LAB MANUAL FOR

FUNDAMENTALS OF
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
AND DRIVES
Course code: ETUA21207

Course Outcomes
At the end of this course, students will demonstrate the ability to
1. Draw the performance characteristics of electrical motors
using fundamental concepts and laboratory tests.
2. Select electrical motors for industrial applications using their
operating characteristics.
 Bansilal Ramnath Agarwal Charitable Trust’s
VISHWAKARMA INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Pune - 411048
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering

ETUA21207: FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND DRIVES

LABORATORY MANUAL

Sr. Title Page No. Date Remark

No.

1 Experiment 1

2 Experiment 2

3 Experiment 3

4 Experiment 4

5 Experiment 5

6 Experiment 6

7 Experiment 7

8 Experiment 8

This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. _________________________________________________

, S.Y.B.Tech, Division_____Roll no. _________ PRN_________________ has satisfactorily
performed and completed the above-mentioned experiments in the Fundamentals of
Electrical Machines and Drives laboratory of Vishwakarma Institute of Information
Technology.

Date: _________________ Faculty in Charge Head of Department

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. Title of the Experiment

No.

1 Study of electrical motors and drives in workshop at VIIT

2 Starting and speed reversal of DC motors

3 Speed control methods of DC shunt motor

4 Brake test on DC series motor

5 Load test on DC shunt motor

6 Starting and speed reversal of AC motors

7 Load test on 3- phase induction motor

8 Performance characteristics and applications of single-phase motors

2
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Study the relevant theory of the experiment using text book/s before the respective
lab session. It will enhance the learning of the experiment.
2. Observe the circuit diagrams carefully. Identify and use the proper ranges of the
meters from the specifications of the apparatus and verify the same from the circuit
diagram.
3. While connecting a circuit, first complete all the series connections and then complete
all the parallel connections referring to the circuit diagram.
4. Be ready with scientific calculator and rough pages for calculations beforehand while
attending the lab session.
5. Feel free to ask your questions related to the experiment to the faculty in charge.
6. Do not blindly copy the term work from other students. Blind copy of work allotted
from others is not expected from engineering students.
7. Note that due weightage is given for the attendance of lab sessions, timely
submission of the term work, and overall behavior in the laboratory while
finalizing the term work marks.

3
 EXPERIMENT NO.1
Study of electrical machines and drives in mechanical workshop at VIIT
1.1 Aim:
A) To visit machine shop and study specifications of electric motors used.
B) To study the electric drives used in machine shop.

1.2 Theory:
Various types of prime movers are used for driving mechanical loads which include internal
combustion engines, steam engines, steam turbines, hydraulic turbines, gas engines and
electric motors. Because of its far superior performance, an electric motor is the most used
prime mover. The combination of an electric motor, the energy transmitting device and the
controlling device for the motor is called an ELECTRIC DRIVE. Electric drives are normally
classified as follows:
 Group Drives: In a group drive, a single motor is used to operate several machines
or mechanisms by means of one or more line shafts. The line shaft is fitted with
multi-stepped pulleys and belts for providing drive to the individual machines at the
desired speeds.
 Individual Drives: In this case, each machine or mechanism is provided with its
own driving motor. They are commonly used in almost all industrial applications.
 Multimotor Drives: In this case, separate motors are provided for operating
different mechanisms on a single complex machine. The use of individual and
multimotor drives is mainly responsible for the introduction of automation in
production processes in modern industries.
1.3 Visit report:
Write down a brief visit report on the machine shop comprising of following points.
 Name of the machine
 Specifications ( all details on name plate) of motor/s used
 Type of drive used
 Any other important points observed during visit

1.4 Conclusions:

4
 EXPERIMENT NO.2
Starting and speed reversal of DC motors
2.1 Aim:
A) To study three- point and four-point starter for DC shunt motors.
B) To acquire practical knowledge of the procedure and precautions involved in reversing the
speed of DC shunt motor.

