ATHASTU

Detailed Analysis of UPSC Syllabus

CRYSTALLIZED KNOWLEDGE
UPSC EXPLAINED SYLLABUS FOR 2023-2024

FOR PRE CUM MAINS

 Ancient History

PRE HISTORY OF INDIA VEDIC ERA

o Sources of pre history
o Categoriza on of Indian ancient History
o Stone Age
o Palaeolithic age (2 million BC – 10,000 BC)
o Mesolithic Age (10,000 BC – 8,000 BC)
o Neolithic (8000 BC – 4000 BC)
o Chalcolithic Age (4000 BC – 1500 BC)
o Iron Age (1500 BC-200 BC)
RURAL AND AGRICULTURAL
COMMUNITIES
o Neolithic Phase
o Chalcolithic Phase
o Early Iron Phase
o Geographical Distribu on and
Characteris cs.
o Native Land of the Aryans
o Characteris cs of Aryan Culture
o Vedic Texts & Upanishad
o Reconstruc on Resources for Vedic
Society and Culture
o The geography of the Rig Vedic era and
theLater Vedic phases
o Economic Condi ons
o Poli cal Structure and Monarchy's
Development
o Social Structure and the Varna System

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION PRE MAURYAN PERIOD

o Harappan civilisa on o Second urbaniza on's age

o Harappan Urban planning o Forma on of states
o Harappan Internal & Foreign Trade o The Sixteen Mahajanapadas
o Agriculture o Evolu on of Republics
o Domes ca on of animals o Rise of urban places
o Cra s o Evolu on of Coins
o Weights and Measures o Haryanka dynasty
o Script and Language o Shishunaga dynasty
o Harappan Society o Nanda dynasty
o Harappan Religion
o Harappan Economy EVOLUTION OF JAINISM AND BUDDHISM
o Harappan Burial System
o Decline of Harappan Culture o Rise of Jainism and Buddhism

01
The Mauryan Empire
o Chandragupta and Bindusara
o The Arthasastra
o Megasthenes
o Ashoka and His Successors
o Ashoka’s Inscrip ons and Sites
o Ashoka’a Dhamma
o Mauryan Administra on, Economy,
o Society and Art
o Decline of Maurya
Post-Mauryan India (BC 200-AD 300)
o Arrival of Indo-Greeks, Shakas,
o Parthians & Kushana
o Commercial Contacts with the
Outside World
o Satavahanas and Other Indigenous
Dynas es
o Society: Evolu on of Ja s
o Sangam T exts-and Society
o Schools of Art: Gandhara; Mathura ;
Amrava
Imperial Guptas
o Sources of Gupta Rule
o Poli cal history of Guptas
o Fa-hien Arrival
o Gupta Administra on
o Development of Art & Culture
o Gupta Empire: Period of Golden Age
o Economic Condi ons
o Urban centres in Gupta period
Harshavardana
o Sources for Harsha’s Period
o Early life of Harsha
o Harsha’s Administra on
o Important Officials of the empire
o Economy under Harsha
o Huen Tsang Arrival
o Society
o Religion
Connec ons with Asia
o Propagation of Buddhism abroad
o India’s contacts with Roman
empire
o Trade and Chinese silk route
o Reign of Kanishka
o Spread of Indian culture to SE Asia
Sangam Period (South Indian Dynas es)
o Sangam Literature
o Cholas
o Cheras
o Pandyas
o Sangam Polity, Society and Culture
o Economy of Sangam Period
o Foreign Dynasties
o Commercial Contacts with the Outside
World
o Schools of Art
02
 MEDIEVAL HISTORY
Early Medieval India's Major Dynas es
(750–1200)
o The Pra haras (8th to 10th Century)
o The Palas (8th to 11th Century)
o The Tripar te Conflict
o The Senas (11th to 12th Century)
o The Rajaputas
o Pallavas
o Chalukyas
o Rashtrakutas
o Indian Feudalism
o Administra on
o Society and Culture
o Economy and the decline of Trade
Cholas and Other South Indian Kingdoms
o Chola Rulers and Political History
o Chola Administration
o Socio-Economic Life
o Education and Literature
o The Cheras (9th to 12th Century)
o The Yadavas (12th to 13th Century)
The Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 AD)
o Slave Dynasty
o Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD)
o Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414 AD
o Sayyid Dynasty
o Lodi Dynasty
o Mongol and other Turk a acks,
o Government,
o the economy and urbanization
o Challenges that contributed to the
Sultanate's decline.
Vijayanagar Empire
o Political History
o Administration
o Social and Cultural Life
o Economic Condition
o Conflicts with the Bahmani Kingdom
Struggle for Empire in North India
(Afghans, Rajputs and Mughals)
o Ibrahim Lodi and Babur's conflict, also
known as the Ba le of Panipat.
o Problems that Babur faced following the
Ba le of Panipat.
o Struggle with Rana Sanga
o Afghans' problems and those in the
Eastern Regions
Struggle for Empire in North India
o Humayun and the Afghans
o Early Humayun ac vi es and the conflict
with Bahadur Shah
o The Gujarat Campaign
o The Bengal Campaign, and Struggle with
Sher Khan
The Establishment of the North Indian
Empire
o The Surs dynasty
o Sher Shah’s Early Life
o Social and Political Background of Bihar
and the Rise of Sher Shah to Power.
o The Sur Empire (1540-56)
o Contributions of Sher Shah
State and Government under Akbar
o The Suzerainty Concept of Akbar
o The Vikalat, the Central Ministries, and
the Provincial Ministries make up the
central and provincial governmental
structures.
o The Working of Government – the -Ruler,
Land-Revenue System, the Dahsala
System, the Mansabdari
o System and the army
The Deccan and the Mughals (Upto 1657)
o The progress of the Mughal Empire
towards the Deccan
03
o Mughal acquisi on of Berar, Khandesh,
and certain regions of Ahmadnagar
o Emergence of Malik Ambar and the
Mughal's challenges in consolida on
(1601-27)
o The demise of Ahmadnagar and
acceptance of Mughal suzerainty
o Bijapur and Golconda's acknowledgment
of Mughal dominance
o Shah Jahan's rule in the Deccan (1636-57)
o Cultural contribu ons of the Deccani
States
The Mughals' foreign policy
o Akbar's Engagements with the Uzbeks
o The Qandahar Ques on and Diplomacy
o Rela ons with Iran during the Mughal
Rule
o Shah Jahan's Balkh Campaign
o The Final Phase of Mughal-Persian
Rela ons.
India during the first half of the
seventeenth century
o Jahangir's Accession - Early Challenges
Faced
o Consolida on and Expansion of the
Empire - Focusing on Mewar, East India,
and Kangra
o Nur Jahan's Influence and the Nur Jahan
'Junta'
o Shah Jahan's Rebellions and Mahabat
Khan's Coup d'état
o Assessment of Jahangir's Rule
o The Rela onship between State and
Religion during this period
o Shah Jahan's Efforts in Empire
Consolida on and Expansion
o Evolu on of the Mughal Ruling Class and
the Mansabdari System.
Aurangzeb's reign
o Religious Policies: Aurangzeb's Ini al
Phase (1658-1679)
o Implementa on of Reforms and
Puritanical Measures
o Handling of Temples and Jizyah; The
Second Phase (1679-1707)
o Territorial Consolida on and Empire
Expansion in North India
o Dealing with Popular Revolts from
groups like the Jats, Satnamis,
Afghans, and Sikhs
o Strained Rela ons and Conflicts with
Marwar and Mewar.
The peak and challenges of the Mughal
Empire, focusing on the Marathas and
the Deccan.
o The emergence of the Marathas and
the ini al rule of Shivaji
o The Purandar Treaty and Shivaji's visit
to Agra
o Shivaji's Swarajya - Governance and
Accomplishments.
o Aurangzeb's Engagements with the
Deccani States (1658-1687)
o Marathas and their Impact in the
Deccan (1687-1707)
o Evalua ng Aurangzeb's Rule and the
Jagirdari Crisis.
Society – Structure and Development
o Rural Communi es
o Urban Areas and Urban Lifestyle
o Cra smen and Skilled Ar sans
o Women's Status and Roles
o Domes c Workers and Enslaved
Individuals
o Living Standards and Quality of Life
04
o The Dominant Elite - Nobility and o Emergence of Regional States and the
Rural Gentry Onset of Foreign Invasions in India
o The Intermediate Classes (1725-1748).
o The Mercan le and Business Classes.

The Maratha Quest for Dominance

Economic Pa erns and Outlook
o Domes c Trade
o Foreign Trade - Influence of Foreign
Trading Companies
o Indian Merchants and Their Role in
Overland Trade
o The Mughal State's Impact on
Commerce
o India's Economic Trends and
Prospects in the First Half of the
Eighteenth Century.
o Maratha Expansion Strategies
o Marathas and Nizam-ul-Mulk
Rela ons
o Maratha Inroads into Gujarat and
Malwa
o Maratha Advancements into Doab
and Punjab
o Ini al Phase (1741-1752) and Later
Phase (1752-1761)
o The Third Ba le of Panipat.

Religion, Fine Arts, Science, and

Technology

o Religion - Hinduism, Sikhism, and

Islam.
o Fine Arts - Architecture, Pain ng,
Language and Literature, and Music.
o Science and Technology.

Northern India during the first half of the

eighteenth century

o Bahadur Shah I and the

Commencement of Struggles.
o Rajput Affairs and the Influence of the
Marathas in the Deccan, Escala ng
Fac onal Strife.
o Contest for the "New" Wizarat:
Zulfiqar Khan and Jahandar Shah's
Tussle (1712-13).
o The Struggle of the Sayyid Brothers
for the "New" Wizarat.
o The Establishment of the Sayyid
"New" Wizarat.
o M. Amin Khan and Nizam-ul-Mulk's
Leadership in the Wizarat.

05
 MODERN HISTORY

Pre-1857 Situa on Indications of Independence

o The Civil Disobedience Movement
o The Later Mughals and their Downfall o The Round Table Conference
o Regional Forces during the 18th o The Poona Pact
Century o The Government of India Act 1935
o Arrival of Europeans in India o The Tripuri Session of 1939
o The Bri sh Conquest of India o The August Offer
o Carna c Wars o Individual Satyagraha (1940-1941).
o The Battles of Plassey and Buxar
o The Anglo-Mysore War
Par tion of India
o The Anglo-Punjab War
o Bri sh Governance Prior to 1857
o Rise of Communalism
o Bri sh Economic Policies.
o Wavell Plan
o Cabinet Mission Plan
o Mountba en Plan
The Indian Rebellion of 1857
Freedom Struggle in India
o Reasons behind the uprising of 1857
o Key figures associated with the 1857
o Indian Renaissance and Socio-
revolt
Religious Movements
o The quelling of the 1857 revolt
o Civil Rebellions during the Bri sh
o Characteris cs and nature of the 1857
Period
rebellion.
o Tribal Movements during the Bri sh
o Consequences of Revolt of 1857
Period
o Peasant's Movements during the
Early Nationalism
Bri sh Period
o Working Class Movement (1850-1900)
o The Rise of Early Na onalism
o Growth of Communalism
o The Indian Na onal Movement (1858-
o Le and Communist Trends in the
1905)
Na onal Movement
o Early Na onalists and the Swadeshi
o Press and Educa on during the Bri sh
Movement
Period
o The Government of India Act 1909
o Role of Women in the Freedom
o The Home Rule League Movement
Struggle
o Governors Generals of India
The Struggle for Swaraj (Self-
o Viceroys of India
Government)
o Notable Personali es
o Prominent Newspapers/Journals
o Montague's Statement in August 1917
o Congress Sessions
o The Khilafat Movement and the Non-
Coopera on Movement (NCM)
o The Forma on of the Swaraj Party
o The Second Phase of Revolu onary
Terrorism in the 1920s
o The Simon Commission and the Nehru
Report.

06
 POST INDEPENENCE CONSOLIDATION
State Reorganiza on
o Cons tu onal Provisions for State
Forma on
o Reasons for the Merger of States
o Princely States' Accession
o Accession of Territories under French
and Portuguese Control
o Sikkim's Accession
o Rehabilita on of Refugees.
o Federal Challenges
o Regional Aspira ons, Insurgencies,
and Areas of Strain
o Accommoda on and Na onal
Integra on.
Linguis c Regionalism in India
o Cons tu onal Provisions and
Language Policy
o Language and Its Impact on
Regionalism.
Tribal Concerns and Policy
Implementa on
o Current Status of Tribal Issues
o Consolida on of Tribal Policy
o Caste Challenge and Social Unity
Caste Prac ces in India
o The Ambedkar Movement
o Cons tu onal Provisions
o Recent Government Ini a ves for
Scheduled Castes' Empowerment
o Challenges of Manual Scavenging.
Communalism and Social Cohesion
o Secularism
o Factors Leading to Communalism in
India
o Consequences of Communalism and
Social Consolida on
The Challenge of Linguis c Minori es
o Opera onal Inefficiencies
o Government Ini a ves
Overview of Economic Development
Since Independence
o Economic Planning in India
Agriculture
o Progress through Five Year Plans.
o Land Reforms
o Agricultural Challenges Post the
Green Revolu on
o Movements for Agrarian Reforms
o Agricultural Achievements since
Independence
o Present-day Agricultural Challenges
Industry
o Industrial Progress since
Independence
o Public Sector Development since
Independence
o Sector-wise Development
o Private Sector Growth since
Independence
o Industrial Policy since Independence
o Make in India Ini a ve.
New Economic Policy
o Consequences of the New Economic
Policy
Post-Independence Science and
Technology Policies
o India's Approach to Science and
Technology
o Ins tu onal Framework for Science
and Technology Development
o Science and Technology Before the
Reform Period
o The Impact of Economic Reforms on
Science and Technology in India
o Novel Policy Ini a ves in Science and
Technology
o The Agenda of Skill Training.
07
 WORLD HISTORY
The Commencement of the Modern
Era
o The Breakdown of the Feudal System
o The Renaissance
o Humanism
o Art and Architectural Advancements
o Literature
o Scien fic Advancements.
o Reforma on
o Explora ons, Discoveries, and Trade
o Coloniza on and the Emergence of
Na on States
o The English Revolu on
The French Revolution
o Causes of the French Revolu on
o The Revolu on in France.
o France during Napoleon's Rule
o Influence of the Revolu on
o Importance of the Revolu on
Na onalism in Europe
o Emergence of the Na on-State
System
o The Unifica on of Italy
o The Unifica on of Germany
o Colonialism and Imperialism
o Colonialism
o The Era of Imperialism (1870-1914)
o Imperialism in Asia
o An Examina on of Colonialism.
The Rise of the United States
o Establishment of American Colonies
o The Declara on of Independence and
the Forma on of the United States of
America
o The American Revolu onary War
o The Impact of the American
Revolu on
o Poli cal Consequences of the
Revolu on
o Influence of the American Revolu on
on the French Revolu on
o The US Civil War
o Effects of the Civil War on the USA
o The Global Impact of the US Civil War
o Analysis of Major Events during the
War
o Consequences of World War I
o A ermath of World War I
o Forma on of the League of Na ons
The Russian Revolu on
o Significant Pre-Revolu onary Events
in Russia
o Causes of the Revolu on
o Progression of the Revolu on
o Outcomes and Consequences of the
Revolu on.
The Period Between the Two World
Wars (1919 to 1939)
o The Great Depression - An Economic
Overview
o The Emergence of Fascism in Italy
o The Rise of Nazism in Germany
o The Soviet Union (USSR)
o World War II
o Causes and Underpinnings of the War
o Progression of the War
o Outcomes and A ermath of the War
o An Examina on of the War
o The Decoloniza on Era
Developments in the Middle East
o Democra c Reforms in the Middle
East
o The Impact of Arab Na onalism
o The Establishment of Israel.
The Cold War
08
o Causes and Underlying Reasons
o The Evolu on of the Cold War (1945-
1953)
o The Extent of Thawing Rela ons after
1953
o The Nuclear Arms Race and the Cuban
Missile Crisis (1962)

