English notes

Multi-modal texts
a. Magazine covers
b. cartoons/graphic novels
c. Graffiti
d. Films and commentary Infographics
e.

Visual literacy:
a. How do texts communicate information
b. How do they render narrative
c. How are they exploited to represent and express meaning
d. What metalanguage helps students talk about such texts meaningfully and with authority.

Terminology:
a. Signifier:
How is the message conveyed to us, what is the underlying message etc
b. Negative space
How does empty space convey meaning, it usually emphasizes the subject of the image/
design.
c. Rule of thirds
A method of breaking up an image or design into different sections using a grid made of 3 rows
and columns, it makes the image aesthetically pleasing and balanced
d. Visual narrative:
layout/composition
e. Anchoring:
How do words and images work together to convey a point

Point of entry

general/Formal Technical

Conventions Authorial choice

- Features - Stylistic choices
- Layout - Diction
- Tone
- Mood
- POV
- Syntax

Every guiding question has a general and technical angle, look at the connecting words.
Speech conventions
Appeal to ethos: establishing credibility
When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect them based on a presentation of an image of
authority

Appeal to pathos: appeal to emotion

When a writer tries to persuade an audience via their emotions.

Appeal to logos: logical arguments, rhetoric

Writers use evidence to make their argument stronger and bolster their credibility. There are 3 kinds
of evidence
- Expert opinion z
- Statistical evidence
- Anecdotal evidence

Structure of the speech, structure of each sentence: how did they open, how is the argument
structured, how are the sentences structured/organized etc

Language: figurative language, connotations denotations, euphemisms, tone mood etc

Techniques for emphasis

- Expletive: figure of emphasis in which a single word or phrase is used to interrupt normal
speech, placing emphasis on the point before or after

- Invective: an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.

- Tone: the authors' attitude toward their material and/or audience

- Undertone: an attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece, under a cheery
surface

- Colloquial language: refers to informal or everyday language. Slang can be used in different
ways, it can set up a writer as knowledgeable, on the inside of a social group. It can also be
used in a sarcastic manner to attack an opponent or mock an argument. It may also appeal to
ones sense of cultural identity

- Synthetic personalization: the process of addressing mass audiences as i f they were

individuals through inclusive language, often done with second person in advertisements

- Diction
a. Connotation, an idea or feeling a word invokes
b. Denotation, actual meaning of the word
 - Euphemisms: a more acceptable way of saying something uncomfortable or unacceptable

- Lexical clusters: words pertaining to a particular group or idea

- Ambiguity: use of language in which multiple meanings are possible. It is sometimes caused by
a lack of focus of the writer. But good writers often use ambiguity intentionally in the form of
multiple connotative meanings in which either the connotative meaning or the denotative
meaning might be true
Figurative techniques
- Analogy: a direct comparison between 2 objects
- Hyperbole: exaggeration
- Imagery; use of sensory details to construct an image
- Metaphor: indirect comparison between 2 unlike objects to show similarities between these
objects
- Metonymy: a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for another object
closely related to said object
- Symbolism, something that represents itself but stands for something else
- Synecdoche: is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole. The whole for a part.
The genus for the species, the species for the genus

Persuasive strategies:
- Concession : acknowledging the oppositions main idea
- Appeal to authority: a writer may mention an important event or person in an essay to lend
credibility to their argument
- Facts: using stats or data to prove a point
- Rhetorical questions: a question to which no answer is required. The answer is obvious
- Irony: when the meaning of the phrase goes beyond its literal superficial meaning
- Testimonial: using other people's experience to prove a point
- Bandwagon effect: persuading people to do something by telling them a lot of other people are
doing it
- Name-calling:
- Card stacking telling the facts for one side only

Social awareness ad
Product = targeting animal rights
Symbols = cage, bars
Culture = entertainment
Connotations = how is the ad persuading customers
Communicate cruelty to animals
Red oleanders
Make a flow chart page by page occurrences, incidents and important dialogue by friday 7pm