UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN TEKNIKAL & VOKASIONAL

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN KEJURUTERAAN

LAPORAN TEKNIKAL
1. MUHAMAD FARHAN BIN ZAINUDDIN (CB160049)
NAMA PELAJAR
2. MOHD UZAID BIN ZUBLI (CB160069)
3. MUHAMMAD FIKRI AZIZ BIN MOHAMAD BASRI
(CB160021)
4. NUR AMANI LOWE BINTI MOHD SHAFIQ LOWE
(CB160040)
5. SAFINAH BINTI ABU TALIP (CB160053)
6. SITI SYAIRAH BINTI MOHAMAD NOOR (CB160031)
7. NURHAZWANI BINTI ABDULLAH (CB160015)
SEKSYEN 1
NAMA
DR.NURHANIM SAADAH BINTI ABDULLAH
PENSYARAH
NO UJIKAJI LAB 2 PART 1
TAJUK LAPORAN SINGLE PHASE AC MACHINE (CAPACITOR MOTOR)
KOD KURSUS BBV30203
NAMA KURSUS ELECTRICAL MACHINE
 KRITERIA PEMARKAHAN CATATAN
PENDAHULUAN (2%)
TEORI (5%)
PROSEDUR (5%)
KEPUTUSAN / ANALISIS (20%)
PERBINCANGAN (10%)
KESIMPULAN (5%)
RUJUKAN (3%)

JUMLAH (50%)
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 introduction 1

1.1 AC Motor 1

1.2 Capacitor Motor 1

1.2.1 Motor capacitor start (starting capacitor motor) 2

1.2.2 Motor capacitor running (capacitor running) 3

1.2.3 Motor start-running capacitor (start running capasitor) 4

2.0 Theory 4

3.0 Procedure 6

3.1 CONNECTION AND STARTING 6

3.2 ROTATION REVERSAL 10

3.3 LOAD CHARACTERISTICS 12

4.0 Results 18

5.0 Discussion 24

6.0 Conclusion 26

Reference 28
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 AC Motor

The use of the Ac motor can be divided into two, it can be use of a single phase or three-phase
motor. The ac motor is used to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy. alternating
current motor control is determined by the method used when the motor is switched on either
full voltage starter or low voltage starter. Motor Ac is built to survive the high starting current
and is not damaged by excessive sparks produced by large currents. A high starting current will
cause large voltage fluctuations to affect the operation of other connected motor on the same
line. This condition requires a step up gradually when the motor is accelerating to full operating
speed.

There are several common types of ac motor in use such as split phase induction motor,
motor switchtertech, polar motor shade, synchronous motor and capacitor motor. One-phase
motor can not move without the help of a rotating magnetic field. Single phase induction
motor is operated with 240v supply. The size and maintenance of this motor is low. The
advantages of the alternating current motor are its compact construction, low cost and also
durability. While the lack of an alternating current motor is a starting torque, the load capacity
and efficiency are low.

1.2 Capacitor Motor

Motor one-phase capacitors are widely used in household appliances such as water pump
motor, washing machine motor, refrigerator motor, or air conditioning motor. The
construction is simple with small power and works with the supply voltage of 240 V. The
capacitor motor is divided into three type which is starting capacitor motor, capacitor running
and start running capacitor (start capacitor and run capacitor).

1
1.2.1 Motor capacitor start (starting capacitor motor)

This motor is an incarnation of the phase-phase motor, but has a capacitor connected series
with auxiliary winding and centrifugal switches, constructively exactly, just a single capacitor
unit to enlarge the starting coupling. As said at the beginning of the working principle of the
start capacitor motor is the same as the induction motor, that is, if the main winding is given
the current source then there will be a magnetic field magnets (existing magnets) and the same
magnitude, there is no resultant force. But with the existence of auxiliary winding and
capacitor there is a different phase between the two, here is a magnificent flux and resultant
different force forward or backward depending on the size of the resultant force itself and
generally resulted in a clockwise direction so the motor can rotate to the right. After the motor
rotates 75% of the nominal laps the centrifugal switch works to break the help circuit and the
motor works only with the main circumference.
1.2.2 Motor capacitor running (capacitor running)

This electric motor has a capacitor connected series with auxiliary winding, connected parallel
to the main winding and connected parallel directly to the power source. The main windings,
auxiliary winding and capacitors remain connected to the circuit circuits when the electric
motor is working. This type of electric motor is widely used in types of 1-phase electric motors
ie water pumps, where the main winding and auxiliary windings are equal but the wire
diameter differs between them. The diameter of the main winding wire is larger than the
diameter of the circumferential bolts. This coupling electric motor type is initially less good,
but the coupling of the road (road torsion) is evenly distributed. Most water pumps of various
brands use a variety of running capacitor motors with speeds of up to 3000 rpm.
1.2.3 Motor start-running capacitor (start running capasitor)

This type of electric motor is a blend of motor capacitor start and capacitor running motor,
where the purpose of double capacitor is to have a larger initial coupling and even road
coupling. This type of electric motor is widely used in room air conditioner.

