1

1 HISTORY

ANCIENT HISTORY
❖ Evolution of Political Organisation
Prehistory
❖ Societal Setup
❖ Prehistoric Time Periods ❖ Economic Aspects
❖ Sources of Information of Pre-History ❖ Issues Concerning Religion and Culture
❖ History of Paleolithic or Old Stone Age
❖ History of Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age History of Later Vedic Period
❖ History of Neolithic Age or New Stone Age
❖ Extent and Geography of the Later Vedic
❖ History of Chalcolithic Age
Period
❖ History of Early Iron Age
❖ Development of Early Political Organisation
❖ Geographical Distribution and Characteristics
of Pre-History ❖ Social Organisation and Hierarchy
❖ Economic Activities
Harappan/Indus ❖ Issues Concerning Religion and Culture
Valley Civilisation
History of South India: The
❖ Phases of Evolution of Harappan Civilisation Sangam Dynasties
❖ Geography and Archaeological Findings of
Indus Valley Civilisation ❖ Sangam Literature
➢ Important Urban Towns ❖ Cholas
➢ Town Planning ❖ Cheras
❖ Socio-Cultural Aspects of Indus Valley
❖ Pandyas
Civilisation
➢ Script and Language ❖ Aspects of:
➢ Crafts ➢ Administration
➢ Religions ➢ Society
➢ Seals and Images ➢ Economy
❖ Economic Aspects of Indus Valley Civilisation ➢ Religion
➢ Harappan Trade ➢ Culture
➢ Agriculture ❖ Dynasties of Foreign Origin
➢ Domestication of animals ❖ Trade and Commerce with the Outside
➢ Weights and Measures World
❖ Decline of Harappan Civilisation ❖ Art and Architecture
➢ Theories on Causes of Decline
Jainism and Buddhism
History of Early Vedic/Rigvedic
❖ Factors Responsible for their Advent
Period
Jainism
❖ Sources for Information about Vedic Society
and Culture ❖ Birth and Life of Mahavira (540- 468 B.C.)
❖ Extent and Geography of the Rig Vedic ❖ Tirthankaras of Jainism
Period ❖ Teachings of Mahavira

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❖ Important Tenets of Jainism ➢ Chandragupta
❖ Five Doctrines of Jainism ➢ Bindusara
❖ Three Jewels of Jainism ➢ Ashoka and His Successors
❖ Organizational Setup and Sects of Jainism ❖ Ashoka’s Inscriptions and Sites
❖ Jain Councils ❖ Ashokan Reign
❖ Literature of Jainism ❖ Ashoka and Buddhism
❖ Jain Architecture ❖ Ashoka Policy of Dhamma
❖ Associated Terminology ❖ Aspects of Mauryan Economy
❖ Overall Contribution ❖ Aspects of Mauryan Polity
➢ Administration (Important Offices)
Buddhism
➢ Society
❖ Birth and Life of Buddha (563-483 BC) ❖ Foreign Relations
➢ Great Events ❖ Decline of the Mauryas
❖ Teachings of Buddha
➢ 3 Jewels History of Post Mauryan Period
➢ 4 Noble Truths
➢ 5 Principles ❖ Shungas
➢ 8-fold Path ❖ Kanvas
❖ Concept of Bodhisattvas ❖ Chedis
❖ Organisation (Sangha) and Sects of Buddhism ❖ Satavahanas
❖ Buddhist Councils ❖ Indo-Greeks
❖ Spread of Buddhism and Royal Patronage ❖ Parthians
❖ Literary Sources of Buddhism ❖ Sakas
➢ 3 Pittakas ❖ Kushans (Kanishka’s Rule)
❖ Causes for the Decline
❖ Overall Contribution of Buddhism History of Gupta Age (Golden
Age)
Age of Mahajanapadas (Pre-
Mauryan Period) ❖ Sources of Information about Gupta Period
❖ Important Gupta Kings
❖ Polity: Republics and Monarchies ➢ Srigupta
❖ The 16 Mahajanapadas ➢ Chandragupta I
❖ Rise of Magadha ➢ Samudragupta
❖ Important Dynasties
➢ Chandragupta II
➢ Haryanka dynasty
➢ Kumaragupta I
➢ Shishunaga Dynasty
➢ Skandagupta
➢ Nanda Dynasty
❖ Persian Invasions ❖ Decline of Guptas
❖ Alexander’s Invasion ❖ Aspects of Gupta Rule
❖ Society and Rise of Cities/Towns ➢ Administration
❖ Economy during Mahajanapadas Period ➢ Economy
❖ Administrative Setup ➢ Society
➢ Religion and Culture
Mauryan Empire ➢ Art and Architecture
➢ Literature
❖ Sources of Information about the Period
➢ Inscriptions ❖ Foreign Travellers and their Accounts.
➢ Coins and Sites ❖ Urban centers in Gupta Period
➢ Literary Sources (Indian Texts and ❖ Development of Science and Technology
Travellers Account) ❖ Later Guptas
❖ Political History of the Mauryas ❖ Other Important Dynasties

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 ➢ Harsha and Buddhism
Harshvardhan and Southern
❖ Art and Architecture
Dynasties in 7th Century India ❖ Pallavas of Kanchi and Chalukyas of Badami
❖ Military Conquests of Harshvardhan ➢ Administration
❖ Administration ➢ Economy
❖ Economy ➢ Society and Culture
❖ Society and Culture ➢ Religion
❖ Religion ➢ Art and Architecture

MEDIEVAL HISTORY
❖ Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414 AD)
Early Medieval Period (750-1200) ➢ Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
and Dynasties ➢ Mohd. Bin Tughlaq
➢ Firuz Shah Tughlaq
❖ The Pratiharas ➢ Various Aspects of Rule under
❖ The Palas Tughlaqs
❖ The Tripartite Conflict ➢ Provincial Kingdoms and Resistance
by Indian Chiefs
❖ The Senas
❖ Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451 AD)
❖ The Rajputs ❖ Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD)
❖ Rashtrakutas ➢ Behlul Lodhi
❖ Indian Feudalism ➢ Sikander Lodhi
❖ Administration ➢ Ibrahim Lodhi
❖ Economy ❖ Administration under Delhi Sultanate
❖ Society and Culture ❖ Economy: Various Initiative by Different
Kings
❖ Art and Architecture
❖ Military and Attacks by Mongols and other
❖ Cholas Dynasty Turks
❖ The Cheras ❖ Society and Culture
❖ The Yadavas ❖ Decline of the Sultanate
❖ Contact with South-East Asia
Mughal Rule
Islamic Invasions
Babur
❖ Invasion of Mohd Bin Qasim
❖ First Battle of Panipat
❖ Invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni
❖ Challenges of Babur after the Battle of
❖ Invasion of Muhammad Ghuri
Panipat
The Delhi Sultanate ❖ Struggle with Rana Sanga
❖ Problems of the Eastern Areas and the
❖ Slave Dynasty (1206 - 1290 AD) Afghans
➢ Qutubuddin Aibak ❖ Babur’s Contribution and Significance of his
➢ Iltutmish Advent into India
➢ Rajia Sultan
➢ Ghiyasuddin Balban
➢ Various Aspects of Rule under Slaves
Humayun
❖ Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD) ❖ Humayun and the Afghans
➢ Jalaluddin Khilji ❖ Early Activities of Humayun, and the Tussle
➢ Alauddin Khilji with Bahadur Shah
➢ Various Aspects of Rule under Khiljis ❖ The Gujarat Campaign

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❖ The Bengal Campaign, and Struggle with Sher
Shah Jahan - Consolidation and
Khan
❖ Social and Political Background of Bihar and Expansion of the Empire
the Rise of Sher Shah to Power
❖ Development of Art and Architecture
❖ The Sur Empire (1540-56)
❖ Evolution of the Mughal Ruling Class and the
❖ Contributions of Sher Shah
Mansabdari System
➢ Coinage
➢ Architecture Aurangzeb

Jalaluddin Akbar ❖ Expansion of Empire

❖ Aurangzeb and the Deccani States (1658-87)
❖ Conflict with the Afghans - Hemu
➢ Treaty of Purandar (1665)
❖ 2nd Battle of Panipat
❖ Marathas and the Deccan (1687-1707)
❖ Battle of Haldighati ❖ Assessment of Aurangzeb and the Jagirdari
Crisis
Expansion of Empire

❖ Early Expansion of the Empire (1560-76) Later Mughals

❖ Relations with the Rajput’s - Growth of a ❖ Bahadur Shah (Shah-i-Bekhabar)
Composite Ruling Class
❖ Jahandar Shah
❖ Rebellions, and Further Expansion of the
❖ Farrukhsiyar
Empire in the Northwest
❖ Rafi-ud-Darajat
❖ Akbar’s Concept of Suzerainty
❖ Rafi-ud-Daula (Shah Jahan II)
Administration ❖ Muhammad Shah (Rangeela)
❖ Ahmad Shah
❖ Central and Provincial Adminstration ❖ Alamgir II
❖ The Working of Government ❖ Shah Jahan II
➢ Land-Revenue System ❖ Shah Alam II
➢ The Dahsala System, the Mansabdari ❖ Akbar II
System ❖ Bahadur Shah II/ Zafar
➢ Other Aspects of Administration ❖ Rise of Regional States, Beginning of Foreign
Invasions of India (1725-48)
❖ Concept of Navaratnas
Economy during Mughals
Socio-Religious Initiatives
❖ Inland Trade
❖ Relations with the Ulama and Social Reforms ❖ Overseas Trade - Role of Foreign Trading
➢ The First Phase (1556-73) ❖ Companies - Position of Indian Merchants
➢ The Second Phase (1573-80) - the Over-land Trade
Ibadat Khana ❖ The Mughal State and Commerce
➢ The Final Phase - Din-i-Ilahi ❖ Trend of India’s Economy and Prospects
during the First Half of the Eighteenth
Jahangir’s Rule and Challenges Century

❖ Territorial Consolidation and Expansion of Society under Mughals

the Empire - Mewar, East India and Kangra
❖ Arrival of British Envoys in Jahangir’s Court ❖ Rural Society
❖ State and Religion in the First Half of the ❖ Towns and Town Life
Seventeenth Century ❖ Artisans and Master-Craftsmen
❖ Women