The Post-Cold War World

o Global Issues Since 1991

o The Process of European Integra on
o A Timeline of European Integra on
o The Emergence of Global Islamic
Terrorism
o The Rise of China

Communism, Socialism, and

Capitalism

o Capitalism (Defini on, Types, and

Examples)
o Communism (Defini on, Types, and
Examples)
o The Significance of Capitalism in the

09
 INDIAN CULTURE
Sculptural Art in India
o Sculptures from the Harappan
Civiliza on
o Sculptures during the Mauryan Age
o Sculptural Art in the Post-Mauryan
Period
o Jain Sculptures in India
o Buddhist Sculpture Tradi ons
o Sculptural Art during the Gupta Period
o Sculptures in the Medieval School
o Modern Indian Sculpture.
Architectural Heritage in Ancient
India
o Architectural Features during the
Harappan Period
o Mauryan Architecture Highlights
o Architectural Trends in the Post -
Mauryan and Gupta Periods
o The Exquisite Temples of Khajuraho
o Temples in the State of Odisha
o Temples in Gwalior
o Architectural Marvels of Gujarat
o Temples in Rajasthan
o Temples in Bengal
o Temples in Assam
o Temples in Himachal Pradesh
o Temples in Jammu and Kashmir
o Pallava Period Architecture
o Chola Period Architecture
o Temples from the Pandya Dynasty
o Vijayanagara Period Architecture
o Temples from the Nayaka Era
o Temples in Kerala
o Temples in the Vesara Style
o Hoysala Style Temples
o Rashtrakuta Period Architecture.
Indo-Islamic Architecture
o The Imperial Style of the Delhi
Sultanate
o The Provincial Style of Architecture
o The Mughal Style of Architecture
o The Sikh Style of Architecture
Contemporary Architecture
o European Impact on Modern
Architecture
o Indo-Saracenic Architectural Style
o Post-Independence Architecture in
India
Indian Pain ngs
o The Tradi on of Mural Pain ngs in
India
o The Tradi on of Miniature Pain ngs
in India
o Pain ngs in the Deccan Region
o Rajput School of Pain ng
o Pahari School of Pain ng
o Miniature Pain ng in South India
o Regional Pain ng Styles
o Modern Pain ngs
o Contemporary Pain ngs.
Po ery Heritage in India
o Ochre Coloured Po ery (OCP)
o Black and Red Ware (BRW)
o Painted Grey Ware (PGW)
o Northern Black Polished Ware
(NBPW)
o Glazed and Unglazed Po ery
Music in India
o Fundamental Elements of Indian
Music
o Various Forms of Indian Music
o Musical Instruments in Indian Music
o Ins tu ons Associated with M
10
o Dances in India o Chris anity
o Zoroastrianism
o The No on of Dance in Indian Culture o Judaism
o The Concept of Ashta Nayika Philosophy in India
o The Eight Classical Dance Forms in
India o Bhak & Sufi Movements
o Folk Dances o Bhak Movement
o Modern Dance Styles. o Vaishnava Acharyas: Metaphysical
Founda on
Indian Mar al Arts o Other Saints of the Bhak Movement
o Maharashtra Dharma
o The Origins of Mar al Arts o Sufism
o Varie es of Tradi onal Mar al Arts
Languages & Literature in India
Indian Theatre
o Sanskrit Literature
o Classical Sanskrit Theatre o Pali Literature
o Regional Theatre o Prakrit Literature
o Modern Theatre o Tamil Literature
o The Renaissance of Indian Theatre o Telugu Literature
o Malayalam Literature
Indian Puppetry o Kannada Literature
o Odia Literature
o String Puppets o Assamese Literature
o Shadow Puppets o Bengali Literature
o Rod Puppets o Gujara Literature
o Glove Puppets o Rajasthani Literature
o Modern Puppetry o Punjabi Literature
o Tribal Puppetry o Marathi Literature
o Hindi Literature
Indian Cinema o Persian Literature
o Urdu Literature
o Film Industry in India
o Historical Perspec ve of Indian Miscellaneous Topics
Cinema o Indian Handicra s
o Categoriza on of Indian Cinema Films o Indian Universi es
o Personali es Related to Culture
Religions in India o Places of Cultural Interest
o Fairs and Fes vals in India
o Pre-Vedic Religion o Cultural Ins tu ons in India
o Hinduism o Awards and Honors Associated with
o Buddhism Culture
o Jainism o The Calendar
o Sikhism o The Eras
o Islam

11
o Science and Technology in Ancient o Reconstruc ng Gupta and Post-Gupta
India Periods through Pillars, Inscrip ons,
o UNESCO's List of Cultural Heritage in
and Numisma cs
India
o Legal Provisions Related to the o Early Medieval India: Changes and
Protec on and Promo on of Indian Con nuity in Cultural Features
Culture and Heritage.
o Contribu on of Regional States in
Contemporary Issues in Indian Art
and Culture Architectural Development and
Cultural Enrichment
o Understanding Socio-cultural Pa erns
o Bhak and Sufism in India:
and Prac ces of Pre-Historic Pain ngs
Strengthening the Social-Cultural
and Po eries
Realm
o Neolithic Art: A Glimpse into Early Art
o Analyzing the Greatness of the
Forms and Prac ces
Mughals through the Lens of Culture.
o Chalcolithic Arts: Po eries and
Cultural Prac ces
o Sculptures and Images in the Indus
Valley Civiliza on: Decoding Socio-
cultural Aspects
o Seals of the Indus Valley: Contras ng
and Analyzing Contemporary
Civiliza on
o Literary Excellence and Significance:
Shru , Smri , and Brahmanas
o Comparing Vedic Age with the Indus
Valley: Understanding the Gap
through Sources
o Upanishads: The Highest Point of
Indian Philosophical Thought
o The Rise of Heterodox Sects:
Buddhism, Jainism, and Other Ajivikas
o Revival of Hinduism and New
Elements and Cults, including
Tantrism
o The Golden Age of the Gupta Period:
Separa ng Myth, Legends, and Reality

12
 GEOGRAPHY

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

General Geography o Seismic Waves

o Body Waves
o The Earth's Origin o Surface Waves
o Early Theories o Understanding Earth's Interior with
o Modern Theories - Big Bang Theory the Help of Seismic Waves
o Star Forma on
o Forma on of Planets Internal Structure of the Earth
o Solar System o Crust
o Lithosphere
The Evolu on of the Earth o Mantle
o Asthenosphere
o Layered Structure (5 layers) o Outer Core
o Evolu on of Lithosphere o Inner Core
o Evolu on of Atmosphere o Seismic Discon nui es
o Evolu on of Hydrosphere
Geology
Geological History of the Earth
o Minerals
o La tude and Longitude, including o Major Elements of the Earth's Crust
Important Parallels and Meridians o Physical Characteris cs (Crystal Form,
o Mo ons of the Earth - Rota on, Cleavage, Fracture, Lustre, Color,
Revolu on, and their Effects Streak, Transparency, Structure,
o Inclina on of the Earth's Axis and its Hardness, Specific Gravity)
Effects o Metallic Minerals (Precious, Ferrous,
o Local and Standard Time, Non-Ferrous)
Interna onal Date Line, Calendar o Non-metallic Minerals (Sulphur,
o Eclipses - Solar and Lunar Phosphates, Cement)
o Origin of Life o Rocks (Aggregate of Minerals)
o Geological Time Scale o Petrology
o Rocks and Landforms
Geomorphology o Rocks and Soils
o Three Families of Rocks (Igneous,
Interior of the Earth Sedimentary, Metamorphic)
o Rock Cycle
o Sources of Informa on
o Direct Earthquakes
o Indirect (Earthquakes, Waves,
Magnetic Field) o Seismic Waves: P, S, Body, and
Surface Waves.
o Shadow Zone

13
o Types of Earthquakes Geomorphic Processes
o Causes of Earthquake
o Effects o Earth's Surface and Its Forma on
o Frequency o Exogenic Forces (External Processes)
o Loca ng an Epicentre o Endogenic Forces (Internal Processes)
o Distribu on of Earthquake o Grada on, Degrada on &
o Earthquake Observatories Aggrada on
o Geomorphic Processes
o Endogenic Processes
Volcano o Diastrophism
o Orogenic Processes
Types o Epierogenic Processes
o Earthquakes
o Shield o Plate Movements
o Composite o Volcanism
o Caldera o Exogenic Forces
o Flood Basalt o Denuda on Processes
o Mid Ocean Ridge o Weathering
o Mass Movements
Types of lava o Erosion: Transporta on & Deposi on

o Andesi c or Acidic lava Distribution of Con nents & Oceans

o Basic or Basal c lava
o Intrusive volcanic Landforms Theories
o Batholiths
o Lacoliths o Con nental Dri Theory (Alfred
o Lapoliths Wegener, 1912)
o Phacoliths o Pangea, Panthalasa, Laurasia,
o Sills Gondwana Land
o Dykes o Evidence in Support of Con nental
o Extrusive Volcanic Landforms Dri Theory
o Geysers and Hot springs o Jigsaw Fit
o Ex nct, Dormant and Ac ve o Rocks of the Same Age Across Oceans
volcanoes o Tillite
o Placer Deposits
Distribution of Volcanoes o Distribu on of Fossils

o Pacific Ring of Fire Forces of Drif ng

o Mediterranean volcanism
o Other regions o Pole Fleeing Force
o Effects of Volcanoes o Tidal Force

Tsunami Post Dri Studies

o Mechanism of Tsunami Waves o Convec onal Current Theory

o Proper es of Tsunami Waves o Mapping of the Ocean Floor
o Effects of Tsunami
Con nents - Plate Tectonics

14
o Lithospheric Plates o Valleys, Rills, Gullies, V-Shaped
o Major Plates Valleys, Gorges (Hard Rocks),
o Minor Plates Sedimentary Canyons, Potholes &
o Plate Boundaries Plunge pools, Incised or Entrenched
o Divergent Boundaries ... (and other Meanders, River Terraces - paired &
types of boundaries) unpaired
o Convergent
o Transform Deposi onal Landforms:
o Rates of Plate Movements
o Force of plate movements o Alluvial Fans, Deltas, Floodplains,
Natural Levees, Point Bars, Meanders,
Slip off bank, Undercut bank, Oxbow
Landforms and their Evolu on lake, Braided Channels
o Causes
o Geomorphic Processes Groundwater (Karst Topography)
o Agents
o Permeable Rocks
Geomorphic Agents o Percola on, Bedding Plains
o Limestone and Dolomite Regions
o Erosional or Destruc onal Agents
o Deposi onal or Construc onal Agents Erosional Landforms
o Pools-Swallow Hole, Valley Sinks
Agents and their Impacts (Uvalas), Sinkholes, Collapse Sinks
(Dolines), Balkans, Adria c regions
o Wind, Running Water, Ground Water,
Glaciers, Waves & Currents Caves
Deposi onal Landforms
Winds
o Stalac tes
o Erosional landforms: o Stalagmites
o Pediments and Pediplains, o Pillar Columns
o Playas, Defla on Hollows, Caves, o Glaciers
Mushroom Rocks, Table Rocks,
Pedestal Rocks Erosional Landforms:
o Cirque of Tarn Lakes, Hors and
Deposi onal Landforms: Serrated Regions – Arete, Glacial
o Barchans, Valleys/ Troughs – Fiords
o Seif,
o Parabolic, Deposi onal Landforms
o Transverse,
o Longitudinal o Glacial Tills, Moraines, eskers ,
o Outwash Planes ,Drumlins
Running Water
Humid Regions Waves and Currents:
o High Rocky Coasts & Low Sedimentary
o Stages: Youth, Mature, Old Coasts

Erosional Landforms: Erosional Landforms

15
o Cliffs, Terraces, Caves, Stacks Climatology

Deposi onal Landforms Composition of Atmosphere

o Beaches and Dunes, Bars, Barriers, o Gases
Spits o Water Vapour
o Dust Par cles
Weathering
o Weather over Earth Materials Structure

Factors o Exosphere
o Geological, Clima c, Topographic, o Thermosphere
Vegeta ve o Mesosphere
o Stratosphere
Major Processes: o Troposphere
o Chemical, Physical or Mechanical, o Al tude vs Temperature
Biological

Chemical Forces: Solar Radia on Heat Balance

o Solu on, Carbona on, Hydra on,
Oxida on & Reduc on
o Physical Forces:
o Gravita onal, Expansion, Water
Pressure
Effects of Weathering
o Exfolia on (Flaking) – Exfolia on
Domes, Tors
o Mass Movements:
o Ac va ng Causes
o Forms of Movement: Heave, Flow,
Slide
o Three Major Groups: Slow Movement,
Rapid Movements, Landslides
o Landforms across the World:
o Rivers and Lakes
o Mountains & Peaks
o Fold Mountains
o Block Mountains
o Volcanic Mountains
Plateaus
o Plateau Forma on Process
o Plateau Types: Dissected Plateau,
Volcanic Plateau
o Economic Significance of Plateaus
o Major Plateaus of the World
o Temperature
o Insola on
o Aphelion and Perihelion
o Variability of Insola on at the
o surface of the Earth
o Day Season Year
o Rota on on Axis, Angle of Inclina on
of sun rays
o Length of the day
Heat Balance
o Hea ng and cooling of atmosphere
Conduc on
o Convection
o Advec on
o Terrestrial Radia on
o Heat Budget of the Planet Earth
o Macro Budget
o Albedo
o Shortwave Radia on
o Long wave Earth Radia on
o Varia on in the net Heat Budget at
the Earth’s Surface
o Temperature
o Factors controlling distribu on
o Inversion of Temperature

16
 Atmospheric Circula on and Weather
Systems
o Atmospheric Pressure
o Ver cal varia on of pressure
o Horizontal distribu on of pressure
o World Distribu on of Sea Level
Pressure
o Factors affec ng the velocity and
direc on of the WIND
o Pressure Gradient Force
o Fric onal Force
o Coriolis Force
o Pressure and Wind (Cyclonic &
An cyclone Circula on)
General Circula on of the
Atmosphere
o Pa ern of Planetary Winds
o La tudinal Varia on of
o Atmospheric Hea ng
o Emergence of Pressure Belts
o Migra on of Belts Following apparent
Path of Sun
o Distribu on of con nents & Oceans
o Rota on of the Earth
Circulation
o Simplified Global Circula on
o Hadley Cell, Ferrel Cell, Polar cell
o Seasonal Wind
o Local Wind
o Land and Sea Breezes
o Mountain and Valley winds
AIR MASS
o Fronts
o Extra Tropical Cyclone
o Thunderstorms
o Tornadoes
Water in the Atmosphere:
o Water vapor in the air, precipita on,
humidity (absolute and rela ve),
satura on, dew point, evapora on,
and condensa on, leading to the
forma on of dew, frost, fog, and mist.
o Various types of clouds, such as cirrus,
cumulus, stratus, nimbus, cirrostratus,
cirrocumulus, altostratus,
altocumulus, stratocumulus, cumulus,
and cumulonimbus clouds.
o Different types of precipita on,
including rainfall, snowfall, sleet, and
hail, with varia ons like conven onal,
orographic, cyclonic, frontal, and
monsoonal rainfall.
o Overview of the distribu on of rainfall
across the world.
o Tropical cyclones, their forma on
condi ons, convective cyclogenesis,
paths, associated damage, cyclones in
the Arabian Sea, naming conven ons,
and early warning systems.
Jet Streams:
o Features and types of jet streams,
including permanent and temporary
ones.
o The impact of jet streams on weather
pa erns.
o Temperate Cyclones:
o Overview of air masses, fronts, and
the origin and development of
temperate cyclones.
A comparison between tropical and
temperate cyclones.
o Polar Vortex:
o Explana on of the polar vortex, its
characteris cs, and its rela onship
with ozone deple on.
El Nino and La Nina
17
o Understanding El Nino Southern
Oscilla on (ENSO) and the Indian
Ocean dipole effect.
o The effects of these phenomena on
regional and global climate pa erns
and their influence on the Indian
monsoon
World Climate:
o Descrip ons of various climate types
across the world, including the hot,
wet equatorial climate, tropical
monsoon, tropical marine, savanna or
Sudan, hot desert, mid-la tude
desert, warm temperate western
margin, temperate con nental, warm
temperate eastern margin, cool
temperate western margin, cool
temperate con nental, and cool
temperate eastern margin
(Lauren an) climates.
Oceanography
Water on the Surface of the Earth:
o Explana on of the hydrological cycle,
its components, and processes
involved in the circula on of water on
Earth.
Oceans:
o Overview of the relief of the ocean
floor, including its four divisions -
con nental shelf, con nental slope,
deep sea plain, and oceanic deep and
trenches.
o Descrip on of minor relief features
such as mid-oceanic ridges,
seamounts, submarine canyons, guy
outs, and atolls.
Temperature of the Ocean Water:
o Discussion of ver cal and spatial
varia ons in ocean water
temperature.
Factors influencing temperature
distribu on in oceans.
o Explana on of the thermocline and its
three layers.
o Salinity of the Ocean Water:
o Factors affec ng the salinity of ocean
water.
o Ver cal distribu on of salinity in
oceans.
o Understanding the density of ocean
waters.
Ocean Water Movements: Factors
Influencing and Resources
o Factors Affec ng Ocean Water
Mo on: The movement of ocean
water is influenced by various factors,
encompassing both horizontal and
ver cal mo ons.
Currents
o Horizontal and Ver cal Mo on: Ocean
currents play a crucial role in the
movement of water. They can flow
horizontally, following pa erns set by
wind, temperature, and salinity
differences, as well as ver cally, in
response to density varia ons.
Waves
Mo on of Water Molecules
Waves contribute to the movement
of water molecules, causing
oscilla ons at the surface. They are
responsible for transferring energy
across the ocean.
Characteris cs of Waves
Waves possess unique proper es
such as wavelength, amplitude, and
frequency, determining their behavior
and impact on water movement
18
 Gravitational Forces and Tides
o Tidal Currents
o Types of Tides
o Importance of Tides
Ocean Currents
o Primary Force Ini a ng Currents
o Secondary Forces Affec ng Currents
o Types of Ocean Currents.
o Cold and Warm Currents based on
Temperature
o Major Ocean Currents of the world.
o Effects of Ocean Currents
o Atlan c Meridional Overturning
Circula on (AMOC)
Resources from the Ocean
o Ocean Deposits
o Mineral Resources on Deep Sea Floor.
o Energy Resources
o Bio c Resources
o Deep Ocean Mission
o UNCLOS (United Na ons Conven on
on the Law of the Sea
Water Resources
o U liza on of Inland Water Resources
o Main Features of Oceanic Water
Resources
o U liza on of Oceans by Humans
o Water Usage Trends
o Water Contamina on
o Preserva on of Water Resources
o Methods for Water Resource
Conserva on
o Interlinking of Rivers Projects
o Challenges with Aging Dams
Biogeography
Soil
o Soil Characteris cs
o Factors Responsible for Soil Forma on
o Stages of Soil Forma on
o Soil Forming Processes
o Soil Profiles and Horizons
o Soil Classifica on
o Soil Erosion and Conserva on
Vegeta on Resources
o Types of Natural Vegeta on
o Forests
o Significance of forests
o Economic significance
o Ecological significance
o Cultural significance
o Factors of forest development
o Extent of forest cover
o Classifica on of forests
o Grasslands
o Desert vegeta on
o Tundra Vegeta on
o Economic u liza on of forests
Deforesta on
o Deforesta on in tropical forests
o Deforesta on in temperate forests
o Rate and extent of deforestation
o Causes and factors of deforesta on
o Immediate causes of deforesta on
o Indirect deforesta on
o Underlying causes of deforesta on
o Conserva on of forests
o Forest conserva on strategies
o Reforesta on
o Monoculture planta on
o Afforesta on
Types of forestry
o Social forestry
o Agro-forestry
o Miyawaki Method
19
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA

Physical Geography of India:

Soils in India
o Geographical Loca on
o Geopoli cal Importance of India o Types of soil
o Geological Regions o Soil Textures
o The Deccan Plateau o Challenges of Soil Degrada on and
o The Himalayas and other Mountain Erosion
Ranges on the Peninsula o Soil Conserva on Measures
o Indo-Gange c-Brahmaputra Plain
o Geographical Divisions Natural Vegeta on

o Categories of Forests in India

Water Drainage System in India o Extent of Forest Cover in India
o Conserva on of Forests
o Drainage System of the Himalayas o Issues Affec ng Forests in India
o River Networks within the Himalayan
Drainage
o Indus River System
o Ganga River System
o Brahmaputra River System
o River Networks in the Peninsular
Region
o Small Rivers Flowing Eastward and
Westward

Climate:

o The Weather Pa erns

o Factors Affec ng India's Climate
o Monsoon Phenomenon
o Mechanism of the Monsoon
o Tradi onal Explana on
o Contemporary Theories
o The Air Mass Theory
o The Jet Stream Theory
o EL-NINO and LA-NINA Impact
o Seasonal Cycle
o The Cold Season
o The Hot Season
o The Southwest Monsoon Season
o The Retrea ng Monsoon Season
o Clima c Zones of India

20
 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Demography
o Human Resources Concept
o Distribu on of Popula on
o Factors Affec ng Popula on
Distribu on
o Physical, Socio-cultural, and
Demographic Factors
o Global Popula on Distribu on
o Popula on Distribu on across
Con nents
o Popula on Density
o Pa erns of Popula on Density
o Causes of Rapid Popula on Increase
o Determinants of Popula on Growth
o Popula on Characteris cs
o Age Composi on
o Popula on Pyramids
o Gender Composi on
o Literacy Rates
o Theories of Popula on Growth
o Malthusian Theory
o Marxian Theory
o Demographic Transi on Theory
o Popula on Challenges
o Popula on Issues in Developing
Countries
o Popula on Issues in Developed
Countries
Urbaniza on
o India's Urbaniza on Features and
Pa erns
o Challenges of Urbaniza on in India
o Rural-Urban Migra on
o Emergence of Slums
o Forma on of Informal Se lements
o Urban Transport
o Transporta on in Urban Areas
o Waste Disposal
o Management of Waste
o Water Supply, Drainage, and
Sanita on
o Urban Poverty
o Inclusive Ci es/Smart Ci es
o Development of Inclusive/Smart Ci es
o Current Government Ini a ves
o Migra on & Reverse Migra on:
o Importance of the Rehabilita on
Policy
o Different Types of Urban Settlements
o Urbaniza on Process in India
o The Process of Urban Growth in India
o Morphology of Urban Se lements
o Town Planning and Pa erns of Rural
Se lement
o Migra on: Push Factors and Pull
Factors
o Migra on Within a Country and
Across Borders
o Categoriza on of Ci es Based on
Their Func ons
o Difference between Boundaries and
Fron ers, Their Classifica on
o Na onal Urbanisa on Policy
o Government Policy on Urban
Development
o Principles of Urban Planning
o Changes in Land Use and Cover
o Factors Affec ng Rural Settlem ents,
Their Types, and Pa ern
o Ci es – Hierarchical Classifica on
o Morphological Classifica on
Arranging Ci es in a Hierarchy and
Based on Their Structure
Census
o Literacy
o Sex ra o
o Family Planning
o Old Age
o Age Structure
o Density
o Popula on growth
o Census terminology
21
 ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA

Agriculture o Methods of cul va on

o Produc on pattern
Land Resource o Interna onal trade
o Maize (Corn)
o Land-use o Condi ons of growth
o Land capability classifica on o Produc on pattern
o Interna onal trade
o Causes of Land Degrada on
o Impact of Land Degrada on
Barley
o Steps taken by GOI
o Sustainable Land Management
o Condi ons of growth
o Performance of the agriculture sector o Produc on pattern
o Types of farming in India o Interna onal trade
o Cropping seasons in India
o Infrastructure factors: Seeds; Coffee
Fer lizers; Irriga on
o Land use pa ern in India o Types of coffee
o Ins tu onal Factors as land reform o Condi ons of growth
o Hor culture sector in India o Produc on pattern
o Agricultural revolu ons o Interna onal trade
o Agricultural labours
o Price Policy for Agriculture Fibre Crops
o Major schemes in agricultural sector
Co on
o Na onal Policy for farmers
o Impact of climate change on
o Varie es of co on
agriculture
o Condi ons of growth
o sustainable agriculture o Produc on pa ern
o Use of IT in agriculture o Interna onal trade
o Agriculture Issues and Challenges
Jute

Produc vity of Crops and condi ons

o Condi ons of growth
for growth
o Produc on pattern
o Interna onal trade
Wheat
o Subs tutes of Jute: Flax, Hemp,
o Condi ons of growth
Sisal
o Varie es
o Types of cul va on Natural Rubber
o Produc on pattern o Other sources of rubber
o Interna onal trade o Planta ons in South-east Asia
o Produc on pattern
Rice o Interna onal trade
o Condi ons of growth
o Varie es

22
 Sugarcane Coal

o Condi ons of growth

o Nature and origin of coal
o Produc on pattern
o Cons tuents and kinds of coal
Mineral resource o Coal fields and coal produc on
o By products of coal
o Types of minerals o Conserva on of Coal
o Metallic minerals
o Non-metallic mineral Petroleum
o Distribu on of minerals and mining
regions o Nature and proper es of petroleum
o Distribu on, produc on and o Origin and recovery
interna onal trade of Metallic o Explora on
minerals o Petroleum refining
o Petroleum reserves
Ferrous metals o Producing areas
o Consump on of petroleum
o Iron ore o Interna onal trade
o Ferro-alloys and non-ferrous o OPEC and its role in oil trade
Manganese
o Chromium
o Nickel Advantages of hydro-electricity
o Tungsten
o An mony o Ideal condi ons for genera on of
o Copper hydro-electricity
o Distribu on of poten al hydro-power
o Bauxite and Aluminium
o Hydro-electric Power Genera on
o Zinc; Lead ,Tin
Atomic (Nuclear) Energy
Precious metals
o Atomic: source minerals: Uranium
o Gold
o World distribu on of uranium
o Silver
o Produc on of uranium
o Pla num
o Thorium
o Mineral chemicals
o Produc on of Atomic (Nuclear)
o Mica
Energy
o Potash
o Nuclear Energy: the energy of future
o Phosphate
o Nitrates
o Sulphur
Sources of energy

o Renewable Energy
Energy resources
o Solar Energy
o Classifica on of energy
o Wind Energy
o Produc on of conven onal energy
o Geothermal Energy
o General trends of energy produc on
o Tidal Energy
and consump on
o Wave Energy
o Reserves and sources of energy
o Biomass Energy

23
o Alternate Energy Sources
o Hydrogen as a Fuel for Future
Hydrogen as an Alterna ve Energy
Industry
o Man-made fibre and fabrics.
o Engineering Industries: Various
aspects of the engineering sector.
o Machine Tools and Machines
o Produc on areas for machine tools
and machines.

o Industrial development Industrial Machinery

o Iron And Steel Industry
o Process of iron and steel produc on o Machinery used in the textile sector
o Loca on of iron and steel industry and other industries
o Early localiza on o Agricultural Machinery
o Distribu on of iron and steel industry o Produc on of automobiles
o Global steel produc on Interna onal o railway cars
trade o locomo ves
o Growth poten al of the steel industry o ships and aircra

Tex le Industry Chemical Industry

o Co on tex le industry: Loca on of o Different classes of chemicals

the industry
o Recent trends in localiza on
o Distribu on and produc on of cotton
tex les
Co on Tex le Industry
o Heavy Chemical Industry
Fer lizer Industry
o Produc on of nitrogen, phosphate,
and potash fer lizers.

o Geographical loca on of the industry Transport and Communica on

o Recent localiza on trends
o Distribu on
o Produc on of cotton tex les. o Land Transport
o Roads
Woollen Tex le Industry o Railways
o Water Transport
o Geographic concentra on of the o Air Transport
industry o Sea Routes
o Silk Tex le Industry o Shipping Canals
o Manufacturing of raw silk and silk o Inland Waterways.
tex les o Pipelines
o Regional Rapid Transit System
Synthe c Silk Industry: o AERA Act Amendment

o Produc on and distribu on of

o ar ficial silk

24
 INDIAN SOCIETY
Characteris cs of Indian Society
o Salient attributes that define Indian
society.
o Transforma ons occ urring within the
fabric of Indian society and their
consequences.
o Factors contribu ng to these changes.
o The current state and condi on of
Indian society today.
India's Pluralism
o Understanding the idea and
significance of diversity.
o Examining the diverse aspects
prevalent in India.
o Inves ga ng if diversity can be
equated with differences.
o Assessing the reality or percep on of
unity in diversity.
o Strategies to harmonize the various
elements within the Indian society
The Role of Women's Organiza ons
o Historical significance of women's
organiza ons in India.
o Various categories of women's
organiza ons.
o The extent of their reach and impact.
o Challenges encountered by women's
organiza ons.
o Exploring the poten al for increased
vocal par cipa on and strategies to
achieve it.
o The contribu on of Self-Help Groups
(SHGs) and Microfinance Ins tu ons
in empowering women
Poverty and Development Issues:
o Understanding the concept of poverty
o Defini on and implica ons of
development
o A compara ve analysis of Sen vs
Bhagwa models on development
o Challenges and dilemmas in
achieving development
o Case studies illustra ng specific
poverty and development challenges
o Government's ini a ves and
strategies outlined in five-year plans.
o The role of civil society organiza ons
in addressing poverty and
development issues
Effects of globalization on Indian
society
o What is the meaning of globaliza on
o Kinds of impact of globaliza on –
o economic, poli cal, developmental
and
o socio-cultural
o Is the impact solely posi ve or
nega ve
Social Empowerment
o Defining and comprehending the
concept of social empowerment.
o The ra onale behind the need for
social empowerment.
o Efforts toward social empowerment
through various five-year plans.
o Government ini a ves aimed at
promo ng social empowerment.
o Analyzing the reality of social
empowerment and India's
experiences.
o Alterna ve approaches, players, and
tools for achieving social
empowerment, with relevant case
studies.
Communalism
o Understanding the defini on and
essence of communalism.
25
o Tracing the historical roots and
development of communalism.
o Examina on of recent incidents
related to communalism.
o The involvement of third par es in
fuelling or perpetua ng
communalism.
o The legal framework and regula ons
pertaining to communalism.
o Contempla ng the possibility of
completely eradica ng communalism
from Indian society

Secularism

o Defining the essence and significance

of secularism.
o Analyzing secularism in the context of
the Indian Cons tu on.
o Contras ng Indian and Western
models of secularism.
o Gandhiji's perspec ve on religion and
its rela on to secularism.
o Exploring the philosophy of
secularism as perceived in Indian
thought.
o Iden fying challenges and threats to
the secular spirit.
o Evalua ng the maturity of Indian
democracy in handling the
complexi es of secularism.

Regionalism:

o Understanding the defini on and

essence of regionalism.
o Theore cal perspec ves on
regionalism.
o The diverse expressions of
regionalism.
o The involvement and impact of
various stakeholders.
o Recent events that have triggered a
surge in regionalism.
o Poten al strategies to address and
mi gate the effects of regionalism.

26
 INDIAN POLITY

Historical Evolution & Features o Specific provisions regarding

ci zenship in the region of Jammu
o Importance of Cons tu on and Kashmir.
o Historical evolu on of the o Privileges and special rights enjoyed
o Cons tu on by Indian ci zens.
o Cons tuent Assembly o The dis nc ons between Overseas
o Objec ves of the Cons tu on Ci zens of India (OCI) and Persons of
o Salient features of Indian Cons tu on Indian Origin (PIOs).
o Unitary features
o Federal features Fundamental Rights
o Parliamentary form of government
o Presiden al form of government o Significance of Fundamental Rights
o Parliamentary vs. Presidential system o What is State?
of government o Right to Equality
o Right to Freedom
Preamble o Right against Exploita on
o Right to Freedom of Religion
o Basic features o Cultural and Educa onal Rights
o Value premises of cons tution o Right to Cons tu onal Remedies
o Terminologies as: o Fundamental Rights and Armed
Democra c Forces
Sovereign o Mar al Law & Fundamental Rights
Socialist o Difference between procedure
Secular established by law and due process of
Republic law
Jus ce o Writs and their uses
Equality o Restric ve limita ons on fundamental
Liberty rights
Fraternity o Rights outside Part III of the
Integrity Cons tu on
o Amenability of the Preamble o Dynamic Nature of Ar cle 32
o Need of Revitalizing Indian
Citizenship: Reserva on System

o The fundamental aspects of

ci zenship as per the constitu on.
DPSP
o The procedures and methods for
acquiring ci zenship.
o Basic features
o The various ways in which Indian
o Economic and Social DPSP
ci zenship can be lost.
o Gandhian DPSP
o The concept of dual ci zenship and its
o Administra ve DPSP
implica ons.

27
o DPSP related to Interna onal Peace
o Implementa on of DPSP
o Fundamental Rights and the Direc ve
Principles of State Policy Controversy
o Direc ves outside Part IV of the
o Cons tu on
o Applica on of Uniform Civil Code in
India
Fundamental Du es
o Features
o Link of Fundamental Rights and
Fundamental Du es
Other Principles
o Process of law making in India
o Role of Cons tu onal and extra
cons tu onal bodies in law making
o Basic structure: How it evolves?
Different types of majori es required
in Indian Cons tu on
o DPSP v. Fundamental Rights
o Doctrines & Terminologies
Separa on of Powers
o Features in American and UK
o Cons tu on
o Checks and balances provisions in
o Indian Cons tu on
o Judicial Review
o Concept of Separa on of Powers
Comparison of the Indian
cons tu onal scheme with that of
other countries
o It should cover comparison of USA
UK, India and neighbours
Union & States
o State Reorganiza on Commission
o Components of Indian territory
o Process of forma on of new states
o Zonal Councils
o Union territories
o Special provisions for states
o Scheduled and Tribal Areas
Func ons and responsibili es of the
Union and the States
o Regula ng func ons of Government
o Development func ons of
government
o Service providing func ons of
government
o Problems in implementa on
o Recommenda ons for improvement
o Interrela onship between union,
state and local government in
implementa on of roles
o Cons tu onal provisions related to
financial devolu on
o Issues of financial devolu on
Issues and challenges pertaining to
the federal structure
o Administra ve rela ons
o Legisla ve rela ons
o Financial rela ons
o Emergency Provisions and Misuse of
Ar cle 356
o Inter-State rela ons
o Issues related to Union List, State List
& Concurrent List
o Issues related to appointment of
o Governor
o Issues related to state forma on
o Poor devolu on of finances
o Reserving bill for Presiden al approval
o Central sponsored schemes and issues
o Special package for different states
o Issues between Centre and State a er
1990 reforms
o Foreign policy and Centre and State
Rela ons
o Inter-State border disputes
28
 The President:
o The significance of the President's
role in the Indian poli cal system.
o Qualifica ons required for becoming
the President.
o The elec on procedure of the
President.
o Examining the advantages and
disadvantages of using the single
transferable form of vo ng in the
presiden al elec on.
o The term of office and emoluments of
the President.
o Analyzing the President's execu ve,
legisla ve, emergency, financial,
miscellaneous, and judicial powers.
o Understanding the process of
impeachment of the President.
o The President's posi on as the
nominal head of the country.
o The President's authority in making
ordinances and the passage of bills.
o Assessing the poten al misuse of
emergency provisions.
o The President's power to grant
pardons.
o The dynamics of a coali on
government in rela on to the
President's role
Vice President:
o The office and func ons of the Vice
President.
o Comparing the roles of the Indian Vice
President and the American Vice
President.
o Prime Minister:
o The appointment process and
func ons of the Prime Minister.
o The Prime Minister's role with respect
to the Council of Ministers, President,
Lok Sabha, poli cal party, and
coali on government.
Council of Ministers:
o The division of the Council of
Ministers and their roles.
o The func ons of the Council of
Ministers and the Cabinet.
o Responsibili es of individual
ministers.
Attorney General of India:
o Qualifica ons required to hold the
posi on of the A orney General.
o Func ons and powers of the A orney
General with respect to Parliament.
Parliament
o The composi on of the Rajya Sabha
and the Lok Sabha.
o Qualifica ons and disqualifica ons of
MPs and MLAs.
o Rules for vaca on of seats in
Parliament.
o Informa on about Parliament
sessions and the lawmaking
procedure.
o The roles of officers in Parliament and
State Legislature.
o Proceedings, motions, and resolu ons
in Parliament.
o Powers and privileges of Parliament.
o Financial proceedings in Parliament.
o A comparison between the Lok Sabha
and the Rajya Sabha.
o Women's reserva on in Parliament
and associated issues.
o The impact of lowering parliamentary
powers.
o The working of parliamentary
commi ees.
o The rela onship between judicial
ac vism and Parliament.
o Delegated legisla on and relevant
concerns.
The Judiciary
o Integrated judicial system
o Supreme Court
29
o Composi on
o Independence of Supreme Court
o Jurisdic on of SC
o Judicial Review
o High Court
o Composi on
o Terms and removal
o Jurisdic on
o Other powers
o Lower judiciary
o Appointment
o Powers
o Tribunal & Subordinate Courts
o The role of the Supreme Court of
India as guardian of the Cons tu on
and protector of Fundamental Rights
o Judicial Review
o PIL
o Judicial Ac vism
o Judiciary appointment
o Collegiums System
o NJAC Controversy
o Na onal Court of Appeal
o Judicial Accountability
o Issues of corrup on in judiciary
o Role of Women in Judiciary
o Need for Virtual Courts
Government
o Func oning of Ministries
o Central Secretariat
o Cabinet Secretary
o Field organiza ons
o Reforms needed
o Interna onal methodology
Local Government
o Provisions of 73rd AA and 74th AA
o Role and func ons of different ers
o Municipal Corpora ons
o Municipal Councils
o Nagar Panchayats
o The steps taken towards women’s
empowerment
o Role of State Elec on commission
o Role of State Finance Commission
o Smart City Mission & Municipal
Governance
o Model Panchayat Ci zens Charter
Framework
Dispute redressal mechanisms and
ins tu ons
o What is Dispute redressal
mechanisms?
o Need of Dispute redressal
mechanisms
o Administra ve tribunal and issues
o Fast Track Courts and issues
o Gram Nyalayas and issues
o Parivarik Mahila Lok Adalats and
issues
o Family Courts and issues
o Lok Adalat and issues
o NALSA and issues
o Dispute redressal for Weaker sec on
o Arbitra on Mechanism
o Interna onal Arbitrary Centre
o Commercial Court
Comptroller And Auditor-General Of
India
o Appointment
o Func ons
o Role of CAG in good governance
The Governor
o Appointment, term of office,
qualifica on,
o Powers
o Discre onary powers
o Ordnance making power
o Pardoning power of the Governor
Chief Minister
o Appointment
o Powers and responsibili es
o Rela onship between the Governor
and the Chief Minister
30
o Rela onship between CoM and the
Chief Minister
The Advocate-General for the
State
o Co-opera ve Socie es
o Official Languages under the Indian
Cons tu on
Political Dynamics

o Appointment o Provisions related to Poli cal Par es

o Func ons o Rise of Regional Par es in India
o State legislature o Elec on Laws and Electoral Reforms
o The composi on of Vidhan Sabha and in India
Vidhan Parishad o Importance of NRI votes in Indian
o Qualifica ons of the Members of o Elec on System
Legislature o Tenth Schedule of the Indian
o Powers and Func ons of State Cons tu on
Legislature
o Rela onship between both the
Houses
o Officers of State Legislature
o Powers, Privileges and Immuni es of
State Legislatures and their Members
o Legisla ve procedure
o Governor’s assent to Bills
o Procedure in Financial Ma ers

Cons tu onal Bodies

o Elec on Commission
o Union Public Service Commission
o State Public Service Commission
o Finance Commission
o GST Council
o Na onal Commission for SCs and STs
o Special Officer for Linguis c
Minori es

Non-Cons tu onal Bodies

o NITI Aayog
o Na onal and State Human Rights
Commission
o Central and State Informa on
Commission
o Central Vigilance Commission
o Central Bureau of Inves ga on
o Lokpal and Lokayukta

Various Constitu onal Dimensions

31
 GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
GOVERNANCE
Need and importance of Government
Policies
o Growth and development
o Human development and human
o capital forma on
o Equality (interpersonal and
interregional) and social jus ce
o Unity and integrity
o Trust between state and ci zens
o Governance: Meaning and Scope
o Good Governance
o Contemporary debate around
Governance and Good Governance
Government Interven on:
o The role of ins tu ons, bureaucrats,
and other stakeholders in promo ng
good governance.
o Emphasizing transparency and
accountability in government ac ons.
o Efficient u liza on of resources
through appropriate targeting,
preven ng leaks, curbing wasteful
expenditure, and leveraging
knowledge, research, and innova on.
o The importance of monitoring and
evalua ng outcomes, with techniques
such as budgeting, zero base
budge ng, input-output analysis, and
cost-benefit analysis.
o Establishing ins tu ons and
regulatory norms, including task
forces, steering commi ees, and
review commi ees.
o Government interven ons in
emerging areas like social media,
data, privacy, and the social sector.
Self Help Groups
o Meaning
o Importance
o Objec ves
o Ins tu onal Structure and
organiza on
o Funding
o SHGs and Women
o SHGs and poverty
o SHGs and Rural Development
Micro Finance
o Meaning and importance
o Objectives
o Structure and Organiza on
o Advantages
o Micro Finance in India
Non-Government Organiza ons
o What are NGOs?
o Difference between Non-
Government Organiza ons (NGOs)
and Interna onal Non Government
Organiza ons (INGOs)
o NGOs and development projects
o NGOs and Community development
o NGOs involved in relief and
rehabilita on
o NGOs involved in disaster
management
o NGOs and advocacy
Important aspects of governance
o Ci zen centric governance Features of
good governance Legisla ve
accountability Administra ve
32
 accountability Judicial accountability o Different role of civil services
o Law making
Ombudsman
o Policy formula on
o Whistleblowers concept o Policy implementa on
o An corrup on machinery o Policy evalua on
o Civil services as protector of
o Role of ci zens
democracy
o Role of media o To protect minori es (religious and
o Social audit linguis c)
o To promote Inclusive and sustainable
o Systema c reforms growth
o Social Media and Accountability/ o Civil Services – Democracy dynamics
Emerging challenges for Civil Services
Transparency/Governance
Reforms - Lateral Entry
o Delega on o Capacity building of Civil Services
o Delega on vs decentralisa on Bo om - (Past to Present) Autonomy Frequent
transfers and security of tenure -
up governance concept/benefits/ analysis
o Cadre Policy
o Performance Appraisal and HR
E-Governance
policies for Civil Services
o Introduc on o Civil Services Board
o Applica ons
o Models Pressure groups and formal/ informal
o Successes asso-cia ons and their role in the
o Limita ons Polity
o Future prospects
o Dashboards and Portals of o What are pressure groups?
o E-governance and E-government o Types
- Uses/Impact/Analysis o The significance of pressure groups in
o Democracy and E-governance India
o E governance and Judiciary o Differen ate between a pressure
o E governance and Legislatures group and a poli cal party
o Evalua on of pressure groups role
Citizens Charters o Pressure groups and new media
o Poli cisa on of Pressure Groups
o Introduc on o Role of pressure groups in governance
o Models Issues, pros, cons, challenges for
o Features Pressure Groups
o CC in India
o Issues in CC implementa on Appointment to various
o Reform needed Cons tu onal posts, powers,
o Sevo am Framework func ons and responsibili es of
various Constitu onal Bodies
Role of civil services in a democracy o Appointment of CAG (procedure
of appointment) –
o Concept of civil services
o Need for civil services o composi on of CAG

33
o Func ons and responsibili es of o Other bodies - NGT, NHRC etc.
CAG o Evalua on of Each body: History/
o Powers and privileges of CAG Evolu on/ Pros/Cons/Issues/
(provided by cons tu on and o Challenges/Way Forward
different ACTs of Parliament.)
o Appointment of ECI (procedure of Statutory, Regulatory and various
appointment) - composi on of ECI Quasi-Judicial Bodies
o SEBI
o Func ons and responsibili es of
o CVC
ECI
o CBI
o Powers and privileges of ECI
o Planning Commission
(provided
o NDC
by Cons tu on and different acts of
o PMO
Parliament)
o Zonal Council
o Appointment to UPSC (procedure
o TRAI
of appointment)- composi on of
o NCLAT
UPSC
o IRDA
o Func ons and responsibili es of
o Na onal Human Rights
UPSC
Commission
o Powers and privileges of UPSC
o State Human Rights Commission
(provided by Cons tu on and
o Central Informa on Commission
different Acts of Parliament.)
o State Informa on Commission
o Appointment to Finance
o Na onal Consumer Disputes
commission (procedure of
Redressal Commission
appointment)
o Tribunal
o Composi on of Finance
o Medical Council of India
Commission
o Pension Fund Regulatory and
o Func ons and responsibili es of
Development Authority
o Finance Commission
o Biodiversity Authority of India
o Powers and privileges of Finance
o Press Council of India
o Commission (provided by
Cons tu on and different Acts of
Elec ons in India
Parliament.)
o Salient features of the
o Na onal Commission for SCs and Representa on of People Act,
STs. 1950
o Electoral reforms

34
o Criminaliza on of poli cs o Disabled
o State funding of Elections o Children
o Electoral Bonds o Refugees
o Transgenders
Political Parties in India o Manual Scavengers
o People with Special needs etc.
o Party reforms
o Problems in the working of par es Poverty, Hunger and Health
Casteism and poli cs
o Reforms in Party system in India o Poverty
Strengthening of An -defec on o Hunger
measures o Health
o Coali on Governments and o Malnutri on
dynamics o Unemployment
o Distress Migra on
Role of Pressure Groups o Schemes - MGNREGA, PM POSHAN,
Ayushman Bharat etc Policies -
o Types of pressure groups NHP , NEP etc.
o Role of pressure group in
developing countries
o Func ons of pressure groups in
India
o Pressure groups methods
Pressure groups and Democracy
Cri cism of pressure groups

Local Government and

Governance
o Issues of Funds, Func ons and
Func onaries.
o Local Government and Vulnerable
Sec ons
(SC/ST/OBC/Women/Transgender
s/Migrants/Children/ Disabled
etc.)
o Local Government and emerging
issues (Disaster
Management,Technology)
o Localism
o Vulnerable Sec ons (issues/
o challenges/ solu ons/laws/
o interven ons)
o SC
o ST
o OBC
o Migrants
o Women

35
 SOCIAL JUSTICE
Welfare schemes for vulnerable
Sec ons of the popula on by the
Centre and States
o Cons tu onal arrangement
o Women welfare
o Gender technology gap
o Women in Indian Poli cal System
Issue of Marriageable Age for
Women Child welfare
o SC/ST welfare and OBC welfare
o Caste Census
o Gender reserva on in ULB
o Minori es welfare
o Old age welfare
o Legisla ons Issues and Reforms
needed
Services rela ng to Health,
Educa on, Human Resources
o Educa on structure in India
o Primary, secondary and higher
educa on
o Ini a ves taken by GOI in educa on
Reforms needed
o Recommenda ons of commi ees
Future prospects in educa on sector
Skill development
o Private and Public health structure
o NITI Aayog Report
o Economic development and human
development
o SDGs and India
Issues rela ng to poverty and hunger
o Poverty defini on by different
commi ees
o Poverty data in India
o Causes of poverty
o Poverty and unemployment
o Poverty and social conflict
o Impact of LPG on poverty
o Rural poverty
o Urban poverty
o Feminiza on of poverty
o Poverty allevia on measures
o Problems in implementa on of
o Poverty allevia on programmes
The Scheduled and Tribal Areas
o 5th Schedule Areas
o 6th Schedule Areas
o Composi on of autonomous
councils
o Role and func ons of councils
Role of Governor with respect to
tribal areas
o Tribal sub plan
o Start-up and Skill Development
Vulnerable Sector
o Social Security Scheme
o Atal Pension Yojana
o Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyo
BimaYojana
o Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima
Yojana
o Minori es
o Nai Roshni Scheme
o USTAAD Scheme
o Nai Manzil Scheme
Women and Child Development
o Be Bachao Be Padhao
o Sukanya SamriddhiYojana
o Ujjawala Scheme
o Janani SurakshaYo jana
o Janani Shishu Suraksha
Karyakram
o SC/ST
o Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana
Health
36
o Na onal Health Mission
o Na onal Ayush Mission
o Swasthya Rakshan Program
o Jan Aushadhi Scheme
o Mission Indradhanush
o NFHS-5 survey
o Khelo India
o One Rank One Pension Scheme
o PRAGATI (Pro-Ac ve Governance and
o Timely Implementa on)
o Indian Community Welfare Fund
o (ICWF)

Educa on Inclusive growth

o Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat o Measurement criteria

o Mid Day Meal Scheme o Government ini a ves for inclusive
o GIAN (Global Ini a ve of Academic growth
Networks) o Sustainable Development
o Rashtriya Avishkar Abhiyan o Rural development and poverty
o SWAYAM (Study Webs of Ac ve - allevia on
Learning for Young Aspiring Minds) o Review of the Exis ng Programmes
Development Administra on
Rural & Urban Development o Panchaya Raj
o Agriculture and Rural Development
o Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana
o Gram Uday Se Bharat Uday Abhiyan
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban
Mission
o Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyo
Yojana
o Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
Swachch Bharat Abhiyan
o Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- Gramin
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana - Urban
Housing for all by 2022
o Smart Ci es Mission
o Hriday - Na onal Heritage City

Miscellaneous Schemes

o Jeevan Praman
o Digilocker
o Bharatnet Project (Na onal
Op cal Fibre Network)
o INSPIRE (Innova on in Science
Pursuit for Inspired Research)
o Digital India
o Namami Gange Project
(Integrated Ganga Conserva on
Mission Project)

37
 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Evolu on and Key Principles of
Indian Foreign Policy
o Determinants of India’s Foreign
Policy Factors determining India’s
Foreign Policy
o Non-Aligned Movement
o NAM 2.0
o Panchsheel
o India’s Nuclear Doctrine
o Evolu on of Neighbourhood Policy
Look East Policy, Act East Policy
o Look West Policy, Act West Policy
o Role played by Indian Diaspora
Bilateral Rela ons
India & Neighbours
India and Nepal Rela ons
o Background of Rela on
o Coopera on between India & Nepal
Conten ons in rela ons between
India & Nepal
o The Issue of Water and Hydropower
Coopera on
o Recommenda ons to Improve
Rela ons
o External Influences
Indo-Afghan Bilateral Rela ons:
o A history of enduring and extensive
bilateral ties between India and
Afghanistan.
o The India-Afghanistan development
partnership, highligh ng collabora ve
efforts in various sectors.
o Strategic factors that form the
founda on of India's partnership with
Afghanistan, including mutual
interests and regional stability.
o The evolving situa on in Afghanistan
following NATO's withdrawal.
o The presence and role of the
Taliban
India-Bangladesh Relations:
o The development partnership
between India and
Bangladesh, reflec ng their
collabora ve efforts for
mutual growth and progress.
o India-Bangladesh rela ons
align with India's 'Look East'
policy, emphasizing stronger
es with East Asian
countries.
o Agreements related to the
boundary between India and
Bangladesh, fostering a spirit
of coopera on and resolving
territorial issues.
o The ongoing Teesta River
dispute, represen ng a
significant challenge in
bilateral rela ons.
India-Sri Lanka Rela ons:
o The focus on commercial
rela ons between India and
Sri Lanka, contribu ng to
economic growth and mutual
trade opportuni es.
o Developmental coopera on
efforts, showcasing India's
support for Sri Lanka's social
and economic development.
o The issue of fishermen
straining bilateral es
between India and Sri Lanka.
India-Myanmar Rela ons:
o The historical rela onship
between India and Myanmar.
38
o Recent policy changes in India's
approach towards Myanmar,
highligh ng evolving priorities in the
region.
o China's role in the dynamics between
India and Myanmar, influencing
regional geopoli cs.
Indo-Pak Rela ons:
o Coopera on between India and
Pakistan, marked by both shared
interests and historical disputes.
o Major crises that have impacted India-
Pakistan rela ons over the years.
o Water disputes as a conten ous issue
between the two neighboring
countries.
o Indian-Russia Rela ons:
o The strategic coopera on and
partnership between India and Russia
in various spheres, including defense
and energy.
o Major concerns influencing the
bilateral rela onship.
o The impact of Russia-China rela ons
on India's foreign policy
considera ons.
Indo-China Relations:
o Economic rela ons between India and
China, exploring trade and investment
opportuni es.
o Water-related issues and concerns
arising from shared rivers between
India and China.
o China's "String of Pearls Strategy" and
the implica ons it holds for India's
security interests.
o The Mari me Silk Route and its
poten al effects on India's
geopoli cal posi on.
o The militariza on of China's Belt and
Road Ini a ve (BRI) and its
implica ons for regional dynamics.
o Confidence Building Measures (CBMs)
and border disputes in the Indo-China
rela onship.
Security Challenges in the Indian
Ocean Region
o The Pivot to Asia – US Policy Shi
South China Sea- Issues of Mistrust
o Piracy off the Coast of Somalia
o Neighbourhood Issues and Terrorism
o Energy Routes
o Fisheries and Livelihood Issues
o Environmental Security
o Declara on of Indian Ocean as Zone
of Peace
India and Asian Nations rela ons
India–Iran
o Iran Nuclear Deal and India
o India–Iran Rela ons
o US-Geopoli cal and Geo-Economic
o Considera on in Iran
India–Israel
o Israel and Pales ne Conflict
o India–Israel Rela ons
India–Saudi Arabia
o Areas of Coopera on
o Challenges in rela ons
India-South East Asia
o Steps in Indo-ASEAN Rela ons
o India-ASEAN Security Co-opera on
Indo-Japan Bilateral Rela onship
o Economy Centric Rela onship
o Contemporary Perspec ve
India–South Korea
o India–South Korea Rela ons
o Economic Partnership in Recent Years
India and Africa
o Historical Connec ons
o Gandhi’s Role
o Nehru’s Role
o Strengthening of Ties
39
o South-South Engagement
o Current Dynamics
o Economic Coopera on
o Human resources development and
capacity building
o Energy Coopera on
o Military Security Co-operation
o Trade Policy
o Afro-Indian Trade
o Indian investment in Africa
o African investment in India
o Development coopera on and
assistance
India–France
o Strategic Partnership
o Prime Minister’s Recent Visit to
France
India–United Kingdom
o India & UK Rela ons
o India & BREXIT
India–USA
o Area of Co-opera on: Strategic
Consulta ons
o Counterterrorism and Internal
Security
o Area of Co-opera on: Trade and
Economic
o Area of Co-opera on: Energy and
Climate Change
o Area of Co-opera on: Science &
Technology (S & T) and Space
o Area of Co-opera on: Defence
Coopera on
o Intellectual Property Issues
o India and Interna onal Organisa ons
o Indo-Pacific Rela ons
o Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
(QUAD)
o India and Generalised System of
Preference (GSP)
MULTILATERAL RELATIONS
The World Trade Organiza on (WTO):
o Representa on of countries in the
WTO
o The decision-making process within
the WTO and how agreements are
reached.
o The func ons and responsibili es of
the WTO Secretariat and its budget
management.
o The process for countries to join the
WTO and meet its membership
requirements.
o Assistance provided by the WTO to
developing and transi on economies.
o The role of the WTO in shaping global
economic policy-making.
o The Nairobi Package, which includes
trade-related decisions adopted
during the 10th WTO Ministerial
Conference.
o The WTO's stance on protec onism
and its efforts to promote free and
fair trade prac ces.
o The WTO's role in addressing
intellectual property rights (IPR)
issues.
o Proposed reforms to improve the
func oning and effec veness of the
WTO.
o The rela onship between the WTO
and India and their engagement in
trade-related ma ers.
o The concerns of developing na ons,
especially regarding agriculture,
within the framework of the WTO.
o The impact of Free Trade Agreements
(FTAs) on interna onal trade and the
WTO's stance on such agreements.
Interna onal Monetary Fund
o Interna onal Monetary Fund (IMF)
o IMF Reforms
Nuclear Security
40
o Nuclear Security Summit
o Threats of Nuclear Terrorism
o Missile Technology Control Regime
o (MTCR)
o Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
o NSG Membership for India
o Nuclear Non-Prolifera on Treaty
o (NPT)
BRICS
o WIPO
o World Bank
o Interna onal Monetary Fund (IMF)
o Important Key Concepts
o New World Order
o Dynamics of New World Order
o New Cold War?
o Personality as factor in Indian Foreign
Policy
o Economic Crises in Sri Lanka

o Economic Environment in BRICS

Countries
o BRICS-BIMSTEC
o BRICS & India

SAARC
o Prospects For SAARC
o Indo-Pak Conflict
o Problem of Resource Development

Global Institu ons

o United Na ons & its Bodies
o Structure of United Na ons
o United Na ons General Assembly
o United Na ons Security Council
(UNSC)
o India & UNSC
o Economic and Social Council
o Interna onal Court of Jus ce (ICJ)
o UN Specialised Agencies
o Food & Agriculture Organiza on
o Interna onal Civil Avia on
o Organiza on (ICAO)
o Interna onal Labour Organiza on
(ILO)
o Interna onal Mari me Organiza on
(IMO)
o Interna onal Telecommunica on
o Union (ITU)
o United Na ons Educa onal, Scien fic
and Cultural Organiza on (UNESCO)
o Interna onal Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD)
o World Health Organiza on (WHO)
and Question over its Credibility
World Meteorological Organisa on
(WMO)

41
 INDIAN ECONOMY

Indian Economy and issues rela ng to

o Human development index
planning
o GDP
o Indian Economy in Pre-independence o Gender-related development index
Period o Poverty index
o Economy on Eve of Independence o Economic and Social Development in
o Challenges India: Millennium Development Goals
o Features o Sustainable Development Goals and
o Post-Independence India India
o Issues o Employment
o Agriculture and its development so far
o Industry Resource Mobiliza on
o Service
o Types of resources: Physical capital
o Phases of Economic Development in
and finance capital
India o Need for resource mobiliza on
o Nehruvian Socialist Economy o Sources of resource mobiliza on
o Public Sector and Private Sector
o Economic Reforms
Savings and investment over the five
o Planning year plan
o Objec ves o Budgetary resources: Tax and Non
o Planning History o Role of Public Debt in resource
mobiliza on and effects
o Analysis of each plan o Role of fiscal and monetary policies in
o Growth & Development resource mobiliza on
o Economic Growth in India: o Role of foreign investment in resource
mobiliza on
o Na onal Income Determina on
o GDP
o GNP Inclusive Growth and Associated
Challenges
o NDP
o Defini on and No on of Inclusivity
o NNP o India's Experience and the Process of
o Personal Income Inclusion in the Social Sector
o Reali es on the Ground and
o Economic Growth versus Economic Func oning of Key Ini a ves
Development o Economic Expansion Rooted in the
Rural Sphere
o Measures of Economic Development

42
o Necessity for Sustainable Agriculture,
Ensuring Food Security, and Building
Resilience to Foster Growth
o Public Distribu on Programs: A
Pathway to Achieve Inclusive
Development
o Financial Inclusion as a Catalyst for
Promo ng Inclusivity
o Strategies for Mi ga ng Poverty and
Genera ng Employment to Foster
Inclusive Progress
o Collabora on between the Public and
Private Sectors to Promote Inclusive
Development
o Employing Sectoral and Geographic
Diversifica on as Tools for Advancing
Inclusivity
o Governmental Policies and Ini a ves
Geared Towards Achieving Inclusive
Growth
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
MUDRA (Micro Units Development
and Refinance Agency)
U liza on (SETU) Skill India
Mahatma Gandhi Na onal Rural
Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA)
Kisan Card
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee
Yojana (PMKSY)
Na onal Agriculture Market (NAM)
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyo Beema
Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Suraksha
Yojana
Atal Pension Yojana
Digital India programme
Government Financial Planning
o Alloca on of Funds
o Vocabulary Related to Budge ng
o Categories of Financial Plans
o Characteris cs of Result-Oriented
Financial Planning
o Integra on of Railway and Overall
Financial Plans
o Advantages of Financial Alloca on
o Limita ons in the Process of Financial
Planning
o Examina on of Budgetary Measures
Investment Models Need for
Investment
o Sources of Investment
o Measures of Investment
o Capital and investment
o Factors affec ng investment
o Classifica on of Investment
Types of Investment Models
o Domes c Investment Models
o Public Investment Model
o Private Investment Model
o Public Private Par cipa on
o Investment Model Foreign Investment
Models (FDI, FII, etc.)
o Role of State - PPP (Public-Private
Partnership)
o Savings and Investment Trends
Fiscal policy
o Fiscal Policy in India
o Important Budgetary Terms and Fiscal
Concept
o Government Revenues & Spending
o Deficits and its financing
o Revenue Deficit
o Fiscal Deficit
o Primary Deficit
o Balance Shee
Taxa on
o Principles of Tax Collec on
o Taxa on for Gathering Finances
o Taxa on Framework in India
Contemporary Tax Strategy in India
Financial Support
o Tax Restructuring
o Progress of Goods and Services Tax
(GST)
43
o Retrospec ve Taxa on in the Indian
Context
Monetary Policy in India
o India's Monetary Strategy Tools for
Managing Monetary Policy
o Monetary Approach Before
Economic Reforms
o Monetary Approach After Economic
Reforms
o Recommenda ons from the Urjit
Patel Commi ee
o Monetary Policy Commi ee and
Targe ng Infla on
Financial system
o Indian Financial System: An Overview
o Components of the Indian Financial
System
o Financial Ins tu ons-Banking and
Depository Ins tu ons
o Non-Banking and Non-Depository
Ins tu ons
o Other En es: (Regulatory,
Intermediaries, Non-Intermediaries)
Financial Assets (Call Money, No ce
Money, Term Money, Treasury Bills,
CDs, Commercial Paper)
o Financial Services (Banking,
Insurance, Investment, Forex)
Financial Markets (Capital, Money,
Forex, Credit)
Banking System in India
o Structure and Roles of Banking in
India
Types of Banks in India
o Central Bank (Reserve Bank of India)
o Coopera ve Banks
o Commercial Banks
o Public Sector Banks (e.g., State Bank
of India)
o Private Sector Banks (e.g., HDFC Bank)
o Foreign Banks (e.g., CITI Bank)
o Regional Rural Banks
o Local Area Banks
o Specialized Banks (e.g., SIDBI
NABARD)
o Small Finance Bank
o Payments Banks (e.g., Airtel Payment
Bank)
o Bank Na onaliza on in India
o Banking Sector Reforms: Narasimhan
Commi ee Nachiket Mor Commi ee,
P J Nayak Commi ee)
Development Finance Ins tu ons:
o IFCI, ICICI, SIDBI, IDBI, UTI, LIC, GIC
o New Bank Licensing Criteria
o Non-Banking Financial Companies
(NBFCs)
o Financial Inclusion in India:
o PMJDY, Payment Banks, and Small
Banks
o Non-Performing Assets (NPAs)
o Rise of Neo Banks
o Emerging Concept of Bad Banks
o Indian Insurance Sector Bank
o Priva za on Account Aggregator
o System Domes c Systemically
Important Banks (D-SIBs)
o Global Trade & International En ties
o Interna onal Trade
India’s Balance of Payments
o Current Account
o Capital account
o Trade of Goods and Services
o Performance of India's Balance of
Payments
o Comparison between Balance of
Payments and Balance of Trade
o Dis nc on Between Current and
Capital Accounts I
o Impact of Global Integra on on the
Indian Economy
o Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
44
o Foreign Por olio Investment (FPI) in o Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY),
India,
o Direct Benefit Transfers
o Overseas Commercial Borrowing
o Foreign Exchange Rate Determina on o Na onal Food Security Act Agriculture
o Types of Exchange Rate o Marke ng Key Crops
o Capital and Current Account
o Conver bility in India
o The Bre on Woods Twins
o World Bank
o Interna onal Monetary Fund
o World Bank Group
o World Trade Organisa on (WTO) and
India
o ADB, NDB, BRICS Bank, AIIB
o Bilateral, Regional and Global
Groupings and Agreements involving
India
o Important report

AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

The Contribu on of Agriculture to

the Indian Economy
o Historical Context and Current Status
o Cropping Systems: Varie es – Mono-
cropping, Crop Rota on, Sequen al
Cropping, Inter Cropping, Relay
Cropping Direct
o Indirect Farm Subsidies and Minimum
Support Prices
o Concerns and Consequences of Farm
Subsidies in India:
o Meaning, Func oning, Rationale of
subsidies
o Buffer Stocks Public Distribu on
System in India: Explana on, Issues,
Func oning, Necessi es,
o Disadvantages Targeted PDS,
o Diverse Cropping Pa erns,
o Irriga on Types
o Produce Transporta on and
Marke ng, Concerns,
o Technological Integra on
o Defini ve Land Title Registra on
o Biotech-KISAN Ini a ve
Land Reforms
o Land ownership patterns under the
Bri sh rule
o Zamindari System (Permanent
settlement of Bengal)
o Ryotwari System
o Mahalwari System
o Land reforms since independence
o Objec ves of land reforms in India
o Progress of Land Reforms in India

45
 Important Schemes
o Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maandhan
Yojana
o PM-Kisan Scheme
o Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
(PKVY)
o Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
(PMKSY)
o Rythu Bandhu Scheme
Agricultural Credit Institu ons
o Commercial Bank
o Lead Bank Scheme
o Mul Agency Approach
o Regional Rural Banks
o Na onal Bank for Agriculture
Rural Development (NABARD)
o Kisan Credit Card Scheme
o Self Help Group (SHG)
o Programme Rural Infrastructure
Development Fund (RIDF)
Crop Insurance in India
o Historical Background
o Issues Related to Crop Insurance
o Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
o Comparison with Earlier Crop
o Insurance Schemes Challenges
Subsidies
o Subsidy in India
Farm Subsidies
Fer liser subsidies
Subsidy on power
Subsidy on irriga on
Issues related to direct and indirect
farm subsidies and
minimum support prices
o Objec ves of subsidies
o Issues of buffer stocks and
o food security Technology missions
o Economics of animal-rearing
Public Distribu on System
o Objec ves
o Func oning
o Limita ons
o Revamping
o evolu on from universal PDS to
targeted PDS
o Buffer Stock policy and government’s
interven on in food market to keep
prices under reasonable limits to help
consumers
o Food Security bill
o Ques ons of resource mobiliza on for
the FSB.
Agriculture Revolution in India
o Green Revolu on
o White Revolu on
o Yellow Revolu on
o Blue Revolu on
o Golden Fibre Revolu on
Food Processing and Associated
Industries
o Extent and Importance
o Geographical Distribu on,
o Processed Food Landscape in Various
Sectors.
o Government Ac ons and Measures.
o Progress in Building Food Processing
Infrastructure.
o Challenges within the Food Processing
Domain.
o Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Regula ons in Food Processing.
o Prominent Pa erns in the Indian Food
Processing Scene.
o Tac cs Implemented through
Budgetary Planning.
o Fresh Foreign and Domes c
Investments.
46
 INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

Industrial Policy and Advancement of o Effects of globaliza on on industries

Industry: Central Concerns Sub-prime crisis and sovereign debt
o The Mahalanobis Approach and India's o Transforma on of MSME sector and
Industrial Policy impact on India
o Analyzing the 1948 and 1956 Industrial
Policy Resolu ons from a Cri cal
Perspec ve.
o The New Economic Policy and Industrial
Strategies Amidst Liberaliza on.
o Private Sector Involvement.
o Integra on into the Global Market.
o Stages of Industrial Progress

Key Aspects of Industrial Advancement

in India
o Roles of Private and Public Sectors
o Investment in Industry
o Strategies for disinvestment and
priva za on
o Role of Small, Medium and Micro
enterprises,
o effects of globaliza on
o New Manufacturing Policy
o Industrial disbursal and Industrial
corridors
o SEZs - Main issues like land use,
o reloca on of same industries that exist
o exports earnings vs loss of tax income
o Industrial sickness
o ins tu onal mechanism to support the
sick industries, exit policy issues
o Main constraints in the industrial
development of India

47
 INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA

Effects of Infrastructure: Economic

Important Schemes
Ramifica ons, Influence on Social Progress,
o PM Ga Shak Na onal Master Plan
Environmental Consequences.
o Mega Investment Tex les Parks
(MITRA) Scheme
o Transporta on Networks o Na onal Bank for Financing
o Ports and Their Impact o Infrastructure and Development
o Mari me Trade Routes (NaBFID) to fund infrastructure
o Inland Waterway Systems projects in India
o Key Regions of Inland Waterways o Na onal Industrial Corridor
o Road Networks and Their Importance Development Programme (NICDP)
o Government Ini a ves for Road
Infrastructure
o Na onal Infrastructure Pipeline
o Bharatmala Pariyojana
o Airports and Their Significance
o Air Routes and Factors Affec ng Air
Transport
o Railways and Factors Shaping Railroad
Development
o Global Distribu on of Railway Networks

Energy Pipeline System

o Transpor ng Energy via Pipelines

o Crude Oil Pipelines
o Natural Gas Pipelines
o Significance and Evolu on of
Transporta on Networks
o Modes of Transporta on
o Opera onal Costs in Transporta on
o Government's Transport Policies
o Global Transporta on Trends
o Transporta on Costs and Specializa on
o Transporta on's Role in Contemporary
Trade
o Transporta on Costs and Economies of
Scale
o Reduced Transporta on Costs
o Detrimental Effects of Transporta on
o Infrastructure as Investment
Opportuni es
o Public-Private Partnerships and
Associated Ma ers
o Maintenance and Opera on of Roads,
Railways, Irriga on, and Power Projects –
Principal Issues and Resolu ons

48
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BIOLOGY

o Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Chemical Building Blocks of Life
o Reproduc ve System
o Excre on, Osmoregula on, and
History and Origin of Life
Thermoregula on
o Diges ve System
o Diversity of Living Things
o Immune System
o Classifica on and Domains of Life
o Nutri on
o Viruses
o Prokaryotes
Classification Based on Energy and
o Eukaryotes
Carbon Source
o Pro sts
o Plants
o Plant Nutri on
o Animal Nutri on
Life's Evolu on
o Human Dietary Pa erns
o Evolu on of Life Forms
Plant Processes
o Evolu on of Humans
o Photosynthesis
Gene c Principles
o Cellular Respira on
o Plant Water Regula on
o Inheritance Mechanisms
o Reproduc on in Plants
o DNA and RNA
o Gene Expression
Imaging Methods
o Control of Gene Ac vity
o Gene c Muta ons
o Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
o Magne c Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Cellular Structure
o Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
o Structure of Cells
Biological Fuel Production
o Cell Membranes
o Cell Communica on
o Forma on and Importance of Fossil
o Cellular Respira on
Fuels
o Energy and Metabolism
o Biofuels Derived from Biomass
o Cell Division
o Biodiesel
o Forma on of Tissues
o Natural Gas and Petroleum
o Tissues
o Hydrogen Genera on
o Epithelial Tissues
o Connec ve Tissues
o Muscle Tissues
o Nervous Tissues

Organ Systems and Human Physiology

49
 CHEMISTRY

o Atoms and Compounds

o Elements and Molecules
o Various States of Ma er
o Structure of Atoms
o Metallurgy and Chemistry
o Metallurgical Processes
o Acids and Bases
o Electrochemistry Applica ons
o Solu ons and Substances
o Characteris cs of Solu ons
o Chemicals in Daily Life
o Polymers and Biopolymers
o Biochemistry and Pharmaceu cals
o Chemistry of Pharmaceu cals
o Carbon and its Various Forms
o Hydrocarbons and their Deriva ves
o Biomolecules
o Vitamins and Enzymes

PHYSICS

Characteris cs of Fundamental
Par cles

o Basic Forces in Nature

o Energy and its Various Forms
o Study of Light and Op cs
o The Electromagne c Spectrum
o Theories and Laws in Physics,
Including Rela vity
o Concepts of Electromagne sm
o Heat and Thermodynamic Principles
o Understanding Waves
o Mechanical Wave Phenomena
o Electromagne c Wave Behavior
o Exploring the Universe
o Big-bang theory and singularity
o Dark ma er and energy
o Black holes
o Neutrino Observatory
o Gravita onal Waves

50
 BIOTECHNOLOGY

Gene c Engineering: Procedure and

o Molecular Diagnos cs
U liza on
o Polymerase Chain Reac on (PCR)
o Genomics Study
o Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
o Proteomics Study
(ELISA)
o Varie es of RNA and Technological
o An body-An gen Interac ons and
Applica ons
Detec on Methods
o Genome Sequencing and its Prac cal Uses
o Embryo Transfer Techniques
o Stem Cells and their Engineering
Biotechnology Application in
o Biopharmaceu cals and Therapeu c
Environmental Context
Proteins
o Brain Fingerprin ng Technology
o Bio Compos ng
o Bioremedia on
Ethical Considera ons and Biopiracy
o Microbial Remedia on
Issues
o Carbon Capture Techniques

o Protocols for Biosafety

Plant Biotechnology
o Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in
Biotechnology
o Gene cally Modified Plants
o Recent Developments and Current
o Techniques and Uses of Plant
Trends in Biotechnology and its
Biotechnology
Prac cal Applica ons
o Animal Biotechnology
o Gene cally Modified Animals
o Techniques and Uses of Animal
Biotechnology

Biotechnology's Role in Food and

Beverage Industry

o Bioprocessing
o Bioreactors
o Enzyme Manipula on
o Food Processing
o Single Cell Protein Produc on
o Food For fica on

Biotechnology in Agriculture

o Gene cally Modified Technology

o Gene cally Modified Crops
o Plants Resistant to Pests

Biotechnology and Medical Field

o Gene Edi ng
o Gene Therapy

51
 HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES

Human Ailments
Vaccina on and Building Immunity

o Ordinary Human Diseases and Their

o Vaccina on Ini a ves in India
Responsible Agents
o Pharmaceu cals
o Diseases Arising from Insufficient
o An bio c Medica ons
Nutrients
o Drugs for Comba ng Viruses and
o Human Disease in Connec on with
Fungi
Molecular Biology
o Medical Treatment with Monoclonal
o Disease Correla on with
An bodies
Chromosomal Inheritance
o Challenges Related to Resistance to
o Disease Correla on with Non-
An microbial Drugs
Chromosomal Inheritance
o Development of Drug Mixtures
o Diseases Transmi ed by Vectors
o Drug Cost Structure in India
o Diseases Spread through Water
o Role of Gene cs in Pharmacology
o Health Issues Stemming from Lifestyle

SPACE SECTOR

Different Types of Orbits

o Nanosatellites in Space Opera ons
Diverse Categories of Launch
o Electric Propulsion U liza on
Vehicles and their Uses
o Satellite-Based Internet
Space Expedi ons Conducted by
Communica on with Starlink
Prominent Space Agencies
o Satellite Communica on Applica ons
o Remote Sensing and its Prac cal Uses
o NASA Space Missions
o Ground Segment Services in Space
o Ac vi es and Achievements of ISRO
Domain
o European Space Agency (ESA)
o Environmentally Friendly Propellant
Missions
Op ons
o Russian Federal Space Agency
o Deep Space Atomic Clock
(ROSCOSMOS) Endeavors
Implementa on
o Japanese Aerospace Explora on
o Strategic Implica ons in Space
Agency (JAXA) Ini a ves
Domain
o China Na onal Space Administra on
o Space Weaponry
(CNSA) Ventures
o An -Satellite (A-SAT) Technology
o ISRO's Contribu on to Na onal
o Laser Technology in Space
Advancement
Applica ons
o Private Sector Involvement in Space
o Hypersonic Glide Vehicle (HGV)
Ac vi es
Technology
o Collabora on Between Public and
o Global Collabora on in Space
Private Sectors in the Space Domain
Endeavors
o Space Technology Innova ons
o Various Space Observatories
o Cryogenic Techniques
Worldwide

52
o Assorted Telemetry Systems
o Naviga on Systems in Space Domain
o Global Posi oning System (GPS)
o Galileo Naviga on System
o GLONASS
o IRNSS

DEFENCE

Missile Systems and Their o Explosive Devices using Fission and

Categoriza on
Ballistic and Cruise Missiles
India's Array of Missiles
Comprehensive Ini ative for
Integra on of Guided Missiles
Programs Focusing on Missile
Defense
o Advancements in Defense Technology
o Incorpora on of Robo cs in the
Defense Industry
o U liza on of Ar ficial Intelligence in
Defense Opera ons
o Integra on of the Internet of Military
Things (IoMT) in the Defense Sector
o Cyber warfare, and preparedness
Drone technology
o Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
o Stealth technology
o Advanced Defence Equipment
o Air Defence system
o 3-D prin ng missiles
o Lethal Autonomous Weapons
o Hypersonic technology
o Hypersonic glide vehicles
o Hypersonic cruise missile
o Armament Technology
o Conven onal Arms
o Weapons Capable of Causing Mass
Destruc on
Fusion
o Armament U lizing Chemical Agents
o Warfare Equipment Employing
Biological Agents
o Weapons Employing Directed Energy
o Restructuring of Defense Sector
o Chief of Defense Staff (CDS)
Establishment
o Various Commi ees and Their
Recommenda ons
o Spheres of Warfare
o Military Pla orms
o Submersible Warships
o Vessels for Aircra Transporta on
o Combat-Ready Airplanes
o Military Organiza ons and Research
Facili es
o Military Drills and Training Exercises

53
 NUCLEAR ENERGY IN INDIA

o Varie es of Nuclear Reac ons o Device for Harnessing Nuclear Energy

o Nuclear Power and its U liza on
o Peaceful and Military Exploita on of
Nuclear Power
o Materials Used for Nuclear Fission
and Centrifuga on
o India's Stance on Nuclear Energy
o Effects of Nuclear Radia on
o Consequences of Radioac ve Waste
o Events Involving Nuclear and
Radiological Catastrophes

NANO TECHNOLOGIES IN
INDIA

Basics of Nano Science and Nano Impacts of Nano Technology

Technology
o Adverse Health and Environmental
o Nanomaterial o Social and Ethical Impacts
o Applica ons of Nano Technology o Nano Science & Nano technology in
o Nano medicine India
o Semiconductors and compu ng
o Food
o Tex les
o Sustainable energy
o Environment
o Transport
o Space
o Agriculture

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

o Defini on of Intellectual Property

Rights (IPR)
o Categories of Intellectual Property
Rights
o Global Pacts and Organiza ons
Dealing with IPR
o Intellectual Property Rights
Framework in India
o India's Strategy for Safeguarding
Intellectual Property Rights

54
 ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY
Ecology
Types of Ecology
Ecological Hierarchy
Scope of Ecology
Habitat & Ecological Niche
Ecological Principles
Ecological Community
o Structure and Characteris cs of a
Community
o Ecotones
o Ecological Dominance
o Seasonal and Diurnal Fluctua on
o Ecological Succession
o Types and Process of Succession
o Climax Community
o Range of Tolerance, Maximum Range
o Difference between Ecology,
Environment and Ecosystem
Ecosystem and its dynamics
o Ecosystem Defini ons
o Func ons and Proper es of
Ecosystem
o The Structure/Components of
Ecosystem
o Abio c Components
o Bio c Components
o Ecosystem Dynamics
o Flow of Energy in Ecosystem
o Trophic Levels
o Food Chain
o Types & Significance of Food Chain
Food Web
o Models for Energy Flow
o Ecological Produc vity
o Ecological Pyramid
o Biomagnifica ons
o Biological Control
o Organic Farming
Biogeochemical Cycles
o Parts of a Bio Geochemical Cycle
o Types of Biogeochemical Cycle
o Carbon Cycle
o Nitrogen Cycle
o Phosphorus Cycle
o Sulphur Cycle
Biomes: Forest, Grassland
o Mountain, and Desert Ecosystems
o Biome
o Grasslands
o Tundra
o Deserts
o Thar desert
o Mountain biome
Aqua c Life Zones:
o Aqua c ecosystems
o Basic facts about the ocean
o Importance of the ocean
o Zones of the ocean
o Marine life
o Coral reefs in India
o Mangroves
o Freshwater in India
o Importance of lakes
o Na onal Lake Conserva on Plan
o Wetlands and their importance
o Ramsar Conven on
o Ramsar Sites
o Montreux Record
o Extent and distribu on of wetlands in
India
Basics of Biodiversity
o Biodiversity
o Important kinds of biodiversity
o Endemic species
o Keystone species
o Indicator species
o Invasive species
o Allopatric and sympatric specia on
55
o Bioinforma cs
o Biodiversity distribu on
o State of global biodiversity
o Threats to biodiversity
o Biodiversity Hotspots
o Eco-regions
o Role of tradi onal knowledge in
biodiversity
o Biopiracy
o Ex nc on of species
o IUCN Red-List of Threatened Species
o Level of biodiversity in India
o Biogeographical classifica on of India
Biodiversity Conservation
o Ex-situ aid in-situ conservation
o Seed banks
o Botanical gardens
o Protected areas
o State of protected areas in the world
o UNESCO Man and the Biosphere
o Program (MAB)
o Characteris cs of biosphere reserves
o Interna onal agreements for
o biodiversity conserva on
o Conven on on Biological Diversity
o Cartagena Protocol
o Nagoya Protocol
o Aichi Biodiversity Targets
o Important Coastal and Marine
o Biodiversity Areas of India
o Important Bird Areas (IBAs) of India
o Global Tiger Ini a ve
o Project Tiger
o Recovery Programme for Cri cally
Endangered Species
o Use of indigenous knowledge for
conserving biodiversity
o Seed village
Minerals and Environmental
Deteriora on
o Interac on Between Mining and the
Environment
o Vulnerability of Specific Ecosystems
to Mining Ac vi es
o Effects of Mining
o indirect Ramifica ons of Mining
Opera ons
o Interna onal Regula ons Regarding
Mining
o Sustainable Mining Prac ces
o Deforesta on
o Factors Behind Deforesta on
o Consequences of Deforesta on in
Rela on to Climate Change
o Impact of Deforesta on on India's
Wildlife
o Effects of Deforesta on on the Indian
Monsoon
o Influence of Deforesta on on Human
Popula ons
o Deforesta on's Role in Erosion of
Water and Soil Resources and
Flooding
o Economic Ramifica ons
o Approaches to Mi gate
Deforesta on
o Government Ini a ves for Forest
Preserva on
o Laws for Forest Conserva on with
Community Involvement
o Measures to Enhance Community
Engagement in Forest Resource
Management
o U liza on of Local Tradi onal
Techniques
Waste Management
o Solid Waste
o Hazardous Waste
o E-Waste
o Bio Medical Waste
o Plas c Waste
o Methods for Waste Management
o Landfill
Sustainable Development
o Principles of sustainability
o Measurement of Sustainability
56
o Sustainable Ethics or Equitable
U lisa on of Natural Resource
o Challenges to Sustainable
Development
o Interna onal Efforts to Achieve
Sustainability
Air Pollution
o Sources and effects of Air Pollu on
o Classifica on of Air Pollutant
o Control Measures of Air Pollu on
o Na onal Ambient Air Quality
Standards
Water Pollution
o Sources and types of Water Pollu on
o Effects of Water Pollu on
o Water Quality Standards
o Control of Water Pollu on
Thermal Pollu on
o Sources and effects of Thermal
Pollu on
o Control of Thermal Pollu on
Soil Pollu on or Land Degrada on
o Sources of Soil Pollu on
o Effects of Soil Pollu on
o Control Measures
Solid Waste Management
o Sources and effects of Solid Waste
o Control Measures of Solid Waste
o Solid Waste Management Rules
o Hazardous Waste Management
(HWM)
Coastal Ecosystem Management
o Mangroves
o Salient features of Mangroves
o importance of Mangroves
o Mangroves under threats in india
Legal and Regulatory Approaches for
Protection
o Estuaries
o Importance of estuaries
o Threats to estuaries
o Coral Reefs
o Uses of coral reefs
o Conserva on of coral reef
o steps for Coastal Ecosystem
Management
Environmental Impact Assessment
o Government Body which Executes EIA
o Environmental Effects Analysed under
EIA
o Process of EIA
o EIA Ruling 1984
Environmental Laws
o Provisions in the Indian Cons tu on
towards Environmental Protec on
o Salient Features of Air (Preven on
and Control of Pollu on) Act, 1981
o Salient Features of Water (Preven on
and Control of Pollu on) Act, 1974
o Salient features of Forest
Conserva on Act, 1980
o Salient Features of Wildlife Protec on
Act, 1972
o Salient Features of Environment
(Protec on) Act, 1986
o Role of Government in Environmental
Protec on
Environment related Ins tu ons
and Organiza ons
o Pollu on Control Boards
o Na onal Green Tribunal
o Forest Survey of India
o Na onal Board for Wildlife
57
 Environmental Schemes
o Ecomark Scheme
o National Afforesta on Program
o Na onal River Conserva on Plan
o Na onal Mission for Clean Ganga
o Na onal Air Quality Index (AQI)
o Na onal Ac on Programme to
o Combat Deser fica on
o UJALA Scheme
o Bharat Stage Norms
Interna onal Environmental
Governance
Impact of agriculture on climate
o Agriculture increases CO2 Emissions
o Monoculture prac ce impacts
biodiversity
o Pollu on due to use of chemical
fer lizers
o Soil-related effects
o Fer lizer’s Effect on the Environment
o Impact of livestock on environment
o Impact of use of pes cides on
environment
o Impact of GM crop on environment

o UNEP o Emission of Methane from

o UNDP agricultural prac ces
o Centre for Biological Diversity o Sustainable Agriculture Techniques
o WWF for Nature
o IUCN - Red List
o Birdlife Interna onal
o Interna onal Conven ons/Protocol

Basics of Climate change

o Green House Effect and Global

Warming
o Global Climate Change: Interna onal
o Efforts to Control Global Warming
o Global Climate Change
o Ozone Layer Depletion or Ozone Hole
o Acid Rain
o El Nino
o La Nina

58
 INTERNAL SECURITY
Challenges to Internal Security
o Social Diversity as a Security Concern
o Examining Internal Security Concerns
Stemming from Immediate Neighbors
o Threats Posed by Non-State En es
within Borders
o Global Metrics for State Vulnerability
to Non-State Actors
o Balancing Law and Order with Internal
Security
Terrorism's Impact on India
o Evolving Nature of Terrorism
o The Shi ing Landscape of Terrorism
and its Ramifica ons
o Terrorist Threats Confron ng India
o Holis c Framework for Comba ng
Terrorism
o Shortcomings in Intelligence
Infrastructure
Organized Crime
o Types of Organized Crime
o Problems in controlling organized
crimes
o Drug trafficking in India
o Comba ng organized crimes
o Linkage of Terrorism and Organized
Crime in India
Spread of Extremism
o Why naxalism got huge support from
common man?
o Why naxalism is biggest threat to
internal security?
Basics of Cyber Security
o Types of Cyber Crimes
o Impact and Steps needed
o Recent Incident: Ransomware
o India’s Cyber Security Infrastructure
o The Na onal Cyber Security Policy of
India 2013
Recent Issues
o Cyber Warfare
o Social Media and Internal Security
Threat
o Money Laundering
o Black money in India
Police Reforms in India
o The Organisa onal Structure
o Du es and Responsibili es of the
o Centre’s Role in Policing
o Tradi onal Security Challenges
o Non-Tradi onal Security Challenges
o (NTS)
o Recommenda ons for Police Reforms
Various Security Forces and their
Mandate
o Assam Rifles
o Border Security Force (BSF)
o Indo-Tibetan Border Police
o Central Industrial Security Force
(CISF)
o Central Reserve Police Force
o Na onal Security Guard
o Integrated theatre commands
Na onal Mari me Security
o Coordina on Issues with Paramilitary
Forces
59
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

o Natural & Man-Made Disasters

o Role of media in disaster Gender
o Types of disasters
implica ons of disasters
o India’s vulnerability profile
o Disaster management cycle
o Earthquakes
o Role of NGOs in disaster management
o Tsunamis
o Pre-disaster prepara on
o Landslides

o Flood

o Drought

o Epidemics

o Nuclear Reactor explosion

o Dam collapse

o Oil Spill

o Volcanic Erup on

o Forest fires

o Disaster Management,

o Preparedness & Mi ga on

o Management of disasters

o Community management

o Government ini a ves to tackle

disasters

o Na onal disaster management act,

2005

o Global framework for disaster risk

management

60
 ETHICS INTEGRITY AND APTITUDE

Basic Values

o Integrity
o Dimensions of Ethics
o Humility
o Essence of Ethics
o Adaptability
o Approaches of Ethical Study as Indian
o Perseverance
o Perspec ve and Western Perspec ve o Impar ality and Non-Par sanship
o Basic concept of ethics morality and value o Tolerance and compassion for the
o Ethics in public life weaker sec on
o Ethics in Economic Life o Contribu on to society
o Freedom and Discipline
o Du es and Rights
o Virtue Ethics India & World Thinkers/Leader
o Consequences of Ethics in Human Ac ons /Administrators
o Values and Ethics in Government:
o Contribu on of Family in Value At tude
o Educa on
o Components of A tude
Human Values o Affec ve component
o Cogni ve component
o Human value & Socializa on o Behavioral component
o Individual Personality and Value o Func ons of A tude
o Values and Skill o Adjus ve Func on
o Fundamental and Instrumental Values o Ego-Defensive Func on
o Democra c values o Value-Expressive Function
o Role of ethical value in governance o Knowledge Func on
o and society o A tude Forma on Model
o Significance of value in Civil Services o Impact of Beliefs and Values
o Contribu on of Society in Inculca ng o Social Influence
Values o Persuasion Tac cs
o Role of Educa onal Ins tu ons in o Tools of Persuasion
o Inculca ng Values o Moral A tude forma on
o Aesthe c values o Poli cal A tude forma on
o Values in work life and professional ethics
Emo onal Intelligence
Ap tude and founda onal values of civil
services o Theories Linked to Emo onal
Intelligence
o Essen al Ap tude for civil servants o Is Emo onal Intelligence Cul vable?
o Founda onal Values of Civil Services
o Neutrality Emo onal Competencies
o Anonymity
o Civil Services Accountability o The Self-Awareness Group: Grasping
Emo ons and Precise Self-Evalua on

61
o The Self-Management Group:
Handling Internal States, Urges, and
Assets
o The Social Awareness Group:
Accurately Perceiving Individuals and
Collec ves
o The Rela onship Management Group:
Elici ng Favorable Reac ons in Others
o Significance of Emo onal Intelligence
in the Workplace
o Significance of Emo onal Intelligence
in Civil Services
Values & Ethics in Public
Administra on
o Ethical Concerns in Public Ins tu on
o Ethical Concerns in Private Ins tu ons
o Ethical Dilemmas in Public and Private
Ins tu ons
o Laws, Rules and Regula ons as Source
of Ethical Guidance
o Accountability and Ethical
Governance
o Strengthening of Ethical and Moral
Values in Governance
o Moral Judgements in Interna onal
o Rela ons
o Ethical Rela on in Funding
o Interna onal Rela ons
o concept of Moral Responsibility
o Ethics in working of interna onal
o organiza ons
o What is Corporate Governance?
o Models of Corporate Social
o Responsibility
o Norms for Corporate Government in
India
o Concept of business ethics
Probity in Governance
o Public Service Concept
o Philosophical Founda on of
Governance and Integrity
o Sharing Informa on, Transparency,
and Right to Informa on
o Weaknesses in RTI and Sugges ons for
Enhancement
o Significance of Vigilant Ci zens
o Informa on Sharing and Par cipa on
o Importance of Code of Ethics
o Code of Ethics in Professions
o Codes of Conduct for Ministers,
Legislators, Civil Servants, Regulators,
and Judiciary
o Elements of a Ci zen Charter
o Steps in Cra ing a Ci zen's Charter
o Work Culture Concept
o The Indian Perspec ve on Work
o Enhancing Work Culture Methods
o Quality of Service Delivery
o Efficient U liza on of Public Funds
o Challenges in Fund Alloca on and
o Parliamentary Oversight on
Expenditure
o Corrup on in India: Extent, Nature,
and Countermeasures
o Corrup on as a Social Malady
o Integrity in Public Life: Corrupt
Prac ces among Civil Servants and
Official Misconduct
o Revealing Corrup on: Ini a ves by
Civil Society and the Role of
Whistleblower Act
o Addressing Corrup on: Government's
Role and Governance Ins tu ons
o Comba ng Corrup on: Diverse
Strategies and Their Effec veness
62
 Applied Ethics o Linkage between Ethics and
Environment
Euthanasia Debate o Theories related to Environmental
ethics
o Social and Ethical Perspec ve o Role of individual
o Various Euthanasia Arguments
o Summary
Ethical Issues in Biotechnology
Surrogacy
o Issues related to Stem Cell
o Ethical Aspects of Surrogacy o Issues related to cloning
o Issues related to designer babies

Ethics and Athle cs Animal Ethics

o Significance of Sports o Introduc on

o Ethical Ma er: The Requirement for o Issues of conduc ng research on
Sportsmanship animals
o Ethical Ma er: Doping o Issue of keeping animals as pets
o Ethical Ma er: Discrimina on and o Issue of Cruelty against animals
Sexual Harassment
o Ethical Ma er: Commercializa on of Ethical Aspect in Child Labour
Sports
o Necessary Measures o Children's Rights
o Child Labor and Business
Media Ethics o Resolu on

o Media's Func on Ethical Aspect in Trea ng Minors as

o Moral Challenges Encountered by Adults
Journalists
o Media's Influence on Legal Proceedings o System of Juvenile Jus ce
o Media Bias o Detrimental Consequences Ethics
o Ethics in the Digital Media Sphere Concerning Aging
o Paid News Business Ethics o Moral Dilemmas
o Challenges Faced
Ethical Business Conduct
Ethics in Relationships - Public and
o Aspects Concerning Business Ethics Private
within Organiza ons
o Intersec on of Business Ethics and o Moral Values in Private Rela onships
Corporate Governance o Ethical Guidelines in Public
o Progression from Charity to Corporate Rela onships
Social Responsibility o Interconnec on between Private and
o Considera ons involving Corporate Public Rela onships
Social Responsibility

Environmental Ethics

63
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