2.0 THEORY

A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that charge and discharge

electrical energy. Its unit is in microfarads (µF). Capacitor is widely used in electrical and
electronic circuit. Capacitor contain two electrical conductors in the form of metallic plates or
surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor is a thin film metal and also an
electrolyte. The non-conducting dielectric is to increase the capacitor's charge capacity.
Capacitor is made up from glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, and oxide layers.

Figure 1: Capacitors
 Figure 2: Symbol of capacitors

Capacitor motor is a technique used to overcome the problem of AC single phase induction
motor. AC induction motor winding is made up of two or more coils to generate a rotating
magnetic field, which produces torque on the rotor. To sustain the rotation and torque of the
motor, capacitor was added into the motors circuit. The capacitor function in pair that is start
capacitor and run capacitor. Motor start and run capacitors are widely used in domestic
appliances such as water pump, air conditioners, compressor, vacuum cleaner, washing
machine and etc.

There are three types of capacitor motor: -

i. Permanent split capacitor motor

ii. Capacitor start induction motor
iii. Capacitor start run induction motor

In this experiment, the capacitor start run induction motor was applied to the AC induction
motor.

Figure 3: Circuit of capacitor start run induction motor

The start capacitor was powered in start-up phase while run capacitor function at normal
operation. Start capacitor used to improve torque and when the rotation of rotor reaches 75%
at max speed the centrifugal switch disconnects start capacitor and run capacitor takes place.
Run capacitor was designed to make sure motors can be operating continuously during whole
day and improved magnetic field and its motion. In the meantime, to prevent them from
overheat or dysfunctional, the motor capacitor function to charge and discharge charge.

Figure 4 below shows the Torque Speed Characteristics of two value capacitor motor.
When start and run capacitor was applied to AC induction motor, the motor will run in
smoothly and quietly without making noise. The graph shows that by implemented start and
run capacitors to AC motor, the efficiency of the speed increases.

Figure 4: Torque Speed Characteristics

3.0 PROCEDURE

3.1 CONNECTION AND STARTING

i. Identify the terminal connections of the motor

ii. Read the nominal data of the motor based on the rating plate
iii. Measure motor voltage and current
iv. Operate the motor with a brake
v. Subject the motor to a load
The nominal data for the capacitor motor:

Nominal power 370 W

UN 230 V
IN 2.4 A
cos θ 0.96
Speed 2815 rpm
Frequency 50Hz
Starting capacitor 25 µF
Operating capacitor 12 µF

Assembly instructions: Connecting and Starting:

1. The circuits was assembled as specified in the following circuit diagram and set up
instructions.
2. The brake was switched on. This does not yet subject the motor to any load.
Start the motor with a capacitor

(a) Record a load characteristic

Required settings: Brake mode (Speed control)

Experiment procedure:

1. The motor was started up and its response was observed.

2. The brake was used to run the motor at the speeds specified in the table.
3. The motor current and torque was measured in each case.
4. The result was taken and recorded in the table.
Pictures:
(b) Record load characteristic using the ActiveDrive/SimuLoad software

Required settings:

 Industrial seriesode
 Classic series: Application mode

Experiment procedure:

1. The SimuLoad software was started.

2. Speed control mode was selected.
3. The motor is to be slowed in 20 steps down till it stops using the brake.
4. The graph and axes was labeled as in the placeholder.
5. The parameters (Torque and Mechanical power) was recorded.
6. The resultant diagram was exported to fill the placeholder after measurement.
7. The settings of the SimuLoad software was saved for future experiments.
Pictures:

3.2 ROTATION REVERSAL

i. Identify the difference between clockwise and anti-clockwise rotation.

ii. Operate the motor in both directions.

Assembly instructions: Rotation reversal

1. The circuit was assembled as specified in the following diagram and

instruction was set-up.
2. The brake was switched on. The motor does not subjected to any load.
Experiment procedure:
1. The motor switched on was observed the direction of the motor.
2. The motor was switched off again and the circuit was modified as shown in diagram.

3. The motor was started up again and then observed the direction of the motor.
4. The result of the rotation of the motor was recorded in the result section.
Pictures:
3.3 LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

i. Simulate various loads (load machines) using the ActiveDrive/SimuLoad

software
ii. Investigate parameters for the software specific to the various loads (load
constant and moment)
iii. Record and investigate various operating points
iv. Determine the motor's response to various loads
(a) Operating points for pump/fan load machine

Required settings:

 Brake:
o Industrial series: PC mode
o Classic series: Application mode
 The settings should be made in both ActiveDrive and SimuLoad software:
o Load machine: Pump/fan
o Load moment: Refer to experiment procedure

 ActiveDrive software settings in “Load simulation” mode:

o Under "View"  "Measurement Value Display", all mechanical
and electrical variables was selected except for slip.
o Under "Settings"  "Default"  "Circuit", the "Single-phase" option was
selected.
 SimuLoad (Classic series) software settings in "Load simulation" mode:
o The menu "Settings"  "Measuring Ranges", "Determine Electrical
Variables" was selected and under "Circuit", the "Single-phase" option was
selected.
 Operating point
o First point:
Slowly increase the load constant until the motor current indicated in the
parameter dialog is approximately equal to the nominal value. (2.4V)
o Second point:
Increase the load constant to roughly 1.5 times the nominal value. (3.6V)
Pictures:

Experiment procedure:
1. The ActiveDrive / SimuLoad software was started and opened the file that saved as in
the “Connection and starting” experiment.
2. The Necessary settings were made.
3. The following parameter was measured and recorded :
 Torque M (n)
4. Firstly, the motor was made into operation with the starting capacitor.
5. Load moment M increased slowly until motor current is equal to the nominal value
first operating point 2.4 A.
 6. The load constant increased to roughly 1.5 time the nominal motor current second
operating point 3.6 A.
7. The load torque reduced again to the value at first operating point and switched off
motor.
8. The result was recorded and saved in a file.

(b) Operating points for lifting load machine

Required settings:

 Brake:
o Industrial series: PC mode
o Classic series: Application mode
 The settings should be made in both ActiveDrive and SimuLoad software:
o Load machine: Lifting drive
o Load moment: Refer to experiment procedure

 ActiveDrive software settings in “Load simulation” mode:

o Under "View"  "Measurement Value Display", all mechanical
and electrical variables was selected except for slip.
 o Under "Settings"  "Default"  "Circuit", the "Single-phase" option was
selected.
 SimuLoad (Classic series) software settings in "Load simulation" mode:
o The menu "Settings"  "Measuring Ranges", "Determine Electrical
Variables" was selected and under "Circuit", the "Single-phase" option was
selected.
 Operating point
o First point:
Slowly increase the load constant until the motor current indicated in the
parameter dialog is approximately equal to the nominal value. (2.4V)
o Second point:
Increase the load constant to roughly 1.5 times the nominal value. (3.6V)

Pictures:

Experiment procedure:
1. The ActiveDrive / SimuLoad software was started and opened the file that saved as in
the “Connection and starting” experiment.
2. The Necessary settings were made.

3. The following parameter was measured and recorded :

 Torque M (n)

4. Firstly, the motor was made into operation with the starting capacitor.

5. Load moment M increased slowly until motor current is equal to the nominal value
first operating point 2.4 A.

6. The load constant increased to roughly 1.5 time the nominal motor current second
operating point 3.6 A.

7. The load torque reduced again to the value at first operating point and switched off
motor.

8. The result was recorded and saved in a file.

9. The load torque was reduced back to the value at the first operating point and the
motor was switch off.

10. The connection between F3 and CA was removed.

11. The motor was put into operation without the starting capacitor and observed was
made about its response.

Pictures:
4.0 RESULTS
Nominal power
UN 230 V
IN 2.4 A
Cos ɵ 0.96
Speed 2815 rpm
Frequency 50 Hz
Starting Capasitor 25 µF
Operating Capasitor 12 µF

Start the motor with a capacitor

Brake mode: Speed Control
n/(1/min) 2900 2800 2700 2600 2500 2400 2300 2200
I/A 1.86 2.54 3.30 3.94 4.50 4.96 5.25 5.57
M/Nm 0.92 1.52 1.98 2.30 2.48 2.56 2.57 2.53
n = 2900rpm n = 2810rpm n = 2700rpm
I = 1.86A I = 2.54A I = 3.30A
M = 0.92Nm M = 1.52Nm M = 1.98Nm

n = 2600rpm n = 2500rpm n = 2400rpm

I = 3.94A I = 4.48A I = 4.96A
M = 2.30Nm M = 2.46Nm M = 2.56Nm

n = 2300rpm n = 2200rpm
I = 5.25A I = 5.57A
M = 2.57Nm M = 2.53Nm
What can be said about the load characteristic?

 The Torque rises steadily up to 2200rpm

Load characteristics using the Active Drive/SimuLoad Software.

Rotation Reversal
1. In which direction does the motor turn?

 The motor turn clockwise

2. In which direction does the motor turn?

 The motor turn anti-clockwise

3. Match each circuit to the direction it rotates.

L1 – F2, F1 – U1, N – U2 – Z2, Z1 – CA – CB = clockwise
L1 – F2, F1 – U2, N – U1 – Z2, Z1 – CA – CB = anti-clockwise
L1 – F2, F1 – U2, N – U1 – Z1, Z2 – CA – CB = clockwise
L1 – F2, F1 – U1, N – U2 – Z1, Z2 – CA – CB = anti-clockwise
Simulate various loads using the ActiveDrive/SimuLoad Software

First operating point:

N 2826rpm

M 1.4Nm

P2 420W

P1 582W

ŋ 72%

Second operating point:

N 2683rpm

M 2.1Nm

P2 601W

P1 875W

ŋ 69%
Determine operating points for the lifting drive load machine
How does a motor without starting capacitor respond when started up?

 The motor does not respond at all

First operating point:

N 2842rpm

M 1.4Nm

P2 417W

P1 580W

ŋ 72%

Second operating point:

N 2689rpm

M 2.1Nm

P2 603W

P1 885W

ŋ 68%
What can be said about the load characteristics obtained for the two load machine?

 The motor current and mechanical power P2 increase proportionally with the load

 The speed at the operating point 2 drop sharply

5.0 DISCUSSION

Start the motor with a capacitor

How it operate:

Start capacitors briefly increase motor starting torque and allow a motor to be cycled
on and off rapidly. A start capacitor stays in the circuit long enough to rapidly bring the motor
up to a predetermined speed, which is usually about 75% of the full speed, and is then taken
out of the circuit, often by a centrifugal switch that releases at that speed. Afterward the motor
works more efficiently with a run capacitor. Single-phase AC electric motors require a run
capacitor to energize the second-phase winding (auxiliary coil) to create a rotating magnetic
field while the motor is running.
 From the result obtained show that when the speed of motor is decreased, the current
and torque of capacitor motor are increased. The result obtained in practical are came out
same with the theoretical where the capacitor motor need more current when the speed of
motor became slower.

Rotation reversal

The rotation of capacitor motor can be reverse by changing the connection of winding at
capacitor motor. It was proved by connecting the terminal U2 to Terminal Z1, the rotation of
motor is in reverse because the magnetic field that produce around the motor are in
anticlockwise direction.
Pump / fan load characteristic

For the pump / fan load characteristic, when the speed of motor is increases, the torque will
be increases but at one point (1800-2100 rpm) the torque will be decreases dramatically until
it reaches zero. It happened because the purpose of the torque is to give a momentum for the
motor to start up. When the motor rotates stably, it doesn’t need torque any more. So the
speed keep increasing even though the torque doesn’t exist.

Lifting drive load characteristic

For the lifting drive load characteristic, the speed of capacitor motor keeps constant but it still
need torque to motor start rotates. At one point (1800-2100 rpm) the torque will be decreases
dramatically until it reaches zero but it doesn’t effect the speed of capacitor motor. The motor
current and mechanical power increase proportionally with the load because when the motor
have a load, it need more current and mechanical power to rotates the motor.

6.0 CONCLUSION

In this lab, we have learn to connect the cables following the diagram and the circuit given with
using capacitor motor. This motor connected in parallel with run winding. During the time
motor was started, the additional capacitor provided a little more phase shift than the start
capacitor, which gives motor more starting torque. When the motor operates in full speed, it
adds a run capacitor to the start capacitor, thus given the motor with a better torque
characteristics. We followed instruction to start up the motor and observed the data
frequently when we speed up the motor step by step. We used the speed mode brake and PC
mode for this experiment. We also learn on how to use Simuload software, when the data of
the motor entering computer to get more detailed result. There was parameters in the details
we can get, for example torque, current, speed, power, voltage, etc. In this software, we learn
to create a graph following torque and speed of the motor. We also use load characteristics to
get the graph we needed. We used two types of load, which were pump and lifting. During this
experiment also we learn to use the diagram and circuit given for reversal motor rotation.
Every result we recorded for each experiment and questions.

The experiment well without trouble, when we finally achieved the the result necessary
for each lab. In the speed control, we learnt that the lower speed of the motor, the current
increased, while torque increased until some point of the speed, when the torque suddenly
becomes low. It was proven in graph based on these three parameters. It also proven in
SimuLoad software, when the graph showed the changes in term of powers and torque
proportional to the motor speed. In this experiment, the motor can change the rotation when
we change the connection at the motor. The first circuit showed clockwise rotation, while
second circuit changed to anti-clockwise. Finally we learnt the differences in graph between
pump and lifting load. The graph shown that torque slowly increased, when the motor speed
increase. Meanwhile for the lifting machine, the torque remain constant even the motor
increased. It showed that the pump require more energy to works while the lifting required
constant energy to lift.
 REFERENCE

Stephen L.H. (2005). Industrial Motor Control. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning

Kenneth B.R., Peter R.G. (2004). Electrical Control For Machines. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar
Learning

Thomas E.K. (2002). Motor Control Technology for Industrial Maintenance. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey: Prentice-Hall