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❖ Servants and Slaves ❖ Conflicts of the Bahmani Successor States
❖ Standard of Living with Vijayanagar
❖ The Ruling Classes ❖ Social and Cultural Aspects
❖ The Middle Strata ❖ Art and Architecture
❖ The Commercial Classes
Bhakti and Sufi Movements
Rise of the Marathas
Bhakti Movement
❖ The Marathas and their Policy of Expansion
❖ The Marathas and Nizam-ul-Mulk ❖ What was the movement about?
❖ The Maratha Advance into Gujarat and ➢ Causes for its formation
Malwa ➢ Features of the Movement
❖ The Maratha Advance into Doab and Punjab: ➢ Associated Literature
➢ First Phase (1741-52); ❖ Groups of Saints
➢ Second Phase (1752-61);
➢ Sagun
❖ Third Battle of Panipat
❖ Chhatrapati Shivaji ➢ Nirgun
❖ The Peshwas (1713-1818) ➢ Nayanars
❖ The Bhonsles ➢ Alvars
❖ The Gaekwads ❖ Saints (Acharyas) and Their Contribution
➢ Shankaracharya
❖ The Holkars
➢ Ramanujacharya
❖ The Sindhias ➢ Nimbark
❖ Economy in 18th Century ➢ Madhvacharya
❖ Social and Cultural Life ➢ Nathpanthis (Siddhas and Yogis)
❖ Vaishnavism (Saran Movement) and
Vijaynagar Empire associated Saints
➢ Ramananda
❖ Sources Information about Vijayanagar
Empire ➢ Kabir Das
❖ Dynasties that Ruled Vijayanagar Empire ➢ Gurunanak Dev
➢ Sangama ➢ Purandar Das
➢ Suluva ➢ Dadu Dayal
➢ Tuluva ➢ Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
➢ Aravidu ➢ Shankardeva
❖ Administration ➢ Vallabhacharya
❖ Economy ➢ Guru Ghasidas
❖ Social Aspects ➢ Surdas
❖ Art and Architecture ➢ Meerabai
❖ Literature
➢ Haridas
➢ Foreign Travelers and their Accounts
➢ Namdev
Bahmani Kingdom ➢ Dhaneswar
➢ Eknath
❖ Successor States of Bahmani Kingdom ➢ Tukaram
➢ Ahmednagar ➢ Ramdas
➢ Bijapur ❖ Impact of Bhakti Movement
➢ Golconda
➢ Berar Sufi Movement
➢ Bidar
❖ Economy ❖ Causes of Creation
❖ Military ❖ Features (Characteristics and Stages)

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❖ Pir-Murid Tradition ➢ Suhrawardi
❖ Use of Music in Sufism ➢ Naqshbandi
❖ Important Orders (Silsila) of Sufism ❖ Impact of Sufi Movement
➢ Chisti

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

➢ Important Treaties of Surat,
Arrival of Europeans in India Purandar,Salbai, Bassein, Poona,
❖ Responsible Factors for Arrival of Europeans Gwalior and Mandsor
❖ The Portuguese in India ❖ Marathas Defeat and its reasons
➢ Vasco Da Gama ❖ The Subsidiary Alliance System and its Impact
➢ Pedro Alvarez Cabral
Second Phase of British
➢ De Almeida
➢ Albuquerque Expansion In India
➢ Nino Da Cunha
❖ 2 Anglo-Sikh Wars
❖ Causes of Failure of Portuguese empire in
❖ Doctrine of Lapse and its Victim States
India
❖ Annexation of Oudh
❖ The Dutch in India (Important Settlements,
Personalities, Causes of Decline) ❖ EIC’s Relations with Neighboring Countries
❖ The Danes in India (Important Settlements, ❖ Other Important Approaches at Expansion
Personalities, Causes of Decline) ➢ Doctrine of Ring Fence
❖ The English ➢ Doctrine of Masterly Inactivity
➢ Farrukhsiyar 's Farman ➢ Policy of Proud Reserve
➢ Causes of English Success
❖ The French (Important Settlements, Form of Administration before
Personalities, Causes of Decline) 1857
❖ Anglo-French Rivalry
❖ The Dual System
❖ First Carnatic War
❖ Regulating Act
❖ Rise of the Hyderabad State
❖ Pitt’s India Act
❖ The Second Carnatic War
❖ The Charter Acts
❖ The Third Carnatic War
❖ Evolution of Modern Judicial System
❖ The Columbian Exchange
➢ Law Commission
Expansion of East India ❖ Developments of Civil Services
Company ❖ British Indian Army
❖ Impact of British Administration
❖ Settlements at Various Places ❖ Economic Policies of The British
❖ British Conquest of Bengal ❖ Various Stages of Colonialism
➢ Battle of Plassey ➢ Phase of Mercantilism (1757-1813)
➢ Battle of Buxar ➢ Phase of Free Trade (1813-1858)
➢ Treaty of Allahabad ➢ Phase of Finance Imperialism (1858
➢ Dual Polity in Bengal (Diwani and onwards)
Nizamat) ❖ Land Revenue Systems of the Colonial
❖ 4 Anglo - Mysore Wars Masters
❖ 3 Anglo - Maratha Wars ➢ Ryotwari
➢ Prominent Maratha Families Ruling ➢ Mahalwari
from Different Places ➢ Permanent Settlement

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❖ Associated Terms of British Revenue System ❖ Changes in the Army
❖ Impact of British Policy on Indian Economy ➢ Peel Commission
❖ Drain of Wealth Theory ❖ Public Services
➢ Ilbert Bill Controversy
Broader Impact British ❖ Policy of Equal Federation
Administration ❖ Princely States
❖ Foreign Policy
❖ Industrialization—Ruin of Artisans and
Handicrafts men ❖ Evolution of Local Government
❖ Impoverishment of Peasantry ➢ Mayo’s Resolution
➢ Ripon’s Resolution (1882)
❖ Emergence of New Land Relations, Ruin of
Old Zamindars ➢ Royal Commission on
Decentralization (1908)
❖ Stagnation and Deterioration of Agriculture
➢ Resolution of May (1918) and
❖ Commercialization of Indian Agriculture Dyarchy (1919)
❖ Development of Modern Industry ➢ GoI Act, 1935 and After
❖ Rise of Indian Bourgeoisie ❖ Labour Law Related Changes
❖ Critique of The Colonial Economy ❖ Changes in Socio-Cultural Stance
➢ Economic Drain
❖ Famine and Poverty Evolution of Administrative and
❖ Nationalist Critique of Colonial Economy Police Services
❖ Abolition of the Dual System
❖ Proclamation of 1858
❖ Changes in Social Setup ❖ Indian Civil Services Act, 1861
❖ Aitchison Committee on Public Services
The Revolt of 1857
(1886)
❖ Causes of the Revolt ❖ Islington Commission (1912)
➢ Economic Causes ❖ Montford Reforms (1919)
➢ Political Causes ❖ Lee Commission (1924)
➢ Administrative Causes ❖ Government of India Act, 1935
❖ Evolution of Police 1791
➢ Socio -Religious Causes
➢ Police Commission of 1860
➢ Influence of Outside Events
➢ William Bentick’s Contribution
➢ Discontent Among Sepoy’s
❖ Major Events Education during British Rule
➢ Meerut Mutiny
➢ Siege of Delhi ❖ Charter Act of 1813
➢ Fall of Delhi ❖ General Committee of Public Instruction
❖ Important Places and Associated Leaders of ➢ Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy
the Revolt ❖ Wood’s Dispatch (1854)
❖ Important British Officers during Suppression ❖ Hunter Education Commission (1882-83)
of Revolt ❖ Indian Universities Act, 1904
❖ Causes of Failure of the Revolt ❖ Government Resolution on Education
❖ Nature and Impact of the Revolt Policy—1913
❖ Various Outcomes of the Revolt ❖ Saddler University Commission (1917-19)
❖ Education Under Dyarchy
Changed Government Post 1857 ❖ Hartog Committee (1929)
❖ Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (1937)
❖ Acts between 1858-1947
❖ Sergeant Plan of Education
❖ Administration - Central, Provincial, Local
❖ Kothari Education Commission (1964-66)

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❖ Development of Vernacular Education ❖ Swami Vivekananda
❖ Development of Technical Education ❖ Swami Dayananda Saraswati
❖ Evaluation of British Policy on Education ❖ Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
❖ Keshab Chandra Sen
Press during British Rule ❖ Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
❖ James Augustus Hickey’s Bengal Gazette ❖ Mahadev Govind Ranade
❖ Different Publications and Journals ❖ Annie Besant–Theosophical Society
❖ Legislative Attempts at Curbing Growth of ❖ Syed Ahmad Khan
Press ❖ Baba Dayal Das
➢ Censorship of Act, 1799 ❖ Pandita Ramabai
➢ Licensing Regulations, 1823 ❖ Sarojini Naidu
➢ Press Act/Metcalfe Act, 1835 ❖ Jyotiba Phule
➢ Licensing Act, 1857 ❖ Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
➢ Registration Act, 1867
Struggles of the Working Class
➢ Vernacular Press Act, 1878
➢ Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) ❖ Initial Efforts for Working Class’s Conditions
Act, 1908 ❖ All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)
➢ Indian Press Act, 1910 ❖ Trade Union Act, 1926
➢ Indian Press (Emergency Powers) ❖ Trade Disputes Act, 1929
Act, 1931
❖ Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929)
➢ Press regulating Act, 1942
❖ Struggle by Early Nationalists to Secure Press Peasant and Tribal Uprisings
Freedom
➢ Various Newspapers/Journals and ❖ Responsible Factors for Tribal Revolts
Their Authors ❖ Tribal Movements
❖ During and After the First World War ➢ Bhil Uprising
❖ During the Second World War ➢ Kol Uprising
❖ Post Independence ➢ Santhal Rebellion
➢ Press Inquiry Committee,1947 ➢ Singphos Rebellion
➢ Jaintia and Garo Rebellion
Socio-Religious Reform ➢ Rampa Rebellion
Movements ➢ Chuar Uprising
➢ Munda Rebellion
❖ Aspects of Women Emancipation
➢ Khonda Dora Uprisings
➢ Legislation and Women Organisation ➢ Tana Bhagat Movement
➢ Education ❖ Peasant Movements
➢ Widow Remarriage ➢ Reasons of Resistance among
❖ Factors leading to Reform Movements Peasants
❖ Directions of Reforms ➢ Champaran Satyagraha
❖ Hindu Reform Movements ➢ Kheda Peasant Struggle
❖ Reform Movements Among Muslims ➢ Bardoli Movement
❖ Sikh Reform Movement ➢ Tebhaga Movement
❖ Parsi Reform Movement ➢ Telangana Movement
❖ Significance of Reform Movements ❖ Revolts Rooted in Religion, Culture and
❖ Impact of Reform Movements Economy
❖ Sanyasi Revolt
Important Personalities ❖ Wahabi Movement
❖ Raja Ram Mohan Roy ❖ Pagal Panthis

