Kepler-186f

Coordinates: 19h 54m 36.651s, +43° 57′ 18.06″

Kepler-186f[2][3] (also known by its Kepler object of interest

Kepler-186f
designation KOI-571.05) is an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting
within the habitable zone of the red dwarf star Kepler-186,[4][5][6]
the outermost of five such planets discovered around the star by
NASA's Kepler spacecraft. It is located about 580 light-years (180
parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus.[7]

Kepler-186f orbits its star at a distance of about 0.43 AU

(64,000,000 km; 40,000,000 mi) from its host star with an orbital
Artist’s depiction of Kepler-186f
period of roughly 130 days, and a mass and radius around 1.44
(foreground) as a rocky Earth-like
and 1.17 times that of Earth, respectively. As one of the more
planet in the habitable zone, with
promising candidates for habitability, it was the first planet with a
radius similar to Earth's to be discovered in the habitable zone of the Kepler-186 system visible in the
another star. However, key components still need to be found to background. The actual
determine its habitability for life, including an atmosphere and its appearance and composition of the
composition and if liquid water can exist on its surface. exoplanet is not currently known.
Discovery
Analysis of three years of data was required to find its signal.[8]
NASA’s Kepler telescope detected it using the transit method (in Discovered by Elisa Quintana
which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front Discovery site Kepler Space
of its star is measured), along with four additional planets orbiting Observatory
much closer to the star (all modestly larger than Earth).[5] The
Discovery date 17 April 2014
results were presented initially at a conference on 19 March
2014[9] and some details were reported in the media at the time.[10] Detection Transit
method
The public announcement was on 17 April 2014,[3] followed by
publication in Science.[2] Orbital characteristics
Semi-major axis 0.432 ± 0.01
Physical characteristics AU[1]
Eccentricity 0.04[1]
Orbital period 129.9444 ±
Mass, radius and temperature (sidereal) 0.0012 d[1]
The only physical property directly derivable from the 0.355772 y
observations (besides the orbit) is the size of the planet relative to Inclination 89.9[1]
the central star, which follows from the amount of occultation of
Star Kepler-186
stellar light during a transit. This ratio was measured to be 0.021,[2]
giving a planetary radius of 1.17 ± 0.08 times that of Earth.[3][5] Physical characteristics
The planet is about 11% larger in radius than Earth (between 4.5% Mean radius 1.17 ± 0.08[1]
smaller and 26.5% larger), giving a volume about 1.37 times that R🜨
of Earth (between 0.87 and 2.03 times as large). +2.33
Mass 1.44 −1.12[2]
MEarth
Surface gravity 1.17 (est.) g
A very wide range of possible masses can be calculated by Temperature Teq: 188 K
combining the radius with densities derived from the possible types (−85 °C;
of matter from which planets can be made. For example, it could −121 °F)
be a rocky terrestrial planet or a lower density ocean planet with a
thick atmosphere. A massive hydrogen/helium (H/He) atmosphere
is thought to be unlikely in a planet with a radius below 1.5 R🜨. Planets with a radius of more than 1.5
times that of Earth tend to accumulate the thick atmospheres which make them less likely to be
habitable.[11] Red dwarfs emit a much stronger extreme ultraviolet (XUV) flux when young than later in
life. The planet's primordial atmosphere would have been subjected to elevated photoevaporation during
that period, which would probably have largely removed any H/He-rich envelope through hydrodynamic
mass loss.[2]

Mass estimates range from 0.32 MEarth for a pure water/ice composition to 3.77 MEarth if made up entirely
of iron (both implausible extremes). For a body with radius 1.11 R🜨, a composition similar to that of Earth
(i.e., 1/3 iron, 2/3 silicate rock) yields a mass of 1.44 MEarth ,[2] taking into account the higher density due to
the higher average pressure compared to Earth. That would make the force of gravity on the surface 17%
higher than on Earth.

The estimated equilibrium temperature for Kepler-186f, which is the surface temperature without an
atmosphere, is said to be around 188 K (−85 °C; −121 °F), somewhat colder than the equilibrium
temperature of Mars.[12]

Host star

The planet orbits Kepler-186, an M-type red dwarf star which has a total of five known planets. The star
has a mass of 0.54 M☉ and a radius of 0.52 R☉ . It has a temperature of 3755 K and is about 4 billion years
old,[1] about 600 million years younger than the Sun, which is 4.6 billion years old[13] and has a
temperature of 5,778 K (5,505 °C; 9,941 °F).[14]

The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 14.62. This is too dim
to be seen with the naked eye, which can only see objects with a magnitude up to at least 6.5 – 7 or
lower.[15]

Orbit

Kepler-186f orbits its star with about 5% of the Sun's luminosity with an orbital period of 129.9 days and
an orbital radius of about 0.40[1] times that of Earth's (compared to 0.39 AU (58 million km; 36 million mi)
for Mercury). The habitable zone for this system is estimated conservatively to extend over distances
receiving from 88% to 25% of Earth's illumination (from 0.23 to 0.46 AU (34 to 69 million km; 21 to
43 million mi)).[16] Kepler-186f receives about 32%, placing it within the conservative zone but near the
outer edge, similar to the position of Mars in our planetary system.[2]

Habitability
Kepler-186f's location within the habitable zone does not necessarily mean it is habitable; this is also
dependent on its atmospheric characteristics, which are unknown.[17] However, Kepler-186f is too distant
for its atmosphere to be analyzed by existing telescopes (e.g., NESSI) or next-generation instruments such
as the James Webb Space Telescope.[5][18] A simple climate model – in which the planet's inventory of
 volatiles is restricted to nitrogen, carbon dioxide and
water, and clouds are not accounted for – suggests that
the planet's surface temperature would be above 273 K
(0 °C; 32 °F) if at least 0.5 to 5 bars of CO2 is present
in its atmosphere, for assumed N2 partial pressures
ranging from 10 bar to zero, respectively.[19]

The star hosts four other planets discovered so far,

although Kepler-186 b, c, d, and e (in order of
Size comparison of Kepler-186f (artist's
increasing orbital radius), being too close to their star,
impression) with Earth along with their projected are considered too hot to have liquid water. The four
habitable zones. innermost planets are probably tidally locked, but
Kepler-186f is in a higher orbit, where the star's tidal
effects are much weaker, so the time could have been
insufficient for its spin to slow down significantly. Because of the very slow evolution of red dwarfs, the
age of the Kepler-186 system was poorly constrained, although it is likely to be greater than a few billion
years.[19] Recent results have placed the age at around 4 billion years.[1] The chance that it is tidally locked
is approximately 50%.[20] Since it is closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, it will probably rotate much
more slowly than Earth; its day could be weeks or months long (see Tidal effects on rotation rate, axial tilt
and orbit).[21]

Kepler-186f's axial tilt (obliquity) is likely very small, in which case it would not have tilt-induced seasons
like Earth's. Its orbit is probably close to circular,[21] so it will also lack eccentricity-induced seasonal
changes like those of Mars. However, the axial tilt could be larger (about 23 degrees) if another undetected
non-transiting planet orbits between it and Kepler-186e; planetary formation simulations have shown that
the presence of at least one additional planet in this region is likely. If such a planet exists, it cannot be
much more massive than Earth as it would then cause orbital instabilities.[19]

One review essay in 2015 concluded that Kepler-186f, along with the exoplanets Kepler-442b and Kepler-
62f, were likely the best candidates for being potentially habitable planets.[22]

In June 2018, studies suggest that Kepler-186f may have seasons and a climate similar to those on
Earth.[23][24]

Follow-up studies

Target of SETI investigation

As part of the SETI Institute's search for extraterrestrial intelligence, the Allen Telescope Array had listened
for radio emissions from the Kepler-186 system for about a month as of 17 April 2014. No signals
attributable to extraterrestrial technology were found in that interval; however, to be detectable, such
transmissions, if radiated in all directions equally and thus not preferentially towards the Earth, would need
to be at least 10 times as strong as those from Arecibo Observatory.[8] Another search, undertaken at the
crowdsourcing project SETI-Live, reports inconclusive but optimistic-looking signs in the radio noise from
the Allen Array observations.[25] The more well known SETI @ Home search does not cover any object in
the Kepler field of view.[26] Another follow-up survey using the
Green Bank Telescope has not reviewed Kepler 186f.[27] Given
the interstellar distance of 490 light-years (151 pc), the signals
would have left the planet many years ago.

Future technology and observations

At approximately 580 light-years (180 pc) distant, Kepler-186f is

too far and its star too faint for current telescopes or the next
generation of planned telescopes to determine its mass or whether it
has an atmosphere. However, the discovery of Kepler-186f
demonstrates conclusively that there are other Earth-sized planets in
habitable zones. The Kepler spacecraft focused on a single small
region of the sky but next-generation planet-hunting space
telescopes, such as TESS and CHEOPS, will examine nearby stars
throughout the sky. Nearby stars with planets can then be studied
by the James Webb Space Telescope and future large ground-based NASA Exoplanet Exploration
telescopes to analyze atmospheres, determine masses and infer Program "travel poster" for Kepler-
compositions.[21] Additionally the Square Kilometer Array would 186f
significantly improve radio observations over the Arecibo
Observatory and Green Bank Telescope.[27]

Previous names
As the Kepler telescope observational campaign proceeded, an initially identified system was entered in the
Kepler Input Catalog (KIC), and then progressed as a candidate host of planets to a Kepler Object of
Interest (KOI). Thus, Kepler-186 started as KIC 8120608 and then was identified as KOI-571.[28] Kepler-
186f was mentioned when known as KOI-571-05 or KOI-571.05 or using similar nomenclatures in 2013
in various discussions and publications before its full confirmation.[29]

Comparison
The nearest-to-Earth-size planet in a habitable zone previously known was Kepler-62f with 1.4 Earth radii.
Kepler-186f orbits an M-dwarf star, while Kepler-62f orbits a K-type star. A study of atmospheric evolution
in Earth-size planets in habitable zones of G-Stars (a class containing the Sun, but not Kepler-186)
suggested that 0.8–1.15 R🜨 is the size range for planets small enough to lose their initial accreted hydrogen
envelope but large enough to retain an outgassed secondary atmosphere such as Earth's.[30]
 Notable Exoplanets – Kepler Space Telescope

Confirmed small exoplanets in habitable zones.

(Kepler-62e, Kepler-62f, Kepler-186f, Kepler-296e, Kepler-296f, Kepler-438b,
Kepler-440b, Kepler-442b)
(Kepler Space Telescope; 6 January 2015).[31]

In popular culture
Along with five other exoplanets, Kepler-186f was included in Civilization: Beyond Earth 's
exoplanet DLC as a playable map.[32]
Dutch rock band The_Hubschrauber named their 2017 album Kepler-186f after this
exoplanet.[33]
Kepler-186f is the location of a future earth colony in the short story "Stars" by Drew Hayden
Taylor.
In season 2 of the 2020 Animaniacs reboot, Kepler 186f, alongside Pegasi 51b & the
fictional WB-1, is referenced in the song "Yakko's Big Idea"

See also
Habitability of red dwarf systems
List of potentially habitable exoplanets
Lists of astronomical objects

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32. "Civilization: Beyond Earth" (http://store.steampowered.com/app/304010/). Steam.
33. "Nijmeegse band schiet album naar de maan" (http://nos.nl/op3/artikel/2154853-nijmeegse-
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External links
NASA – Mission overview (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/overview/index.htm
l).
NASA – Kepler Discoveries – Summary Table (https://web.archive.org/web/2010052710431
6/http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/).
NASA – Kepler-186f (http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-
DisplayOverview?objname=Kepler-186+f&type=CONFIRMED_PLANET) at The NASA
Exoplanet Archive.
NASA – Kepler-186f (http://exoplanets.org/detail/Kepler-186_f) at The Exoplanet Data
Explorer.
NASA – Kepler-186f (http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/kepler-186_f/) at The Extrasolar Planets
Encyclopaedia.
Habitable Exolanets Catalog (https://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog) at
UPR-Arecibo.
NASA – Kepler 186f – SETI Institute – A Planet in the Habitable Zone (video) (http://www.set
i.org/hangout/planet-in-habitable-zone) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140418175
837/http://www.seti.org/hangout/planet-in-habitable-zone) 18 April 2014 at the Wayback
Machine 2014.
NASA – NASA Press kit (http://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/digital-press-kit-kepler-186f-an-e
arth-size-habitable-zone-planet/).

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