2.2 Theory:
 Starters for DC motors:
The current drawn by DC motor is decided by supply voltage, back emf and armature
resistance i.e. Ia = [(V – Eb)/Ra]
Since at standstill back emf is zero, the motor will draw excessively high amount of current,
only controlled by the armature resistance. In order to protect the motor from this large in-
rush of current, starters are used. The two commonly used starters are as follows:
2.2.1 Three-Point Starter:

Fig. 2.1 Three- point starter

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In this case, a large resistance is connected in series with motor armature. This Resistance is
progressively removed as the motor speed increases. There are different tappings on the
resistance which are brought out in form of studs. Apart from current limiting action, the
starter gives protection from overloading, no-voltage etc.
• No-volt coil (NVC):
Suppose under running conditions, supply goes off, then the no-volt coil will not be in
position to hold the handle and motor will be switched off from the supply.
• Overload coil (OLC):
If the motor draws excessive current due to sustained overload, then the overload coil will lift
the plunger which in turn short circuits the no-volt coil and disconnects the motor. The 3-
point starter faces problem when the motor field current is reduced for speed control. For
high speed condition, no-volt coil may release the handle.
2.2.2 Four-Point Starter:

Fig. 2.2 Four- point starter

6
It is similar in construction as 3-point starter. The only difference is that the field coil and no-
volt coil are connected in parallel across supply. Hence, they are independent (in case of 3-
point starter, these are connected in series). When the field current is reduced while
controlling the speed, there is no possibility of motor being stopped by the action of no-volt
coil. In this way, the problems associated with high speed (low field current) are removed in
this starter.
2.3 Speed reversal of DC motors:
In many practical applications, the motor needs to be rotated in the opposite direction. For a
DC motor, it can be achieved by either changing the direction of the magnetic field or
changing the armature current direction. If both are done simultaneously, it will be the same
direction in which the motor rotates.
2.4 Procedure:
1. Study the construction of cut section of DC machine and 3- phase induction motor.
2. Start a DC shunt motor. Note down the direction of motor rotation as clockwise/
anticlockwise.
3. Switch off the supply and reverse the field winding connections only. Switch the supply on
and note the direction.
4. Switch off the supply and reverse the armature winding connections only. Switch the
supply on and note the direction.
5. Switch off the supply and reverse both the field as well as the armature winding
connections. Switch the supply on and note the direction.
2.5 Observations:
Sr. No. Motor supply connections Direction (clockwise/ anticlockwise)
1 Normal
2 Reversing field winding only
3 Reversing armature winding only
4 Reversing both field winding and
armature winding

Table 2.1 Observation table for DC shunt motor direction reversal

2.6 Conclusions:

7
 EXPERIMENT NO.3
Speed control methods of DC shunt motor
3.1 Aim:
To study for a DC shunt motor variation in speed with variation in:
(i) Armature voltage
(ii) Field current

3.2 Apparatus Required:

Sr. No. Name of Quantity required Range/value
Equipment
1 DC shunt motor 1 220 V, 4.2 A, 1 HP, 0.75 kW,
1500 rpm, rated field current
0.3A
2 Rheostats 2 500 Ω, 1.2 A
3 DC ammeter 1 0-1 A
4 DC Voltmeter/Multi 1 0-300 V
meter

Table 3.1 Apparatus required for the experiment

3.3 Theory:
DC shunt motor is the electrical machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
In a DC motor, the back emf is given by
Eb = [(ØZ N P)/ 60 A] (as this is a generating action emf)
For a given motor,
Ø = flux per pole (Wb)
Z = total number of conductors
N = speed of the motor (rpm)
P = total number of poles
A = number of parallel paths, which are constant for a particular machine
(A = 2 for wave winding and A = P for lap winding)
Hence, Eb α Ø N or N α Eb / Ø
Now, Eb = (V - IaRa) where,

8
Ra = Armature resistance,
V (or Va) = Armature voltage,
Ia = Armature current
When (Ia Ra) is neglected being very small, speed N is directly proportional to the voltage V,
provided that the field current i.e. flux is kept constant.
Since Ø α If (field current) up to saturation, speed N is inversely proportional to the field
current, provided that V i.e. armature voltage is kept constant.
In the armature voltage control method, V is varied by means of potential divider. This
arrangement has an advantage over using series rheostat in armature that voltage can be
varied from zero to maximum.
In the flux control method, field current (If ) is varied by using series rheostat in the field.

3.4 Circuit diagram:

Fig. 3.1 Circuit diagram for the experiment

3.5 Procedure:

1) Make Connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Before putting the switch on, adjust
the slider on the field rheostat to minimum resistance. Adjust the slider on the rheostat used
as potential divider to maximum resistance position.
2) Adjust field current to rated value by varying the knob on rectifier unit. Move slider on
potential divider gradually. Observe that the motor starts with smooth acceleration.

