7-Important Sociology Mcqs With Answers PDF For All Exams

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Sociology MCQs Part 1 of 16
1. The terms crisis of the 1970s is used to refer

to_______________?
A. declining profits and rising unemployment
B. the eradication of the welfare state
C. rising divorce rates and the decline of the
traditional family
D. an unfortunate twist in fashion sensibility
2. Th market model of state welfare is based on
the principle of_____________?
A. individuals buying welfare privately with
some means-tested benefits
B. regular benefit payments to men as earners of the
family wage
C. a universalist system of welfare for all regardless of
income
D. recommodifying social welfare through state
provision
3. Post-modernist writers have argued
that______________?
A. we live in a world of superficial fragmented
images
B. no theory is better than any other anything goes
C. society has changed, and we need new kinds of
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theory
D. all of the above
4. The first stage that existed in Pre-British era
was when civil society existed in the form
of______________?
A. NGOs
B. Baradaris
C. Rural Notables
D. Both b and c
5. The newest factor in the development equation
is______________?
A. Media
B. NGOs
C. Civil Society
D. None of these
6. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan is
Fighting for_________________?
A. Organizational development
B. Human rights
C. Social integrity
D. None of these
7. Judiciary has also played a part in destabilizing
political structure of country by______________?

A. remaining silent
B. Approving unconstitutional intervention
C. discapproving military actions
D. None of these
8. In Pakistan civil society is in developmental
stages and ye has little influence in the_____________?
A. Social issues
B. Political affairs
C. Policy making
D. None of these
9. Which of these distinguishes modern nation-
states from traditional civilizations ?
A. a national identity with an associated set of
symbols and beliefs
B. governmental authority over a clearly demarcated
territory
C. the granting of citizenship rights to the relevant
population
D. all of the above
10. The distribution of power in society is a
concern for_____________?
A. microsociology
B. interactionism

C. macrosociology
D. ethnomethodology
11. Which of the following did the pst-war
welfare state of 1948 not aim to provide?
A. free health care and education for all
B. a minimum wage
C. full employment
D. universal welfare
12. Weber (1919) said that the states monopoly
of the use of force was legitimated by______________?
A. charismatic authority
B. rational -legal authority
C. traditional authority
D. value-rational authority
13. British rule restricted the autonomy of
Baradaris and in turn gave____________?
A. Corporate structures
B. Formal institutions
C. Both A and B
D. None of these
14. Civil society in Pakistan has gone
through_____________?

A. Two stages
B. Three stages
C. Four stage
D. None of these
15. The media has started playing is vibrant role
more vigorously after the____________?
A. Launching of private news channels
B. Masharruf Regime
C. Globalization phenomenon
D. None of these
16. The number of registered NGOs in
Pakistanis_____________?
A. 8000 and above
B. below 5000
C. 10,000 to 12.000
D. None of these
17. The root cause of destabilized political
structure in Pakistan is_____________?
A. Military interventions
B. Feudal system
C. Industrialists
D. None of these
18. Civil society includes______________?

A. Voluntary civic and social organizations

B. State institutions
C. Masses
D. None of these
19. As a consequence of rural-urban
migration____________?
A. More and more urbanization is taking place
successfully
B. ruralisation of urban areas is taking place
C. Ruralisation of urban areas and ribbon growth
seem to be the result
D. None of these
20. The adage that it’s not what you know it,s who
you know emphasizes the importance of
connections This is most relevant to the concept
of____________?
A. De-differentiation
B. Network economy
C. Political corruption
D. Social capital
21. Which of the following is not identified by
Fulcher & Scott as a criterion of community ?
A. a shared sense of identity and belonging
together
B. common activities involving all-round

relationships
C. a fixed geographical location
D. collective action based on common interests
22. Which of the following is predicted to be a
major influence on cities during the next 50 years
?
A. Pollution
B. The internet
C. Urban renewal
D. Deindustrialization
23. According to Riley Dunlap which one of the
following is not a basic function that the natural
environment serves for humans ?
A. the environment provides the resources
essential for life
B. the environment serves as a waste depository
C. the environment provides a natural setting for
social inequalities
D. the environment “houses our species
24. According to Gerald Suttles a gated
community would be an example of
a(n)_____________?

A. edge city
B. defended neighborhood
C. urban enclave
D. ethnic village
25. According to Herbert Gans residents who
remain in the city to take advantage of the unique
cultural and intellectual benefits of the city are
called_____________?
A. cosmopolites
B. ethnic villagers
C. urban villagers
D. the trapped
26. The world urbanization rate is rising highly It
was 49% in 2005 and is likely to be 60%
till_____________?
A. 2015
B. 2020
C. 2030
D. None 0f these
27. New urbanism was a movement started in
1980s decreasing dependency on_____________?
A. each other
B. Vehicular transportation

C. State
D. None of these
28. Agriculture cannot absorb the population
concentration of human activities and settlements
around the downtown areas when the residential
area shifts outward this is called____________?
A. Other occupations
B. Urbanization
C. Development
D. None of these
29. A group of people with the same or related
occupations is usually termed as___________?
A. Professional community
B. Workplace community
C. Secondary group
D. None of these
30. Division of labor social class formal
government institutions and system of trade and
commerce all are peculiar to any_____________?
A. Urban Community
B. Rural Community
C. Both a and b
D. None of these

31. The collective value of all social networks

(who people know) and the inclinations that arise
from these networks to do things for each other
(the norms of reciprocity) is called ____________ ??
A. Social cohesion
B. Social Capital
C. Social bond
D. None of these
32. Tonnies divided the social structure into
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschafts The tighter and
cohesive social entity was the salient feature
of___________?
A. Gemeinschaft
B. Gesellschafts
C. Both of them
D. None of these
33. Human and animal societies share all but one
of the following characteristics ?
A. population and common territory
B. shared beliefs and collective destiny
C. Both sexes and all ages
D. None of theses

34. What is defined as the cultural practices and

outlooks of a given community of people that set
them apart from others ?
A. racism
B. ethnicity
C. identity
D. stereotyping
35. Wirth (1938) said that social relationships in
the urban way of life were segmental
because______________?
A. they were confined to particular areas of the city
B. people knew each other only through specific
situational roles and not as whole rounded
individuals
C. there were distinctive patterns of activity of each
social class
D. they were based on face to face interaction with
close friends and family
36. What proportion of employment in nonurban
counties in the United States is accounted for by
agriculture ?
A. 9 per cent
B. 22 per cent
C. 41 per cent
D. 63 per cent
37. The most dramatic population trend in the

United States throughout the twentieth century
has been_______________?
A. urbanization
B. suburbanization
C. the move to the sunbelt
D. the move to the “old homestead” in rural areas
38. Herbert Gans called urban residents who
prefer to live in their own tight-knit
communities___________?
A. communities
B. ethnic villagers
C. the trapped
D. gentrofiles
39. Louis Wirth argued that a relatively large and
permanent settlement leads to distinctive
patterns of behavior which he called_______________?
A. squatting
B. linear development
C. urbanism
D. gentrification
40. Urbanism is the study of________________?
A. Cities
B. human communities’ rural areas
C. Transition
D. None of these
41. The traditional urbanization exhibits a
concentration of human activities and settlements
around the downtown areas when the residential
area shifts outward this is called_____________?
A. Suburbanization
B. Network city
C. Postmodern city
D. All of the above
42. In western world urbanization has
accompanied________________?
A. Trade
B. Progress
C. Industrialization
D. None of these
43. Homogeneity farming and subsistent
economy are salient features of_____________?
A. Urban Community
B. Rural community
C. None of these
D. All of these
44. communities can be categorized terms
of______________?
A. Geography
B. Culture
C. Organizations
D. All of above
45. Individual learns socialization______________?
A. in infancy
B. in childhood
C. throughout the life
D. None of these
46. A social group of organisms sharing an
environment normally with shared interests is
a______________?
A. Colony
B. Society
C. Community
D. None of these
47. White-collar crime is low in visibility
because_____________?
A. it involves only small amounts of money
B. the proletariat can outsmart the bourgeoise
C. the police turn a blind eye to corporate crime
D. it goes undected in the context of everybody
business transactions
48. If a deviant act is ‘normalized’ it is______________?
A. recognized as breaking an important norm of

behavior
B. seen a temporary aberration from an otherwise
normal character
C. the first step in establishing a deviant career
D. attributed to the person’s genetic or anatomical
make up
49. Which one of the following is a strategy for
restorative justice ?
A. community service
B. imprisonment
C. electronic tagging
D. curfews
50. _______________ Of what is the failure of
companies to adhere to legal regulations that
apply to them an example ?
A. white-collar crime
B. corporate crime
C. victimless crime
D. organized crime
51. Which policy is supported by the theory of
broken windows ?
A. restorative justice
B. zero tolerance
C. target hardening
D. deterrent sentencing
52. Which approach holds that deviance is not a
feature of a group or individual but a process of
interaction through which one group becomes
defined as deviant?
A. labelling theory
B. control theory
C. functionalist theory
D. conflict theory
53. Who first introduced the notion of anomie
into sociology?
A. comte
B. Marx
C. Weber
D. Durkheim
54. Which one of the following is an example of a
‘third generation’ or true cybercrime?
A. international drug dealing via email
B. The global trade in online pornography
C. the vandalizing of virtual environments
D. theft of goods sold via online action websites
55. The approach to crime prevention based on
increased surveillance (such as CCTV and
Neighborhood Watch schemes) and target

hardening (such as a car immobilizers and better
home security) is known as what ?
A. the new criminology
B. broken windows theory
C. situational crime prevention
D. deviance reduction theory
56. What is Howard Becker’s famous definition of
deviance ?
A. deviant behavior is behavior that is labelled so
by the law
B. deviant behavior is behavior that people so
label
C. deviant behavior is that labelled by the
perpetrators
D. deviant behavior is that which causes public
offence
57. Which of the following statements about
crime and deviance is false ?
A. the concept of ‘deviance’ is much broader than
‘crime’
B. deviance and crime very often overlap
C. the concept of deviance can be applied to
individuals and groups
D. deviance is normally sanctioned by law
58. Labelling theory encourages ________ as a way

to completely avoid the stigmatization process?
A. restitution
B. legalization
C. radical non-intervention
D. decriminalization
E. retribution
59. Labelling theory came into prominence
during which decade of the twentieth century?
A. 1950s
B. 1980s
C. 1940s
D. 1960s
E. 1970s
60. Social Control theory attempts to
explain_____________?
A. conformity
B. corporate crime
C. Psychologically-based crime
D. lower-class crime
E. white-collar crime
61. What sociological theory of crime and
deviance emphasizes sub-cultural belief systems
as a major contributor to crime?
A. Social Control theory

B. Anomie theory
C. Lower Class Focal Value theory
D. Social Process theory
E. Strain theory
62. According to Strain theory, ____ are those
individuals who have traditional success goals but
substitute deviant means by which to achieve
them ?
A. ritualists
B. ret realists
C. rebels
D. innovators
E. conformists
63. Psychological positivism stresses the key role
that _______ plays in the development of conformist
of criminal belief systems?
A. pre-natal nutrition
B. hormones
C. genetic abnormalities
D. early childhood
E. adolescence
64. Conflict theory’s primary suggestion for
reducing crime and deviance involves
the_____________?
A. Substantial reduction of economic inequality

B. Subordination of the agents of social control
C. redefinition of acts that are currently defined as
criminal
D. amelioration of social welfare activities
E. repression of lower-class gang activities
65. The of “who defines deviance” has principally
been addressed by what sociological theory ?
A. Differential Association
B. Conflict
C. Positivism
D. Social Control
E. Functionalism
66. Peer approval of your actions would be a good
example of_____________?
A. age-specific support
B. informal social control
C. internalization of norms
D. formal social control
E. positivism
67. Sociologists believe that no behavior
is____________?
A. Without a deal of grate variation
B. inherently deviant
C. totally in keeping with tradition

D. Without a corresponding judgment
E. Completely irrelevant
68. How is terrorism different from the types of
crime described by the Chicago School ?
A. it is a committed on a larger, often global, scale,
and is well organized
B. it is associated with political conflict between
states and their citizens
C. it can have far-reaching effects upon international
relations
D. all of the above
69. The Mafia is an example of____________?
A. White collar crime
B. organized crime
C. none-criminal deviance
D. global terrorism
70. The term ‘secondary deviation refers
to_________________?
A. The punishment or stigmatization of deviant acts
B. the labelling of an act as deviant through social
reaction to it
C. the ways in which taking on a deviant role affects

future action
D. All of the above
71. Lombroso claimed that______________?
A. criminals were socialized into an underworld of
crime
B. no act is intrinsically deviant
C. biological failings drove some people into crime
D. women were less likely to be arrested than men
72. What is the term that describes repeat
offending by those who have been in prison ?
A. rehabilitation
B. deterrence
C. reform
D. recidivism
73. Which of these is NOT an example of target
hardening ?
A. anti-social behavior orders
B. Steering locks
C. burglar alrams
D. CCTV
74. Which approach framed their analysis of
crime and deviance in terms of this preservation
of power by the ruling class ?

A. New Left Realism

B. Right Realism
C. new criminology
D. interactionism
75. Merton describes types of response to a
situation where there are widely socially
endorsed values but limited means of achieving
them. Which of his types describes an acceptance
of the values but willingness to use any means to
achieve them?
A. Conformists
B. innovators
C. ritualists
D. retrealists
76. What is defined as ‘non-conformity to a given
set or norms that are accepted by a significant
number of people in a community or society ?
A. criminality
B. deviance
C. recidivism
D. degeneracy
77. Which of the following is not a reason why
corporate crime is more difficult to prosecute
compared with individual crimes ?

A. victims may not realise that a crime has been

committed
B. it is more difficult to apportion blame to corporate
criminals
C. legal systems are founded on individual not
collective responsibility
D. corporate offences cause less harm than crimes
against an individual
78. Which of these is not a concept associated
with Left Realist explanations of criminal
subcultures ?
A. social exclusion
B. individual pathology
C. political marginalization
D. relative deprivation
79. Robert Merton’s ideas on crime and deviance
make use of the concept of anomie. What does
anomie mean in Merton’s work ?
A. Normlessness
B. meaninglessness
C. social strain
D. social adaptation
80. The “natural law” approach is essentially
concerned with__________________?

A. civil law or torts

B. limiting the powers of wealthy businessmen
C. family law
D. limiting the powers of government
E. the protection of universal human rights
81. The key concept in labelling theory is that
of____________________?
A. stigma
B. commitment
C. aspiration
D. motivation
E. acceptance
82. Which of the following was not identified as
one of the four major social bonds in Hirschi’s
Social Control theory ?
A. religiosity
B. commitment
C. involvement
D. belief
E. attachment
83. Sutherland’s Differential Association theory
emphasizes that crime and deviance are
basically______________?

