectives are as follows:
1. Protection of persons and property;
2. Preservation of peace;
3. Prevention of crime;
4. Repression and suppression of criminal
activities.
5. Apprehension of criminals;
6. Enforcement of laws and ordinances and
regulations of conduct;
7. Safeguarding of public health and morals;
8. Prompt execution of criminal writs and
processes of the courts; and coordination
and cooperation with other law enforcement
agencies.
Fundamentals of Police Planning
1. Know your situation
2. Know what you want to do
3. Breakdown of your Goals into smaller tasks
4. Determine the resources needed
5. Anticipate problems or changing situations
6. Implement your plan
7. Monitor results
8. Evaluate the plan
9. Document the experience
10. Report your experience
Characteristics of Plan
1. Clearly defined objectives or goals
2. Possibility of attainment
3. Flexibility
4. Provision for standard of operation
5. Economy in terms of resources needed for
implementation
6. Anticipated effect or effects on future
operations
The Value of Plans
1. It implements policies and clarifies it by
defining more precisely an immediate
objective or purpose and outlining what is to
be done to achieve it
2. It serves as guide or reference in both
training and performance
3. The planning process gives continues
attention to the improvement of the practices
and procedures
4. It enables a check on accomplishments
5. Wise planning assumes the most effective
and economical use of resources in the
accomplishment of the purpose of the
organization.
Types of Plans
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1. Policy or Procedural Plans – an act or manner
of proceeding in any acting. It includes every
procedures that has been utilized and officially
adopted as the standard methods of action to be
followed by all members of the department
under specified circumstances, regardless of the
functional unit to which the member may be
confronted.
Notes:
Policies – are guiding principles governing
future courses of action; they have to be stable.
Procedures – the actual courses of action; they
include working details, methods of operation,
and very frequently, paperwork, review, routing,
etc.
Kinds of Procedural Plan
1.1. Office Procedures – example
a. Reporting regulations
b. Records division operation
1.2. Field Procedures – procedures intended to
be used in all situations of all kinds hall be
outlines as a guide to officers and men in the
field.
1.3. Headquarters Procedures – it includes the
duties of the dispatcher, jailer, matron and
other personnel concerned which may be
neglected in the duty manual
2. Tactical Plan – specific procedures for coping
with specific situations at known locations.
Included in this category are plans dealing with
an attack against bombing, jail emergencies and
for special community events.
3. Operational Plan – Plans for the operations of
special divisions like the patrol, detective,
traffic, vice and juvenile control division,
operational plans shall be prepared to
accomplish each of the primary responsibility to
plans operations in its field.
Kinds of operational Plans:
a. Regular Operating Program – designated
to meet every current needs. The manpower
shall be distributed throughout the area of
jurisdiction is proportion to needs.
b. Meeting Usual Needs – it may arise in any
field or police activity and is nearly always
to meet in the detective, vice, juvenile
divisions by temporary readjustment of
regular assignments.
4. Extra Departmental Plants – also known as
Extra Management Plans. The active interests
and participation of individual citizen is so vital
to the success of the police programs that they
continuously seek to motivate and promote. It
includes handling or large scale of disaster,
flood, storm, typhoon, fires, etc.
5. Management Plans – involves personnel and
material organization disbursement of funds
such as budget planning, accounting procedures
Human Behavior and Crisis Management by JUAN PAOLO AGUIRRE
and specification and purchasing procedures,
personnel and organization.
Steps in Planning
1. Identification of the Problem –
determination whether the problems exist
and there is a need to do something about it.
2. Frame of Reference – a careful review of
literature relating to the situation for which
plans are being developed, and opinions or
ideas of persons who may speak with
authority in the subjects of concern.
3. Clarifying the Problems – understanding
of the problem and requiring a clear
identification of both its records and its
possible solution
4. Collecting all Pertinent Facts – no attempt
should be made to develop a plan until all
facts relating to it have been gathered.
5. Analyzing the Facts – after al data has been
gathered, a careful analysis and evaluation
must be made
6. Developing Alternative Plans – in the
initial phase of plan development several
alternatives measures will appear to be
logically comparable to the needs of the
situation
7. Selecting the Most Appropriate
Alternatives – a careful consideration of all
facts usually leads to the selection of best
plan.
8. Selling the Plan – a plan to be effectively
carried out, must be accepted by all
personnel concerned, at the appropriate level
of the plans development.
9. Arranging for Execution of the Plans –
ithe execution of the plan requires the
issuance of orders and directives to be
involved units and personnel, the
establishment of schedule and the provision