9
3) Note down various readings of speed for different armature voltages. Take final reading at
rated armature voltage. Keep field current constant by adjusting field rheostat for every
reading.
4) Keeping armature voltage constant at its rated value with potential divider, take readings
of speed for different field currents by varying field rheostat. Take 5 readings.

3.6 Observations:
Sr. If N Va
No. (A) (RPM) (V)
1 0.3
2 0.3
3 0.3
4 0.3
5 0.3

Table 3.2 Observation table for armature voltage control method

Sr. If N Va
No. (A) (RPM) (V)
1 200
2 200
3 200
4 200
5 200

Table 3.3 Observation table for flux control method

3.7 Graphs:
Plot graphs of:-
1) Field current If (X-axis) vs. Speed N (Y-axis)
2) Armature voltage Va (X-axis) vs. Speed N (Y-axis)
3.8 Conclusions:

10
 EXPERIMENT NO.4
Brake test on DC series motor
4.1 Aim:
To perform brake test on DC series motor and plot various motor performance
characteristics.
4.2 Apparatus Required:

Sr. No. Name of Quantity required Range/value

Equipment/meter
1 DC series motor 1 2 HP, 220 V, 8 A, 1500 rpm
2 DC voltmeter/Multi 1 0-300 V
meter
3 DC ammeter 1 0-10 A
4 Tachometer 1 0-3000 RPM
5 Mechanical pony 1 Not applicable
brakes (belt and
pulley)
6 Belt and pulley - Not applicable
cooling arrangement

Table 4.1 Apparatus required for the experiment

4.3 Theory:
For DC motors of small ratings (whether shunt, series or compound), the load test can be
carried out by direct mechanical loading i.e. by applying mechanical brakes on the motor-
pulley by adjustable leather belt attached to the spring balances. Due to excessive heat
produced at the brakes, direct loading test is not suitable for motor above 5 HP. Hence for
motors above 5 HP, indirect electrical loading (of the coupled generator) test can be carried
out.
The method of applying load directly on the motor by using mechanical brakes and
measuring breaking torques and other relevant parameters is called as brake test.
As the objective of the experiment is to draw motor performance characteristics (which
decides practical applications of the motor), the following equations are important for DC
series motor:

11
1) N α Eb /Ø. Hence N α [V – Ia (Ra + Rse) / Ø]
2) Ta α Ø × Ia
3) Ta α Ia2 (before saturation) as Ø α Ise before saturation
4) Ta α Ia (after saturation) as Ø will be constant after saturation
Where,
N = speed of the motor (rpm)
Eb = back emf or counter emf (V)
Ø = flux per pole (Wb)
V = supply voltage (V)
Ia = armature current (A)
Ra = armature resistance(Ω)
Rse = series field resistance(Ω)
Ta= armature torque (N-m)
Ise = series field current
Note that, for a series motor, Ia = Ise = IL (load current)
From these equations, the DC series motor characteristics can be arrived at
N α Eb / Ø ,hence N α Eb / Ise

• Speed (N) vs. armature current (Ia)characteristics:

Fig. 4.1 N vs. Ia characteristics for DC series motor

As we know, in DC series motor, Eb = V – Ia (Ra + Rse). Now , as compared to the supply
voltage V or Vm, the voltage drop I (Ra + Rse) can be neglected or treated a constant. Hence,
speed varies inversely as the motor armature current ( which is equal to field current Ise) . The
N versus Ia characteristics shows that when load or Ia is more, N is reduced and motor
supplies power at reduced speed. But, when load is very small, then N is high and motor may
run at dangerously high speed. Hence, series motor should never be started at no-load or light
load condition to avoid mechanical damage to the motor or accident.

12
DC series motor is a variable speed motor as shown by the characteristics. Up to field
saturation, speed varies appreciably with current and thereafter remains more or less
constant.

• Torque (Ta) vs. armature current (Ia)characteristics:

Fig. 4.2 Ta vs. Ia characteristics for DC series motor

At small loads, Ia and Ø is small, but as magnetic saturation is not reached, Ta versus Ia is a
parabola. After saturation and at high loads Ta α Ia , hence the curve becomes a straight line.
The actual shaft torque, Tsh is less than Ta by torque lost in friction, windage and iron losses
in the motor. Hence, series motor is used where high starting torque is required or heavy
masses are required to be accelerated quickly. This characteristic is called electrical
characteristics.
• Speed (N) vs. Torque (Ta) characteristics:

Fig. 4.3 N vs. Ta characteristics for DC series motor

Speed vs. armature torque characteristics are called as Mechanical Characteristics. As Ta

increases, Ia increases and as Ia increases, N drops down. Hence, the nature of this
characteristic is similar to N Vs Ia characteristic.

13
The main applications (from characteristics) of this motor are in cranes, lifts, hoists,
traction (electric train) motors , etc.

4.4 Circuit diagram:

Fig. 4.4 Circuit diagram for the experiment

4.5 Procedure:
1) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Adjust the motor voltage to 180 V,
DC keeping some load on motor.
2) As the motor is not to be started on a no- load, adjust some load initially and then finally
adjust the load current around 8 A (full load) by tightening the belt.
3) Gradually reduce the belt tension and reduce the load such that about 4-5 readings are
taken.
4) Record motor voltage, current, speed and spring balance readings w1 and w2 for each
reading. See that motor voltage is constant at 180 volts for every reading.
4.6 Observations:
• Given that 1 KG net (T2-T1) = 1 N-m (brake drum constant)

Sr. No. Vm (V) Ia (A) T1 T2 N (RPM)

(N-m) (N-m)
1
2
3
4

Table 4.2 Observation table

14
4.7 Calculations:
Attach a separate sheet showing all calculations.
1) Shaft torque (Tsh) = T1-T2 (N-m)
2) Power output = Po= Tsh x ω (W)
3) Power input = Pin= Vm x Im (W)
4) % Efficiency = % ɳ = [(Po / Pin) × 100]
4.8 Results:

Sr. Power input Power output Shaft torque Efficiency

No. Pin (W) PO (W) Tsh (N-m) ɳ (%)

1
2
3
4

Table 4.3 Result table

4.9 Graphs:
Plot the following graphs:
1) Motor Current Im (X-axis) vs. Speed N (Y-axis)
2) Motor Current Im (X-axis) vs. Shaft Torque Tsh (Y-axis)
3) Shaft Torque Tsh (X-axis) vs. Speed N (Y-axis)
4) Motor Output Po (X-axis) vs. % Efficiency ɳ (Y-axis)

4.10 Conclusions:

15
 EXPERIMENT NO.5
Load test on DC shunt motor
5.1 Aim:
To perform load test on DC shunt motor and plot various motor performance characteristics.

5.2 Apparatus Required:

Sr. No. Name of
Equipment/meter
1 DC shunt motor (as a
drive)
2 DC shunt generator
3 DC voltmeter/Multi
meter
4 DC ammeter
5 Tachometer
Quantity required Range/value
1 1 HP, 220 V, 4.2 A, 1500 rpm
1 0.75 kW, 220 V, 3.4 A
2 0-300 V
4 0-5 A, 0-1 A
1 0-3000 RPM

Table5.1 Apparatus required for the experiment

5.3 Theory:
The load test on DC motors of small and medium ratings (whether shunt, series or
compound) can be carried out either by direct mechanical loading (brake test) or by indirect
electrical loading (i.e. generator coupled to motor is loaded electrically). Here, the DC shunt
motor is loaded by way of electrical loading of the DC generator coupled to it.
In case of DC shunt motor, the characteristics (which decide applications of the motor) can
be arrived at, from following basic equations:
1) N α Eb /Ø. Hence N α [V – Ia Ra / Ø]
2) Ta α Ø × Ia
3) Ø α Ish (before saturation) , Ø will be constant (after saturation)
Where,
N = speed of the motor (rpm)
Eb = back emf or counter emf (V)
Ø = flux per pole (Wb)
V = supply voltage (V)
Ia = armature current (A)

16
Ra = armature resistance (Ω)
Rsh = shunt field resistance (Ω)
Ta= armature torque (N-m)
Ish = shunt field current
From these equations, the DC shunt motor characteristics can be arrived at
N α Eb / Ø, hence N α Eb / Ish

Fig. 5.1 Characteristics of DC shunt motor

• Speed (N) vs. armature current (Ia)characteristics:

The DC shunt motor, when connected to constant voltage supply, draws constant field
current (Ish) because resistance of shunt field winding can be assumed to be fairly constant.
Hence, the flux can be assumed to be constant.
The armature current increases when the motor is loaded, hence the IaRa drop increases. But
as Ra is very small, the IaRa drop is also small at full load as compared motor supply voltage
(V or Vm). Therefore, when loaded, there is a small drop in the speed of the motor. When N
vs. Ia graph is plotted, the characteristic is slightly drooping. Here, both Eb (i.e. V – Ia Ra) and
Ø decrease with the load. But decrease in Eb is more as compared to the decrease in Ø.
Hence, speed drops a little on load.
• Torque (Ta) vs. armature current (Ia)characteristics:
In case of DC shunt motor, as Ø is constant, Ta α Ia. Hence, graph of Ta vs. Ia is a straight
line. Tsh is less than Ta by the torque lost in overcoming the mechanical losses (bearing
friction, wind age and iron losses). This characteristic is called as Electrical Characteristic. It
should also be noted that as starting torque is moderate, the DC shunt motor should not be
started on heavy loads.

17
 • Speed (N) vs. Torque (Ta) characteristics:
The N vs. Ta characteristics can be plotted from the above two characteristics. As Ta is
increased, Ia increases. Therefore, as an overall effect, the Eb decreases. This characteristic is
called as Mechanical Characteristic, which is slightly drooping in nature. As such the nature
of N vs. Ta characteristics is similar to N vs. Ia characteristic.
The main applications (from characteristics) of this motor are in lathe machines, pumps,
blowers, etc.

5.4 Circuit diagram:

Fig. 5.2 Circuit diagram for the experiment

5.5 Procedure:

1) Make the connection as shown in the circuit diagram. Adjust the dc supply voltage to 220
V with variac. Switch on the supply for the field winding of generator.
2) Start the Motor-Generator(M-G) set on no-load using a three point starter. Note down no-
load readings on motor and generator side.
3) Load the DC generator electrically in steps and take about 4 to 5 readings. For every
reading, keep the motor supply voltage constant at 200 V using variac.
4) Switch off the load and make the variac zero. Observe that the handle of starter comes
back to original position. Switch off the supply for generator field and M-G set.

18
5.6 Observations:
• Given that :
• Generator armature resistance = Rag = 10.7 Ω
• Generator field resistance = Rfg = 575 Ω
• Motor armature resistance =Ram = 6.2 Ω
• Motor field resistance = Rfm = 575 Ω
Sr.No. Motor side N Generator side
Vm Iam Ifm Im (A) (RPM) Vg (V) Iag (A) Ifg (A)
(V) (A) (A) (Im =Iam (Iag =Ig)
+ Ifm)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Table 5.2 Observation table

5.7 Calculations:
Attach a separate sheet showing all calculations.
1) Shaft torque (Tsh) = T1-T2 (N-m)
2) Power Output = Po= Tsh x ω (W)
3) Power Input = Pin = Vm x Im (W)
4) % Efficiency = %Ƞ= [Po / Pin] × 100
5.8 Results:
Sr. Power input Power output Shaft torque Efficiency
No. Pin (W) PO (W) Tsh (N-m) ɳ (%)

1
2
3
4
Table 5.3 Result table

19
5.9 Graphs:
Plot the following graphs:
1) Motor current Im (X-axis) vs. Speed N (Y-axis)
2) Motor current Im (X-axis) vs. Shaft torque Tsh (Y-axis)
3) Shaft Torque Tsh (X-axis) vs. Speed N (Y-axis)
4) Motor Output Po (X-axis) vs. % Efficiency ɳ (Y-axis)

5.10 Conclusions:

20
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6
Starting and speed reversal of AC motors
6.1 Aim:
A) To study various starters for AC motors.
B) To acquire practical knowledge of the procedure and precautions involved in reversing the
speed of three- phase induction motor.

6.2 Theory:
 Starters for AC motors:
In a three-phase induction motor, the magnitude of the induced emf in the rotor winding
depends on the relative speed between the rotating magnetic field produced by stator and the
rotor conductors. At the time of starting from rest, relative speed is maximum as the slip is
one. Hence a large emf is induced in the rotor conductors.
A 3-phase induction motor, when started from rest, behaves like a 3 phase transformer with
its secondary short circuited. Since all the rotor conductors together form a closed circuit, the
motor draws very large current of the order of 5 to 7 times its full load current from the
supply. The large current drawn from the supply may not cause harm to the motor due to its
rugged construction but causes a large line voltage drop, which in turn affects the operation
of other equipments connected to same line. Thus the starter is necessary for motors beyond
5 HP to limit the starting current to 2 to 3 times the full load current. These starters reduce
the voltage per phase applied to the stator resulting in limiting the current drawn by the
motor.
6.2.1 Stator Resistance Starter:

Fig. 6.1 Stator resistance starter

21
In this starter, three equal resistances are connected in series with each phase of stator. These
resistances create a drop in voltage so as to apply reduced voltage to the stator. When the
motor attains rated speed, resistances are removed from the circuit. The handle controlling
the changeover contacts is automatically locked, so that it cannot be moved from run position
to start position. The stator has a no-volt coil and overload relay based on thermal contact
releasing mechanism.

6.2.2 Star-Delta Starter:

Fig. 6.2 Star- Delta starter

It is a simple mechanical switch which connects the stator to the supply in star on Start
position. When the motor reaches near synchronous speed, the handle is taken to run position
hence the stator winding connections are changed to delta. Thus at start 1 / √3 times line
voltage is applied per phase and currents are correspondingly reduced. In the Run position,
the rated line voltage is applied per phase as line voltage is equal to phase voltage in delta.
The stator also has the mechanical locking arrangement, no-load and over-load relays.

22
6.2.3 Autotransformer Starter:

Fig. 6.3 Autotransformer starter

In this starter, a three- phase autotransformer or three single-phase transformers bank as a
three- phase unit is used to reduce voltage applied to each phase of the stator. The tabs on the
autotransformer are connected and removed on run position. The handle cannot be taken to
run position at start because of a locking arrangement. Usual protections are provided against
supply failure and overload.

6.2.4 Rotor Resistance Starter:

Fig. 6.4 Rotor resistance starter

To limit the rotor current (which consequently reduces the supply current drawn by the
motor), a resistance can be inserted in the rotor circuit at start. This addition of the resistance
is done in each phase of the rotor winding through slip ring and brush assembly. Initially
maximum resistance is applied in the rotor circuit. As motor gathers speed, the additional
resistance is gradually cut off. The operation may be manual or automatic.
The important advantage of this method is that the starting torque of the motor can be
improved in addition to the limiting of starting current. The only limitation of this Starter is

23
that it can be used only for slip ring induction motors as in squirrel cage motors, the rotor is
permanently short-circuited and no additional resistance can be inserted in the rotor circuit.

6.2.5 Direct On Line (DOL) Starter:

Fig. 6.5 Direct On Line starter

In case of small capacity motors having rating less than 5 HP, The starting current is not very
high and such motors can withstand such starting current without any starter. Thus there is no
need to reduce applied voltage to control the starter current. Such motors use a type of starter,
which is used to connect stator directly to the supply lines without any reduction in voltage.
Hence the starter is known as direct on line starter. Though this starter does not reduce the
applied voltage, it is used because it protects the motor from various severe abnormal
conditions like over loading, low voltage, single phasing etc.
The NO (Normally Open) and NC (Normally Closed) contacts are used for working. At start,
NO is pushed for fraction of second due to which coil gets energized and attracts the
contactor. So stator directly gets supply. The additional contacts provided ensures that as
long as supply is ON, the coil circuit gets opened due to which coil gets de-energized and
motor gets switched OFF from the supply.
Under over load condition, current drawn by the motor increases due to which there is an
excessive heat produced, which increases temperature beyond limit. Thermal relays get
opened due to high temperature, protecting the motor from overload conditions.

24
  Speed reversal of AC motors:

Fig.6.6 Reversal of direction of 3- phase induction motor

The three-phase voltage applied to the stator of the three- phase induction motor produces a
rotating magnetic field. The rotor of the induction motor runs in the direction of the rotating
magnetic field produced by the stator. To reverse the direction of the rotation, thus, the
stator field must be reversed.
The term rotating magnetic field signifies an equivalent system of pole pairs, rotatinfg at
synchronous speed. The poles on the stator are effectively produced by the three-phase
stator winding carrying three- phase currents. The rotating field produced by stator can be
reversed by reversing the phase sequence on the stator side. With the phase sequence of
supply as R-Y-B, and motor terminals also marked as R-Y-B, the direction of the motor can
be reversed by interchanging any two supply terminals.

6.3 Procedure:
1. Start a 3-phase induction motor. Note down the direction of motor rotation as clockwise/
anticlockwise.