A. due to poor parenting

B. learned
C. psychotic
D. biological
E. the result of being labelled
84. According to Strain theory, retreatants are
likely to engage in what type of deviant activity ?
A. Sexual assault
B. terrorism
C. counterfeiting
D. drug abuse
E. robbery
85. The sociologist responsible for the modern-
day adaptation of strain theory is______________?
A. Weber
B. Cohen
C. Marx
D. Merton
E. Chambliss
86. Biological positivists have tended to focus on
what type of crime ?
A. Violent
B. juvenile

C. drug-related
D. white collar
87. The rise in patriotism following the terrorist
attacks of September 11, 2001, is an example of
what function of deviance ?
A. Warning
B. Solidarity
C. Unification
D. Authoritarian
E. Boundary setting
88. According to Quinine, crimes of “domination
and repression” are committed by ______________?
A. People who aspire to the upper class
B. The ruling elite
C. white collar businessmen
D. gang members
E. the lower socio-economic strate
89. The classic sociological study of two juvenile
groups called the “Saints” and the “Roughnecks”
was conducted by______________?
A. Chambliss
B. Lynch
C. Merton

D. Bentham
E. Turk
90. Punishments, or negative sanctions, are
especially important at the _______ level?
A. informal
B. societal
C. traditional
D. formal
E. adolescent
91. Sociological definitions of deviance consist of
behaviors, beliefs, and_______________?
A. attributes
B. realities
C. Choices
D. records
E. Conditions
92. Which of the following in NOT associated with
functionalism ?
A. Talcott Parsons
B. Ralf Dahrendorf
C. Emile Durkheim
D. Robert Merton

93. The feeling of aimlessness or despair often

associated with unsettling conditions
is_______________?
A. alienation
B. amorality
C. anomie
D. ascription
94. Theoretical approaches can only be said to be
valid if______________?
A. the theorist has researched the literature
thoroughly
B. they have been tested out by means of factual
research
C. they are written in such a way as to be impossible
to disprove
D. they are shared by a large enough number of
theorists
95. The theory of relative deprivation is an
example of what ______________?
A. macro sociological theory
B. feminist sociological theory
C. micro sociological theory
D. middle-range sociological theory

96. What does the functionalist perspective see as

crucial for the maintenance of social order ?
A. strong class-based identities
B. multiculturalism
C. moral consensus
D. a strong state
97. Which of the following is not part of karl
Marx,s theory of capitalism ?
A. capitalist production exploits the working class
B. class conflict is inevitable in capitalist societies
C. industrial workers are the revolutionary class
D. class struggle only occurs under capitalism
98. According to Durkheim the division of labor
in industrial societies brings about______________?
A. organic solidarity
B. a loss of social solidarity
C. mechanical solidarity
D. communal solidarity
99. Which of these statements best represents C.
Wright-Mills,s idea of the sociological imagination
?
A. understanding the differences between the
classical theorists
B. bringing together private troubles and public
issues
C. seeing the social world as one made up of Social
facts
D. avoiding explanations based on individual
psychology
100. Whose theorizing according societal change
comes closer to lqbal,s verse. Tujh ko bataoon
taqdeer-e-huma kia hai shamsheer o Sannan
Awwal taus o rabab akhir ?
A. Karl Max
B. Ibn-e-Khaldum
C. George Hegel
D. None of these

101. A close connection between religion and

economic forces has been presented by____________?
A. Max Weber
B. Karl Max
C. Emile Durkheim
D. C-Wright Mills
102. Secularization involves the two related ideas
of__________________?
A. disappointment and disproportion
B. disbelief and disintegration
C. disengagement and disenchantment
D. distribution and distillation
103. In the division of Labor in Society Emile
Durkheim presented the idea of______________?
A. Mechanical and organic solidarity
B. Physical and social solidarity
C. physiological and mechanical solidarity
D. None of these
104. Society is a complex organization of parts
that function to fulfil the requirements and
promote the needs of the whole is a concept
of________________?
A. structural functionalism
B. interaction school of thought
C. Phenom ology
D. None of these
105. Which sociologist introduced the concept of
culture lag ?
A. William F. Ogbum
B. Talcott Parsons
C. Auguste Comte
D. Thorstein Veblen
106. The Communist Manifesto was written
by____________?
A. Karl Marx and Georg Hegel
B. George Herbert Mead and Jane Addams
C. Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx
D. Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton
107. Which of the following sociology never
wrote a book and about whose thoughts most of
our knowledge is presented in an edited volume
of his lectures published by his students after his
death ?
A. George Herbert Mead
B. Karl Marx
C. Emile Durkheim
D. Max Weber

108. Robert Merton,s contributions to sociology

include______________?
A. successfully combining theory and research
B. an analysis of deviant behavior that focuses on
societal goals and means
C. an attempt to bring macro- and micro
D. all of the above
109. In his study of suicide Emile Durkheim was
primarily concerned with________________?
A. suicide rates and how they varied from
country to country
B. personalities of individual suicide victims
C. means people used to take their own lives
D. effects of suicide on the families of victims
110. The survival of the fittest was the concept
presented by_______________?
A. Marx
B. Durkheim
C. Herbert Spencer
D. None of these
111. The sociology was simply the Science of
Social facts is the view of______________?
A. Marx
B. Weber
C. Durkheim
D. All of above
112. According to Marx Capitalism replaced
feudalism and itself will be displaced
by_____________?
A. Feudalism
B. communism
C. Economic equalitarianism
D. None of these
113. Comte gave the law of_______________?
A. Four phases
B. three phases
C. Two phases
D. All of above
114. Ibne Khaldun in his theories is near
to______________?
A. Kurkheim
B. Comte
C. Marx
D. All of above
115. The Muqaddimah is an early Muslim view
of______________?
A. society
B. social Change
C. universal History
D. all of above
116. Ibne Khaldun is best known for______________?
A. Muamlla
B. Muqaddimah
C. Muzakira
D. None of these
117. The distribution of power in society is a
concern for______________?
A. microsociology
B. interactionism
C. macrosociology
D. ethnomethodology
118. Merton’s term for the hidden or forgotten
reason for a particular behavior was______________?
A. middle-range function
B. consumption function
C. latent function
D. structural function
119. It is useful to have a diversity of theories in
sociology because_________________?
A. human behavior is so complicated that no
single theory would be adequate
B. sociologists can choose the theory that best fits the
data they have collected

C. it removes the need to assess a theory according
the empirical evidence
D. innumerable theories have been developed in the
many fields of sociology
120. Which one of the following is NOT associated
with the materialist conception of history ?
A. the mode of production
B. the motor of history
C. the history of class struggle
D. the spirit of capitalism
121. According to Durkheim social facts
are________________?
A. ways of behaving that are external to
individuals
B. only things that have been shown to be true
C. social insights into collective behavior
D. information captured by official statistics
122. Sociology has been said to be the product
of______________?
A. the French and Industrial Revolutions
B. the Chinese and Agricultural Revolutions
C. the Russian and Scientific Revolutions
D. the American and Democratic Revolutions
123. Which of the following influenced the

theoretical approach known as symbolic
interactionism?
A. Georg Hegel
B. George Herbert Mead
C. Talcott Parsons
D. Ralf Dahrendof
124. Max Weber,s work made use of ideal types
What are they ?
A. the most commonly found type of social
organization
B. conceptual or analytical models of social
phenomena
C. philosophical models of an ideal human society
D. models of society based on up to date statistical
evidence
125. A rising suicide rate associated with
normlessness and a lack of social regulation can
be described as______________?
A. egoistic suicide
B. altruistic suicide
C. fatalistic suicide
D. anomic suicide

126. What did Auguste Comte mean by positivism

in sociology ?
A. sociological research must contribute to a
governments social policy
B. sociology should be optimistic about human
achievements
C. sociology should make use of statistical evidence
D. sociology should adopt the same methods as
the natural sciences
127. According to Emily Durkheim the mechanic
solidarity is based on______________?
A. Blood relation and neighborhood
B. divine of labor and specialization
C. the contribution individuals make to each other
D. None of these
128. Those who cannot compete have on right for
higher learning and must be refused accordingly
who believed in the above thesis ?
A. Auguste Comte
B. Spencer
C. Karl Max
D. None of these
129. Which of these is most closely associated
with Marx,s thinking ?
A. integration
B. conflict
C. social facts
D. consensus
130. Karl Marx,s view of the struggle between
social classes inspired the contemporary ?
A. functionalist perspective
B. conflict perspective
C. interactionist perspective
D. dramaturgical approach
131. The concepts of protestant and Bourgeois
were presented by_______________?
A. Talcat parson
B. Karl Marx
C. Max Weber
D. Emile Durkheim
132. Weber said that the spirit of capitalism
could be traced back to_______________?
A. the movement towards religious pluralism
B. inspirational Protestant groups who revived
religious ideas
C. new religious movements who rejected traditional
forms of labor

D. Calvinists who engaged in ascetic practices to

gain signs of salvation
133. Socialist theory was defined in the writings
of karl Marx and______________?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Adam Smith
C. Friedrich Engels
D. the Marx
134. Which sociologist cofounded the famous
Chicago settlement house Hull House ?
A. Charles Horton Cooley
B. Jane Addams
C. George Herbert Mead
D. Wright Mills
135. Which of the following was an early Black
sociologist active in the struggle for a racially
egalitarian society who was critical of theorists
who seemed content with the status quo ?
A. Harriet Martineau
B. Herbert Spencer
C. Booker T Washington
D. W,E,B, Du Bois
136. Which one of the following concepts did Max
Weber introduce to the field of sociology ?
A. dramaturgy
B. ideal types
C. functionalism
D. macro sociology
137. Which of the following is most closely
associated with the concept of the sociological
imagination ?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Max Weber
C. Karl Marx
D. Wright Mills
138. According to durkheim the greater rates of
suicide in protestants were due to more emphasis
on____________?
A. Social Conesion
B. Individualism
C. Economic problem
D. none of these
139. Class conflict is the basic theory
of_______________?
A. Weber
B. Marx
C. Comte
D. All of above
140. Which branch of science according to comte

would ultimately include all other
sciences_____________?
A. Biology
B. History
C. Sociology
D. Economics
141. Scientific or positive phase is the____________?
A. First phase
B. Second Phase
C. Last Phase
D. None of these
142. Auguste Comte was a_______________?
A. French thinker
B. American
C. British
D. None of these
143. Asabiyah is an Arabic concept modernly
referring to_______________?
A. Culture
B. Nationalism
C. Social groups
D. All of above

144. Ibne Khaldun conceived a theory

of______________?
A. Social conflict
B. Social change
C. Solidarity
D. All of the above
145. Ibne Khaldun was born in______________?
A. North America
B. North Asia
C. North Africa
D. None of these
146. When a person uses more than one
substance to maintain his dependence is
called_____________?
A. mono abuse
B. poly drug abuse
C. multi use
D. None of these
147. According to Readers Digest Dictionary the
one which causes euphoria in the taker and pre-
disposes hint to addiction is______________?
A. medicine
B. Drug

C. Cure
D. None of these
148. Mostly the drugs are used for a number of
causes a few_________________?
A. Peace of mind
B. Unemployment
C. Fun-Pleasure
D. All of the above
149. Heroine was discovered in 1878 but its use
was limited till_____________?
A. 1880
B. 1898
C. 1898
D. None of these
150. Drug is a very wide term and can be used for
both medicinal and__________________?
A. Surgical
B. non-medicinal
C. treatment
D. None of these
151. Which of the following sociologists never
wrote a book and about whose thoughts most of
our knowledge is presented in an edited volume

of his lectures published by his students after his

death ?
B. Kari Marx
C. Em-ile Durkheim
D. Max Weber
152. Erving Goffman made a distinctive
contribution to sociology by popularizing a
particular type of interactionist method known
as_________________?
A. macrosociology
B. the dramaturgical approach
C. Verstehen
D. I,m O.K, you,re O.k
153. A university that serves as a meeting ground
for people seeking marital partners is
performing______________?
A. a manifest function
B. a latent function
C. a dysfunction
D. a manifest dysfunction
154. Robert Merton’s contributions to sociology
include____________________?

A. successfully combining theory and research

B. an analysis of deviant behavior that focuses on
societal goals and means
C. an attempt to bring macro-and micro level analyses
together
D. all of the above
155. In his study of suicide Emile Durkheim was
primarily concerned with_______________?
A. suicide rates and how they varied from
county to country
B. personalities of individual suicide victims
C. means people used to take their own lives
D. effects of suicide on the families of victims
156. Sociology can be considered a social science
because________________?
A. its theories are logical explicit and supported by
empirical evidence
B. sociologists collect data in a relatively objective
and systematic way
C. ideas and research findings are scrutinized by
other sociologists
D. all of the above
157. Society cannot be studied in the same way as
the natural world because_____________?

A. human behavior is meaningful and varies

between individuals and cultures
B. it is difficult for sociologists to gain access to a
research laboratory
C. sociologists are not rational or critical enough in
their approach
D. we cannot collect empirical data about social life
158. Social norms are_____________?
A. creative activities such as gardening cookery and
craftwork
B. the symbolic representation of social groups in the
mass media
C. religious beliefs about how the world ought to be
D. rules and expectation about interaction that
regulate social life
159. Which of the following is not recognized as a
level of society ?
A. the household
B. the office
C. the global village
D. the nation states
160. What is the name of the process by which we
acquire a sense of identity and become members
of society ?

A. rationalization
B. colonization
C. McDonaldization
D. socialization
161. Which of the following research methods
uses existing records ?
A. survey research
B. naire research
C. archival research
D. observational research
162. Sociologists________________?
A. are exempt from the considerations of research
ethics that govern biological researchers
B. have not been able to agree on a code of ethics
C. enjoy the same privileges as attorneys in protecting
subject’s privacy
D. should obtain informed consent in cases where
subjects may be exposed to risks of research that
are greater than the risks of everyday life
163. When conducting social research what is the
next step in the scientific method after a review of
the literature ?
A. collecting data
B. choosing a research design
C. selecting a researchable problem

D. formulating a hypothesis
164. In the library Louanne observes a woman
sitting at a table by herself A man comes up and
sits at the other end of the table the woman
frowns and shakes her head no The man gets up
and moves to another table Lounne concludes
that the woman did not want to share a study
table The theoretical perspective Louanne is
using is_______________?
A. the conflict perspective
B. the functionalist perspective
C. the interactionist perspective
D. none of the above
165. Students at Bailey University staged a sit-in
to protest the University’s decision to cancel its
longstanding policy of exempting graduating
seniors from final exams Which strongest
framework for analyzing this situation?
A. Interactionist because the University and the
students didn’t share the same understanding about
final exams
B. Conflict, because this is an example of a power
struggle between two groups with conflicting
ideas an interest
C. Functionalist because teaching college students to

protest is a manifest function of education
166. What major contribution did W.E.B DuBois
make to sociology ?
A. He developed a theoretical understanding of
racial inequality
B. He conducted research on the upper classes of
Philadelphia
C. He chaired the first Department of Sociology at the
University of Chicago
D. None of the above
167. Weber,s view that sociologists must not
allow their personal biases to affect the conduct of
their research is called______________?
A. verstehen
B. dialectical materialism
C. social facts
D. value-free sociology
168. Those aspects of social life that have to do
with order, stability and social organization that
allow societies and groups to hold together and
endure are called______________?