of manpower and equipment for carrying out
the plan.
10. Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Plan –
the result of the plan should be determined.
This is necessary to know whether a correct
alternatives was chosen whether the plan
was correct, which phase poorly
implemented and whether additional
planning may be necessary.
Prerequisites in Planning
1. Determining the size and extend of are
2. Number of men to be employed in the area
3. Check and account the equipment to be
used.
4. budget of the plan
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5. Number of men involved in supervision
6. Consider the nature of the mission
Planning of Unusual Needs
Crowd Control
Crowd. A group of people temporarily
congregated
Mob. A large or disorderly crown which is
bent on riotous or destructive action
Kinds of Crowd
1. Casual – an assembly of people showing no
group behavior but merely condenses of
contact, e.g. crowd of shoppers
2. Psychological Crowd – an assemblage of
people who have common intent or response
emotionally to the same stimuli e.g. ball game,
parade, fire.
Types of Psychological Crowd
a. Friendly Crowd – a well behaved crowd
and requires only the simplest control by
the police. However, it can become riotous
from improper handling
b. Sighting Crowd – people who gather
together from nowhere at the scene of an
accident, fire or disaster. This crowd is
curious, cooperative and anxious, but
frequently becomes a headache to the
police.
c. Agitated Crowd – friendly or righteous
crowds, when it becomes disturbed by
emotional influences or swayed by
irresponsible party it develops into a mob.
d. Hostile Crowd – disorderly crowds which
are willing to be led into lawlessness, but
lacks the courage and unity of purpose. It is
composed of few determined leaders,
active participants and large number of
spectators.
Controlling the hostile Crowd
 Isolate individuals involved in a crown
 Break the crown into a small isolated
groups
 Remove the crown leaders
 Divert the attention of the crowd
 Using of recognized or respected
leaders or citizens
Crowd Control Formations
1. Stand-by Formation – preparatory formation
that depends on the space of the area. It may be
column formation which is used for a road type
stand by area or Mass formation which may be
used for parking area type stand-by area.
2. Single Line Formation – a formation purposely
to set or establish limit to the crowd. This is
executed when the crowd is within the state of
control
3. Double Line Formation – Executed to
support/beef up the single line formation. This is
done when the crowd starts to become unruly
and start punishing the first line
Human Behavior and Crisis Management by JUAN PAOLO AGUIRRE
4. Wedge Formation – Executed to penetrate or
break the crowd. This is usually done when there
is necessity to separate/isolate the unruly and
violent groups in a crowd.
5. Double Wedge Formation – organized to
acquire a stronger capability of penetration and
protection from violent moves from the crowd
6. Arrow formation – Designated to escort VIP’s
passing through the crowd.
7. Circle/Box/Close Formation – Designated to
isolate a violent crowd and the eventual arrest of
a crowd leader or a violent initiator.
8. Umbrella or U Formation – Utilized when the
crowd becomes unruly and start attacking the
control force.
Raid Operations
Raid – a surprise invasion of a building or an area. It
is a small-scale attack of a limited territory. Its
purpose are: effecting an apprehension; obtaining
evidence of illegal activities by surprising the
offenders in flagrante delicto; and or recovering
stolen property.
Factors Affecting the success or Effectiveness of a
Raid
1. Size of a raiding party
2. Speed
3. Surprise
4. Superiority of Arms
5. Simplicity of plan and operation
Composition of the Raiding Part
1. Raid Commander, Assistant Raid
Commander, Covering or Surrounding
Party;
2. Going-in Detail or Entering Party
3. In-charge of Raiding Vehicle
4. In-charge or rendering inoperative the
subject’s vehicle. If any’
5. Persons who will recover and keep an
accurate log of the raid, gather evidence,
make inventories and testify in court; and
6. Photographer
Planning the Raid
1. Study the terrain and building
2. Conduct casing of the place
3. Inform the participants on the nature of the
mission
4. Emphasize the specific assignment and
position of each raiding part, the tactics to
be employed, the equipment and
transportation to be used, the evaluation of
possible danger points and the optimum
time to be selected
THE PHILIPPINE NATIONA POLICE
OPERATIONAL MASTER PLANS
1. SANDIGAN – PNP Master Plan for Anti-
Criminality
Page 14
UniversidaddeManilaUniversidaddeManilaUniversidaddeManilaUniversidadeManilaUnbersidaddeManilaUniversidaddeMan
ilaUniversidad

2. SANDUGO - PNP Master Plan for internal

security
3. SANGYAMAN - PNP Master Plan to Help
and Protect and Preserve the Environment,
Cultural Properties and Natural Resources
4. SANGBANAT - PNP Master Plan for the
campaign Against Illegal Drugs
5. SANG INGAT - PNP Master Plan for
Security Preparations
6. SAKLOLO - PNP Master Plan for Disaster
Management

Reference:
 Police organization and Administration with
Police Planning (2013) by R.V Castillo, Jr.
and B.B Guerrero, Katha Punlising Inc.
 RA 6975
 RA 8551
 RA 9708
 Www.napolcom.gov.ph
 www.pnp.gov.ph

Human Behavior and Crisis Management by JUAN PAOLO AGUIRRE Page 15