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LHS 1140 b has been detected using both the radial velocity method (which measures the mass of a
companion object) and transit photometry (which determines radius). Because of this, LHS 1140 b is one of
very few potentially habitable exoplanets with a determined mass and radius, the others all being those
around TRAPPIST-1. The planet's radius is well-constrained at 1.730 ± 0.025 R🜨, equivalent to about
11,000 km.[2] Its radius is similar to that of Kepler-62e.
A recent study from 2023 reevaluates the mass and radius of LHS 1140 b, finding a mass of
5.60 ± 0.19 M🜨 and a radius of 1.730 ± 0.025 R🜨, less massive and larger than previous estimates. This
would make LHS 1140 b a ocean world or dense mini-Neptune rather than a terrestrial planet.[2]
The orbit of LHS 1140 b takes 24.737 days to complete, much quicker than Earth's year of 365 days. Its
orbital radius is at 0.0946 AU, or 9.46% the distance between Earth and the Sun. While this is quite close,
the star LHS 1140 is so dim that the planet only gets 0.43 times the incident flux of Earth at this distance.[2]
Assuming an albedo of 0, LHS 1140 b has an equilibrium temperature of 230 K (−43 °C; −46 °F),
compared to Earth's at 255 K (−18 °C; −1 °F). If LHS 1140 b has an albedo similar to that of Earth, the
equilibrium temperature would be even lower, at 201 K (−72 °C; −98 °F). However, with a greenhouse
effect at least as strong as Earth's LHS 1140 b would have a surface temperature greater than 266 K (−7 °C;
19 °F) for an albedo of 0. Due to the high mass of the planet, it likely has a thicker atmosphere with a more
powerful greenhouse effect. Like many potentially habitable planets around red dwarfs, the orbit of LHS
1140 b is quite circular: the eccentricity is measured to be lower than 0.29 to a 90% confidence. The
circularization of the orbit cannot be explained by stellar tides, and thus the circularity of the orbit is likely
to be natal.[1]
Composition
Initially the planet was believed to have an extremely high density around 12.5 g/cm3 , one of the highest
ever observed for a rocky planet and over twice the density of Earth, with an iron-nickel core taking up to
75% of the planet's total mass.[1] Later studies in 2018 and 2020 revised the planet's radius upwards, giving
+0.98
it a density of 7.82 −0.88 g/cm3 , still consistent with a rocky composition, and a lower core mass fraction of
49 ± 7%.[4] For comparison, Earth's core comprises about 32.5% of its mass. The 2020 study also suggests
that about 4% of the planet's mass is composed of water, suggesting it could be an ocean world estimated to
have an average ocean depth of 779 ± 650 km.[4]
A 2023 study measuring the planet's mass and radius with greater precision found a lower mass of about
5.6 times Earth's, and a correspondingly lower density, no longer consistent with a rocky planet given the
planet's size. LHS 1140 b is likely an ocean world with an even greater water mass fraction of 9-19%, or a
dense mini-Neptune.[2]
Atmosphere
A potential detection of water vapor in the atmosphere of LHS 1140 b was made in late 2020 with the
Hubble Space Telescope, albeit at a low signal-to-noise ratio.[3]
Habitability
LHS 1140 b orbits close to the outer edge of the habitable zone, a region around a star where temperatures
are just right for liquid water to pool on the surface of orbiting planets, given sufficient atmospheric
pressure. The equilibrium temperature of LHS 1140 b is rather low, at 230 K (−43 °C; −46 °F), as cold as
the polar regions on Earth. However, this is the calculated temperature excluding the impact of a thick
atmosphere. With an Earth-like greenhouse effect, the surface temperature is about 266 K (−7 °C; 19 °F),
but since the planet is so massive, the greenhouse effect may be even higher. At twice the greenhouse effect
of Earth, LHS 1140 b would have a comfortable surface temperature of 296 K (23 °C; 73 °F). In addition,
the host star is so inactive that atmospheric erosion will not be very high, suggesting the planet should be
able to retain its atmosphere over long timescales.[1]
See also
Nearby potentially habitable exoplanets
Proxima Centauri b
Ross 128 b
Luyten b
TRAPPIST-1d
TRAPPIST-1e
TRAPPIST-1f
TRAPPIST-1g
K2-3d, a low-density planet near the habitable zone
Kepler-1652b, a potentially habitable super-Earth
Habitability of red dwarf systems
List of potentially habitable exoplanets
References
1. Dittmann, Jason A.; Irwin, Jonathan M.; Charbonneau, David; Bonfils, Xavier; Astudillo-
Defru, Nicola; Haywood, Raphaëlle D.; et al. (2017). "A temperate rocky super-Earth
transiting a nearby cool star". Nature. 544 (7650): 333–336. arXiv:1704.05556 (https://arxiv.o
rg/abs/1704.05556). Bibcode:2017Natur.544..333D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017
Natur.544..333D). doi:10.1038/nature22055 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature22055).
PMID 28426003 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28426003). S2CID 2718408 (https://api.se
manticscholar.org/CorpusID:2718408).
2. Cadieux, Charles; Plotnykov, Mykhaylo; et al. (October 2023). "New Mass and Radius
Constraints on the LHS 1140 Planets -- LHS 1140 b is Either a Temperate Mini-Neptune or a
Water World". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. arXiv:2310.15490 (https://arxiv.org/abs/231
0.15490).
3. Edwards, Billy; Changeat, Quentin; Mori, Mayuko; Anisman, Lara O.; Morvan, Mario; Yip, Kai
Hou; Tsiaras, Angelos; Al-Refaie, Ahmed; Waldmann, Ingo; Tinetti, Giovanna (2020),
"Hubble WFC3 Spectroscopy of the Habitable-zone Super-Earth LHS 1140 B", The
Astronomical Journal, 161: 44, arXiv:2011.08815 (https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.08815),
Bibcode:2021AJ....161...44E (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AJ....161...44E),
doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abc6a5 (https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fabc6a5),
S2CID 226975730 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226975730)
4. Lillo-Box, J.; Figueira, P.; Leleu, A.; Acuña, L.; Faria, J. P.; Hara, N.; Santos, N. C.; Correia, A.
C. M.; Robutel, P.; Deleuil, M.; Barrado, D.; Sousa, S.; Bonfils, X.; Mousis, O.; Almenara, J.
M.; Astudillo-Defru, N.; Marcq, E.; Udry, S.; Lovis, C.; Pepe, F. (2020), "Planetary system LHS
1140 revisited with ESPRESSO and TESS", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 642: A121,
arXiv:2010.06928 (https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.06928), Bibcode:2020A&A...642A.121L (https://
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...642A.121L), doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038922 (http
s://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202038922), S2CID 222341356 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:222341356)
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