25
2. Switch off the supply. Interchange any 2 supply terminals. Note down the direction of
rotation in each case. Switch off the supply.

6.4 Observations:
Sr. No. Motor supply connections Direction (clockwise/ anticlockwise)

1 Normal
2 Interchanging R and Y terminals
3 Interchanging Y and B terminals
4 Interchanging B and R terminals

Table 6.1 Observation table for 3- phase induction motor direction reversal

6.5 Conclusions:

26
 EXPERIMENT NO.7
Load test on three-phase induction motor
7.1 Aim:
To perform load test on three-phase, squirrel cage induction motor and plot the performance
characteristics.
7.2 Apparatus Required:

Sr. Name of Apparatus / Equipment / Quantity Specifications/ Range

No. Meter

1 Three- phase induction motor 1 Star-connected, squirrel

cage, 1.5 A ,415V, 50 Hz,
1420 RPM, 4 pole

2 Separately excited DC generator 1 0.75 kW, 220 V, 1500 RPM

2 AC Ammeter 1 0-5 A

3 AC Voltmeter 1 0-600 V

4 DC Ammeter 1 0-5 A

5 DC Voltmeter 1 0-300 V

6 Wattmeter 2 600 V, 5 A

7 Tachometer 1 0-1500 RPM

8 Lamp bank 1 100 W lamps

Table 7.1 Apparatus required for the experiment

7.3 Theory:
A squirrel cage induction motor has a three-phase stator winding and squirrel cage rotor.
When a three-phase supply is given to the stator, it produces a rotating magnetic field (RMF).
As this field sweeps cutting rotor conductors, an emf is induced in rotor conductors. The
induced emf circulates current in short circuited rotor winding. Due to the interaction
between rotor flux and stator flux, torque is produced. The emf induced in rotor is caused by

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relative speed between rotating magnetic field and rotor. As per Lenz’s law, rotor rotates in
such a direction as to reduce relative speed. Hence, rotor rotates in the same direction as that
of rotating magnetic field, but never catches rotating magnetic field.
7.4 Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 7.1 Circuit diagram for the experiment

7.5 Procedure:
1. Connect circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Check that all the switches of lamp bank are off.
3. Switch on the supply and start the induction motor with DOL starter.
4. Record all the meter readings at no load.
5. Switch on the lamps in step and record the meter readings for every step.
6. Switch off the load, then the DOL starter and then supply.
NOTE: While taking the readings, if any of the wattmeters tends to deflect in negative
direction, switch off the supply and reverse the connections of that wattmeter (either by
changing pressure coil connections or by interchanging the current coil connections).

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7.6 Observations:

Sr. Motor Motor Wattmeter Wattmeter Speed N Generator Load

No. Voltage Current W1 (W) W2 (W) (RPM) Voltage Vg Current
Vm Im (V)
Ig (A)
(V) (A)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Table 7.2 Observation Table for the experiment

7.7 Calculations:
1. Readings for efficiency of DC generator at different load currents (Ig) are given as
follows:

Ig (A) 0.8 1.5 2.2 2.9 3.6

ηg 0.54 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.74

Draw a graph of Ig vs. ηg from above readings. Use this graph for taking value of
generator efficiency ηg in step no. 5.
2. % Slip = [(Ns- N/ Ns) × 100]
3. Motor power factor = cos Ø = cos [tan -1 √3 {W1- W2} / (W1+W2)]

4. Motor input power = Pin= W1+W2 (W)

5. Motor output power = Po= Generator input power = [(Vg × Ig) / ηg ]

Note- Use the graph drawn in step 1 for taking value of generator efficiency ηg.

6. Torque = T= Po/ ω (N-m)

7. Motor efficiency (%) = ɳ (%) = [(Po/ Pin) ×100]

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7.8 Result Table:

Sr. Slip S (%) Motor Motor Motor Torque T Motor

No. power input output (N-m) efficiency ɳ
factor cos Ø power Pin power Po (%)
(W) (W)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Table 7.4 Result table

7.9 Graphs:
1. Generator current Ig (X-axis) vs. Generator efficiency ηg (Y-axis) referring
calculation step number 1
2. Motor output power Po (X- axis) vs. % Motor efficiency ɳ (Y-axis)
3. Motor output power Po (X- axis) vs. Shaft torque T (Y-axis)
4. Motor output power Po (X- axis) vs. % Slip S (Y-axis)
5. Motor output power Po (X- axis) vs. Power factor cos Ø (Y-axis)
6. Motor output power Po (X- axis) vs. Speed N (Y-axis)

7.10 Conclusions:

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 8
Performance characteristics and applications of single-phase motors
8.1 Aim:
To study the working, performance characteristics and applications of various single- phase
motors.
8.2 Single- phase induction motors:
This motor is more or less similar to a three-phase induction motor in construction except
that stator is provided with a single- phase winding and a squirrel–cage rotor. When fed from
a single-phase supply, its main winding produces a flux which is only alternating or pulsating
flux. Since pure rotating magnetic field with constant magnitude is not generated, single-
phase induction motor is not self-starting.
To make the motor self-starting, it is temporarily converted into a two-phase motor during
starting period. For this purpose the stator of a single- phase motor is provided with an extra
winding known as starting or auxiliary winding (in addition to main winding or running
winding). A centrifugal switch is sometimes used to cut out the auxiliary winding. The two
windings are 900 electrically apart and are connected in parallel. There is phase shift between
currents of both windings. Therefore, it will produce purely rotating magnetic field.
8.2.1 Split- phase induction motor:

Fig. 8.1 Split- phase induction motor

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The main winding has low resistance but high reactance; whereas the starting winding has
high resistance but low reactance. The starting torque is nearly 1.5 times the full load torque
while maximum torque is 2.5 times the full load torque. It is used in washing machines,
blowers, food mixers, fans for air conditioners, etc.
8.2.2 Capacitor- start and run induction motor:
A) Capacitor used only for starting:

Fig. 8.2 Capacitor-start induction motor

In these motors the necessary phase difference between current in starting winding Is and
current in main winding Im is produced by connecting a capacitor in series with the starting
winding. The capacitor is generally electrolytic type and generally mounted on above the
terminal box as a separate unit. When motor reaches 75% of full speed, the centrifugal switch
‘S’ opens and cuts the starting winding from supply. This motor gives higher starting torque
compared with split-phase motor due to use of a capacitor.

B) Capacitor used for starting as well as in running condition:

Fig. 8.2 Capacitor-start and run induction motor

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In this type, start-capacitor is used in series with the start/ auxiliary winding and it eventually
gets cut off using a centrifugal switch once the motor starts and comes to the rated speed. The
run- capacitor is connected for best running performance and power factor improvement. It is
continuous rated while start- capacitor is short-time rated.
8.2.3 Shaded pole motor:

Fig. 8.3 Shaded pole motor

This is a motor with salient poles on stator and squirrel-cage rotor. Part of pole is shaded by
copper ring, which acts as short circuited secondary.
The shading coil has a large lagging current in it which produces a lagging flux. As a
consequence, the resultant flux passing down the shaded portion of each pole lags behind the
flux passing down the remaining portion. The difference in phase angle of the two portions of
flux causes the starting torque. Effectively, we can see that resultant flux moves from
unshaded portion to shaded portion of pole. So the rotor also moves in that direction.
This motor has inherently low power factor and finds applications in motors for toys,
advertising displays, vending machines, photocopying machines, etc.

8.3 Universal motors:

Fig. 8.3 Compensated universal motor

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It is basically a DC series motor excited with AC supply. The motor is similar in construction
as that of series motor except that poles are laminated and interpoles are provided. The field
winding and armature winding are connected in series, since direction of current in armature
and field is changing at same time the torque is unidirectional in nature. There is
compensated winding provided which is used to reactance voltage present in armature. The
no-load speed may be as high as 20,000 rpm unlike that of other motors. Therefore, it has
smaller physical size for a given capacity. It finds applications where light weight is
important and high operating speeds are desired such as mixers, portable drill and domestic
vacuum cleaner, etc.

8.4 Hysteresis motor (single-phase synchronous motor)

Fig. 8.4 Hysteresis motor

It has a split- phase stator and a solid iron rotor with high hysteresis loss. Once it gets
magnetized, the magnetic polarities cannot be changed. The rotor is a thin metal cylinder, of
material with high resistivity so that eddy current loss is kept to minimum.
The rotor revolves at near synchronous speed because rotor poles magnetically lock up with
revolving stator poles of opposite polarity. Because of absence of rotor teeth and winding, it
gives noise-free operation and hence is commonly used for driving tape, decks and in many
audio- equipments. It is also used for electric clock.
8.5 Conclusions:

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