A. social statics
B. social dynamics
C. social absolutes
D. constructed reality
169. Who coined the term sociology and is
generally considered to be the founder of
sociology ?
A. Karl Marx
B. Auguste Comte
C. Max Weber
D. Emile Durkheim
170. It is useful to have a diversity of theories in
sociology because________________?
A. human behavior is so complicated that no
single theory would be adequate
B. sociologists can choose the theory that best fits the
data they have collected
C. It removes the need to assess a theory according to
the empirical evidence
D. innumerable theories have been developed in the
many fields of sociology
171. The first book with the term sociology in its
title was written by_________________?

A. Max Weber
B. Karl Marx
C. Herbert Spencer
D. None of these
172. Sociology is introduced as an academic
discipline by______________?
A. Ibn-e-Khaldun
B. Auguste Comte
C. George Simmel
D. Herber Spencer
173. Which sociological perspective views society
as a network of connected parts each of which
contributes to the maintenance of the system as a
whole ?
174. Which one of the following concepts did Mix
weber introduce to the field of sociology ?
A. dramaturgy
B. ideal types
C. functionalism
D. macrosociology
175. Which of the following is most closely

associated with the concept of the sociological
imagination ?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Max Weber
C. Karl Marx
D. C Wright Mills
176. Sociology differs from common sense in
that_______________?
A. it focuses on the researchers own experiences
B. it makes little distinction between the way the
world is and the way it ought to be
C. its knowledge is accumulated from many
different research contexts
D. it is subjective and biased
177. In idealized views of science, the
experimental method is said to
involve_____________?
A. testing out new research methods to see which
one works best
B. isolating and measuring the effect of one
variable upon another
C. using personal beliefs and values to decide what to
study

D. interpreting date subjectively drawing on

theoretical paradigms
178. When sociologists study the structure of
layers in society and people’s movement between
them, they call this_____________?
A. social stratification
B. social control
C. social conflict
D. social solidarity
179. In contemporary societies social institutions
are_______________?
A. highly specialized interrelated sets of social
practices
B. disorganized social relations in a post modem
world
C. virtual communities in cyberspace
D. no longer relevant to sociology
180. What does Berger (1963) describe as a
metaphor for social reality ?
A. a fairground rides
B. a circus
C. a puppet theatre
D. a ballet

181. The authors explain that feminist research

methodology_____________?
A. is an approach to research which emphasizes
inclusion fairness and humaneness?
B. places its main emphasis on concrete theories
C. stresses that all human emotions are to be ignored
all of the above
D. all of the above
182. Observation______________?
A. is one of the easiest tools for sociological inquiry
because it requires only good note taking
B. is not subject to the same controls that are applied
to other methods
C. requires the involvement of the researcher in the
activity being studied
D. may be unobtrusive or participant
183. In an experiment two groups are identical
except for the change that researchers introduce
into one group That group is called______________?
A. the contaminated group
B. the control groups
C. the experimental group
D. the neutral standard
184. Constructed reality is________________?
A. the ability to control the behavior of others

B. the principle that meaning derives from social
interaction in daily life
C. the observed consequences that permit the
adaptation or adjustment of a system
D. and artificial explanation of culture that exists
apart from any social reality or shared social meaning
185. Contemporary sociology
includes______________?
A. evolutionary relativism
B. liberal feminism and explicit examination of
women’s social roles and experiences
C. postmodernism feminism and critical theory
D. a combination of biological theory conflict theory
and evolutionary theory
186. Which of the following was supported by
Durkheim,s study of suicide ?
A. Catholics had higher rates of suicide than
protestants
B. Rates of suicide were higher in times of war than in
times of peace
C. Rates of suicide were lower in times of economic
stability
D. Individuals who were enmeshed in meaningful
social bonds were less inclined to commit suicide
187. Who wrote the first book on the

methodology of social research How to Observe
Manners and Morals ?
A. Herbert Spencer
B. Emily Post
C. Harriet Martineau
D. Emile Durkheim
188. The application of evolutionary notions and
the concept of the survival of the fittest to society
is called_______________?
A. class conflict
B. Dialectical materialism
C. Social dynamics
D. Social Darwinism
189. Sociology________________?
A. has been to study social interaction for over 500
years.
B. Is the scientific study of social interaction and
organization
C. has little bearing on public policy
D. is most useful when applied to abstract -as
opposed to practical matters
190. Sociology is concerned with__________________?

A. Patterns of human behavior

B. the behavior of an individual
C. random human actions
D. all of the above
191. The first step in scientific method
is________________?
A. Observation
B. Recollection
C. Addition to already experimented material
D. None of these
192. The second stage when people understand
society as natural was named________________?
A. Theological
B. Metaphysical
C. Scientific
D. None of these
193. Social sciences comprise the application of
scientific method to______________?
A. laboratory experiments
B. field experiment
C. human aspect of the world
D. None of these
194. In the past, history, politics philosophy and
sociology were______________?
A. Separate Disciplines
B. Same discipline
C. Not studied
D. None of these
195. Comte believed that society developed
in______________?
A. two stages
B. four stages
C. three stages
D. None of these
196. Sociology comes from a Latin word Socius
means______________?
A. Neighbor
B. Associate
C. Friend
D. None of these
197. An attempt to understand the social world
by situating social events in their corresponding
environment is called_____________?
A. Social work
B. Sociology
C. Society
D. None of these
198. Sociology is study of________________?
A. Human political life

B. Human economic life
C. Human social life
D. None of these
199. An experiment can be defined
as_______________?
A. an attempt to test a hypothesis under
controlled conditions
B. a piece of research conducted in a laboratory
C. a piece of research trying out new methods
D. an attempt to deceive participants about the
research’s true purpose
200. When in sociology we speak of researchers
using controls we mean_________________?
A. being as precise as possible in defining an initial
hypothesis
B. holding some variables constant to look at the
effects of others
C. supervising the data collection process as closely as
possible
D. seeking to manipulate the outcomes of a research
process

201. In survey research the group of respondents

targeted for the naire is called _________________?
A. sample
B. respondents
C. focus group
D. population
202. Which of these terms is the odd one out ?
A. causation
B. correlation
C. association
D. connection
203. Tearoom Trade is typical of the s asked by
sociologists because_______________?
A. it takes place outside the university campus
B. it makes use of covert research methods
C. it investigates workings of society that are
different from official accounts
D. the investigator is sympathetic to the activities that
he is investigating
204. Which one of the following statements is
true ?
A. sociologists use both quantitative and
qualitative methods
B. sociologists no longer use quantitative methods
C. sociologists always prefer to use qualitative

methods
D. sociologists cannot use a mixed methods approach
205. What is applied social research
_________________?
A. research that tries to contribute to the
development of theory
B. research that is always multidisciplinary
C. research that aims to intervene in and improve
social life
D. research based on government priorities
206. Governance theory is mainly occupied with
institutional change and it involves ______ agency.
A.Political agency
B. Human agency
C. Public agency
D. None of these
207. Causes of necrosis includes ________ ?
A. Injury
B. Cancer
C. Infection
D. All of above
208. Positivism was first proposed by ___________ ?

A. Augustus Comte
B. Emily Durkheim
C. Herbert Spencer
D. None of these
209. Which of the followings are included in
primary goals of a social science _______?
A. Experimentation
B. Generalization
C. Prediction
D. All of these
210. Which of the following shape our ideas more
than the other __________ ?
A. Hereditary traits
B. Social groups interaction
C. Both ‘a & b’
D. None of these
211. Social Location is the group membership
that people have because of their __________ ?
A. Status in society
B. Location in history and society
C. Location in a town
D. None of these
212. Sociological perspective means __________ ?

A. Understanding human behavior in broader

context of society
B. Understanding human behavior in narrower
context of society
C. Both ‘a & b’
D. None of these
213. Which of these statements is correct ?
A. causes and correlations are essentially the same
B. correlations always lead to causal explanations
C. causation cannot be inferred directly from
correlation
D. correlations are one-way causal relationships
214. The decentralized city can be identified
by______________?
A. the shift of employment and service away from
the inner city towards multiple centers in smaller
towns and rural areas
B. the degendering of public space as women use local
facilities more
C. gentrification the movement of middle-class people
back into the inner city
D. all of the above
215. Urbanization occurred in the nineteenth
century because_______________?

A. commuters started moving out of villages and

into cities
B. towns and cities were becoming increasingly
planned and managed
C. industrial capitalism led to a shift of population
from rural to urban areas
D. transport systems were not provided so it was
easier to live in the city
216. Wirth (1938) said that social relationships
in the urban way of life were segmental
because______________?
A. they were confined to particular areas of the city
B. people knew each other only through specific
situational roles and not as whole rounded
individuals
C. there were distinctive patterns of activity for each
social class
D. they were based on face to face interaction with
close friends and family
217. Which regions of the world currently have
the highest and lowest proportions respectively of
population living in cities ?
A. Highest Asia Lowest Africa
B. Highest Europe Lowest Oceania

C. Highest North America Lowest Africa

D. Highest Europe Lowest Africa
218. The term collective consumption (Castells
1977) refers to____________?
A. the privatization of public services by the
Conservative government
B. the lifestyle practice of shopping in peer groups
C. the form of tuberculosis suffered by those who
collect stamps
D. the provision of health housing and education
services by the state
219. The theorist who associated city life with the
development of a blase attitude was____________?
A. Tonnies
B. Simmel
C. Weber
D. Wirth
220. Which of the following was not a common
feature of ancient cities ?
A. walled boundaries
B. relatively small populations
C. a strong influence over external
D. geographically small in size
221. What is gentrification?
A. the movement of the middle classes into

suburban areas
B. a policy aimed at renovating inner-city council
housing stock
C. building shopping centers in cities to create
employment
D. renovation of run-down city neighborhoods to
attract high income groups
222. In Which year did the urban areas of the
world become more populous than rural areas ?
A. 1950
B. 1975
C. 1999
D. 2007
223. Cultural restructuring has
involved________________?
A. regenerating cities in economic decline
B. turning industrial landscapes into tourist
attractions
C. selling sites and images through the symbolic
economy of media advertising
D. all of the above
224. Which of the following is not identified as a
new form of community ?

A. ethnic communities based on shard identity and

experiences of discrimination
B. gay villages which are formed in certain parts of
large cities
C. sociological communities formed by unpopular
lectures
D. virtual communities that exist only in cyberspace
225. The ecological approach to urban sociology
involved studying ?
A. how social groups colonized different areas
of the city and competed for resources
B. the forms of wildlife and natural habitats that could
be found on the edges of the city
C. the way in which people organized collective
protests about environmental issues
D. how men and women used the city’s public spaces
differently
226. Which of the following is not identified by
Fulcher & Scott as a criterion of community ?
A. a shared sense of identity and belonging
together
B. common activities involving all -round
relationships
C. a fixed geographical location
D. collective action based on common interests
227. Which of these is not a reason why the rate

of urban growth is larger in developing countries
?
A. living in closely connected settlements is a
social feature common in developing countries
B. fertility rates are generally higher in developing
countries including among city dwellers
C. greater job opportunities encourage large-scale
internal migration from rural areas to cities
D. reverse migration (from cities back to rural
communities) can be harder in developing societies
once a livelihood in a rural community is lost
228. Who described urbanism as a way of life
_____________?
A. Park
B. Hawley
C. Wirth
D. Burgess
229. The concept of collective consumption is
most closely associated with______________?
A. Hervey
B. Molotch
C. Castells
D. Saunders

230. What is urban recycling ?

A. renovating inner-city buildings for occupation by
the middle classes
B. a new domestic waste reduction strategy for inner-
city areas
C. councils buying up cheap housing1 to turn into
commercial developments
D. refurbishing old buildings and finding new uses
for previously used land
231. Why does Mike Davis (1990) describe Los
Angeles as a city of quartz ?
A. it has more millionaires than any other city
B. it has been hardened against the poor
C. it has been hardened against than any other US city
D. it has a policy of promoting opportunity for all
232. Which city is forecast to become the largest
megacity by 2025 ?
A. New York
B. Mumbai
C. Beijing
D. Tokyo
233. Who wrote The Metropolis and Mental Life
(1903) ?

A. Louise Wirth
B. Robert Park
C. Georg Simmel
D. Max Weber
234. Which of these is not an ethical issue for
researchers ?
A. assessing the potential risks for research
subjects
B. selecting a relevant theoretical perspective
C. protecting the anonymity of participants
D. safe storage of the raw data collected in the process
235. According to feminists an androcentric bias
in research is the direct result of______________?
A. the funding of certain projects
B. assuming that men and women are the same
C. women not being objective
D. using males as the accepted norm
E. a lack of female researchers
236. In participant observation research the role
of the “complete” participant forces the
researcher to be_______________?
A. with the group for months and sometimes years
B. discreet about his/her research
C. close to the leadership of the group that he/she is
studying
D. open and honest about his/her intentions
E. taking copious notes
237. A data collection method in which the
researcher does not interact with the subject(s)
being studied is called_______________?
A. an unobtrusive
B. field research
C. qualitative analysis
D. content analysis
E. ethnography
238. Reading a number of books and journals
regarding crime in Canada is a good example
of______________?
A. qualitative research
B. ethnography
C. secondary research
D. field research
E. non-participant observation
239. A major disadvantage of using mail naires to
collect data is____________?
A. the cost of the stamps
B. the response rates
C. the inability to follow-up
D. some respondents are paranoid

E. the mail is slow
240. A survey that asks the respondent to
indicate their age and includes response
categories of age 20-30 age 30-40 age 40 50 and
age 50+ violates which important rule for
constructing closed-ended items for naires ?
A. exhaustive
B. tangible
C. comprehensive
D. relevant
E. mutually exclusive
241. In order to qualify as a random
sample______________?
A. at least 100 people must be selected
B. every sub-sample of the population must be
represented
C. every member of the population must have an
equal chance of being chosen
D. a phone book must be used to generate random
names.
E. the researcher must pre-test the subjects
242. A researcher was able to prove that, on
average as age increases eyesight declines In
research terminology this is called a (n) ?
A. variation
B. correlation
C. observation
D. measure of central tendency
E. spurious relationship
243. A mean, median and mode are all examples
of_______________?
A. measures of variation
B. measures of central tendency
C. measures of enumeration
D. measures of correlation
E. measures of coefficients
244. _____________ uses multiple data collection
methods on the same area of interest?
A. Triangulation
B. Ethnography
C. Field research
D. Variation
E. Cluster sampling
245. When a number of researchers use the same
operational definition to measure a variable and
achieve the same results the measure is said to
be_______________?

A. valid
B. reliable
C. factual
D. internally consistent
E. instrumental
246. The concepts in a hypothesis are stated
as______________?
A. variables
B. populations
C. ideas
D. indices
E. theories
247. In sociology_______________?
A. theory always precedes research
B. theory can be developed independent of research
C. research always precedes theory
D. the relationship between theory and research
is cyclical
E. research is dictated by the theoretical perspective
248. An instructor wants to determine if giving
essay tests increases student learning In one class
that the instructor teaches she continues to test as
she has always done In another class She then
measures the differences in learning if any

between the two classes The class that is given

essay s is the______________?
A. control group
B. representative group
C. experimental group
D. correlation group
249. A researcher can obtain a higher response
rate by using which type of survey ?
A. interviews
B. naires
C. representative samples
D. observation techniques
250. In order to genuinely reflect a broad range
of the population a survey must be based on
precise ?
A. representative sampling
B. experiments
C. surveys
D. hypotheses
251. A detailed plan or method for obtaining data
scientifically called a (n) ?
A. sample
B. experiment

C. research design
D. scientific method
252. Formulating the hypothesis is the _________
step in the scientific method?
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
253. Standard deviation in statistics is the
measure that indicates in the essence
of______________?
A. Central tendency
B. spread of the sample means/values
C. Both A an B
D. None of these
254. A double barreled has the potential of
having______________?
A. two respectable responses/answers
B. two answers but incompatible with each other
C. Both A and B
D. None of these
255. An overall scheme of scientific activities
which scientists engage in order to produce
knowledge is a________________?
A. Research process
B. Research model
C. Research methodology
D. Research design
256. Which one of these is a measure of
dispersion ?
A. parameter
B. range
C. median
D. mean
257. Which of these is NOT viewed as a strength
of surveys ?
A. they are often undertaken by specialist agencies
B. they offer an appearance of precision
C. the data is easy to quantify and analyses
D. large numbers of people can be studied
258. Which of these terms is the odd one out
______________?
A. causation
B. correlation
C. association
D. connection
259. When in sociology we speak of researchers
using controls, we mean_______________?
A. being as precise as possible in defining an initial

hypothesis
B. holding some variables constant to look at the
effects of others
C. supervising the data collection process as closely as
possible
D. seeking to manipulate the outcomes of a research
process
260. Tearoom Trade is typical of the s asked by
sociologists because______________?
A. it takes place outside the university campus
B. it makes use of covert research methods
C. it investigates working of society that are
different from official accounts
D. the investigator is sympathetic to the activities that
he is investigating
261. Eyeballing is a technique that
involves________________?
A. reading a textual document quickly to
understand the gist of it
B. gathering a sample from whoever you can see in a
public place
C. scanning a table to identify general patterns
and significant figures

D. keeping your eyes on research participants at all

times
262. According to Scott (1990) a document is
authentic if it________________?
A. is a sincere and accurate account free from
political bias
B. is representative of all the similar documents that
did not survive
C. has both a literal and an interpretable meaning
D. is a sound original, or reliable copy of known
authorship
263. Ethnographic research produces qualitative
data because_____________?
A. the findings are amenable to statistical analysis
B. it is conducted over a period of several years
C. it uncovers rich detailed accounts from an
insider’s perspective
D. it compares findings from a number of different
cases
264. A survey should avoid asking_____________?
A. fixed-choice questions s
B. short questions s
C. leading questions
D. funneled questions s
265. Which of the following is not a research

purpose ?
A. triangulation
B. explanation
C. description
D. exploration
266. Society cannot be studied in the same way as
the natural world because_______________?
A. human behavior is meaningful and varies
between individuals and cultures
B. it is difficult for sociologists to gain access to a
research laboratory
C. sociologists are not rational or critical enough in
their approach
D. we cannot collect empirical data about social life
267. Which one of the following statements is not
part of the Code of Ethics developed by the
American Sociological Association? Researchers
must_______________?
A. acknowledge research collaboration and
assistance
B. preserve the confidentiality of their subjects
C. protect their subjects from personal harm
D. make all research notes available for public
scrutiny
268. An instructor wants to determine if giving

essay tests increases student learning one class
that the instructor teaches she continues to test as
she has always done In another class she gives the
students essay s She then measures the
differences in learning if any between the two
classes The class that is given essay s is
the_______________?
A. control group
B. representative group
C. experimental group
D. correlation group
269. William F Whyte’s study of a low-income
Italian neighborhood in Boston was a classic
example of_____________?
A. participant observation research
B. a survey
C. content analysis
D. an experiment
270. Which of the following would be an example
of a random sample? A researcher_________________?
A. administers a naira to every fifth woman who
enters a business office
B. examines the attitudes of residents of a city by
interviewing every twentieth name in the city,s
telephone book
C. studies the attitudes of Democratic voters by
choosing every tenth name found on a city,s list of
registered Democrats
271. The study of the interracial friendships
conducted by the Tom Smith who heads up the
General Social Survey is an example
of________________?
A. observation research
B. a survey
C. content analysis
D. an experiment
272. In most instances how well a student does
on a test is determined by how much the student
studies for it in this example studying for an exam
is a(n)_____________?
A. correlation
B. independent variable
C. dependent variable
D. sample
273. The first step in any sociological research
project is to_________________?

A. collect data
B. define the problem
C. review previous research
D. formulate a hypothesis
274. Pure Sociology is a search for knowledge
without primary concern for its______________?
A. Basic understanding
B. Practical use
C. Applied use
D. None of these
275. Sometimes the scientist personally
participates in some experiment to observe it
fully It is Known as_____________?
A. Personal studies
B. Participant-observer studies
C. Observational studies
D. None of these
276. If the information needed has already been
written down somewhere it is looked up. It is
called_____________?
A. Observational studies
B. Sociological analysis
C. Statistical Comparative studies
D. None of these
277. In observational studies the scientist

observes_______________?
A. the things that happen by themselves
B. Are arranged knowingly
C. both a and b
D. None of these
278. In laboratory experiments the sociological
research is done while people are_______________?
A. brought into laboratory
B. Kept in their homes and observed
C. are not told about experiment
D. None of these
279. Karl Pearson said “The unity of all science
consists alone in its methods not in its material It
relates to the importance of______________?
A. Scientific research
B. Scientific method
C. Science unity
D. None of these
280. Which one of these is a measure of
dispersion ?
A. parameter
B. range

C. median
D. mean
281. In order for field research to be successful
the researcher must be________________?
A. tactful
B. creative
C. unobtrusive
D. fluent in several languages
E. discreet
282. Collecting information regarding crime
control from several countries would be a good
example of a(n)_________________?
A. ethnography
B. field research
C. an international approach
D. content analysis
E. comparative approach
283. The major advantage of interviews
is________________?
A. that people are more likely to be honest
B. they are not time consuming
C. the interviewer can guess the age of the respondent
D. the response rate is high
E. that the researcher can ask more detailed s
284. A survey that asks the respondent to

indicate their level of education and includes
response categories of some high school high
school and university violated which important
rule for constructing close-ended items for naires
?
A. exhaustive
B. mutually exclusive
C. comprehensive
D. tangible
E. relevant
285. Closed-ended s increase the return rate of
the naire because___________?
A. the s is clearly worded
B. they cover the return postage
C. the answers are mutually exclusive
D. they are easy and quick to answer
E. they involve no thought on the part of the
respondent.
286. What research method is popular because it
is comparatively inexpensive and well-suited to
studying large numbers of people ?
A. interviews
B. participant observation
C. experiments
D. content analysis
E. surveys
one of the four conditions that must be met before
a researcher can say that an independent variable
or variables caused the change in the dependent
variable ?
A. internal consistency
B. correlation
C. theory
D. time order
E. elimination of spuriousness
288. ____________involves the transformation of raw
data into numbers to make it suitable for further
analysis ?
A. Coding
B. Conceptualization
C. Factoring
D. Classification
E. Enumeration
a major research design ?
A. surveys
B. ethnography
C. field research
D. secondary research
E. experiments
290. In order for a variable to be measured, a
researcher must provide a (n) ?
A. operational definition
B. quantitative theorem
C. theory
D. hypothesis
E. scale
291. Of all of the steps in the research process the
one that typically takes the most time
is_____________?
A. formulating the problem
B. selecting a research method
C. developing a hypothesis
D. evaluation of the results
E. data collection
292. Max Weber_______________?
A. recognized that it is impossible for scholars to
prevent their personal values from influencing their
work
B. stressed that researchers had to maintain the
confidentiality of their subjects
C. emphasized that under no conditions could a

researcher allow his or her personal feelings to
influence the interpretation of data
D. all of the above
293. Which one of the following is exposed to an
independent variable ?
A. the control groups
B. the representative group
294. Which of the following would be an example
of a random sample? A researcher_____________?
A. administers a naira to every fifth woman who
enters a business office
B. examines the attitudes of residents of a city by
interviewing every twentieth name in the city’s
telephone book
C. studies the attitudes of Democratic voters by
choosing every tenth name found on a city’s list of
registered Democrats
295. The study of the interracial friendships
conducted by the Tom Smith who heads up the
General Social Survey is an example of____________?

A. observation research
B. a survey
C. content analysis
D. an experiment
296. In most instances how well a student does
on a test is determined by how much the student
studies for it in this example studying for an exam
is a (n) ?
A. correlation
B. independent variable
C. dependent variable
D. sample
297. The first step in any sociological research
project is to_____________?
A. collect data
B. define the problem
C. review previous research
D. formulate a hypothesis
298. The rate of rate of return or a mailed naire is
usually_____________?
A. very high
B. it can be both A and C
C. very low
D. None of these
299. s that are relevant to some respondents may

irrelevant to others are known as______________?
A. double barreled questions
B. leading questions
C. contingency questions
D. Matrix questions
300. An instance of focused interaction is
called_________________?
A. a meeting
B. an event
C. a moment
D. an Encounter

299. s that are relevant to some respondents may

irrelevant to others are known as______________?
A. double barreled questions
B. leading questions
C. contingency questions
D. Matrix questions
called_________________?
A. a meeting
B. an event
C. a moment
D. an Encounter

301. An experiment can be defined as______________?

A. an attempt to test a hypothesis under
controlled conditions
B. a piece of research conducted in a laboratory
C. a piece of research trying out new methods
D. an attempt to deceive participants about the
research’s true purpose
302. In survey research the group of respondents
targeted for the naira is called___________?
A. sample
B. respondents
C. focus group
D. population
303. An association between two variables which
is in fact caused by other factor(s)is called
a______________?
A. multiple regression
B. causal mechanism
C. spurious correlation
D. multinomial distribution
304. Bias in research practice refers
to_____________?
A. the investigator being committed to a particular
ideology
B. the research team prejudging the meaning of the

data
C. the data being unbalanced by the design or
execution of the research
D. interpretations being applied to the results
305. Theoretical approaches can only be said to
be, valid. if______________?
A. the theorist has researched the literatures
thoroughly
B. they have been tested out by means of factual
research
C. they are written in such a way as to be impossible
to disprove
D. they are shared by a large enough number of
theorists
306. One of the difficulties in open rationalizing
concepts like social class is that____________?
A. definitions and indicators can vary making
valid comparisons problematic
B. there are no reliable indicators of such widely
contested ideas
C. it takes all the fun out of armchair theorizing
D. it has little use for applied empirical research about
the topic

307. Which of the following is a personal

document with closed access ?
A. government white paper
B. confidential medical records
C. household account book
D. the shares register of a business
308. One of the ethical problems with covert
participant observation is______________?
A. not being able to write comprehensive field
notes or record conversations
B. deceiving the respondents as to the reason for
your presence
C. observing people outside of their natural setting
D. subjecting the participants to physical harm
309. Snowballing is an example of_______________?
A. probability sampling
B. non-probability sampling
C. cluster sampling
D. using the Christmas vacation constructively
310. Pre-testing a naira is useful for_____________?
A. finding out which topics are important to the
respondents
B. testing out your computer and printer
C. identifying any problems with the wording and
routing
D. deciding which respondents to leave out of the
final sample
311. Weber said that all knowledge is value-
relevant, because____________?
A. sociologists like to put a value on different
theories
B. Knowledge refers to people and their values
C. theorists interpret the world in terms of their
own values
D. attempts to provide knowledge about the world
are always valuable
312. In idealized views of science the
experimental method is said to involve ?
A. testing out new research methods to see which
one works best
B. isolating and measuring the effect of one
variable upon another
C. using personal beliefs and values to decide what to
study
D. interpreting data subjectively drawing on
theoretical paradigms
313. A researcher examines the literature written
by Black novelists during the “Negro Renaissance”
(1913-1935) to see if they reflect the political
movements going on in the Black community in

the United States at that time What type of
research methodology is being used in this
example ?
A. secondary analysis
B. interviews
C. observation
D. content analysis
314. Which one of the following is exposed to an
independent variable ?
A. the control groups
B. the representative group
315. A researcher can obtain a higher response
rate by using which type of survey ?
A. interviews
B. nares
C. representative samples
D. observation techniques
316. In order to genuinely reflect a broad range
of the population a survey must be based on
precise___________?

A. representative sampling
B. experiments
C. surveys
D. hypotheses
317. A detailed plan or method for obtaining data
scientifically called a (n)_____________?
A. sample
B. experiment
C. research design
D. scientific method
318. Formulating the hypothesis is the _____________
step in the scientific method?
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
319. Search for ways of using scientific
knowledge to solve practical problems is termed
as_____________?
A. Pure science
B. Applied Science
C. both a & b
D. None of these

320. The use of scientific research procedures to

measure the effectiveness of an action program is
called____________?
A. Evaluation research
B. analytical research
C. Scientific research
D. None of these
321. naire and interview studies are systematic
ways of asking s under______________?
A. Experiment situation
B. Scientific control
C. Normal circumstances
D. None of these
322. Impressionistic studies are____________?
A. fully controlled
B. less controlled
C. uncontrolled
D. None of these
323. The validity of laboratory experiment is
doubtful in sociology because the people being
observed are_____________?
A. unconscious
B. conscious and behave artificially

C. behave naturally
D. None of these
324. Experiments are of two types_____________?
A. Laboratory
B. Field
C. both A & B
D. None of these
325. The Scientific study of human social life is
termed as______________?
A. Society
B. Sociology
C. Anthropology
D. None of these
326. Judicial decisions are a part of_____________?
A. Convention
B. British constitution
C. American constitution
D. None of them
327. Which of the following is a nation without a
state ?
A. Tibet
B. Israel
C. Belgium
D. all of these
328. What is cosmopolitan democracy ?

A. a form of world government with global
citizenship
B. rule by the worlds educated elites
C. democratic government at the level of the city
D. democratic government that is representative of a
multicultural society
329. The al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the
attacks on American targets on 11th September
2001 In what year did al-Qaeda bomb a nightclub
on the Indonesian island of Bali Killing more than
200 people ?
A. 1999
B. 2004
C. 2004
D. 2002
330. In many contemporary conflict’s attempts
are made to protect soldiers often at the expense
of civilian lives in order to minimize political
problems from media coverage of fatalities How
are such conflicts described ?
A. degenerate wars
B. genocides
C. illegal wars
D. risk-transfer wars
331. What is the main consequence of well-

defined ethnic existing within established nations
states ?
A. nations without states
B. multiculturalism
C. a cultural melting Pot
D. separate institutions
332. Compared With the sate formation process
in industrialized countries which one of the
following created major problems for developing
societies ?
A. the lack of a strong work ethic
B. the legacy of economic mismanagement by local
leaders
C. the lock of a democratic culture
D. the legacy of colonialism
333. The right to govern in England flows through
the legislature to_____________?
A.The prime minister
B. The cabinet
C. The court of law
D. None of them
334. Which of these distinguishes modern nation-
sates from traditional civilizations ?
A. a national identity with an associated set of

symbols and beliefs
B. governmental authority over a clearly demarcated
territory
C. the granting of citizenship rights to the relevant
population
D. all of the above
335. New style terrorism differs from old style
terrorism in three main ways Which of the
following is not one of the three ?
A. it is global in the scope of its aims
B. it has a nationalist ideology
C. it adopts a loose international type of organization
D. it is more ruthless in the recourse to violent means
336. Mary Kaldor (2006) argues that
globalization processes lie at the heart of many
new wars Which of the following is not an
example of the increasing globalization of conflict
?
A. the presence of diaspora volunteer fighters
B. the recourse of combatants to small -scale
guerrilla tactics
C. the involvement of international NGOs
D. the role of multinational United Nations
peacekeeping troops
337. Who stated that war is the continuation of

political intercourse by other means ?
A. Carl von Clausewitz
B. Martin Shaw
C. Karl Marx
D. Mary Kaldor
338. What name did Norbert Elias give to the
dynamic of competition between social units that
eventually gave rise to a nation state ?
A. the absolutist mechanism
B. the decivilizing process
C. the monopoly mechanism
D. the courtizaion process
339. What do separatist movements around the
world seek to achieve ?
A. recognition of the equal rights of an ethnic group
within a nation state
B. the creation of an independent nation state
C. the expulsion of an ethnic group from a disputed
region
D. acceptance of an ethnic groups that to use a
separate minority language
340. The notion of citizenship rights is associated
with______________?
A. T.H Huxley
B. A.H Halsey
C. T.H Marshall
D. E.H Carr
341. Which of these ethnic groups has the
greatest proportion of households below 60 per
cent of median income ?
A. Whites
B. Indians
C. Black Caribbean’s
D. Bangladeshis
342. Median earnings are a better benchmark for
poverty than mean earnings because____________?
A. the mean is distorted by a few people at the
very top of the distribution
B. they lead more people to be defined as in poverty
C. the median is a more accurate measurement of
earnings than the mean
D. all of the above
343. Which of these countries has the smallest
proportion of people living on less than $1 a
day_______________?
A. Bangladesh
B. Mozambique
C. China
D. Pakistan
344. Put these stages in the evolution of
citizenship in chronological order _____________?
A. civil rights political citizenship social
citizenship environmental citizenship
B. social citizenship political citizenship
environmental citizenship civil rights
C. political citizenship social citizenship
environmental citizenship civil rights
D. civil rights environmental citizenship social
citizenship political citizenship
345. Which of these is not a critique of attempts
to measure relative deprivation ?
A. the personal experience of poverty is not the
concern of sociologists
B. there is an arbitrary nature to how items are
selected for a deprivation index
C. it may be choice not poverty that means some
people do not qualify for some of the items on a
deprivation index
D. the subjective nature of such indices means it is
difficult to make comparisons between different
studies and time periods

346. Which of these constitute the three worlds of

welfare-capitalism ?
A. social democratic socialist communist
B. social democratic corporatist liberal
C. social democratic Christian-democratic nationalist
347. Which of these is not an example of social
exclusion ?
A. tax avoidance
B. gated communities
C. homelessness
D. none of these
348. Children living in poverty tend to be more
likely______________?
A. to be killed in road accident
B. to have a diet consisting primarily of vegetables
C. to live in male-headed households
349. Critics of the concept of relative poverty
argue that______________?
A. it concentrates too much on kinship ties
B. the government should be raising benefit levels
C. in modern affluent societies no one is truly
poor
D. it is wrong to make comparisons between

countries
350. Social exclusion refers to ways in which
people are cut off from full involvement in society
How has Veit-Wilson (1998) distinguished the
main variants of this concept ?
A. primary/secondary
B. weak/strong
C. general/specific
D. old/new
351. Extreme poverty is often defined as living on
less than US$1 per day how has extreme poverty
changed between 1981 and 2004 ?
A. stayed the same around 1.5 billion people
B. rose from 1.5 billion people to 3 billion
C. fell form 1.5 billion people to 1 billion
D. rose from 1.5 billion people to 2.5 billion
352. Which approach to audience studies
emphasizes the ways in which different audiences
use the media to meet their needs ?
A. hypodermic model
B. gratification model
C. reception theory
D. interpretative model
353. The Frankfurt School built upon the work of

Marx but the importance of which of the following
did its members argue that he under emphasized
?
A. globalization
B. work
C. economics
D. culture
354. When was the World Wide Web invented at
a Swiss physics laboratory ?
A. 1980
B. 1985
C. 1990
D. 1995
355. According to Marshall McLuhan which of the
following is being created by the electronic media
?
A. global village
B. global network
C. global flows
D. global cities
356. According to Jean Baudrillard What is hyper
reality ?

A. modern theme parks such as Disneyland

B. the merging of reality and media
representations
C. the virtual world made possible by the Internet
D. people, s affinity with soap characters rather than
real people
357. Noam Chomsky,s work is an example of
which theoretical approach to the media ?
A. functionalism
B. symbolic interactionism
C. postmodernism
D. political economy
358. Place the three largest producers of films
globally in order______________?
A. USA India Nigeria
B. India USA Nigeria
C. India China USA
D. India Nigeria USA
359. New communications technologies have
revolutionized social life in the last 30 years or so
Which of the following is not one of the four most
significant technological trends making this
revolution possible ?

A. robotics
B. the capability of computers
C. the digitization of data
D. satellite communications
E. fiber optics
360. Karl Marx held that a social movement-the
revolt of the proletariat -would help workers
overcome feelings of_______________?
A. class consciousness
B. false consciousness
C. socialist consciousness
D. surplus value
361. The most all-encompassing type of collective
behavior is_______________?
A. public opinion
B. social movements
C. rumors
D. crowds
362. The abbreviation “NIMBY” stands for “not in
my backyard” a cry often heard when people
protest____________?
A. landfills
B. prisons

C. nuclear power facilities

D. all of the above
363. The term vested interests was coined by
social economist______________?
A. William F. Oghurn
B. Talcott Parsons
C. Auguste Comte
D. Thorstein Veblen
364. Which sociological perspective minimizes
change ?
D. each of the above
365. The division of labor among physicians into
obstetricians’ internists surgeons and so forth is
an example of the process that Talcott Parsons
called_______________?
A. differentiation
B. value generalization
C. inclusion
D. adaptive upgrading
366. The writings of Auguste Comte and Emile
Durkheim are examples of______________?
A. cyclical theory
B. unilinear theory
C. multilinear theory
D. conflict theory
367. Sreberny-Mohammadi (1996) argues that
national cultures can resist American cultural
domination of the media by_____________?
A. domesticating its content including more home-
produced programmes
B. controlling the distribution of imported products
by banning satellite dishes
C. creating reverse flows of their own programmes
back to imperial societies
D. all of the above
368. Walt Disney Sony and Time Warner are
examples of________________?
A. transnational corporations
B. multi-media empires
C. ownership concentrated within one medium
D. government-owned companies
369. The print revolution of the nineteenth
century resulted in_____________?
A. mass production mass circulation and the
decline of serious content
B. the public ownership of newspapers as a shared

resource
C. more people going to the cinema as a new leisure
activity
D. a reduction of virtual communities on the internet
370. The term culture industry used by members
of the Frankfurt School referred to________________?
A. the globalization of cultural through new
technologies
B. the way in which culture products were bought
and sold for profit ✔
C. the development of subcultures and counter-
cultures society
D. the way in which industrialization had created new
means of communication
371. Critics of the spread of Western cultural
products across the globe argue that a cultural
empire has been created What term do they use to
describe this ____________?
A. media saturation
B. media globalization
C. media penetration
D. media imperialism

372. Which of the following is not a characteristic

of ideology according to the critical conception of
ideology ?
A. neutral
B. misleading
C. illusory
D. distorting
373. According to Manual Castells which is the
defining organizational structure of our age ?
A. bureaucracy
B. networks
C. hierarchy
D. conglomerates
374. A decline in which of the following does
Putnam link to the spread of television ?
A. rational though
B. social capital
C. cultural capital
D. political awareness
375. What term is used to describe the
phenomenon whereby newspapers can be read
online radio stations accessed on digital
televisions and mobile phones enable internet
access ?
A. mediatization
B. convergence
C. globalization
D. cloud computing
376. Who famously stated the medium is the
message_______________?
A. Manuel Castells
B. Marshall McLuhan
C. Howard Rheingold
D. Karl Marx
377. The global dominance of American film
exports raises s about_____________?
A. cultural imperialism
B. rise of digital media
C. virtual communities
D. the US is not the largest global exporter of films
378. social aggregations that emerge from the
(Inter)Net when enough people carry on…. public
discussions long enough with sufficient human
feeling to form webs of personal relationships
What is Rheingold (2000) describing here ?
A. cyberspace
B. the worldwide web

C. virtual communities
D. chatrooms
379. Which sociological perspective would be
especially interested in studying how people
communicate with each other and develop
relationships through MUDS (multi -user
domains) and electronic chat rooms ?
D. labeling theory
380. Which term was introduced by Charles Per
row to refer to failures that are inevitable given
the manner in which human and technological
systems are organized ________________?
A. the Per row principle
B. the Peter principle
C. the school principal
D. normal accidents
381. Which sociologist introduced the concept of
culture lag ?
A. William F. Ogburn
B. Talcott Parsons

C. Auguste Comte
D. Thorstein Veblen
382. The use of terms such as flaming and chat
rooms by the subculture of early Internet users is
an example of____________?
A. charisma
B. argot
C. equilibrium
D. virtual reality
383. Which of the following theorists argued that
conflict is a normal and desirable aspect of social
change ?
A. Karl Marx
B. Talcott Parsons
C. Emile Durkheim
384. The acceptance of preventive medicine is an
example of the process that Parsons
called______________?
A. differentiation
B. value generalization
C. inclusion
D. adaptive upgrading

385. Which term was used by Talcott Parsons in

asserting that society tends toward a state of
stability or balance ?
A. charisma
B. magnetism
C. equilibrium
D. status quo
386. Nineteenth-century theories of social change
reflect the pioneering work in biological
evolution done by____________?
A. Albert Einstein
B. Charles Darwin
D. Benjamin Franklin
387. The effect of the Internet upon the public
sphere has been to_____________?
A. repress it by promoting only the interests of elite
groups
B. revive it by reaffirming a commitment of
freedom of speech
C. reproduce it by emphasizing face-to-face contact
with peer groups
D. replace it with a superior form of communication
388. A moral panic occurs when_______________?
A. the media exaggerate reports of deviant

groups generating hostile reactions
B. children watch violent or sexually explicit films and
then copy the behavior
C. audiences challenge the ethnic stereotypes
represented by the media
D. elitists express concern with the Americanization
of culture
389. The media-themes model of media influence
claims that_____________?
A. audiences selectively interpret what they want
to hear
B. content analysis is the best way to identify the
themes covered by the media
C. audiences passively absorb whatever messages
they are given
D. social interaction reinforces the ideas and
images that audiences select
390. Mass-society theory suggests
that______________?
A. the content of the media is determined market
forces
B. the subordinate classes are dominated by the
ideology of the ruling class
C. the media manipulate the masses as vulnerable
passive consumers
D. audiences make selective interpretations of media
messages
391. Feminism is often criticized on the grounds
that_____________?
A. it doesn’t pay attention to male victims
B. it lacks objectivity
C. it is too extreme
D. it is not testable
E. it is not really a theory
392. Which research technique would
sociologists who adhere to the symbolic
interactionist perspective use? most likely to
employ ?
A. interviews
B. experiments
C. quantitative measurement
D. observation
E. surveys
393. Conflict theory is often criticized for failing
to account for______________?
A. minority rights
B. women
C. consensus
D. latent functions
E. the rights of workers
394. Which theoretical perspective in sociology
emphasizes the inter-dependence of component
parts of society ?
A. Structural Functionalism
B. Feminism
C. Conflict
D. Staples
E. Symbolic Interaction ism
395. According to Weber rationalization meant
that_______________?
A. there are no absolutes concerning social life
B. all though would eventually lead to justifying
human action
C. early philosophers were too concerned with
creating a utopian society
D. sociologists should be primarily concerned with
solving problems
E. humans would eventually seek out the most
efficient means to accomplish a particular task
396. What sociologist was responsible for
developing the concept of anomie ?

A. Comte
B. Rousseau
C. Mead
D. Locke
E. Durkheim
397. The birthplace of sociology is generally
considered to be_______________?
A. the United States
B. Canada
C. Europe
D. Australia
398. The rise of globalization was greatly
facilitated by_____________?
A. wealthy aristocrats
B. sixteenth-century population growth
C. industrialization
D. developments in transportation and
communication
E. international migration
399. The term sociological imagination was first
coined by_____________?
A. Durkheim
B. Blumer
C. Lemert
D. Berger
E. Mills
400. The term feminist standpoint,
suggests_______________?
A. taking a stand on the issues neglected by
feminism
B. studying society from the perspective of
women
C. the recognition of difference and diversity in
women’s lives
D. a tendency to ignore the gendered nature of
knowledge

401. The pragmatist philosophy used in Symbolic

interactionist theory teaches that_______________?
A. theory must be augmented by straightforward
plausible methods
B. we can find true objective knowledge of the world
through our senses
C. Knowledge is produced in everyday practical
situations
D. the best social theory was developed in Prague
402. The four ideal types of social action that
Weber identified were as follows instrumentally-
rational value-rational traditional and____________?
A. affectual
B. affective
C. effective
D. infected
403. Durkheim defined social facts as___________?
A. ways of acting thinking and feeling that are
collective and social in origin
B. the way scientists construct knowledge in a social
context
C. data collected about social phenomena that are
proven to be correct
D. ideas and theories that have no basis in the
external physical world
404. Comte,s term positivism refers to_____________?

A. a theory that emphasizes the positive aspects of
society
B. the precise scientific study of observable
phenomena
C. a theory that posits difficult s and sets out to
answer them
D. an unscientific set of laws about social progress
405. Which one of the following statements in not
a key charge of postcolonial critiques against
mainstream sociology ?
A. standard accounts of the origins of sociology
focus on the industrial and French revolutions giving
no weight to the significance of colonialism in shaping
modern societies
B. the sociological gaze is Eurocentric failing to
incorporate the experience of formerly colonized
societies
C. sociology has described Western societies as
developed or modem in opposition to the notion of
non-Western societies as pre-modern traditional
inferiors
D. the sociological imagination has always
encouraged and enabled the voices of people
across the world to be heard in sociological
theorizing
406. which of these concepts is addressed in

Foucault’s work ?
A. sexuality
B. discipline
C. discourse
D. all of the these
407. Feminist perspectives are distinctive in
sociology because______________?
A. only women can write from a feminist
perspective
B. other theoretical perspectives have not researched
women
C. they emphasize the centrality of gender in
social analysis
D. men and women view the and world in different
ways
408. Which of the following is not an example of a
manufactured risk ?
A. genetic modification of crops
B. volcanic eruptions
C. global warming
D. the threat of nuclear war
409. Which perspective does not come under the
umbrella of interactionism ?
A. ethnomethodology
C. feminism
D. phenomenology
410. Talcott Parsons,s structural functionalism
attempted to tackle ?
A. the problem of class conflict
B. the problem of economic restructuring
C. the problem of social welfare
D. the problem of social order
411. Which of the following is not a mode of
production ?
A. feudalism
B. communism
C. capitalism
D. liberalism
412. Which one of the following is the odd one
out _______________ ?
B. Antonio Gramsci
C. Erving Goffman
D. Howard Becker

413. Max Weber,s pioneering work The

Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is an
example of______________?
A. Macro-level analysis
B. micro-level analysis
C. resurgent fundamentalism
D. the interactionist approach to religion
414. Feminist perspectives are distinctive in
sociology because_______________?
A. only women can write from a feminist
perspective
B. other theoretical perspectives have not researched
women
C. they emphasize the centrality of gender in
social analysis
D. men and women view the world in different ways
415. The writings of Auguste Comte and Emile
Durkheim are examples of___________?
A. cyclical theory
B. unilinear theory
C. multilinear theory
D. conflict theory
416. The conflict perspective would note
that____________?
A. Physicians serve as gatekeepers for the sick role

either verifying a patient’s condition as illness or
designating the patient as recovered.
B. Patients play an active role in health care by failing
to follow a physician’s advice
C. Multinational corporations based in
industrialized countries have reaped significant
profits dumping unapproved drugs on
unsuspecting Third World countries.
D. The designation healthy or ill generally involves
social definition by others
417. The model minority stereotype of Asian
Americans contains an implicit critique of Blacks
Hispanics and others for failing to succeed as well
as the model minority has Which sociological
perspective would view this as yet another
instance of blaming the victim ?
418. Which sociological perspective views race
from the macro level and sees the economic
structure as a central factor in the exploitation of
minority groups ?

D. labelling theory
419. Which sociology perspective emphasizes
that societies literally could not function if
massive numbers of people defied standards of
appropriate conduct ?
D. labelling theory
420. Which sociological perspective emphasizes
that school in the United States foster competition
through built-in systems of reward and
punishment ?
D. psychological perspective
421. In studying the strategies that students
employ to create appearances after grades have
awarded sociologists Daniel Albas and Cheryl
Albas drew upon the concept of impression
managements developed by______________?

B. Charles Horton Cooley
C. Erving Goffman
D. Jean Piaget
422. In its study of language, which sociological
perspective focuses on how people rely on shared
definitions of phrases expressions in both formal
speech everyday conversation ?
D. ethnocentric perspective
423. Which of the following is an aspect of culture
?
A. a comic book
B. patriotic attachment to the flag of the United States
C. burial of a family pet in a cemetery plot
D. all of the above
424. Erving Goffman made a distinctive
contribution to sociology by popularizing a
particular type of interactionist method known
as____________?
A. macrosociology
B. the dramaturgical approach
C. Verstehen
D. None of these
425. Karl Marx,s view of the struggle between
social classes inspired the
contemporary_____________?
426. Which sociological perspective views society
as a network of connected parts each of which
contributes to the maintenance of the system as a
whole ?
427. Human behavior is guided by expectations
held both by the individual and by other people is
the basic notion of_____________?
A. conflict theory
B. Structural functionalism
C. role theory
D. None of these
428. The human action and interaction are

understandable only through the exchange of
meaningful communication or symbols, this is the
basic assumption of_______________?
A. conflict theory
B. Role theory
C. Symbolic interactionism
D. None of these
429. In modern societies members perform
different tasks and are highly interdependent this
kind of solidarity is called______________?
A. Organic solidarity
B. Mechanical solidarity
C. Interdependence solidarity
None of these
430. Structural functionalism draws its
inspiration primarily from the ideas of___________?
A. Marx
B. weber
C. Durkheim
D. All of these
431. Evolutionary theory is of the view that
society like biological organisms moves
from___________?
A. simple to complex
B. complex to simple
C. Complex to more complex
D. None of these
432. Karl Marx is Best known for_______________?
A. Conflict theory
B. Social change
C. Society and science
D. None of these
433. According to Durkheim stronger social ties
and religious affiliation______________?
A. Increase the suicide rates
B. Decrease them
C. Have no effect upon them
D. None of these
434. Sociology is well-equipped to uncover the
truth about social problems because
of______________?
A. its reliance on surveys
B. its theoretical grounding
C. its emphasis on careful reliable empirical
research
D. its desire to solve problems
E. its reliance on government funding
435. Conflict and feminist theories both focus

on______________?
A. consensus
B. subjective meanings
C. manifest functions
D. negotiated social orders
E. structured social inequality
436. Which sociological theory emphasizes the
meanings that people attach to various aspects of
reality ?
A. Symbolic Interactionism
B. Feminism
C. Conflict
D. Radical
E. Structural Functionalism
437. Conflict theory is heavily indebted to the
work of_____________?
A. Abell
B. Mead
C. Marx
D. Pareto
E. Parsons
438. The fourth major perspective in sociology is
___________________________ theory.
A. political economy
B. symbolic interactionist
C. conflict
D. feminist
E. functionalist
439. Karl Marx emphasized ____________ as a major
factor in shaping social life ?
A. psychology
B. geography
C. economics
D. communism
E. social psychology
440. Which of the following was not a key
development leading to the birth of sociology ?
A. Enlightenment thinkers/philosophers
B. The Industrial Revolution
C. Globalization
D. Renaissance thinkers/philosophers
E. The rapid expansion of colonialism
441. Sociological research frequently focuses
on______________?
A. religious integration
B. immigration
C. globalization
D. suicide
E. disadvantaged groups
442. Theories must be____________?
A. testable
B. formulated prior to research
C. based on pre-existing facts
D. exclusively sociological
E. issue driven
443. Post-modernist writers have argued
that____________?
A. we live in a world of superficial fragmented
images
B. no theory is better than any other anything goes
C. society has changed, and we need new kinds of
theory
D. all of the above
444. Dahrendorf Rex and Habermas focused their
attention on_____________?
A. social solidarity and cohesion
B. the interpretive understanding of action
C. women’s experiences and gendered knowledge
D. Power domination and conflict
445. Structural-Functionalists describe society
as_____________?
A. a complex network of interaction at a micro-

level
B. a source of conflict inequality and alienation
C. an unstable structure of social relations
D. a normative framework of roles and
institutions
446. Weber said that all knowledge is value-
relevant because_____________?
A. sociologists like to put a value on different
theories
B. knowledge refers to people and their values
C. theorists interpret the world in terms of their
own values
D. attempts to provide knowledge about the world
are always valuable
447. Which of the following ins NOT a key theme
in Michel Foucault’s writing ?
A. the hyperreality of media imagery
B. the significance of expert discourses
C. societies use of surveillance and discipline
D. the archaeology of scientific knowledge
448. Which of the following theorists rejects the
notion of essential categories of male and female
through her discussion of the performative aspect
of gender ?
A. Joan Acker
B. Judith Butler
C. Helene Cixous
D. Simone de Beauvoir
449. Which of these is a broadly Weberian idea ?
A. the main dynamic of modern development is
capitalist economics
B. modem societies are in transition towards a
socialist model
C. rationalization is bound to progress further in
all spheres of life
D. all history is the history of class struggles
450. Which of these is most closely associated
with Marx,s thinking ?
A. integration
B. conflict
C. social facts
D. consensus
451. Which of the following has not been central
to feminist theorizing ?
A. male domination in society
B. male bias in sociological theory
C. the gendered character of knowledge
D. the experience of black women
452. What did Max Weber understand by the

spirit of capitalism ?
A. the exploitation of the working class
B. the desire for more material wealth
C. the continual reinvestment of profits back into
businesses
D. the belief in free markets
453. Who became the first ever Professor of
Sociology ?
B. Talcott Parsons
C. Emile Durkheim
D. Robert Merton
454. Comte argued that knowledge passed
through which three stages ?
A. theological metaphysical positive
B. ignorance understanding truth
C. philosophical biological sociological
D. functionalist marxist interactionist
455. Which sociological perspective examines
human activities on the micro level by focusing on
how day-to-day social behavior is shaped by the
distinctive norms, values and demands of a
particular society ?
D. None of these
of ideology according to the critical conception of
ideology ?
A. neutral
B. misleading
C. illusory
D. distorting
457. When Comet wrote of sociology as a positive
science he meant ?
A. that it should show people in the best possible
light
B. that it should attempt to appeal to as many people
as possible
C. that it should apply the same methods as
physics or chemistry
D. that it should progress by positing new concepts
and theories
that patients should not always be viewed as
passive but instead as an actor who often shows a
powerful intent to see the physician ?
A. Functionalist perspective
D. labelling theory
459. Which sociological perspective would note
that poor and rural sections of the United States
tend to be underserved because medical service
concentrate where people are numerous or
wealthy ?
D. neo-Malthusian view
460. A Hispanic woman and a Jewish man
working together as computer programmers for
an electronics from overcome their initial
prejudices and come to appreciate each other,s
strengths and talents This is an example
of____________?
A. the contact hypothesis
B. a self-fulfilling prophecy
C. amalgamation
D. reverse discrimination
461. An important aspect of labelling theory is
the recognition that some people or groups have
the power to define labels and apply them to

others This view recalls the emphasis placed on
the social significance of power by the______________?
D. anomie theory of deviance
462. Which pioneer of sociology first directed
researchers to the significance of bureaucratic
structure ?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Max Weber
C. Karl Marx
D. Ferdinand Tonnies
463. Sociologist Alvin Goldner sees Erving
Goffman’s work on social behavior as implicitly
reaffirming the status quo especially social class
inequalities Gouldner,s critique is associated with
the_____________?
D. psychoanalytic perspective

464. In the United States we often formalize

norms into_____________?
A. folkways
B. mores
C. values
D. laws
465. A list of cultural universals was compiled by
anthropologist_______________?
A. Max Weber
B. George Murdock
C. Margaret Mead
D. William F. Ogburn
466. Max Weber_____________?
A. recognized that it is impossible for scholars to
prevent their personal values from influencing their
work
B. stressed that researchers had to maintain the
confidentiality of their subjects
C. emphasized that under no conditions could a
researcher allow his or her personal feelings to
influence the interpretation of data
D. all of the above
467. Which sociological perspective examines
human activities on the micro level by is shaped
by the distinctive norms values and demands of a

particular society ?
D. psychological perspective
468. A university that serves as a meeting ground
for people seeking marital partners is
performing_______________?
A. a manifest function
B. a latent function
C. a dysfunction
D. a manifest dysfunction
469. Ritzer presented a theory that the different
components of social life work together to
influence society and behavior This theory is
called_______________?
A. Integration theory
B. Cohesion theory
C. Role theory
D. None of these
470. The limitation of symbolic interactionism is
that________________?

A. It overlooks micro-level interaction

B. It overlooks macro-level interaction
C. It cannot count for culture
D. None of these
471. In contrast to Marxian theory structural
functionalism views different parts of
society________________?
A. Performing their respective functions
B. Contributing in social equilibrium
C. Beneficial to the society
D. All of the above
472. In Primitive societies everyone performed
similar tasks and so their was a__________________?
A. Organic solidarity
B. Mechanical solidarity
C. both a & b
D. None of these
473. The and purpose of Evolutionary theory
is_____________?
A. An anarchist society
B. A perfect man in a perfect society
C. An industrial society
D. None of these

474. One of the Basic Conflicts, in conflict theory

is_____________?
A. conflict between countries
B. conflict between individuals
C. Class conflict
D. None of these
475. Conflict theory explains________________?
A. Harmony among classes
B. Dependence-among classes
C. Struggle to dominate
D. None of these
476. Durkheim introduced the ideas of Anomic
which means________________?
A. Solidarity
B. Enemy
C. Chaos
D. None of theses
477. The life-course model views aging
as______________?
A. a process that continues from birth to death
B. a process shaped by the forces of capitalism
C. a process of adapting to changing social roles
D. a process shaped by psychological decline

478. According to Davis (1995) women may seek

cosmetic surgery because_____________?
A. they have a deep-rooted sense of ineffectiveness
and are striving for control
B. they are in pursuit of the perfect body fueled by
images of beauty
C. they perceive a part of their body as
stigmatizing in relation to a cultural ideal
D. their male partners pressurize them to look like
supermodels
479. In less developed countries this percentage
is far less It is_____________?
A. 10%
B. 7.7%
C. 6.5%
D. None of these
480. There are many legal limits that are
attached to age a few examples are_____________?
A. voting age
B. age of consent
C. drinking age
D. All of the above
481. In biology the senescence is______________?

A. the process of growth

B. the process of aging
C. infant period
D. None of these
482. Constructionist studies of old age view it
as_______________?
A. a medical condition
B. a period of life
C. a state of mind
D. a social category
483. The dependency ratio describes______________?
A. the size of working population supporting
the young and the old
B. the number of children dependent upon the adults
in a family
C. the amount of care both give and received by older
people
D. the number of welfare professionals that support a
population
484. Disengagement theory holds that it is
functional for society if as people reach old age
they_____________?
A. take on full-time paid employment
B. take on less taxing and important roles
C. take one new and demanding civic roles

D. take on more active political roles
485. In Pakistan society no laws were made for
the protection of elderly citizens the major cause
was the belief_____________?
A. That they can look after themselves
B. The sons are responsible
C. The daughters are responsible
D. None of these
486. Western countries have a larger percentage
of aged that is_____________?
A. 19.4%
B. 12%
C. 20%
D. None of these
487. Lifespan is usually divided into seven or
eight sages Adulthood legally begins at the age
of____________?
A. sixteen
B. Seventeen
C. Eighteen
D. None of these
488. Aging is an important phenomenon in
developed countries specially ______________?
A. Europe
B. Japan
C. USA
D. Both A and B
489. Which of the following is a true statement ?
A. Human beings have existed on earth for about
half million years
B. agriculture is only around twelve thousand years
old
C. civilizations date back around six thousand years
D. all of the above
490. Personal distance and gestures are
examples of forms of_______________?
A. folkways
B. non-verbal communication
C. cultural integration
D. values
E. material culture
491. The global economy and the concept of
global interdependence is often accused of
having_______________?
A. too many rules and regulations that weigh
progress down
B. a disregard for cultural assimilation
C. a positive influence on multicultural development

D. too much concern for non-material culture
E. few boundaries
492. The destruction of a culture through
conquest is referred to by anthropologists
as_____________?
A. infanticide
B. homicide
C. pesticide
D. cultural extinction
E. ethnocide
493. Embracing language and ethnic and cultural
difference is thought to be a core Canadian value
called______________?
A. belief in equality and fairness
B. importance of accommodation and tolerance
C. support for diversity
D. belief in consultation and dialogue
E. compassion and generosity
494. Immigration tourism and globalization all
mean that_____________?
A. cultural diversity is increasing
B. cultural relativism is now the norm
C. cultural lag doesn,t last as long
D. culture shock is increasing

E. cultures are becoming more stable
495. The process that enables a culture to
maintain equilibrium despite fluctuations in their
culture is known as______________?
A. enculturation
B. ethnocentrism
C. diffusion
D. cultural integration
E. adaptation
496. According to Conflict theory, culture is
maintained through the_________ of society?
A. Proletariat
B. cultural universals
C. language
D. dominant ideology
E. popular culture
497. Cultural change can also occur
through______________?
A. mass media and adaptation
B. invention and discovery
C. multiculturalism and assimilation
D. language and symbols
E. diffusion and technology
498. Culture is usually assumed to

be_______________?
A. fixed and static
B. a subjective entity
C. always changing
D. insulated against technology
E. mutually exclusive
499. Research by Lakoff showed that there are
some distinct communication differences
between men and women In general men tend
to_____________?
A. talk more over the course of the relationship
B. be politer in their speech patterns
C. use a greater range of words
D. not appreciate or encourage self-disclosure as
much
E. use tags the end of sentences
500. Language is usually considered to
be_______________?
A. a flexible system of symbols
B. essential for cultural integration
C. a cultural barrier
D. a key cultural marker
E. a cultural universal


a defining feature of culture ?
A. Culture is symbolic
B. Culture is transmitted
C. Culture is cumulative
D. Culture is shared
E. Culture is learned
that ethnocentrism that ethnocentrism serves to
maintain a sense of solidarity by promoting group
pride ?
D. dramaturgical perspective
503. While vacationing in Great Britain an
American discover that the British drive on the
“Wrong” side of the road are critical of his United
States accent and will not accept dollars in stores
He feel disoriented and out of place and thus are
experiencing ?
A. xenocentrism
B. the Hawthorne effects
C. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
D. culture shock
504. Social institutions are_____________?

A. God-given and cannot be changed
B. Buildings and people who operate them
C. Constellation of folkways and mores
D. None of these
505. Which of the following argued that a
capitalist society has a dominant ideology that
serves the interests of the ruling class ?
A. Max Weber
B. Talcott Parsons
C. Karl Marx
D. Margaret Mead
values is correct ?
A. Values never change
B. Values of a culture may change but most
remain relatively stable during any one person,s
lifetime
C. Values are constantly changing sociologists view
them as being very unstable
D. All of the above statements are correct
507. The distinction between elements of
material and nonmaterial culture was made by
sociologist ?
A. Max Weber
B. George Murdock
C. Margaret Mead
D. William F Ogburn
508. Which of the following is an aspect of culture
?
A. a comic book
B. patriotic attachment to the flag of the United States
C. burial of a family pet in a cemetery plot
D. all of the above
509. Horticultural societies______________?
A. have no specialized and enduring work groups
governments, or standing armies
B. exhibit increased power of the state and size of the
territory it controls
C. experience the emergence of social
stratification due to production of a social surplus
D. have complex divisions of labor and exchange
relationships
510. People waiting for a bus are an example of
a(n) ?
A. group
B. aggregate

C. subculture
D. transitory collective
511. Which of the following statements
concerning roles is FALSE ?
A. A single status may have multiple roles attached
to it
B. A role does not exist in isolation but is integrated
with the activities of other people
C. Roles define duties but only statuses define
rights
D. Groups consist of complexes of interlocking roles
512. To compliment your professor for delivering
a particularly inspiring lecture would be to
comment on his/her ?
A. role modelling
B. ascribed status
C. status conception
D. role performance
513. A subculture ?
A. is always at odds with the ways of the larger
society
B. is a set of patterned and recurrent aspects of life
that appear in all known societies?
C. includes members of a group that participate in
the main culture while sharing another culture

D. uses a value-free approach that views people from
the perspective of their own culture
514. The patterned and recurrent aspects of life
that appear in all known societies are
called_____________?
A. cultural relativism
B. requisite societal composition
C. cultural universals
D. ethnocentrism
515. Which of the following is NOT an example of
an American folkway ?
A. the custom of chewing food with one,s mouth
closed
B. the practice of shaking hands when greeting
someone for the first time
C. the courtesy of arriving on time for a religious
service
D. the habit of driving on the right-hand side of
the road
516. Songs languages and orchestral
performances are examples of______________?
A. nonmaterial culture
B. material culture
C. mores
D. proprietary culture
517. Alteration is the state of affairs in
which_____________?
A. the society has no norms and if there are any
nobody follows them
B. the individual has no claim over the product that he
has finished
C. the worker is least emotionally related to the
product that he develops the co-workers and the
work environment
D. None of these
518. Social facts have their independent
existence and must be studied likewise Who
remarked above when discussing scientific
method ?
A. Ibn-e-khaldun
B. Emile Durkheim
C. Auguste Conte
D. None of these
519. The psychological stress caused when a
person faces rapid cultural change is
called_____________?

A. Cultural shock
B. role strain
C. role conflict
D. None of these
520. The process by which cultural traits spread
from one group of society to another is
called_____________?
A. Folkways
B. counter culture
C. cultural complexes
D. cultural diffusion
521. Social norms are______________?
A. creative activities such as gardening cookery and
craftwork
B. the symbolic representation of social groups in the
mass media
C. religious beliefs about how the world ought to be
D. rules and expectations about interaction that
regulate social life
522. The approximately 2 million Native
Americans represent a diverse array of cultures
distinguishable by_____________?
A. language
B. family organization
C. religion
D. all of the above
that ethnocentrism serves to maintain a sense of
solidarity by promoting group pride ?
524. While vacationing in Great Britain you
discover that the British drive on the “wrong” side
of the road are critical of your United States
accent and will not accept dollars in stores You
feel disoriented and out of place and thus are
experiencing ?
A. xenocentrism
B. the Hawthorne effects
C. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
D. culture shock
525. Which sociological perspective argues that a
common culture serves to maintain the privileges
of some groups while keeping others in a
subservient position ?

norms is correct ?
A. People do not follow norms in all situations in
some cases they evade a norm because they know it is
weakly enforced
B. In some instances, behavior that appears to violate
society’s norms may actually represent adherence to
the norms of a particular group
C. Norms are violated in some instances because one
norm conflicts with another
D. all of the above
527. The distinction between elements of
material and nonmaterial culture was made by
sociologist ?
A. Max Weber
B. George Murdock
C. Margaret Mead
D. William F. Ogburn
528. Sometimes we feel happy to pay more for
imported goods It shows our_____________?

A. Ethnocentrism
B. Xenocentric Approach
C. Quality consciousness
D. None of these
529. The view of things in which ones won group
is superior to others is_____________?
A. Counter Culture
B. Ethnocentrism
C. Xenocentrism
D. None of these
530. Some of the institutions of a society
are______________?
A. Family and Religion
B. State and economic institutions
C. both a and b
D. None of these
531. A combination of many traits a trait
is______________?
A. Trait
B. Complex
C. Family
D. None of these
532. The ideas of right and wrong attached to
folkways makes them____________?
A. Mores
B. Norms
C. Customs
D. None of these
533. A statistical norm is______________?
A. What is expected to exist
B. The common conduct
C. What actually exists
D. None of these
534. Extreme climatic conditions are_____________?
A. obstacle to cultural development
B. Helpful in cultural development
C. have no effect
D. None of these
535. August Comte viewed cultural development
in_____________?
A. Three Stages
B. Four Stages
C. Two stages
D. None of these
536. Prayer mat is_____________?
A. material culture
B. Non-material culture

C. Out of culture
D. None of these
537. Non-material culture consists of______________?
A. Customs and beliefs ideas
B. tools and domestic items
C. Books and written material
D. None of these
538. According to________________ theory unique
customs develop and persist because they are
adaptive?
A. Conflict
B. Symbolic Interactionism
C. Functionalism
D. Radical
E. Feminism
539. A process through which cultural elements
become closely connected and mutually
interdependent is also known as______________?
A. cultural relativism
B. cultural lag
C. cultural proscriptions
D. cultural genocide
E. cultural integration

540. Dignity personal integrity and inviolability

of body and mind are all examples of_____________?
A. adaptive mechanisms
B. constitutional law
C. cultural givens
D. human rights
E. cultural relativism
541. According to sociologists’ Canadian culture
has been shaped by_____________?
A. political incompetence
B. sports
C. our Aboriginal history
D. an intricate and diverse set of circumstances
E. immigration
542. Which of the following would not be a good
example of a counterculture ?
A. Toronto Raptors fans
B. motorcycle gangs
C. racist groups
D. terrorism
E. organized crime
543. Which sociological theory emphasizes the
role of language and literacy in fighting against
cultural subordination ?
A. Functionalism
B. Conflict
C. Feminism
D. Radical
E. Symbolic Interactionism
544. Bringing music and movies into Canada from
another country would be a good example of
__________ diffusion ?
A. adaptive
B. relativistic
C. indirect
D. direct
E. integrative
545. Conflict theory emphasizes the use of humor
as a________________?
546. 0A. means by which to present the self
B. political tool
C. defense mechanism
D. means by which to bind culture
E. source of negativity towards women
547. The use of language label people can lead to
a_______________?
A. self-fulfilling prophecy
B. sense of ethnocentrism
C. cultural lag
D. cultural adaptation
E. development of a subculture
548. Values traditions, and beliefs are all
examples of_______________?
A. popular culture
B. customs
C. material culture
D. non-material culture
E. culture relativism
549. In a sense xenocentrism is a reverse form
of_________________?
A. cultural integration
B. cultural relativism
C. ethnocentrism
D. culture shock
550. The term ethnocentrism was coined by
sociologist_____________?
B. William Graham Sumner
C. George Murdock
D. Max Weber
551. Older people living in housing for the
elderly, workers in an offshore oil rig rodeo

cowboys and circus performers-all are examples

of what sociologists refer to as_____________?
A. subcultures
B. countercultures
D. argot
552. Which sociological perspective argues that a
common culture serves to maintain the privileges
of some groups while keeping others in a
subservient position ?
norms is correct ?
A. People do not follow norms in all situations In
some cases they evade
B. In some instances behavior that appears to violate
society,s norms the norms of a particular group
C. Norms are violated in some instances because one
norm conflicts with another
D. all of the above

554. The identification of a new moon of Saturn

was an act of_______________?
A. invention
B. discovery
C. diffusion
D. cultural integration
555. Which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of a post-industrial society ?
A. Increasing numbers of workers are employed in
the service sector
B. Many processes in the work place are automated
C. Economic self-sufficiency is displaced by
complex divisions of labour exchange
relationships and national and international
market systems
D. Changes are accompanied by the knowledge
explosion based on the creation processing and
distribution of knowledge
556. Which of the following is a characteristic of a
society ?
A. Members of a society possess a wide variety of
values and norms based on their social status
B. A group must have at least 1,500 members to be
considered a society
C. Another term for “society” is nation-state
D. Members of a society comprise a more or less

self-sufficient social unit
557. Laws are___________________?
A. actions that others can legitimately insist that we
perform
B. actions that we can legitimately insist that others
perform
C. rules that are enforced by a special political
organization composed of individuals who enjoy
the right to use force
558. Amjad must finish writing a report for work
that is due the next day His son,s school just called
and said the child must be picked up from school
because he is sick Amjad,s wife is out of town on
business As a result Amjad is experiencing ?
A. role strain
B. role conflict
C. role hypersensitivity
D. role reversal
559. Cross-cultural research on infant care has
found the following______________?
A. All cultures agree on the importance of exclusive
mother-infant interaction to encourage bonding in
the first 15 to months of life.

B. Methods of caring for babies are linked to other
elements of a society’s culture
C. No culture supports waking a sleeping infant
D. Pediatricians are trained to teach parents the one
universally accepted set of best practices for raising
an infant
560. Values_______________?
A. provide explicit indications of which behaviors
are acceptable and which are not.
B. are narrow ideas about what is desirable correct
and good
C. are defined by symbols
D. are general and abstract and do not explicitly
specify which behaviors are acceptable and which
are not
561. A group of people who live within the same
territory and share a common culture is
called______________?
A. a culture
B. an iconoclastic enclave
C. a society
562. Which of the following is true regarding
culture ?
A. Culture is genetic
B. Culture is passed down generation to
generation
C. Culture includes physical artifacts not abstract
creations
563. A counter culture_______________?
A. Has to be against the existing ethos/values
B. May not be against the existing culture
ethos/values
C. if different from the exiting culture may never
survive
D. None of these
564. Diffusion of innovations among the cultures
means______________?
A. Travelling of traits and patterns space/territory
B. Transmission of trait complexes time
C. Both A and B
565. Ethnocentrims means_____________?
A. Evaluating other cultures with the yardstick of
your own values
B. Taking other nations as good as your own one but
disowned
C. no other society is like yours and your society is

superior to the others
D. None of these
566. A social condition in which values are
conflicting weak or absent is called____________?
A. Assimilation
B. Hawthorne affect
C. invasion
D. anomie
567. One strength of ethnography is
tha______________?
A. the influence of specific variables can be
controlled by the investigator
B. it usually generates richer and more in-depth
information than other methods
C. it is essential when a study is primarily historical or
has a historical dimension
D. it can only be used to study relatively small groups
or communities
568. The use of terms such as flaming and chat
rooms by the subculture of early internet users is
an example of______________?
A. charisma
B. argot
C. equilibrium
D. virtual reality
569. In a sense xenocentrism is a reverse form
of_________________?
A. cultural integration
C. ethnocentrism
D. culture shock
570. The term ethnocentrism was coined by
sociologist____________?
B. William Graham Sumner
C. George Murdock
D. Max Weber
571. Older people living in housing for the elderly
workers in an offshore oil rig rodeo cowboys and
circus performers-all are examples of what
sociologists refer to as_______________?
572. 0A. subcultures
B. countercultures
D. argot
values is correct ?

A. Values never change

B. Values of a culture may change but most
remain relatively stable during any one person’s
lifetime
C. Values are constantly changing sociologists view
them as being very unstable
D. All of the above statements are correct
574. In the United States often formalize norms
into_______________?
A. folkways
B. mores
C. values
D. laws
575. Subcultures which oppose the dominant
culture are_______________?
A. New Cultures
C. Countercultures
D. None of these
576. A preference for foreign culture and
products is called________________?
A. Xenocentrism
B. Ethnocentrism

C. Cultural Adjustment
D. None of these
577. Punjabi and Sindhi cultures
are_________________?
A. Subcultures
B. Counter Cultures
C. Relative Cultures
D. None of these
578. A series of complexes centering upon an
important activity is___________________?
A. Institution
B. Trait
C. Religion
D. None of these
579. The smallest unit of a culture is_____________?
A. Complex
B. Laws
C. Trait
D. None of these
580. The customary normal and habitual ways a
group does things are called_____________?
A. Norms
B. Folkways

C. Customs
D. None of these
581. Great civilizations of world developed
in________________?
A. Mountainous Areas
B. Great deserts
C. Lowlands of great river basins
D. None of these
582. Spengler and Toynbee deny_____________?
A. existence of upward progress
B. cyclic
C. cultural growth from simple to complex
D. None of these
583. Material and Non-material culture
are_________________?
A. not related to each other
B. complementary
C. slightly related
D. None of these
584. Material Culture consists of_______________?
A. physical objects
B. Non-physical objects
C. Both a and b
D. None of these
585. Everything which is socially learned and

shared is called______________?
A. society
B. Culture
C. behavior
D. None of these
586. The activity of measuring and explaining the
size of populations is know as_______________?
A. Malthusianism
B. demography
C. forecasting
D. official statistics
587. The Bretton Woods institutions
are_______________?
A. The International Monetary Fund and the
World Bank
B. The World Trade Organization and the World Bank
C. The international Monetary Fund and the World
Health Organization
D. The United Nations and the World Trade
Organization
588. The sequence of Rostow,s stages of
economic growth are____________?

A. traditional take-off drive to maturity high

mass consumption
B. traditional drive to maturity high mass
consumption take-off
C. traditional state intervention high mass
consumption take-off
D. traditional dependency modernization take-off
589. Which of these does not include income
earned by individuals or corporations outside a
country ?
A. Gross National Product
B. Gross Domestic Product
C. Purchasing Power Parity
D. Gross National Income
590. In demographic terms what is the main
argument associated with Malthusianism ?
A. population growth creates the conditions for the
spread of disease
B. all countries must pass through the demographic
transition
C. population growth tends to outstrip food
production
D. birth control is irrelevant for the control of
population growth

591. What is the main role of the International

Monetary Fund ?
A. to reduce levels of global inequality
B. to generate economic activity in the developing
countries
C. to maintain stability in the world financial
system
D. to provide funds for education programmed across
the world
592. Which theorist is most associated with
world-systems theory ?
A. Walt Rostow
B. Immanuel Waller-stein
C. Amartya Sen
593. What proportion of malnourished children
under the age of five in the world,s low-and
middle-income countries live in countries that
actually produce a food surplus ?
A. less than 10%
B. around 25%
C. around 50%
D. more than 75%

594. What percentage of the global population

lives in What the World Bank describes as high-
income countries ?
A. 50%
B. 22%
C. 35%
D. 15%
595. Which of the following is NOT an INGO ?
A. Greenpeace
B. international Telegraph Union
C. Amnesty International
D. The Red Cross
596. Which of the following positions is NOT
associated with the hyper globalizers ?
A. citizens lose faith in existing systems of
governance
B. globalization needs to happen much more
quickly
C. individual countries no longer control their own
economies
D. regional institutions are becoming as powerful as
nation-states
597. Cultural relativism is the idea that societies
have to be studied in terms of them_____________?
A. own meanings and values

B. family and kin relationships
C. artistic and literary production
D. religious and spiritual beliefs
598. Which of the following is a true statement ?
A. human beings have existed on earth for about
half a million years
B. agriculture is only around twelve thousand years
old
C. civilizations date back around six thousand years
D. all of the above
599. In 2013 which world region had the lowest
proportion of Internet users per head of
population but also the fastest rate of growth
users ?
A. Middle East
B. Asia
C. Oceania/Australia
D. Africa
600. What proportion of world trade is accounted
for by transnational corporations ?
A. four fifths
B. two thirds

C. one quarter
D. half

601. which definition best describes the process

of globalization ?
A. capitalist companies are spreading across the
planet
B. we all now live in a single society
C. individuals’ groups and nations are becoming
more interdependent
D. human beings now live on every continent of the
planet
602. In what type of society have human beings
lived for the majority of the time humans have
been on planet Earth ?
A. agrarian societies
B. pastoral societies
C. hunter-gatherer societies
D. industrial societies
603. The demographic transition refers
to______________?
A. an increase in the birth rate
B. an increase in the death rate
C. an exponential growth in population
D. a change in the ratio of births to deaths
604. The potential number of children that
women are capable of bearing is called____________?
A. fertility
B. fecundity
C. femininity
D. facticity
605. Dependency theorists from low-income
countries drew on the ideas of_____________?
A. Walt Rostow
B. Karl Marx
C. Immanuel Wallerstein
D. Bretton Woods
606. According to the World Bank Which of these
is a middle-income country ?
A. India
B. China
C. Indonesia
D. Vietnam
607. Global economic inequality refers primarily
to______________?
A. systematic difference in wealth and income
between global firms
B. systematic differences in wealth and income
between countries
C. systematic differences in wealth and income within
countries
D. systematic differences in wealth and income

between poorer countries
608. Which of these is not a key factor behind the
potential economic catch-up of developing
nations according to Willem Buiter ?
A. a young population
B. good healthcare system
C. education
D. careful policy planning
609. World-systems theory distinguishes
between core peripheral and semi-peripheral
countries Which one of the following countries is
part of the semi-periphery ?
A. Brazil
B. Japan
C. Ethiopia
D. Spain
610. In which sector do two-thirds of the world’s
working children perform their labor ?
A. Wholesale and retail
B. manufacturing
C. agriculture
D. services

611. What proportion of the world’s annual

wealth output is concentrated in high-income
countries ?
A. 15%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
612. Put the GDPs of these countries in
descending order ______________?
A. Sweden Switzerland Norway Portugal
B. Sweden Norway Switzerland Portugal
C. Portugal Switzerland Norway Sweden
D. Switzerland Norway Portugal Sweden
613. Which one of these is NOT one of the newly
industrializing countries ?
A. Brazil
B. South Korea
C. Taiwan
D. Hungary
614. Which of these classification terms when in
use would never have been used to describe for
example Ghana in Africa ?
A. developing
B. global South
C. majority world
D. second World
a pre-modern social form ?
A. agrarian society
B. ancient society
C. industrial society
D. pastoral society
616. The thesis of glocalization is associated with
which theorist ?
A. Ulrich Beck
B. Kenichi Ohmae
C. Roland Robertson
D. Judith Butler
617. Which of the following is not part of the
argument made against globalization by sceptics ?
A. regionalization is occurring not globalization
B. economic globalization is occurring not
political globalization
C. trading blocs are effective not a global economy
D. national governments are most significant not
international institutions
618. Wallerstein’s world-systems theory is
inspired by______________?
A. Marxism
B. interaction ism
C. Functionalism
D. Post structuralism
619. How do sociologists describe former Third
World societies that have moved towards an
economic base in industrial production ?
A. developing countries
B. peripheral countries
C. globalizing countries
D. newly industrializing countries
620. How has the global human population grown
between the Industrial Revolution of around 1750
and 2013 ?
A. 771 million to 7.1 billion
B. 1.65 billion to 7.1 billion
C. 771 million to 8.2 billion
D. 1.65 million to 8.2 billion
621. According to Castles and Miller which ONE of
these is NOT a developing tendency in migration ?
A. deceleration
B. diversification
C. globalization
D. feminization
622. Women of which ethnic group are least

likely to have a white partner ?
A. India
B. Pakistan
C. Bangladeshi
D. Chinese
623. What is the approach to ethnic integration
which requires immigrants to adopt the culture
and values of the majority called ?
A. assimilation
B. melting pot
C. cultural pluralism
D. multiculturalism
624. Agriculture accounts for 25% value added
and _________% of work force?
A. 40%
B. 305
C. 20%
D. None of these
625. Pakistan ranks ________ out of 173 in the
UNDP, s Human Development index ?
A. 120th
B. 138th

C. 110th
D. None of these
626. Which one of the following is a pull factor in
emigration ?
A. political oppression
B. employment opportunities
C. food shortages
D. population pressures
627. To what does the term the new migration
refer ?
A. movement from Britain to commonwealth
countries
B. movement from former colonies to European
countries
C. movement from European countries to Africa
D. movement between European countries
628. What is the systematic elimination of one
ethnic group at the hands of another called
______________?
A. ethnic cleansing
B. institutional racism
C. genocide
D. scapegoating

629. The Great Migration of 1916-1919 meant

that Chicago became an ethnically diverse city
The consequence of this was_____________?
A. assimilation all racial boundaries were dissolved
by the ethnic melting pot
B. multiculturalism all ethnic identities were
celebrated equally
C. most ethnic groups were integrated into
mainstream society, but the black population
remained in the city’s ghettos
D. racism the white host population were hostile and
prejudiced towards migrants
630. The largest single economic fact of Pakistan
is______________?
A. Industry
B. Agriculture
C. manufacturing
D. None of these
631. Due to urbanization Pakistanis urban
population increased from six million in 1951
to_____________?
A. 40 million today
B. 57 million
C. 60 million
D. None of these
632. Pakistanis net primary enrolment is

significantly below than its neighbors specially ?
A. Bangladesh
B. India
C. Sri Lanka
D. None of these
633. Pakistanis share in the Worlds total adult
illiterate is____________?
A. 10%
B. 5%
C. 8%
D. None of these
634. Literacy rate in 1951 was_____________?
A. 10%
B. 16%
C. 20%
D. None of these
635. the level of public spending on Education
has regrettably reduced from 2.6% in 1990, s to
_____ in 2002-03 ?
A. 1.8%
B. 2%
C. 1.5%
D. None of these
636. Pakistanis urban and rural literacy rates are

respectively?
A. 63% and 34%
B. 34%and 63%
C. 50,505
D. None of these
637. Dropout rate in Pakistan is_____________?A.
40%
B. 50%
C. 60%
D. None of these
638. In Marx,s theory the made of production
means_____________?
A. the way in which products are made in a factory
B. the average measure of productivity under
capitalism
C. the organization of a society’s technical and
human resources
D. an integral part of the superstructure of a society
639. Sociology can be considered a social science
because_______________?A. its theories are logical
explicit and supported by empirical evidence
B. sociologists collect data in a relatively objective and
systematic way
C. ideas and research findings are scrutinized by
other sociologists
D. all of the above
640. All the perspectives are______________?A.
quite opposing to each other
B. complementary each other
C. basically, the analysis of society from different
angles
D. B and C
641. The Main aspect of Conflict Perspective
is_____________?
A. Religion is a driving force in society
B. Class conflict and class exploitation is prime
force history
C. Equilibrium drives the society
D. None of these
642. If a particular social change promotes a
harmonious equilibrium it is______________?
A. None functional
B. Functional
C. Ineffective
D. None of these
643. The Most Prominent spokesmen of
Functionalist Perspective are______________?
A. Talcott Parsons
B. Kingsley Davis
C. Robert Merton
D. All of above
644. Interventionist Perspective emphasizes
that________________?
A. People interact mainly through symbols
B. People perceive the world mostly subjectively
C. All reality is not subjective
D. All of the above
645. The Interventionist Perspective was
developed by________________?
A. Spencer
B. G.H Meads and C.H Cooley
C. Marx
D. None of these
646. Sociologists using Evolutionary Perspective
look for________________?
A. Patterns of Change and development
B. Causes of social change
C. None of these
D. both of these
647. The earliest theoretical perspective in
sociology______________?
A. Conflict Perspective
B. The Functionalist Perspective
C. The Evolutionary Perspective

D. None of these
648. All early sociologists emphasized
that_____________?
A. sociology should follow scientific method
B. Sociology should be on personal theories
C. Sociology is not a science
D. None of these
649. Spencer presented the theory
of_______________?
A. Social Evolution
B. Social Cohesion
C. Social Solidarity
D. None of these
650. In positive philosophy Comte noted
that_____________?
A. Sociology should be based on speculation
B. On systematic observation and classification
C. On authority
D. None of these
651. The term “Sociology” was first coined
by____________?
A. Karl Marx
B. Max Weber
C. August Comte
D. None of these
652. Characteristics of Scientific observation
are____________?
A. Accuracy
B. Precision and objectivity
C. Systematic and recorded
D. All of the above
653. Durkheim defined social facts as______________?
A. ways of acting thinking and feeling that are
collective and social in origin
B. the way scientists construct knowledge in a social
context
C. data collected about social phenomena that are
proven to be correct
D. ideas and theories that have no basis in the
external physical world
654. Comte, s term positivism refers
to________________?
A. a theory that emphasizes the positive aspects of
society
B. the precise scientific study of observable
phenomena
C. a theory that posits difficult s and sets out to
answer them
D. an unscientific set of laws about social progress
655. Sociology differs from common sense in
that_______________?
A. it focuses on the researchers own experiences
B. it makes little distinction between the way the
world is and the way it ought to be
C. its knowledge is accumulated from many
different research contexts
D. it is subjective and biased
656. Conflict Perspective was revived in 20th
Century by_______________?
A. Meads
B. C. Wright Mills
C. Lewis Coser
D. B & C
657. The conflict Perspective is mostly based
upon the work of______________?
A. C.H Cooley
B. G.H Meads
C. Karl Marx
D. None of these
658. The Functionalist Perspective says
that_______________?
A. A society is an organized network

B. All groups operate in a fairly orderly manner
C. There are set of rules and values shared by all
D. All of above
659. society is seen as a stable system
in_______________?
A. Evolutionary Perspective
B. Conflict Perspective
C. Functionalist Perspective
D. None of these
660. Modern Interactionists are______________?
A. Erving Goffman
B. Herbert Blumer
C. Both a & b
D. None of these
661. The interventionist Perspective
studies_______________?
A. Society
B. State
C. People and their interactions
D. None of these
662. Evolutionary Perspective is based on the
work of_______________?

A. Comte and Spencer

B. Marx and Weber
C. All of above
D. None of these
663. “Perspective “means____________?
A. A working set of assumptions
B. an approach
C. both a & b
D. None of these
664. Suicide by Durkheim was published
in____________?
A. 1878
B. 1797
C. 1897
D. None of these
665. “Principles of Sociology” was written in 1876
by______________?
A. August Comte
B. Herbert Spencer
C. Max Weber
D. None of these
666. “Positive Philosophy the work of August
Comte was published in______________?

A. 1938
B. 1838
C. 1883
D. All of above
667. Scientific method has following
steps_______________?
A. observation solution theory
B. Problem observation hypothesis data
experiment conclusion
C. Problem hypothesis observation conclusion
D. None of these
668. Science is based on_______________?
A. Mere observation
B. Individual experiences
C. Verifiable evidence
D. None of these
669. Which of the following is NOT an INGO ?
A. Greenpeace
B. International Telegraph Union
C. Amnesty International
D. The Red Cross
670. Which of the following positions is NOT
associated with the hyper globalizers ?

A. citizens lose faith in existing systems of

governance
B. globalization needs to happen much more
quickly
C. individual countries no longer control their own
economies
D. regional institutions are becoming as powerful as
nation-states
671. Cultural relativism is the idea that societies
have to be studied in terms of them ?
A. own meanings and values
B. family and kin relationships
C. artistic and literary production
D. religious and spiritual beliefs
672. What percentage of the Nepalese workforce
is employed in agriculture ?
A. 28
B. 45
C. 63
D. 81
673. The case of the former Soviet Union
supports Kerr et al,s (1960) claims that___________?
A. totalitarian regimes are incompatible with
the requirements of advanced industrial
technology
B. democratic governments serve the interests of a
ruling elite
C. advanced industrial technology strengthens the
power of totalitarian regimes
D. communist societies disperse power between
various political parties
674. The item alien to the concept of mass
is______________?
A. vastness
B. anonymity
C. responsibility
D. None of these
675. The pragmatist philosophy used in Symbolic
interactionist Theory teaches that_______________?
A. theory must be augmented by straightforward
plausible methods
B. we can find true objective knowledge of the world
through our senses
C. knowledge is produced in everyday practical
situations
D. the best social theory was developed in Prague
676. Communism is a form of government in
which _____________?

A. