Journal of Oleo Science

Copyright ©2015 by Japan Oil Chemists’ Society

doi : 10.5650/jos.ess15014
J. Oleo Sci. 64, (6) 645-652 (2015)

An Efficient Extraction Method for Fragrant Volatiles

from Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait
Qiuping Ye1, Xinyi Jin1,＊ , Xinliang Zhu2, Tongxiang Lin3, Zhilong Hao1 and Qian Yang2
1
‌Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd, Cangshan District, Fuzhou
350002, Fujian Province, China
2
Henan Subcritical Biological Technology Co., Ltd.
3
‌Department of Developmental Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd, Cangshan
District, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China

Abstract: The sweet smell of aroma of Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. is releasing while the flowers are
blooming. Although components of volatile oil have been extensively studied, there are problematic issues,
such as low efficiency of yield, flavour distortion. Here, the subcritical fluid extraction (SFE) was performed
to extract fragrant volatiles from activated carbon that had absorbed the aroma of jasmine flowers. This
novel method could effectively obtain main aromatic compounds with quality significantly better than
solvent extraction (SE). Based on the analysis data with response surface methodology (RSM), we optimized
the extraction conditions which consisted of a temperature of 44℃, a solvent-to-material ratio of 3.5:1, and
an extraction time of 53 min. Under these conditions, the extraction yield was 4.91%. Furthermore, the key
jasmine essence oil components, benzyl acetate and linalool, increase 7 fold and 2 fold respectively which
lead to strong typical smell of the jasmine oil. The new method can reduce spicy components which lead to
the essential oils smelling sweeter. Thus, the quality of the jasmine essence oil was dramatically improved
and yields based on the key component increased dramatically. Our results provide a new effective
technique for extracting fragrant volatiles from jasmine flowers.

Key words: ‌subcritical dimethyl ether extraction, fragrant volatiles, Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait., response surface
methodology

1 Introduction including the sample preparation and extraction steps2）.

Jasminum sambac（L.）Ait.（sweet-scented osmanthus）
originates in India and the Arab world and is widely culti-
vated in subtropical regions, primarily in Iran, Egypt,
Turkey, India, and China. Jasmine is a typical“tempera-
ment flower”with a night-blooming tendency which re-
leases aroma as the flowers blooming. Due to its elegant
smell and versatile applicability, jasmine is widely used in
scented tea processing1）. During this process, tea is mixed
with jasmine flowers, and the tea absorbs the aroma.
However, there are many processing related issues, includ-
ing its complicated process, long production period, inten-
sive labour, high flower consumption, seasonal supply and
large field. To improve jasmine flower tea quality, we are
testing new processing technology on jasmine flowers. Tra-
ditional methods for extracting jasmine volatile oil were
studied in the 1970s. However, some issues are concerned,
such as low efficiency and poor quality. It is not easy to
preserve their delicate smell throughout whole processing
The poor product quality, such as solvent residues, impuri-
ty and distorted smell3）. Therefore, a novel technology for
the extraction of jasmine volatile oil in high yield and good
quality with low residuals is necessary. While supercritical
CO2 extraction is one of several promising technologies for
food pharmaceutical products4）, the application of super-
critical CO2 extraction is hindered by the need for high
pressure and limited production capacity5）. Subcritical fluid
extraction become our choice because it is one of the most
popular techniques for extracting a target component from
natural products, which is much superior to conventional
organic solvent extraction in lower operating temperatures
and pressures, shorter extraction times, environmental
compatibility, good selectivity, only one step for all separa-
tion, and little residual solvent formation 6−8）. Subcritical
fluid extraction has been studied and applied to the extrac-
tion of natural products, bio-chemical foods, pigments, and
other products9−12）This technique is considered a techno-

＊
Correspondence to: Xinyi Jin, Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15
Shangxiadian Rd, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
E-mail: jxy0427@126.com
Accepted February 26, 2015 (received for review January 21, 2015)
Journal of Oleo Science ISSN 1345-8957 print / ISSN 1347-3352 online
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jos/ http://mc.manusriptcentral.com/jjocs

645
 Q. Ye, X. Jin and X. Zhu et al.
logical revolution in the extraction industry while it has not
been studied in the extraction of the aroma from jasmine
flowers .
Among several solvents could be chosen, we applied di-
methyl ether（DME）as a subcritical fluid due to following
advantages:（i）low normal boiling point（−24.8℃）13） （ii）
, a gas flow of 35 L/min at 85％ humidity for 18 hours. An
high affinity for oily substances and partially miscibility
with water14）, and （iii） approval as a safe extraction solvent
for the production of foodstuffs and food ingredients by
the European Food Safety Authority15）. DME can be used
to extract volatile oils（ fragrant volatiles）from jasmine
flowers and is suitable for producing scented tea.
Although many different adsorbents can be used on
purpose, activated carbon（AC）is less cost than other ma-
terials16, 17）, and also show competitive adsorption capaci-
ty18−21）. Generally, AC is easily used at a low heat of adsorp-
tion, and it is reproducible either by increasing the
temperature（Temperature Swing Adsorption, TSA）or by
decreasing the pressure, at atmospheric value（Pressure
Swing Adsorption, PSA）or under vacuum（Vacuum Swing
Adsorption,VSA）22）. To improve the quality, simplify the
processing and decrease the cost, the present study was
performed by utilising previous research on AC, which was
found significantly improved absorption of fragrances23）.
To further improve the process, subcritical fluid extrac-
tion was used to extract the fragrant volatiles. Normally,
temperature and pressure are two of the extraction factors.
In preliminary experiments, we found that the temperature
and the pressure were inseparable, ie, when the tempera-
ture increases, the pressure consequently rises. We just
take the temperature as one of the extraction parameters.
Therefore, the extraction parameters studied here included
temperature/pressure, extraction time, and solvent-to-ma-
terial（activated carbon）ratio. The aim of this work was to
optimize processing conditions by applying response
surface methodology （RSM） with a three-variable-three-lev-
el Box-Behnken design （BBD） . vacuum pressure was reached. Liquid DME was pumped in
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Materials and chemicals
Coconut shell activated carbon JH-16×32 was pur-
chased from Jiangsu Chia Charcoal Technology Co., Ltd.,
China. The activated carbon was dried in oven at 120℃ for
3 hours before use.
Double petal stage Jasminum sambac（L.）Ait. flowers
were obtained from Fuzhou of Fujian province in China.
DME was obtained from Anyang Glencore Energy Devel-
opment Co., Ltd（China） and was 99.9％ pure.
Sodium sulfate anhydrous was obtained from Sinopharm
Chemical Reagent Co.,Ltd.
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J. Oleo Sci. 64, (6) 645-652 (2015)
2. 2 Preliminary treatment on Jasmine flowers for aroma
absorption
The jasmine flowers 2100 g were spread uniformly at 4
cm thick on a shelf in a closed device. The aroma absorp-
tion process was performed at a temperature of 35℃ with
AC absorption column（containing 450 g of AC）pulled the
jasmine aroma in a certain velocity of 35 L/min by continu-
ally adding fresh oxygen into the device with the flower
shelf. After absorption, the weight of the AC was increased
to 560 grams. The fully blended AC with aroma was sealed
in the valve bags, and stored at 4℃ until use. For each test,
308 grams of AC （which was equivalent to 1155 g of original
jasmine flowers）was used to extract the fragrant volatiles.
2.3 Solvent extraction
Activated carbon（300 g）was loaded into glass column.
The column was also poured with petroleum. The extract-
ant was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporat-
ed at 35℃ under reduced pressure（ 0.1 Mpa）by rotary
evaporator（RE252AA, Haiya Rong Biochemical Instrument
in China） . The volatileoil was hermetically sealed in brown
bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4℃. The extraction
was repeated three times.
2.4 Subcritical fluid extraction
The apparatus used for extractions on the laboratory
scale was supplied by Henan Subcritical Biological Technol-
ogy Co., Ltd,（China） and is shown in Fig. 1. This apparatus
includes a working extractor that corresponds to a
maximum solvent volume of 5 L. The working conditions
included pressures and temperature ranging from 0.65
MPa to 1.05 MPa and 30℃ to 50℃, respectively.
The apparatus was used as follows: the extractor was
filled with AC, which was wrapped with gauze, and then
closed. The vacuum pump was opened until the extractor
to fill the extractor, which was heated with hot water
through the bottom of the extractor until the desired tem-
perature was reached. The pressure was controlled by
maintaining a constant temperature. As time passed, the
aromatic substances were dispersed and dissolved in the
subcritical solvent. The solution flowed into the separator.
The DME became gaseous by vacuum distillation and was
condensed using a cooler. Liquid DME flowed into the col-
lector for recycling. The extracted compounds（fragrant
volatiles）were collected in a vessel. The same sample was
extracted twice at the same temperature, solvent ratio, and
extraction time to improve the extraction yield.
2.5 Experimental design for response surface methodol-
ogy（RSM）
The three-factor-three-level BBD（software Design-Ex-
pert 8.0.1.0, Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, U.S.）was em-
 subcritical fluid extraction for fragrant volatiles from Jasmine

Fig. 1 A schematic diagram of the subcritical fluid extraction apparatus: (1) control system, (2) DME tank, (3)
collector, (4) cooler, (5) filter holder, (6) flow tank, (7) extractor, (8) separator, (9) collecting vessel, (10) water
tank, (11) buffer tank, (12) heater, (13) vacuum pump, and (14) compressor; V1-V12: valves.

ployed to optimize the synthetic conditions and to assess
the compositions for GC-MS analyses with RSM. The ex-
tractions were performed at temperatures ranging from 35
to 45℃, extraction times from 30 to 60 min, and solvent-
to- material ratios between 2:1 and 4:1. This experimental
domain was determined on the basis of single factor experi-
ments. For all experiments, the pressure was changed in
response to the temperature changes （i.e., 35℃ was always
equal to 0.75 MPa）.
The whole design consisted of 15 experimental points
and was performed in random order, as shown in Table 1.
Three replicates at the center of the design were used for
estimating the pure error of the sum of squares. The
response（the output of the experimental design, which is
noted as Y）of the experimental design was the recovered
fragrant volatile mass.
A second-order polynomial equation was used to fit the
experimental data for the studied variables. The gener-
alised second-order polynomial model that was used in the
response surface analysis was shown in the following equa-
tion:
Y＝β 0＋ β i Xi＋ β ii Xi2＋ β ij Xi Xj
where Y represents the predicted response; β0, βi, βii, and
βij are the regression coefficients for the intercept, linear,
quadratic, and interaction terms, respectively; and Xi and
J. Oleo Sci. 64, (6) 645-652 (2015)
Xj denote the independent variables24）. The statistical sig-
nificance of the terms in the regression equation was ex-
amined with an analysis of variance（ANOVA）for each re-
sponse. The terms that were statistically identified as non-
significant were excluded from the initial model, and the
experimental data were only re-fitted to the significant（p ≤
0.05）parameters. A simultaneous optimization was ob-
tained by using the desirability function proposed by25）.
The optimized conditions of the independent variables
were further applied to validate the model by using the
same previous experimental procedure, and the prediction
power of the models was verified by comparing the theo-
retical predicted data with the experimental data.
2.6 Calculating the extraction yield
The extractions were repeated in triplicate, and the
yields were expressed as the mean value. The amount of
fragrant volatiles was measured gravimetrically after the
（％）
collection. The extraction yield was then calculated as
the percent ratio of the mass of fragrant volatiles to the
mass of jasmine flowers used for AC absorption, according
to the following formula:
（1）
Extraction yield ％＝（mass of fragrant volatiles / mass of
jasmine）×100％. （2）
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 Q. Ye, X. Jin and X. Zhu et al.

Table 1 BBD matrix and response values for the extraction yields of jasmine flowers.
Independent variables Extraction yields (%)
Run Temperature Solvent -to- Extraction
Experimental Predicted
(℃) X1 material ratio X2 time (min) X3
1 35 2:1 45 4.26 4.20
2 45 2:1 45 4.40 4.33
3 35 4:1 45 4.64 4.71
4 45 4:1 45 4.89 4.95
5 35 3:1 30 4.29 4.30
6 45 3:1 30 4.40 4.42
7 35 3:1 60 4.70 4.68
8 45 3:1 60 4.95 4.94
9 40 2:1 30 3.75 3.80
10 40 4:1 30 4.76 4.68
11 40 2:1 60 4.48 4.56
12 40 4:1 60 4.88 4.83
13 40 3:1 45 4.80 4.81
14 40 3:1 45 4.94 4.81
15 40 3:1 45 4.70 4.81

2.7 Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS） 3 Results and discussion

analyses
GC-MS analyses were performed using an Agilent
6890N-5975B（USA）. A chromatographic column（0.25 mm
i.d. and 0.25 μm film thickness）was used with helium as
the carrier gas with a linear velocity of 1 mL/min. Because
the rate of SFE sample to its volatile oil was 50:1 in our
previous study. The SFE samples （1 μL） were injected using
a splitless pulse without any further dilution（whereas the
SE samples should be diluted with 50 times）with fragrant
solid-phase microextraction（HS-SPME）to detect absor-
bance values for 30 min. The sample was finally desorbed
for 5 min in the injection port of the GC-MS at 230℃. The
oven temperature was maintained50℃ for 2 min, increased
from 50℃ to 120℃ at a rate of 5℃ min−1, maintained at
120℃ for 2 min, increased from 120℃ to 250℃ at a rate of
15℃ min−1, and held at 250℃ for 5 min. The interface
temperature was 250℃, and the ion source temperature
was 230℃. The ionisation mode was EI with an energy
level of 70 eV. The retention indices were determined rela-
tive to a homologous series of n-alkanes （C9-C27）under the
same operating conditions. The components of the fragrant
volatiles were identified by co-injection with standards
（wherever possible）and confirmed by using the Wiley
（version 7.0）and National Institute of Standards and Tech-
nology（NIST08）GC-MS libraries and retention indices pro-
vided in the literature 26）. The relative quantities of the
compounds were quantified by integrating the peak area of
the chromatograms.
648
J. Oleo Sci. 64, (6) 645-652 (2015)
3.1 The new method holds great improvement on quality
and yields based on analysis data of extracted jas-
mine essence oils through SE and SFE
The aroma components with extraction methods of SFE
（temperature at 40℃; ratio of solvent to material at 3:1,
time 45min）and SE were analyzed by GC-MS. There are 7
components of jasmine essential oil according to previous
studies（Table 2）27−29）. We found significantly difference in
the components between these two essence oils which ob-
tained by SE and SFE extraction methods.
Caryophyllene and α-caryophyllene are spicy ingredient
in raw material jasmine flower. The lower levels of them
harmonized flavor of jasmine essence oil while higher levels
might bring unpleasant odor. The new method can reduce
these components which lead to the essential oils smelling
sweeter. Three components,（Z）-3-hexen-1-ol acetate, cis-
3-hexenyl isovalerate, Z-3-hexenyl benzoate, which had
minor changes and little impacts on difference between
two essence oils. The proportion of the major component,
benzyl acetate, increased dramatically by SFE. Another
characteristic content, linalool, also greatly improved the
quality of the essence oil. Thus, the quality of the jasmine
essence oil was dramatically improved.
Based on the analysis aforementioned, we further calcu-
lated the yields of effective components, and found that
yields of the key aroma components increased. Benzyl
acetate is a typical jasmine essence oil, also a major ester
components in the jasmine flower 28）. After calculation,
 subcritical fluid extraction for fragrant volatiles from Jasmine

Table 2 SE and SFE impact on quality and yields of the jasmine fragrance volatiles.
Representative components Contents by Contents by Yeilds by SE Yeilds by SFE
(Compounds) SE(%) SFE(%) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
Benzyl acetate 6.21 37.93 62.10 455.16
Linalool 16.91 31.14 169.10 373.68
(Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol acetate 10.62 6.90 106.20 82.80
cis-3-Hexenyl isovalerate 2.44 0.31 24.40 3.72
Z-3-Hexenyl benzoate 6.95 3.47 69.50 41.64
Caryophyllene 13.25 0.26 132.50 3.12
α-Caryophyllene 9.24 0.25 92.40 3.00
Essence oils 100 100 1000±10.00 1200±27.00
Note:
1．GC-MS analysis applied for the contents of the fragrance volatiles from Jasminum sambac (L.)
Ait, throgutht SE (solvent extraction) and SFE(subcritical fluid extraction).
2．Yeild was calculated for each conponent based on the 1 kg jasmine flowers.

Table 3 ANOVA results for the response surface quadratic model of Y.

Sum of Degree of Mean
Source F-values Prob > F
squares freedom square
Model 1.450 9 0.160 11.98 0.007
X1 0.070 1 0.070 5.24 0.071
X2 0.650 1 0.650 48.39 0.001
X3 0.410 1 0.410 30.50 0.003
X 1X 2 3.025E-003 1 3.025E-003 0.23 0.655
X 1X 3 4.900E-003 1 4.900E-003 0.36 0.572
X 2X 3 0.093 1 0.093 6.93 0.046
X12 0.020 1 0.020 1.51 0.274
2
X2 0.140 1 0.140 10.10 0.025
2
X3 0.088 1 0.088 6.54 0.051
Residual 0.067 5 0.013
Lack of fit 0.038 3 0.013 0.87 0.573
Pure error 0.029 2 0.015
Cor total 1.510 14

455.16mg benzyl acetate yielded from 1 kg of jasmine
flowers by processing methods of SFE, while only 62.10 mg
was obtained from the same amount of the flowers, which
was accounted to 7 fold difference between two methods
of SFE/SE（Table2） . Linalool is a key component of jasmine
essence oil, and an alcohol component in the flower28, 30）.
Our data showed that SFE enhanced the levels of the oils
about 2 fold（Table 2） .
3.2 The extraction technology
3.2.1 Analysis of response surface
The experimental matrix design, experimental values,
and predicted values based on experiments proposed by
J. Oleo Sci. 64, (6) 645-652 (2015)
RSM for the extraction yield are given in Table 3. Consider-
able variations exists in the extraction yield depending on
the extraction conditions. The regression coefficients of
the intercept, linear, quadratic, and interaction terms of
the model were calculated using the least squares tech-
nique. These findings are presented in Table 3. A second-
order polynomial equation in terms of the actual factors
was found that demonstrated the empirical relations
between the independent variables and response Y for the
oil yield as follows:
Y（％）＝4.81＋0.094X 1＋0.29X 2＋0.23X 3＋0.027X 1X 2＋
0.035X1X3−0.15X2X3−0.074X12−0.19X22−0.15X32,
649
 Q. Ye, X. Jin and X. Zhu et al.

between the experimental and predicted values of the ex-

where X1, X2, and X3 are given in terms of the coded factors
of the test variables: temperature, solvent-to-material ratio,
and time, respectively.
An ANOVA was used to evaluate the significance of the
quadratic polynomial models31）. The results shown in Table
3 indicate that the linear term for the solvent-to-material
（X2）and extraction time
ratio （X3） were found to significant-
ly（p＜0.01） affect the extraction yield. The quadratic term
of X22 significantly（p＜0.05）affected the extraction yield.
These results also demonstrate that the interaction
between the solvent-to-material ratio and the extraction
time（X2X3）was significant（p＜0.05）. The model F-value
was 11.98, which implied that the model was significant. In
this experiment, the coefficient of determination（R2）for
the model was 0.9557, which indicated consistency
traction yield. The results for the analysis of error indicated
that the lack of fit was insignificant（p＞0.05）. The F-value
（0.87）and P-value（0.5730）implied that the lack of fit rela-
tive to the pure error was not significant. This finding indi-
cated that the model equation was adequate for predicting
the yield of fragrant volatiles under any combination of
values for the variables. Thus, the model can be used to
navigate the design space.
Three-dimensional response surfaces and two-dimen-
sional contour plots were formed based on the model poly-
nomial function（Fig. 2）. Figure 2（a）presents the interac-
tion between the temperature and the ratio of solvent to
material The extraction yield initially increased with in-
creasing solvent-to-material ratio; This increase was likely
caused by the increasing difference in concentration

Fig. 2 (a) Estimated response surface by plotting extraction yield(%) versus temperature (X1) and solvent-to-material
ratio(X2) at time of 45 min; (b) estimated response surface by plotting extraction yield(%) versus temperature
(X1) and time (X3) at solvent-to-material ratio of 3:1; (c) estimated response surface by plotting extraction
yield(%) versus solvent-to-material ratio(X2) and time (X3) at temperature of 40℃.
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J. Oleo Sci. 64, (6) 645-652 (2015)
 subcritical fluid extraction for fragrant volatiles from Jasmine
between the material and the solvent, which correspond-
ingly improved the mass transfer rate and accelerated dis-
solution of the fragrant volatiles32）, our result further con-
firmed this claim. Furthermore, DME was easily liquefiable
at or slightly above room temperature, was miscible with
polar solvents in its liquefied state and was a good solvent
for extracting lipophilic compounds from both wet and dry
feed materials33, 34）. DME approved high affinity for oily
substances and partially miscibility with water. However,
the yield then decreased, likely as a result of solvent satu-
ration. Figure 2（ a）also demonstrates that the highest
value extraction yield was obtained at a temperature of
40℃ and a solvent-to-material ratio of 3:1.
（b）depicts the interaction between temperature
Figure 2
and extraction time. The extraction yield first increased as
the extraction time increased from 35 min to 45 min and
then decreased gradually as the extraction time was in-
creased beyond 45 min. This result was likely caused by
the instability of fragrant volatiles when the extraction
time increased at the fixed temperature. Figure 2（b）also
shows that the highest value extraction yield was achieved
at a temperature of 40℃ and an extraction time of 45 min.
Figure 2（c）illustrates the interaction between the ratio
of solvent to material and the extraction time, which was
significant. In Fig. 2（a）, the extraction yield increased
when the ratio of solvent to material and the extraction
time increased. However, at a longer extraction times, the
extraction yield decreased as the ratio of solvent to materi-
al increased. This trend could be attributed to the instabili-
ty of fragrant volatiles. Figure 2（c）also indicates that the
highest extraction yield was achieved with an extraction
time of 45 min and a solvent-to-material ratio of 3:1.
3.2.2 Optimizing the extraction process
The extraction conditions were determined through op-
timization. The conditions for obtaining the maximum ex-
traction yields（5.00％）were at a temperature of 44℃, a
solvent-to-material ratio of 3.5:1, and an extraction time of
53 min. Three replicate verification experiments were per-
formed under these optimal conditions, and an average ex-
traction yield of 4.91±0.27％ was obtained. The consisten-
cy between the predicted and experimental values
confirmed the validity of this model for the fragrant volatile
extraction process. Thus SFE indicated potential for the
processing of such materials at a commercial scale.
4 Conclusions
In this study, according to the GC-MS analyses, the
quantity of characteristic compounds by SFE was higher
than SE, such as benzyl acetate and linalool. Therefore, the
quality of fragrant volatile by SFE was superior to SE. The
effects of temperature, extraction time, and solvent-to-ma-
terial ratio were investigated in the subcritical fluid extrac-
J. Oleo Sci. 64, (6) 645-652 (2015)
tion for jasmine fragrant volatiles. RSM was applied to opti-
mize the extraction conditions. The optimal conditions for
extraction were as follows: temperature of 44℃, solvent-
to-material ratio of 3.5:1, and extraction time of 53 min.
Under these optimal conditions, the predicted and experi-
mental values confirmed the validity of this model for the
fragrant volatile extraction process. This extraction
method can be applied for aroma extraction from jasmine
flowers in both high yield and quality, which could finally
lead to food application, especially high quality jasmine tea
processing without climate or timing limitation and with
lower labor cost.
Acknowledgement
This research was financially supported by National De-
p a r t m e n t o f S c i e n c e a n d Te c h n o l o g y o f C h i n a
（2014BAD06B06）.
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