CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Amouli Raj, student of class

XII-A has successfully completed the Physics Project
under the guidance of-Mr. Tohid Akthar. This
project is genuine and is not plagiarism of any kind.
The references used in making this project file are
declared at the end of the file.

External's Sign:n Internal's $ign:

EXANINEN

1Pae
 Preface
Iam presenting a project file on the topic

Toinvestiqate the dependence of the angle of deviation on

theangle of incidence
In this project I have tried to give all the important thing
about my project .This project contains about " The effect on

angle of deviation on changing the angle of incidence of light

and hence determine the angle of minimum deviation using
the apparatus".
Ihave given information in the project by consulting books
and useful websites.I have tried my best to avoid as manyy
mistakes as possible. ifthere are any minute mistakes please
avoid.

Thanks..

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Encouragement, inspiration and motivation has always
played a key role in the success of any venture.

I would like to express sincere thanks to our principal

sir "Mr. Ashok Kumar" for providing with best
equipment and apparatus for experiment.
pay my deep gratitude to my Physics teacher
"Tohid Sir" to encourage me to the highest peak and to
provide me the opportunity to prepare the project.

I would also thank my parents for inspiring me and

keeping me encouraged during this time

express my gratitude to all of them for their

constant
l
motivation and immense encouragement to achieve a

milestone.

Thank you

3Page
NS
 AIM

To investigate the dependence of

the angle of deviation on the angle
ofincidence.

5Page
 INTRODUCTION
A PRISM is a wedge shaped portion of a transparent
refracting medium bounded by two plane faces
inclined to each other at a certain angle.

Prisms can be made from any material that is

transparent to the wavelengths for which they are
designed. Typical materials include glass, plastic, and
fluorite. A dispersive prism can be used to break light
up into its constituent spectral colours (the colours of
the rainbow).

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 Someterms related to prism
1. Angle of prism: Angle of prism (2BAC) is the angle
between the refracting surface.

2.Principalsection: Any section of the prism cut by a

plane perpendicular to the refracting edge is called
principal section of the prism.

3. Refracting faces: The two plane faces (ABDE &

ACFD) inclined to each other are called refracting
faces of the prism.

4.Refractingedge: The line (AD) along which the

two refracting faces meet is called refracting edge
of the prism.

71Pege
 5. Base: the third face (BCEF) of the prism opposite
to the refracting edge is called base of the prism.

Rcfractingg
cdgc

Refracting
Rcfracting surface
surtace

Base
B C

81 Page
 APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.A Glass Prism

2.Bell pin

3.Laser Light

4. Drawing board

9Page
 THEORY
Consider a glass prism of refractive index "" is
kept in air when light is allowed to fall on it ,then,
it suffers double refraction. After emergent ray is
deflected by an angle of deviation "5" as shown in
the figure.

Here,
DE = Incident ray

FG= Emergent ray

Li1 = LEKN1 = angle of incidence
Li2 = Le =2N2MF = angle of emergence

Lri= <LKM =
angle ofrefraction on 1st surface
Lr2 = <LMK =
angle of refraction at 2nd surface

In quadrilateral PKLM
LA +LPKL + LPML + LKLF = 3600
LA+2 KLM = 1800 (: 2PKL = 2PML = 900
normal to the prism)
--(1)

In triangle KLM

10| P a ge
 r t r z + ZKLM = 1800 (: angle sum property)
KIM = 1800 (zri + zr)

Using in equation (i)

LA+1800- (Zri + Lr2) = 1800
LA = Lri + Zrz

---ii)
In triangle KNM

6 = (2i1- 4r1) + (zi2- 4r2)

6 = (4i1t zi2) - (4ri+ Lra)

Using equation (ii)

6= (zi1t ziz)-2A
--(ii)
For minimum deviation
i1= 4i2= zi

68m
From equation (ii)

24r LA
4r= zA/2

-(iv)

11 Page
From equation (ii)

6 2i-AA
i (A+m/2
---(V)

By Snell's Law

Sini/Sinr = u

(A +ôm
Sin
2
A
Sin
2
Factors affecting angle of deviation
1) The angle of incidence
2) The material of the prism
3) The wave length of light used
4)Theangle of prism

12 Page
 PROCEDURE
1. A white sheet of paper is fixed on the drawing board
with help of drawing pins.

2. The prism is kept and the outline of it as PQR is

marked.

3. A normal NiL on the side PQ

4. The angle of incidence in accordance with the normal is
drawn on PQ and 2 pins so that they appear to be in
the straight line.

5. The prism is placed on the marked outline PQR .

6. Now the pins are placed on the side PR so that all the 4
pins appear to be in same line.

7. The prism is removed and the line joining the points so

obtained is drawn.

8. The diagram is marked as shown in the figure.

9. This experiment is repeated with different angle of

incidence.

13 Page
 10 After obtaining the angle of
drawn and through which a the deviation a grapn is
the prism is obtained minimum deviation of

141Page
 OBSERVATION
Angle of Incidence Angle of Prism Angle of Deviation
No. LA
6
35 60
1 53
2
400 600 50
3 450 600 430
500
4 60 540
5 Ss 60 53
6

15 Page
 GRAPH
- - -

i
Angle of incidence (i)

161P age
 RESULT
ele of minimum deviation of the prism is 43
Theangle

17Page
 CONCLUSION
with
of minimum deviation so found changes
The angle of
angle
The
changing the angle of incidence. At the angle ofincidence
deviation was found from the initial path.
the least
 PRECAUTIONS
1. Angle of incidence should lie between 350-60°

2. Pins should be verticaly fixed and should lie in same

line.

3. Distance between two points should not be less than

10mm.

4. Same angle of prism should be used for all observation.

5. Arrow head should be marked to represent emergent

and incident ray.

19| P age
 BIBLOGRAPHY
colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/PDF/Ex
periment7.pdf

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism#angle_of
minimum_deviation_of_a_prism

https://www.google.com/search?q=pris
m+formula+physics+class+12

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/angle_of_prism

https://www.askitíans.com/iit-jee-ray
optics/prism/
BOOKS-
Comprehensive Lab manual PHYSICS Class
12
.S.L.Arora Guide for Physics-Class 12;
. NCERT Physics Part -l Class 12;

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