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❖ Faraizi Revolt
❖ Kuka Movement
❖ Moplah Uprisings
❖ Rebellions Rooted in Military Discontent
❖ Paika Rebellion
❖ Ramosi Uprising
❖ Sawantwadi Revolt
❖ Reasons for Limited Success of the Uprisings
❖ Indian National Congress’ Initial Phase and
Revolutionary Nationalism
❖ Pre-INC Organisations
❖ Pre-INC Campaigns and their Objectives
❖ Early Phase Indian National Congress
❖ Key Sessions of the Indian National Congress
(INC)
❖ Debate over INC being a Safety Valve
❖ The Moderate Congress (1885-1905)
❖ Success and Limitations with Moderate
Approach
❖ Opinion Against Economic Exploitation
Administrative Reforms Constitutional
Reforms
❖ Economic Critique of Imperialism
❖ Constitutional Reforms and Propaganda in
Legislature
❖ Campaign for General Administrative
Reforms
❖ Government’s Response towards INC
❖ Militant Nationalism (1905 to 1918)
❖ Revolutionary Activities
❖ Hindustan Republican Association
❖ Chittagong Revolt Group
❖ Revolutionary Activities Abroad
❖ Differences between the Moderates and the
Extremists
First Phase of National
Movement (1905-1917)
❖ Important INC Sessions
❖ Movement Under Extremist Leadership
❖ Mass Participation
❖ Government Repression
❖ Movements of All India Muslim League
(1906)
❖ Swadeshi Movement and Associated Leaders
❖ Morley Minto Reforms (1909)
❖ Comparative Account of Moderates and
Extremists
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❖ Annulment of Partition of Bengal
❖ Home Rule League Movement (1916)
❖ Developments that led to Home Rule League
❖ Limitations with Home Rule Leagues
❖ Lucknow Session of INC (1916): Lucknow
Pact
❖ Reasons of Readmission of Extremists
❖ Reasons of Muslim League pact with
Congress
❖ Montague Statement of August (1917)
Second Phase of National
Movement (1918- 1929)
❖ National Movement in Light of First World
War
❖ Gandhi Ji in South Africa (1894-1914)
❖ Gandhi Ji in India (1915 Onwards)
❖ Champaran Satyagraha (1917)- First Civil
Disobedience
❖ Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918) - First Hunger
Strike
❖ Kheda Satyagraha (1918)- First Non-
Cooperation
❖ Montague-Chelmsford Reforms (1909)
❖ Rowlatt Satyagraha and Jallianwala Bagh
Massacre (April 13, 1919)
❖ Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22)
❖ Khilafat Movement (1919-20)
❖ Chauri Chaura Incident (5th Feb 1922)
❖ Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party
❖ Swarajists and ‘No Changers'
❖ The Constructive Programme
❖ Indian Statutory Commission/ Simon
Commission (1927)
❖ Nehru Report (1928)
❖ Two Decisive Sessions of INC
➢ Lahore Session, 1929
➢ Allahabad Address (1930)
❖ Jinnah’s Fourteen Points Demand (1929)
❖ Leaders in this phase and their Contribution
Third Phase of National
Movement
❖ Civil Disobedience Movement
❖ Extent of Participation and Possibility of
Settlement
❖ Leaders in this Phase and their Role
❖ Gandhi-Irwin Pact ❖ Governor Generals of India (1832-1858)
❖ Comparing NCM and CDM ❖ Viceroy and Governor Generals of India
❖ The Three Round Table Conferences (RTCs) (1858-1947)
❖ Karachi Session of INC (1931)
Important Committees and
❖ Communal Awards (1932)
❖ Poona Pact (1932) Commissions
❖ Government of India Act, 1935
❖ Commissions on Famine
❖ Congress Ministries after Provincial Elections
➢ Campbell Commission
of 1937
➢ Stratchy Commission
❖ Resignation of Congress Ministries (1939)
➢ Lyall Commission
❖ Congress Working Committee at Wardha
➢ MacDonnell Commission
❖ Decision on Mass Struggle
❖ Law Commissions
❖ Pakistan Resolution (23 Mar 1940)
➢ First Law Commission, 1834, TB
❖ August Offer (1940)
Macaulay.
❖ Individual Satyagraha (1941)
➢ Second Pre-Independence Law
❖ Cripps Mission (1942) Commission, 1853 – Sir John Romilly.
❖ Quit India Movement (August Revolution) ➢ Third Pre-Independence Law
(1942) Commission, 1862 - Sir John Romilly.
❖ AICC Meeting (Gowalia Tank, Bombay) ➢ Fourth Pre-Independence Law
❖ Parallel Governments Commission, 1879 – Dr Whitley
❖ Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and INA Stokes.
❖ Tokyo Conference: March 1942 ❖ Currency Commissions
❖ Bangkok Conference- June 1942 ➢ Mansfield Commission
❖ Neta Ji in Japan (1943) ➢ Fowler Commission
❖ Provisional Government of Free India, ➢ Babington Smith Commission
Singapore (October 1943) ➢ Hilton Young Commission
❖ C. Rajagopalachari Formula (1944) ❖ Other Important Commissions
❖ Desai Liaquat Pact (1945)
❖ Muslim League’s Response Constitutional Development In
❖ Congress’ Response India
❖ General Elections, 1945
❖ Regulating Act 1773
❖ Rin Mutiny (1946)
❖ Pitt's India Act of 1784
❖ Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)
❖ Charter Act of 1793
❖ Direct Action Day (August 16th, 1946)
❖ Charter Act of 1813
❖ Interim Government
❖ Charter Act of 1833
❖ Constituent Assembly
❖ Charter Act of 1853
❖ Objective Resolution
❖ Government of India Act 1858
❖ Atlee’s Declaration and Transfer of Power
❖ The Indian Councils Act 1861
❖ Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947)
❖ Indian Councils Act 1892
❖ India Independence Act (1947)
❖ Indian Councils Act 1909
❖ Integration of States
❖ Government of India Act 1919
Governors, Governor-Generals ❖ Government of India Act 1935
and Viceroys ❖ Indian Independence Act, 1947

❖ Governor of Bengal (Before 1773)

❖ Governor Generals of Bengal (1773-1833)
ART AND CULTURE

11
 ❖ Tradition of Mural Paintings in India
Visual Arts ❖ Tradition of Miniature Paintings in India
❖ Harappan Period ❖ Paintings in the Deccan
➢ Various Sculptures ❖ Mughal Painting
➢ Seals ❖ Regional Paintings
➢ Pottery ❖ Miniature Painting in South India
➢ Architecture-Town Planning ❖ Modern Paintings
❖ Mauryan Architecture ❖ Contemporary Paintings
➢ Pottery (NBPW)
Pottery Tradition
➢ Architecture-Cave Architecture,
Pillars, Stupas ❖ Ochre Coloured Pottery(OCP)
❖ Post-Mauryan Period ❖ Black and Red Ware (BRW)
➢ Caves and Their Types in this Period ❖ Painted Grey Ware (PGW)
➢ Stupa ❖ Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW)
➢ Sculpture (Gandhara, Mathura, ❖ Glazed and Unglazed Pottery
Amravati School)
❖ Gupta Period Performing Arts
➢ Sculpture
❖ Music in India
➢ Cave architecture
➢ Classical Indian Music
➢ Sarnath Style of Sculpture
➢ Hindustani Music
➢ Fresco Mural Painting
➢ Different Gharanas or Schools
Temple Architecture ➢ Carnatic Music
➢ Main Pillars of Indian Music
❖ Evolution of Temple Architecture- Separately ➢ Forms of Indian Music
in North and South India
➢ Musical Instruments
❖ Types of Temple Architecture (Nagara,
➢ Institutions Related to Music in India
Dravida, Vesara Hoysala) and their subtypes
➢ Folk Music
❖ Indo-Islamic Architecture
❖ Dances in India
➢ Imperial Style (Delhi Sultanate)
➢ Concept of Dance in India
➢ Provincial Style (Malwa or Pathan
Style) ➢ Concept of Ashta Nayika
➢ Mughal Style ➢ Rasa and Bhava
➢ Sikh Style of Architecture ➢ Eight Classical Dance Forms in India
➢ Avadh (Oudh) Style ➢ Folk Dances
➢ Rajput Architecture ➢ Modern Dances
❖ Modern Architecture ❖ Sports in India
➢ Various Type of Sports
❖ European Influence
➢ Genesis of Martial Arts
❖ Indo-Gothic Architecture
❖ Neo-Roman Style ➢ Forms of Traditional Martial Arts
➢ Animal Sports
❖ Post-Independence Period
❖ Notable Architects ❖ Indian Theatre
❖ Buddhist and Jaina Influence ➢ History of Theatre in India
❖ Medieval School of Sculpture ➢ Classical Sanskrit Theatre
❖ Modern Indian Sculpture ➢ Traditional Theatre
➢ Regional Theatre
Paintings ➢ Modern Theatre in India
➢ Renaissance of Indian Theatre
❖ Cave Paintings ➢ Cinema in India

12
 ➢ Classical Language
Indian Puppetry
➢ Sanskrit Literature
❖ String Puppets ➢ Other Important Literatures
❖ Shadow Puppets ➢ Influence/Contribution of foreign
languages & Literature to India
Religion, Language and language
Literature Miscellaneous
❖ Religions in India ❖ Government Cultural Institutions in India
➢ Pre-Vedic Religion ❖ UNESCO’s List of Cultural Heritage in India
➢ Hinduism ❖ Protection and Promotion of Indian Culture
➢ Buddhism and Heritage
➢ Jainism ❖ Schemes and Awards
➢ Sikhism ❖ Personalities Related to Culture
➢ Islam ❖ Places of Cultural Interest
➢ Christianity ❖ The Calendar & the Eras
➢ Zoroastrianism ❖ Science and Technology in Ancient India
➢ Judaism ❖ Recent Developments related to Art &
➢ Philosophy in India Culture
➢ Bhakti Movement ❖ Schemes for Monument Development
➢ Saints of Bhakti Movement ❖ GI Tags
❖ Languages and Literature in India

❖❖❖

13
 2 GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY
❖ Universe ✓ Non-metallic Minerals – Sulphur,
➢ Theories of development of Universe Phosphates, Cement
➢ Galaxy ➢ Rocks (Aggregate of Minerals)
➢ Star formation ❖ Geomorphic Processes
➢ Planet formation ➢ Earth’s Surface
➢ Solar system ➢ Endogenic Forces
❖ Evolution of Earth ➢ Exogenic Forces
➢ Geological History of Earth ❖ Earthquakes and Volcanism
➢ Evolution of the Layered Structure of ➢ Earthquakes & their Types of
Earth Earthquakes
➢ Latitude and Longitude including ➢ Frequency and Intensity
important Parallels and Meridians ➢ Ring of Fire
➢ Motions of the Earth - Rotation, ❖ Volcanism (Types and Associated Concepts)
Revolution, and their effects ❖ Distribution of Continents & Oceans
➢ Eclipses ➢ Theories
➢ Earth’s magnetic field ➢ Continental Drift Theory
➢ Earth’s Geological time scale ➢ Evidence in support of Continental
❖ Origin of Life on Earth Drift Theory
➢ Isostasy
Geomorphology ➢ Sea Floor Spreading
❖ Earth’s Interior ➢ Forces of Drifting
➢ Crust ➢ Post Drift Studies
➢ Mantle ➢ Convectional Current Theory
➢ Core ➢ Mapping of the Ocean Floor
➢ Direct and Indirect Sources of ➢ Plate Tectonics
Information ➢ Plate Boundaries – Divergent –
➢ Theories – Suess Theory Convergent – Transform
❖ Geology and Rock system ➢ Rates of Plate Movements
➢ Physical Characteristics–Crystal ➢ Force of plate movement
Form, Cleavage Fracture, Lusture, ➢ Indian Plate
Color, Streak ❖ Landforms and their evolution
➢ Transparency, Structure, Hardness, ➢ Causes (Geomorphic Processes)
Specific Gravity ➢ Geomorphic Agents
➢ Major Elements of the Earth’s Crust ➢ Agents and their Impacts
➢ Minerals ❖ Erosional Landforms
✓ Metallic minerals – precious ❖ Depositional Landforms
Ferrous, Non Ferrous ❖ Ground Water (Karst Topography)
❖ Impact of Waves and Currents

14
❖ Weathering ❖ Ocean Deposits and Corals
➢ Factors ➢ Terrigenous Deposits
➢ Geological ➢ Volcanic Deposits
➢ Climatic ➢ Biotic deposits
➢ Topographic ➢ Abiotic Deposits
➢ Vegetative ➢ Coral Reefs
➢ Major Processes ➢ Great Barrier Reef
➢ Chemical
➢ Physical or Mechanical Climatology
➢ Biological ❖ Atmosphere
❖ Chemical – Forces and Chemical Action ➢ Composition
❖ Physical Forces - Gravitational, Expansion, ➢ Gases
Water Pressure
➢ Water Vapour
❖ Biological Weathering
➢ Dust Particles
❖ Important Data of Landforms across the
➢ Structure
world
➢ Exosphere
➢ Rivers and lakes
➢ Thermosphere
➢ Mountain and Peaks
➢ Mesosphere
➢ Plateaus
➢ Stratosphere
Oceanography ➢ Troposphere
➢ Altitude vs. Temperature
❖ Hydrosphere ❖ Concept of Inversion of Temperature
➢ Water on the Surface of the Earth ❖ Insolation and Heat Budget
➢ Hydrological Cycle ➢ Solar Radiation Heat Balance
➢ Component & Processes Temperature Insolation
❖ Submarine Relief Features ➢ Variability of Insolation at the
➢ Oceans & Relief of the Ocean floor surface of the Earth
❖ Divisions of the ocean floor ➢ Heating and cooling of atmosphere
➢ Continental Shelf ➢ Conduction, Convection, Advection
➢ Continental Slope ➢ Terrestrial Radiation
➢ Deep sea plain ➢ Heat Budget of the Planet Earth
➢ Oceanic deep and Trenches ❖ Winds and Pressure belts
❖ Minor relief features ➢ Atmospheric Circulation and
❖ Temperature and Salinity Weather Systems
❖ Factors affecting Temperature distribution ➢ Atmospheric Pressure
❖ Density of Ocean Waters ➢ Factors affecting the velocity and
❖ Waves, Ocean Currents, Tides direction of the Wind
❖ Movements of ocean Water ➢ Pressure Gradient Force
➢ Frictional Force & Coriolis Force
Marine Resources ➢ Pressure and Wind (Cyclonic &
➢ General Circulation of the
❖ Underground water resource Atmosphere – Pattern of Planetary
❖ Surface water resources Winds
❖ Inland water resources ➢ Latitudinal Variation of Atmospheric
❖ Oceanic Water Resources Heating
❖ Water consumption patterns ➢ Emergence of Pressure Belts
❖ Conservation of Water Resources ➢ Distribution of continents & Oceans
❖ Techniques of Water Conservation

15
 ➢ Various Types of Wind (Seasonal,
Local Wind etc.)
❖ Air Mass, Fronts, Cyclones and Jet Stream
➢ Thunderstorms
➢ Tornadoes
➢ Monsoons
❖ Precipitation
➢ Water in the Atmosphere
➢ Water Vapour
➢ Precipitation and its types
➢ World Distribution of Rainfall
❖ Clouds
➢ Various Types of Clouds
➢ Development of Clouds
❖ Climatic Zones of the World
➢ Koppene’s Classification Climatic
Zones
➢ World Climate
➢ The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate
➢ The Tropical Monsoon and Tropical
Marine Climates
➢ The Savanna or Sudan Climate
➢ The Hot Desert and Mid-Latitude
Desert Climates
➢ The Warm Temperate Western
Margin (Mediterranean) Climate
➢ The Temperate Continental (Steppe
Climate)
➢ The Warm Temperate Eastern
Margin (China Type Climate)
➢ The Cool Temperate Western Margin
(British Type Climate)
➢ The Cool Temperate Continental
(Siberian) Climate
➢ The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin
(Lauren-tian) Climate
➢ The Arctic or Polar Climate
Biogeography
❖ Soil Characteristics
➢ Factors Responsible for Soil
Formation
➢ Stages of Soil Formation
➢ Soil Forming Processes
➢ Soil Profiles and Horizons
➢ Soil Classification
➢ Soil Erosion and Conservation
❖ Vegetation resources
16
➢ Types of natural vegetation
➢ Forests & its Various Aspects
➢ Deforestation
➢ Afforestation
➢ Reforestation
➢ Monoculture plantation
Human and Economic
Geography of the World
❖ Demography and Census
➢ Concept of human resources
➢ Factors affecting the distribution of
Population
❖ Economic Factors
➢ Minerals
➢ Urbanization
➢ Industrialisation
➢ Socio-cultural factors
❖ Population Growth
➢ Growth Rate of Population
➢ Natural growth of Population
➢ Positive & Negative Growth of
Population
❖ Components of Population Change
➢ Crude Birth & Death Rate
➢ Migration, Immigration, Emigration
➢ Push Factors and Pull Factors
❖ Trends in Population Growth
➢ Spatial pattern of Population change
➢ Impact of Population Change
❖ Demographic Transition
➢ Demographic Transition Theory
➢ Demographic Cycle
❖ Theories of Population Growth
➢ Malthusian theory
➢ Marxian theory
➢ Demographic Transition Theory
➢ Optimum population
➢ Over-population
➢ Under-population
❖ Population Control Measures
➢ World population distribution,
Density and Growth
➢ Continent-wide distribution of
population
➢ Pattern of population density
globally
❖ Population Composition
➢ Sex composition & Sex Ratio
 ➢ Natural Advantage vs Social ➢ Types and Patterns of settlements
Advantage ➢ Factors affecting location of rural &
➢ Age Structure Urban settlements
➢ Age – sex Pyramid ➢ Issues of Urbanization in India
➢ Literacy ➢ Rural Urban Migration
➢ Rural Urban Composition ➢ Emergence of Slums
➢ Occupational Structure ➢ Inclusive Cities/Smart cities
➢ Religion based Composition
❖ Population problems Indian Geography
❖ Census 2011 ❖ Physiography of India
❖ Human Development ➢ Geological Region
➢ Growth vs Development ➢ Physiographic Sub-Units
➢ The four pillars of Development ➢ Himalayas
➢ Equity ➢ The Peninsular - Peninsular Plateaus
➢ Sustainability ➢ Plains - Northern Plains of India
➢ Productivity ➢ Lakes
➢ Empowerment ➢ Deserts
➢ Approaches to Human Development ➢ Indian Coasts and Islands
➢ Measuring Human Development ❖ Drainage System
➢ International Comparisons of Human ➢ Classification of Drainage
Development ➢ Himalayan Drainage
❖ Economic Activities ➢ Indus river system
❖ Subsistence Agriculture ➢ Ganga River System
➢ Primitive Subsistence Agriculture ➢ Brahmaputra river system
➢ Intensive Subsistence Agriculture ➢ Peninsular River System
➢ Plantation Agriculture ❖ Climate
➢ Factors influencing the climate of
➢ Extensive Commercial Grain
India
Cultivation
➢ Monsoon
➢ Secondary Activities
➢ Mechanism of the Monsoon
❖ Manufacturing
➢ El Nino and La Nina
➢ Characteristics of Modern large scale ➢ Koppen’s Climatic classification
Manufacturing
❖ Soils in India
➢ Specialisation of Skills/ methods of ➢ Soil Acidity & textures
Production, Mechanisation -
➢ Minerals of Soil
Technological Innovation
➢ Soil Erosion
➢ Classification of Manufacturing
➢ Soil Conservation
Industries
❖ Industries based on Size ❖ Natural Vegetation
❖ Industries based on Inputs ➢ Vegetation
❖ Industries based on Ownership ➢ Mangroves
❖ Transport and Communication ➢ Distribution of Forest Area
❖ International Trade ❖ Population
➢ Extent of Foreign Investment ➢ Size, growth rate and distribution of
➢ Important aspects of International population
Trade ➢ India in World Population
➢ Balance of Trade ➢ Demographic transition
❖ Ports ➢ Census in India
❖ Settlement ➢ National Population Policy

17
 ➢ Literacy
➢ Gender composition of the
Population
➢ Health Indicators
❖ Settlements and Urbanization
➢ Rural & Urban Settlements
➢ Factors affecting settlement patterns
➢ Settlement types
❖ Land Resource
➢ Land-use
➢ Causes & Impact of Land
Degradation
➢ Sustainable Land Management
❖ Mineral Resource
➢ Types of minerals: Metallic minerals
& Non-metallic mineral
➢ Distribution of minerals and mining
regions
➢ Distribution, production and
international trade of minerals
➢ Conservation of mineral resources
❖ Energy Resources
➢ Classification of energy
➢ Production of conventional energy
➢ General trends of energy production
and consumption
➢ Reserves and sources of energy
➢ Exploration
➢ International trade
➢ OPEC and its role in oil trade
➢ Atomic (nuclear) energy
✓ Production of Atomic (Nuclear)
Energy
➢ Nuclear Energy
➢ Alternative (non-conventional)
sources of energy
❖ Agriculture
➢ Performance of the agriculture
sector
➢ Types of farming in India
➢ Cropping Pattern in India
➢ Agriculture regionalization
➢ Infrastructure factors: Seeds;
Fertilizers; Irrigation
➢ Land use pattern in India
➢ Green Revolution
➢ Agricultural marketing
➢ Major schemes in agricultural sector
18
➢ National Policy for farmers
➢ Impact of climate change on
agriculture
➢ Sustainable agriculture
➢ Use of IT in agriculture
➢ Agriculture Issues and Challenges
❖ Developments in Agriculture Field
❖ Productivity of Crops
❖ Industry
➢ Industrial development
➢ Iron and Steel Industry
➢ Textile Industry
➢ Engineering Industries
➢ Fertilizer industry: Nitrogen
fertilizers
➢ Cement industry
❖ Industrial Regions
➢ Characteristics of industrial regions
➢ Delimitation of an industrial region
➢ Principal industrial regions of the
world
❖ Transport
➢ Importance and development of
transport
➢ Means of transport
➢ Transport costs and economic
distance
➢ Operating costs in transport
➢ Government’s transport policy
➢ Ocean transport routes
➢ Inland waterways
➢ Pipeline transport
➢ Petroleum (oil) pipelines
➢ Gas pipelines
❖ New Development in Transport Sector
➢ Rural electrification corporation
➢ Time and costs overruns of
infrastructure projects
➢ National Infrastructure Investment
Fund
❖ Industrial Sector and New Initiatives
➢ Disinvestment of PSUs
World Regional Geography
❖ Continents Countries and Cities
➢ Continents and Important Cities of
the World
➢ Important Cities Situated on the ➢ Regional Grouping of Countries of
Banks of Rivers the World
➢ Changed Names of Some Cities, ➢ Economic Classification of Countries
States, and Countries of the World
➢ Distinctive Names of
Countries/Towns— Geographical
Epithets

❖❖❖

19
 3 POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Evolution of The Constitution
❖ The Company Rule (1773-1858)
➢ Regulating Act, 1773
➢ Amending Act, 1781
➢ Pitt’s India Act, 1784
➢ Amending Act of 1786
➢ Charter Act, 1793
➢ Charter Act, 1813
➢ Charter Act, 1833
➢ Charter Act, 1853
❖ The Crown Rule (1858-1947)
➢ Government of India Act, 1858
➢ Indian Councils Act, 1861
➢ Indian Councils Act, 1892
➢ Indian Councils Act, 1909
➢ Government of India Act, 1919
➢ Simon Commission
➢ Government of India Act, 1935
➢ Indian Independence Act, 1947
❖ Making of Indian Constitution
➢ Sources
➢ Important Committees of the
Constituent Assembly
➢ Working of the Constituent Assembly
➢ Objective Resolution
➢ Changes by the Independence Act,
1947
➢ Functions Performed by Constituent
Assembly
➢ Drafting Committee
➢ Enactment and enforcement of the
Constitution
➢ Important Facts about Indian
Constitution
Salient Features of Indian
Constitution
❖ Constitution and Types
20
➢ Types of Constitution
➢ Functions of the Constitution
➢ Historical evolution of the
Constitution
❖ Types of Political System
➢ Types of Political System
➢ Constitutional Government
➢ Parliamentary form of government
➢ Distinction between Indian and
British Models
➢ Features of the Presidential System
➢ Features of Semi-Presidential System
❖ Preamble and Values in the Constitution
➢ Objectives as per the Preamble
❖ Ideals (as mentioned in the Preamble)
❖ Amendment of the Constitution
❖ Types of Majorities
❖ Evolution of Basic Structure Doctrine
❖ Important Doctrines and Concepts
❖ Other Constitutional Dimensions
➢ Schedules and Subjects
➢ Official Languages
Union and Its Territory
❖ Article 1-4
➢ Committee/commission for State Re-
organization
➢ The State Reorganization
Commission (SRC) 1953
➢ Delimitation Commission
Citizenship
❖ Constitutional Provisions (Article 6-11)
➢ Constitutional provisions of
citizenship
➢ Citizenship Act, 1955
➢ The Citizenship (Amendment) Act,
2016
 ➢ Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019
Fundamental Duties
➢ Methodology of Acquisition of
Citizenship ❖ Features
➢ Modes of Losing the Citizenship of ❖ List of Fundamental Duties
India ❖ Other Recent Developments
➢ Comparison between NRI, PIO, and
OCI Cardholder System of Governance
❖ Indian Diaspora
➢ Pravasi Bhartiya Divas ❖ Centre-State Relations
➢ Non-Resident Indians ➢ Legislative Relations
➢ Territorial Powers
Fundamental Rights Part III ➢ Administrative Relations
➢ Financial Relations
❖ Meaning ➢ National Integration Council
❖ Objectives ❖ Inter State Relation and Related Issues
❖ Evolution ➢ Interstate water dispute
❖ Importance ➢ Interstate councils
❖ Reasonable Restriction on Fundamental ➢ Interstate trade and commerce
Rights ➢ Zonal Councils
❖ Article 12: Definition of state ❖ Special Provisions for some States
❖ Article 13: Laws Inconsistent with ❖ Types of Emergencies
Fundamental Rights:
➢ National Emergency
➢ Concept of Judicial Review
➢ Constitutional/State Emergency
❖ Equality Rights /President’s Rule
➢ Concept of Rule of Law ➢ Financial Emergency
➢ Due Process of Law
➢ Procedure Established by Law Union Executive
❖ Right to Freedom
❖ President
❖ Legal, Constitutional and Fundamental
Rights: Right to Property, Right to Vote etc. ❖ Vice President
❖ Right against Exploitation ❖ The Prime Minister
❖ Right to Freedom of Religion ❖ Union Council of Minister
❖ Cultural and Educational Rights ❖ Role of Bureaucracy
❖ Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
Union Legislature
❖ Other Dimensions of FR’s
❖ Organisation of Parliament
Directive Principles of State ➢ Functions of the Parliament
Policy (DPSP) Part IV ➢ Functioning of the Parliament
➢ Sessions of Parliament
❖ Evolution, objectives, and features
➢ Devices of Parliamentary
➢ Basic Features
Proceedings
➢ Different Types of Principles
➢ Parliamentary Privileges and
➢ Amendments Immunities
➢ Implementation ➢ Collective Privileges of the House
❖ Socialistic Principles ➢ Individual Privileges
❖ Gandhian Principles ➢ Houses of the Parliament
❖ Liberal-Intellectual Principles ❖ Parliament (Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and
❖ Directive Principle Outside Part IV President)
➢ Lok Sabha Composition

21
 ➢ Rajya Sabha Composition ➢ Other Powers and Functions
➢ Presiding Officers of the Parliament ➢ Composition of the Council of
➢ Speaker Ministers
➢ Powers & Functions of the speaker ➢ Responsibility of Ministers
➢ Deputy Speaker ➢ Advocate-General for the State
➢ Panel of Chairpersons of Lok Sabha
State Legislature
➢ Speaker Pro Tem
➢ Chairman of Rajya Sabha ❖ Legislative Assembly
➢ Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha ➢ Powers and Functions
➢ Panel of Vice-Chairpersons of Rajya ➢ Speaker & Deputy Speaker
Sabha ➢ Parliament’s Control over State
➢ Chairman and Deputy chairman of Legislature
the Council of States ❖ Legislative Council
➢ Membership of the Parliament ➢ Qualifications
➢ Secretariat of Parliament ➢ Powers and Functions
➢ Leaders in Parliament and Whip
➢ Devices of Parliamentary Local Government
Proceedings
➢ Comparison between different types ❖ Panchayati Raj
of Funds ➢ Evolution of the Panchayati Raj
➢ Role and powers of Parliament Institution (PRI)
➢ Special Power of Rajya Sabha ➢ 73rd Amendment Act of 1992
➢ Position of Rajya Sabha with respect ➢ Compulsory and Voluntary
to Lok Sabha Provisions
➢ Parliamentary Privileges ❖ Urban Local Government
➢ Sovereignty of Parliament ➢ 74th Constitutional Amendment Act
❖ Legislative Procedure and Committees of ➢ Types of Urban Governments In India
Parliament ❖ PESA Act,1996

State Executive Union Territories and Special

Areas
❖ Governor
➢ Powers of Governor ❖ Union Territories
✓ Executive power ➢ Creation of Union Territories
✓ Legislative power ➢ Administration of UT’s
✓ Financial Power ➢ Special provisions for Delhi
➢ Special Category Status
✓ Judicial Power
❖ Schedule and Tribal Areas
✓ Discretionary power ➢ Administration of Schedule Areas
➢ Recommendations on the office of ➢ Administration of Tribal areas
Governor ➢ Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule
➢ ARC (Administrative Reforms
Commission) The Judiciary
➢ Sarkaria Commission
❖ The Supreme Court
➢ National Commission to Review the
working of the Constitution. ➢ Chief Justice of India
❖ The Chief Minister and the CoM ➢ Acting Chief Justice of India
➢ Powers and Functions of Chief ➢ Appointment of Supreme Court
Minister Judges

22
 ➢ Qualifications for Supreme Court
Judges
➢ Removal of a Supreme Court Judges
➢ Process of Impeachment
➢ Ad hoc and Retired Judges
➢ Salaries and allowances of Supreme
Court Judges
➢ Chief Justices of India (Since 1951)
➢ Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
➢ Judicial Independence
➢ Judiciary Executive Relations
➢ Difference between Indian and
American Judiciary
➢ Concurrence Vs Consultation
➢ Judicial Review and Judicial Activism
➢ Concept of Public Interest Litigation
(PIL)
❖ The High Courts, Subordinate Courts & Lok
Adalats
➢ The High Courts
➢ Jurisdiction of the High Courts
➢ Subordinate Courts
➢ Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
➢ Alternative dispute Resolution
➢ Lok Adalat
➢ All India Judicial Service
➢ E-governance in Judiciary
➢ Judicial Impact Assessment
➢ Judges Standards and
AccountabilityBill, 2010
➢ National Legal Services Authority
(NALSA)
Constitutional & Extra-
Constitutional Bodies
❖ Constitutional Bodies
➢ Finance Commission
➢ Constitution
➢ Functions
➢ Comptroller And Auditor General of
India
➢ Attorney-General of India
➢ Appointment
➢ Functions and Responsibilities
➢ Election Commission: Universal Adult
Franchise, Right to Vote
➢ Elections and Electoral System in
India
23
➢ Electoral Reforms Since 1988
➢ All India Services
➢ Union Public Service Commission
(UPSC)
➢ State Public Service Commission
(SPSC)
➢ Joint State public Service
Commission (JSPSC)
➢ National Commission For SCs
➢ National Commission For STs
➢ Special Officer for Linguistic Minority
➢ The Advocate General
❖ Extra-Constitutional
➢ Special officer for linguistic
Minorities
➢ Central Information Commission
➢ State Information Commission
➢ Lokpal and Lokayukta
➢ National Human Rights Commission
➢ State Human Right Commission
➢ CVC (Central Vigilance Commission)
➢ NITI Aayog (National Institution for
Transforming India)
➢ NITI Aayog Vs the Planning
Commission
Political Dynamics
❖ Political Parties and Election
➢ Salient features of Representation of
Peoples Act, 1951
➢ Criminalization of politics
➢ State funding of Election
➢ Party System in India
➢ 10th Schedule and Anti-defection
measures
❖ Pressure Groups
➢ Meaning and Techniques
➢ Types of Pressure Groups in India
➢ Role of pressure group in developing
countries
➢ Functions of pressure groups in India
➢ Pressure groups methods
➢ Criticism of pressure groups
Governance
❖ Governing Institutions in India
❖ Structure of Ministries/departments
❖ Functions of attached and subordinate office
❖ Other organizations ❖ Role of SHG, NGOs, Civil Society
❖ Public sector undertakings
❖ The Executive organization Welfare Schemes
❖ Advantages of the separation of secretariat ❖ Health
and executive organization.
➢ Various Mission and Schemes by GoI
❖ Strengths and weaknesses of the existing
❖ Education
structure
❖ Recommendations for improving the ❖ Vulnerable Sector
Organizational structure ❖ Social Security

Audit and other Transparency ❖ Women and Child Development

Mechanism ❖ Disability
❖ Rural and Urban Development
❖ CVC
➢ Smart Cities Mission
❖ CAG
❖ Inclusive growth
❖ Lokpal
❖ Lokayukta ❖ Digital India

❖❖❖

24
 4 ECONOMY

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
❖ Macroeconomic Concepts ➢ Foreign Banks
➢ Meaning of Economics ➢ Regional Rural Banks
➢ Types of Economies ➢ Scheduled Co-operative Banks
➢ Sectors of an Economy ➢ Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
❖ Microeconomic Concepts ❖ Methods of Credit Control
➢ Various Quality & Quantity Control
Measurements in Economy Measures
✓ Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
❖ National Income Concepts and Methods of
Calculation ✓ Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
➢ Economic Growth Vs Economic ✓ Repo Rate
Development
✓ Reserve Repo Rate, etc
➢ Measures of Economic Growth
➢ Procyclical and Counter Cyclical ➢ Banking Sector Reforms in India
Economic policies ✓ Basel Norms
➢ Methods of GDP calculations ✓ Banking Ombudsman
❖ Business Cycle ✓ Development Financial Institutions
➢ Inflation
✓ Insurance Companies
➢ Reports & Indices
➢ Concepts and Types of Inflation ✓ New Developments in Economic
➢ Causes of Inflation Sector
➢ Effects of Inflation ❖ Financial Market and its Instruments
➢ Measures of Inflation ➢ Concept and functions of financial
markets
Money and Banking ➢ Importance of money market
➢ Types of capital market
❖ Money Function and Classification
➢ Capital market vs money market
➢ Money Concept
➢ Nature and functions of a stock
➢ Measures of Money Supply in India
exchange
➢ Broad and Narrow Money
➢ Insurance Industry - Insurance
➢ Money multiplier Industry and Reforms
➢ Digital Money ➢ Role of Financial Regulators
➢ Monetary Policy
❖ Banking in India Public Finance
➢ Scheduled Commercial Banks
❖ Budgeting
➢ Nationalized Banks
➢ Union Budget
➢ Public Sector Banks
➢ Revenue Receipts
➢ State Bank of India
➢ Tax Revenue Receipts
➢ Private Banks

25
 ➢ Non-Tax Revenue Receipts ➢ Decentralized Planning
❖ Fiscal Policy ➢ Multi-Level Planning
➢ Fiscal Responsibility and Budget ➢ Central sector and Centrally
Management (FRBM) Act, 2003 Sponsored Schemes
➢ Revenue Deficit, Fiscal Deficit, ❖ Planning Institutions
Primary Deficit ➢ Planning Commission
➢ Deficit and Surplus Budget ➢ NITI Aayog
➢ Deficit Financing ➢ National Development Council (NDC)
❖ Centre State Distribution ❖ Five Year Plans in India
➢ Finance Commission (Article 280) ➢ 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017)
❖ Tax Structure in India ➢ Alternative Scenarios During 12th
➢ Important concepts Plan
➢ Methods of Taxation (Progressive, ➢ Economic Reforms
Regressive, Proportional)
➢ Types of Taxes (Direct Tax, Indirect External Sector
Tax )
❖ Foreign Trade Concepts
➢ Value Added Tax – VAT in India
➢ Balance of Payments
➢ Goods and Services Tax – GST, GST
Council ➢ Foreign Capital – FDI, FPI, FII, QFH
➢ Service Tax ➢ Foreign Exchange–Exchange Rate
NEER & REER, ETF
➢ DTC – Direct Tax Code
➢ FERA & FEMA
➢ Comparison between Surcharge and
Cess ➢ Capital Account Convertibility in
India
➢ Distribution of Tax Revenues
➢ India's External Debt
➢ Important Institutions
➢ NRI Deposits
➢ Steps taken to reduce Tax Avoidance
in India ➢ Trade Composition
➢ Taxation related terms and ❖ Trade Policy and Agreements
terminologies ➢ Import/Export Controls
❖ Government Debt ➢ Export Promotion
➢ General Agreement on Tariffs and
Planning Trade
❖ Exchange Rate
❖ Meaning , Objectives and History
❖ Various International Organization
➢ Meaning of Economic Planning
➢ United Nations
➢ Objectives of?Planning
➢ Food and Agriculture Organization
➢ Strategies of Planning (FAO)
➢ Harrod Domar strategy ➢ International Civil Aviation
➢ Nehru Mahalanobis strategy Organization (ICAO)
➢ Gandhian strategy ➢ International Fund for Agricultural
➢ LPG strategy Development (IFAD)
➢ Regional and National Planning ➢ International Labour Organization
➢ Imperative and Indicative Planning (ILO)
➢ History of Planning in India ➢ International Maritime Organization
➢ Visvesvaraya Plan, Gandhian Plan (IMO)
FICCI Proposal, Congress Plan ➢ International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Bombay Plan ➢ International Telecommunication
➢ Planning Commission and National Union (ITU)
Development Council (NDC)

26
 ➢ United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)
➢ United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO)
➢ Universal Postal Union (UPU)
➢ World Bank Group (WBG)
➢ International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD)
➢ International Finance Corporation
(IFC)
➢ International Development
Association (IDA)
➢ World Health Organization (WHO)
➢ World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO)
➢ World Meteorological Organization
(WMO)
➢ World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO)
➢ World Trade Organization (WTO)
➢ Asian Development Bank
➢ Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
(AII)
➢ New Development Bank
➢ African Development Bank
❖ Various Trade Agreements
❖ New Developments in External Sector
➢ Global foreign exchange committee
❖ Human Development and Sustainable
Development in India
➢ Human Development
➢ Approaches to Human Development
➢ UNDP Human Development Report
(HDR)
➢ Comparison between Gender
Inequality Index, Global Gender Gap
Index, Gender Parity Index
➢ World Happiness Report
➢ World Bank- Human Capital Project
➢ Sustainable Development
➢ Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) 2030
❖ Poverty
➢ Definition and Indices
➢ Poverty in India
➢ Human Poverty Index (HPI)
➢ Expert Groups for Estimating Poverty
27
➢ Multidimensional Poverty
➢ Socio Economic and Caste Census
(SECC)
❖ Employment & Unemployment
➢ Employment and Unemployment
➢ Poverty Eradication and Employment
Related programs.
❖ Government Schemes and Programs
❖ Various Committees
Agriculture Sector in Indian
Economy
❖ Key statistics
❖ Economic Survey on Agriculture
❖ Union Budgets on Agriculture
❖ Important terminologies related to Cropping
❖ Agricultural System
❖ Sustainable Agriculture
❖ Important Agriculture and Income Support
Schemes
❖ Committees related to Agriculture
❖ Other Agriculture related Institutions
❖ Major Agreements and concepts under WTO
(World Trade Organization)
❖ Rainbow Revolution in Agriculture
❖ Animal Husbandry
❖ Land Reforms
Industry & Infrastructure in
Indian Economy
❖ Classification Of Industries
❖ Index of Industrial Production (IIP)
❖ Eight Core Sectors
❖ Economic Survey
❖ Important Industrial Locations
❖ Strategic and Critical Minerals
❖ Economic Reforms related to Industries
❖ Disinvestment
❖ Types of Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs)
❖ Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
❖ National Investment & Manufacturing Zones
(NIMZ)
❖ Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme
❖ Industrial Corridors
❖ Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC)
❖ Related Schemes and Initiatives
❖ National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP)
❖ Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises
(MSMEs)
❖ Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
❖ Important Reports
Service Sector in Indian Economy
❖ Spread of Service Sector
❖ Service Sector Performance
❖ National Investment and Infrastructure Fund
(NIIF)
❖❖❖
28
❖ Purchasing Managers Index (PMI)
❖ Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
❖ Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS)
Report, 2022
❖ Champion Services Sector (CSS)
❖ WTO and Services
❖ Government Schemes & Initiatives
❖ Services: Economic Survey 2021-22
❖ It and Telecom Services
 5 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

❖ Policy Development of S&T in India ➢ Recent National and International

➢ Role of S&T in the Developing World Space Missions
➢ S&T Policy in India - History ➢ Cryogenic rockets
➢ Awards related to Science ➢ Chandrayaan – I & II
➢ New Initiatives Aligned with the ➢ Mars Orbiter Mission
National Agenda ➢ Space Organisations
➢ India and World collaboration in ➢ Space race/Space junk
science projects ❖ New Developments in the field of Space
➢ Technology Vision Document 2035 ➢ Developments in India and in the
➢ National Intellectual Property Rights World
Policy ✓ South Asia Satellite
➢ Policy on Synthetic Biology ✓ Neutrino Observatory
❖ Different Organization/Institution and
Various Department for the S&T ✓ Solar Mission- ADITYA
➢ List of Various Centre Institutions ✓ Gravitational Waves
and Bureaus
➢ Ministries and Department for IT and Communication
science and Technology
➢ Department of Science & Technology ❖ Different Regulatory Bodies in India for ICT
➢ Ministry of Communication and
Space information Technology
➢ Government initiatives
❖ Space Research Programme, Orbits and ➢ Cyber Law
Launch
❖ Computer Terminology and Fundamental
➢ Space Technology
➢ History of Computers
➢ Indian Space research Programme
➢ Types of Computers
➢ ISRO and ANTRIX
❖ Mobile Generations and Technology
➢ Orbits Type
➢ Definition and Impact of ICT on
➢ Satellite Launching Systems Society
➢ Terminologies Related to the Space ➢ Evolution of Telecommunication
Science
➢ Media Transmission technology
❖ Satellites, Launch Vehicles and India Satellite
➢ Networking: Bluetooth , WIFI
Programmes
Hotspot
➢ Earth Observation Systems
➢ National E Governance Plan
➢ Satellite Communication in India
➢ Recent Developments
➢ Remote sensing applications - IRS
➢ Government initiatives
Systems
➢ Digital India Initiative
➢ INSAT Satellite Application
➢ Net Neutrality
➢ GSAT Satellite Application
➢ Internet of Things
➢ Launch vehicle Technology
➢ Big Data Initiative and Privacy
➢ GSLV and Various Engine
➢ Cyber crime and security

29
 ➢ Spectrum ➢ Radiation Technologies and
➢ Quantum computing Applications
➢ Radioactive Waste and Nuclear
Materials, Nanotechnology and Waste Management
Robotics
IPR and Related Issues
❖ Superconductivity Laser, Artificial
Intelligence ❖ Intellectual Property Rights (Meaning and
Types)
➢ Application of Superconductors
❖ IPR and Agriculture
➢ Types and Applications of LASERS
➢ Artificial Intelligence and Application Biotechnology
➢ Advantages and Disadvantages of
Artificial Intelligence ❖ Biotechnology in India
❖ Robotics ➢ Department of BT
➢ Classification of Robots ➢ Various Fields of BT
➢ Applications of Robotics ❖ Genetics and Biotechnology
➢ Industrial genetics
❖ Nanotechnology
➢ Genetic engineering
➢ What is Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology? ➢ DNA sequencing
➢ Origination of Nanoscience and ❖ Biological fuel generation
Technology ➢ Global warming and the significance
➢ Basics of Nanoscience of fossils fuels
➢ Nanomaterials ❖ Environmental Biotechnology
➢ Applications of nanotechnology ➢ Microbial Ecology Environmental
Biotechnology
Defence ➢ Waste water and sewage treatment
➢ Landfilling technologies
❖ Defence Technology ➢ Microbes and the geological
➢ Organizations environment
➢ Missile system and classification ❖ Plant and Forest biotechnology
(based on launch vehicle, Range and ❖ Animal and Insect biotechnology
propulsion system)
❖ Food and Beverage Biotechnology
➢ Ballistic vs Cruise Missile
❖ Biotechnology and medicine
➢ Integrated Guided Missile
➢ Pharmaceuticals and
Development Programme
biopharmaceuticals
➢ Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
❖ Protection of biotechnological inventions
➢ Other Government Initiatives
➢ Patent protection Trade secrets
Nuclear Technology ➢ Plant breeders’ rights
❖ Development in Biotechnology
❖ Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Fuels ➢ Achievements of Biotechnology in
➢ Types of nuclear reactions (Fusion different fields
and Fission) ➢ Designer Babies’ or Three Parents
❖ Nuclear Programme in India Babies
❖ Organisations /Institutions
Biology
➢ Department of Atomic Energy
➢ BARC ❖ Origin of Life and Cells
❖ Radioactivity ❖ Genetics
➢ Radiation and Radioactivity ➢ Inheritance
➢ DNA, The Genetic Material

30
 ➢ Gene Expression ❖ Rayleigh scattering
➢ Gene Regulation ❖ Raman Scattering
➢ Mutation ❖ Total Internal reflection
➢ Recombinant DNA Technology ❖ Optical Illusions
❖ Classification of Living Things ❖ Mirage
➢ Classification and Domains of Life ❖ Looming
➢ General Biology/Classification of ❖ Rainbow
Living Things/Viruses ❖ Twinkling of stars
❖ Evolution of Life ❖ Plane Mirror
➢ Human Animal Evolution ❖ Periscope
❖ Tissues ❖ Spherical mirror
❖ Endocrine System ❖ Concave mirror and Applications
➢ Hypothalamus ❖ Convex mirror and Applications
➢ Pineal body (epiphysis) ❖ Concave lens and Applications
➢ Pituitary gland (hypophysis) ❖ Convex lens and Applications
➢ Thyroid ❖ Defects of vision
➢ Adrenal glands ❖ Myopia (nearsightedness)
➢ Reproductive glands ❖ Correction - concave lens
❖ Respiratory System ❖ Hypermetropia (farsightedness)
➢ External and Internal Respiration ➢ Correction - convex lens.
➢ Respiratory System in Humans and ➢ Astigmatism
Animals ➢ Cataract and Correction
❖ The Transport System in Organisms ➢ Ohm's law
❖ Skeletal and Muscular Systems
❖ Reproductive System Type of material
❖ Excretory System
❖ Conductor
❖ Nutrition
❖ Insulators
➢ Classification by Source of Energy
and Carbon ❖ Semiconductor
➢ Plant & Animal Nutrition ❖ Superconductor
➢ The Digestive System ❖ Series and parallel connection
➢ Photosynthesis ❖ Fuse
❖ Diseases
Effects of current
➢ Communicable diseases
➢ Non-Communicable diseases ❖ Chemical effect of current
❖ Economic Zoology ❖ Electrolytic
➢ Beneficial animals ❖ Non-electrolytic
➢ Harmful animals ❖ Ions (charged particles)
❖ Electroplating
Physics
❖ Galvanization
❖ Waves ❖ Chrome plating
❖ Light ❖ Various devices
❖ Electromagnetic Spectrum ❖ Dynamo
❖ Ray optics ❖ Motor
❖ Reflection ❖ Inverters
❖ Refraction ❖ Alternating current (AC) & Direct current
❖ Dispersion (DC)
❖ Scattering of light ❖ Magnetic effect of current

31
❖ Electromagnetic induction ❖ Supernova Explosion
❖ Application of EMI ❖ Black Hole
❖ Wireless charging ❖ Kuiper Belt
❖ Eddy current ❖ Heliosphere & Hydrogen Wall
❖ Latent heat ❖ Interstellar
❖ Abnormal behavior of water ❖ Goldilocks Zone
❖ Surface tension ❖ Force Carriers
❖ Cohesive force ❖ Electromagnetic Gravitation
❖ Adhesive force ❖ Antimatter, Dark Matter
❖ Applications of surface tension ❖ Higgs-Boson Theory
❖ Capliatrity ❖ Theory of General Relativity
❖ Archimedes principle ❖ Gravitational Lensing
❖ Chemistry ❖ Expansion of Universe
❖ Matter ❖ Evidence of Dark Energy
❖ Plasma
❖ Atom
Chemistry
❖ Quarks and their Types ❖ Periodic Table
❖ Up Quark: + 2/3 charge ❖ Atomic Structure
❖ Down Quark: - 1/3 charge ❖ Metal and Non-Metals
❖ Acids and Bases
Isotopes
❖ Carbon, Allotropes, Hydrocarbon
❖ Phosphorous
Nuclear physics
➢ Black-P (good conductor)
❖ Nuclear fusion ➢ White -P (used in matchstick)
❖ Nuclear fission ➢ Red -P (used in matchstick)
❖ Radioactivity ❖ Graphite
❖ Alpha decay ❖ Ozone
❖ Beta-decay ❖ Halogen Family
❖ Gamma decay ❖ The Noble Gases
❖ Neutrinos ❖ Rare Earth Elements and Applications
❖ Half-life ❖ Types of Acids - Organic Acid, Formic acid,
Acetic acid, Inorganic Acid
Cosmic Physics ❖ Base
❖ Baking agents
❖ Gravitation
❖ Chemical Explosives
❖ Escape Velocity
❖ Soaps and Detergents: chemistry of
❖ Galaxy Surfactants
❖ Stars ❖ Important Terms
❖ Planet ➢ Phosphorescence
❖ Asteroids ➢ Fluorescence
❖ Satellite ➢ Luminescence
❖ Comet ➢ Bioluminescence
❖ Meteoroids, Meteors, Meteorites ➢ Efflorescence
❖ Chandrasekhar Limit
❖ White Dwarf

❖❖❖

32
33
 6 ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

BASIC CONCEPTS OF ECOLOGY

❖ Types of Ecology ❖ Biological Control
❖ Ecological Hierarchy ❖ Population Ecology
❖ Scope of Ecology ➢ Types of species
❖ Habitat & Ecological Niche ➢ Population Growth Models
❖ Deep vs Shallow Ecology ➢ Tiger Census and Lion Census
❖ Ecological Principles ❖ Adaptation of Species and Interactions
❖ Ecological Community
❖ Structure and Characteristics of a Terrestrial Ecosystems
Community
❖ Forest Ecosystem in India
❖ Stratification
➢ Tropical Evergreen and Semi
❖ Ecotone Evergreen Forests,
❖ Ecological Dominance ➢ Tropical Deciduous Forests
❖ Seasonal and Diurnal Fluctuation ➢ Dry deciduous Forest
❖ Periodicity ➢ Tropical Thorn Forests
❖ Turnover ➢ Montane Forests
❖ Interdependence ➢ Littoral and Swamp Forests
❖ Ecological Succession ❖ Grasslands (Savanna and Steppe)
➢ Types and Process of Succession ❖ Tundra
➢ Climax Community ❖ Deserts
❖ Range of Tolerance, Maximum Range ❖ Mountains
❖ Difference between Ecology, Environment
and Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem
Ecosystem ❖ Factors affecting the productivity of aquatic
ecosystems
❖ Ecosystem Definitions ➢ Sunlight
❖ Functions and Properties of Ecosystem ➢ Photic Zone
❖ The Structure/Components of Ecosystem ➢ Aphotic Zone
➢ Abiotic Components ➢ Temperature and Oxygen
➢ Biotic Components Concentration
❖ Ecosystem Dynamics ➢ Turbidity and Transparency
❖ Flow of Energy in Ecosystem ❖ Freshwater ecosystem
❖ Trophic Levels ❖ Marine Ecosystem
❖ Food Chain ➢ Marine Organisms
➢ Types & Significance of Food Chain ➢ Plankton
❖ Food Web ➢ Phytoplankton
❖ Models for Energy Flow ➢ Zooplankton
❖ Ecological Productivity ➢ Sea-grass
❖ Ecological Pyramid ➢ Seaweeds
❖ Biomagnifications ➢ Eutrophication

34
 ➢ Algal Bloom
❖ Estuaries
➢ Types of Estuaries
➢ Importance of estuaries
➢ Threats to estuaries
➢ Conservation of Estuaries
❖ Mangroves
➢ Mangroves in India
➢ Importance of Mangroves
➢ Mangroves under threats
➢ Legal and Regulatory Approaches for
Protection
➢ Community based mangrove
regeneration
❖ Coral Reef
➢ Types Of Coral Reefs
➢ Uses of coral reefs
➢ Threats to Coral reefs
➢ Conservation of coral reef
❖ Wetlands
➢ Types of wetlands
➢ Wetlands in India
➢ Importance of wetlands
➢ Threats to wetland ecosystems
➢ Conservation of Wetlands
➢ About Ramsar Convention ‘
➢ About Asian Water bird Census
➢ Human Modified Ecosystems
Nutrient Cycling
❖ Concept of Biogeochemical Cycle
❖ Carbon Cycle
❖ Hydrological Cycle
❖ Nitrogen Cycle
❖ Oxygen Cycle
❖ Sulfur Cycle
❖ Phosphorus Cycle
Biodiversity
❖ Basics of Biodiversity
➢ Biogeographical classification
World
➢ Bio-geographical classification
India
➢ Functions of biodiversity
➢ Hotspots of biodiversity
❖ Bioinformatics
➢ Role of Traditional Knowledge in
Biodiversity
➢ Biopiracy
❖ Animal and Plant Diversity
➢ Plant and Animal Kingdom
➢ Marine Mammals
➢ Egg laying Mammals
➢ Marsupials
➢ Threats to biodiversity
➢ Causes of Biodiversity losses
➢ Effects of Loss of Biodiversity
➢ Extinction of species
➢ Mass Extinction
❖ IUCN Red List and Classification Scheme
❖ Biodiversity Conservation
❖ Scheduled Animals in the Wildlife Protection
Act
❖ Protected Area Categories
❖ Forms of Protected Areas
❖ Biosphere reserves
❖ Sacred forests and sacred lakes
❖ World Heritage sites
❖ Geo-heritage sites
❖ Advantages of In-situ conservation
❖ Disadvantages of In-situ conservation
❖ In-situ & Ex-situ methods of Conservation
➢ Advantages
➢ Disadvantages
❖ Zoological Parks
❖ Botanical Gardens
❖ Seed banks
❖ National Parks
❖ Wildlife Sanctuaries
❖ Important Coastal and marine Biodiversity
Areas
❖ Biomes of India
❖ Plant Diversity of India
of
❖ Wildlife Diversity of India
❖ Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) (1972)
of ❖ International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN)
❖ Conservation Priorities
35
 Species-Related Terminologies Resources and Related Aspects

❖ Flagship Species ❖ Land Resource

❖ Keystone Species ➢ Causes of land degradation
❖ Priority Species ➢ Impact of land degradation
❖ Indicator Species ➢ Desertification
❖ Foundation Species ➢ Sustainable Land Management
❖ Charismatic Species ❖ Forest Resource
❖ Umbrella Species ➢ Types of Forests In India
❖ Invasive/Alien Species ➢ Deforestation
➢ Strategies for Reducing
Species based conservation Deforestation
programs ➢ Government Programmes for
Conservation of Forests
❖ Project Tiger ❖ Soil Resource
➢ Petersburg Tiger Summit 2010 (TX2) ➢ Soil Characteristics and Soil
➢ Conservation Assured (CA) | Tiger formation process
Standards (TS) Asia ➢ Soil Profiles and Horizons
❖ Project Elephant and Elephant Census ➢ Type of Soils
➢ Elephant Corridors ➢ Soils in India & World
❖ Project Snow Leopard ➢ Soil Erosion
➢ Project Secure Himalaya ➢ Problems due to excessive irrigation
❖ Vulture Conservation ➢ Soil Conservation
➢ Action Plan for Vulture Conservation ➢ Soil health card scheme
(2020 -2025)
➢ Organic Farming
❖ Crocodile conservation project
❖ Water Pollution
❖ Ganges dolphin project
➢ Surface Water Resource
❖ Indian (One Horn) Rhino Vision (IRV) 2020
➢ Groundwater Resources
❖ Other projects
➢ Sources of Water Pollution
➢ Project Sea Turtle ➢ Measurement of Water pollution
➢ Project Crocodile
➢ Causes of Water Pollution
➢ Project Hangul (Kashmir Stag)
➢ Harmful effects of water pollution
➢ Dolphin Conservation
➢ Other terms associated with water
❖ India Adopted South Asia Wildlife pollution
Enforcement Network (SAWEN)
✓ Algal Bloom
❖ Global initiative
✓ Eutrophication
➢ State of Protected Areas in the
✓ Arsenic contamination of water
World
✓ Mercury Pollution
➢ MAB – Man and Biosphere
Programme ✓ Oxygen Stratification
❖ Energy Resources
➢ World network of Biosphere
Reserves ➢ Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
➢ Biodiversity Hotspots ➢ Tidal Energy
➢ CBD – Convention of Biological ➢ Geothermal Energy
Diversity ➢ Solar Energy
➢ Cartagena Protocol ➢ New Energy Resources
➢ Nagoya Protocol ➢ Renewable Energy and Development
➢ Aichi Biodiversity Diversity ➢ National Policy on Biofuels

36
 ➢ New Energy Policy ➢ Sources of biological pollution
➢ Harmful effects from biological
Pollution contaminants
❖ Basics of Pollution ➢ Corrective actions
❖ Radioactive Pollution
➢ Sources of pollution
➢ Sources of Radioactive Pollution
➢ Classification of pollutants ➢ Harmful effects of Radioactive
➢ Pollution Indicator species Pollution
❖ Water Pollution ➢ Corrective actions
➢ Comparing Dissolved Oxygen, BOD ❖ Thermal Pollution
and COD ➢ Causes of Thermal Pollution
❖ Mining and Pollution ➢ Effect of Thermal Pollution
➢ Mining and Environment ➢ Control of Thermal Pollution
➢ Sustainable Mining
❖ Air Pollution Waste Management
➢ Causes of air pollution
❖ Solid waste management
➢ Respirable Suspended Particulate
➢ Types of Solid Waste
Matter (RSPM)
➢ Issues in solid waste management in
➢ Fly Ash
India
➢ The Air (Prevention & Control of
Pollution) Act 1981 ➢ Technologies for the Generation of
Energy from Waste
➢ National Air Quality Index (NAQI) and
National Ambient Air Quality ➢ Policy on Promotion of City Compost
Standards (NAAQS) ➢ Salient features of SWM Rules, 2016
➢ Air Quality Early Warning System ❖ E-Waste Management
(AQEWS) and Graded Response ➢ Pollutants and their health impacts
Action Plan (GRAP) ➢ E-waste status in India
➢ Continuous Ambient Air Quality ➢ Importance of the E-waste
Monitoring System (CAAQMS) management
❖ Occupational Health Hazards ➢ Steps taken for combating mounting
➢ Black Lung Disease E-Waste
➢ Silicosis ➢ E-waste (Management & Handling)
➢ Pneumoconiosis Rules, 2016
➢ Byssinosis ❖ International Conventions regarding Waste
➢ Asbestosis Disposal
➢ Stockholm Convention on Persistent
❖ Marine Pollution
Organic Pollutants
➢ Sources of marine pollution
➢ Effects of marine pollution ➢ Basel Convention
➢ Concept of dead zone ➢ Rotterdam Convention
➢ Concept of Ocean acidification ❖ Plastics Pollution
➢ Oil spill ➢ Effects of Plastic Waste
➢ Trash and Other Debris in ocean ➢ The Global Tourism Plastics Initiative
➢ Microplastics and its impact ❖ Biomedical Waste Management
❖ Noise Pollution ➢ Hazards associated with waste
➢ Causes of Noise pollution management
➢ Noise Levels ➢ Bio-Medical Waste Management
➢ Effects of Noise Pollution on human Rules, 2016
health ➢ Hazardous waste and its
➢ Corrective actions Characteristics
❖ Biological Pollution

37
 ➢ Hazardous and Other Wastes
(Management & Trans-boundary
Movement) Rules, 2016
➢ Hazardous waste treatment
❖ Treatments/ Methods in Waste Management
Climate Change
❖ Climate Change Basics
❖ Factors Affecting Climate Change
❖ Urbanization and climate change
➢ Urban Heat Island
❖ Impact of agriculture on climate
➢ Agriculture increases Carbon Dioxide
Emissions
➢ Monoculture practice impacts
biodiversity
➢ Pollution due to use of chemical
fertilizers
➢ Soil-related effects
➢ Sustainable Agriculture Techniques
❖ Greenhouse effect
➢ Ecological footprint
➢ Carbon footprint
➢ Global Warming Potential (GWP)
❖ Impacts of the Climate Change
❖ Global Warming & Health
➢ Ozone depletion and human health
❖ Strategies to Address Climate Change
Environmental Administration
❖ Acts and Policies
➢ Constitutional Provisions related to
environment
➢ Wildlife Protection Act 1972
➢ Environmental Protection Act
➢ National Forest Policy
➢ Biological Diversity Act 2002
➢ Schedule Tribes and Other Forest
➢ Dwellers Act 2006
➢ Coastal Regulation Zone
➢ Wetland Rules 2010
➢ National Green Tribunal
➢ Ozone Depleting Substance Rules
❖ Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
➢ Brief History of EIA in India
➢ EIA Process in India
➢ Drawback in EIA Process
➢ Recommendations for Improvement
❖ International Environmental Governance
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➢ UNEP
➢ UNDP
➢ Centre for Biological Diversity
➢ WWF for Nature
➢ IUCN - Red List
➢ Birdlife International
➢ International Conventions /
Protocols & their Objectives
➢ Sustainable Development Goals
➢ Various Indices relate to
Environment
➢ Climate Change Governance
➢ United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment (Stockholm
Conference)
➢ Montreal Protocol and Kigali
Agreement
➢ The Earth Summit
➢ Commission on Sustainable
Development (CSD)
➢ United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
➢ United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC): 1992
➢ Global Climate Finance Architecture
➢ Global Environment Facility (GEF)
➢ REDD+
➢ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC)
➢ National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Programme (NGGIP)
➢ The Economics of Ecosystems and
Biodiversity (TEEB)
➢ Global Climate Finance Architecture
➢ Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF)
➢ Least Developed Countries Fund
(LDCF)
➢ Climate Investment Fund (World
Bank as Trustee)
➢ Green Climate Fund (GCF)
➢ Adaptation Fund (AF)
➢ Biocarbon Fund
➢ EU Initiatives
➢ Clean Technology Fund
➢ World Meteorological Organization
(WMO)
➢ United Nations Programmes and
Assemblies
 ➢ United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP)
➢ Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
➢ Climate and Clean Air Coalition
(CCAC)
➢ Arctic Council
❖ India and Climate Change
➢ India’s Position with regards to policy
on Climate Change
➢ Observed Climate and Weather
Changes in India
➢ Indian Climate Change Assessment
➢ Actions for Adaptation & Mitigation
➢ National Action Plan for Climate
Change (NAPCC)
➢ National Solar Mission
➢ National Mission for Enhanced
Energy Efficiency (NMEEE)
➢ National Mission on Sustainable
Habitat
➢ National Water Mission
➢ National Mission for Sustaining
Himalayan Ecosystems
➢ National Mission for a Green India
➢ National Mission on Sustainable
Agriculture
➢ National Mission on Strategic
Knowledge for Climate Change
➢ National Bioenergy Mission
➢ National Communication (NATCOM)
➢ National Action Programme to
Combat Desertification
➢ Green Buildings
➢ Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB)
➢ Standard and Labeling Programme
(BEE Star Label)
➢ Energy Conservation Building Code
(ECBC)
➢ Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment (GRIHA)
➢ National Initiative on Climate
Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
➢ BSE - GREENEX
➢ FAME - India Programme
➢ Long Term Ecological Observatories
(LTEO)
➢ National Adaptation Fund for
Climate Change (NAFCC)
➢ National Policy on Biofuels, 2018
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❖ Environment related Institutions in India
➢ Pollution Control Boards
➢ National Green Tribunal
➢ National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)
➢ Animal Welfare Board
➢ Central Zoo Authority (CZA)
➢ National Biodiversity Authority
➢ Central Water Commission
➢ Animal Welfare Board of India
(AWBI)
➢ Zoological Survey of India (ZSI)
➢ Forest Survey of India (FSI)
➢ India State of Forest Report
➢ Botanical Survey of India (BSI)
➢ Wildlife Crime Control Bureau
(WCCB)
➢ National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)
➢ National Ganga River Basin Authority
➢ National Tiger Conservation
Authority (NTCA)
➢ Bombay Natural History Society
❖ Schemes in India regarding Environmental
➢ National Wildlife Action Plan
➢ CAMPA
➢ Joint Forest Management
➢ Social Forestry
➢ Ganga Rejuvenation Plan
➢ Benefits of River Ganga (Facts about
Ganga River Pollution and its
impacts)
➢ Eco mark Scheme
➢ Swachh Bharat Mission
➢ Bharat Stage Norms
➢ Corporate Social Responsibility and
Environment Protection
Relevant Data Lists
❖ National Parks
❖ Tiger Reserves of India
❖ Elephant Reserves in India
❖ Mike Sites in India
❖ Biosphere Reserves
❖ Biosphere Reserves in UNESCO’s Map List
❖ Ramsar Wetland Sites
❖ Natural World Heritage Sites
❖ List of Sacred Groves
❖ Mangrove Sites in India
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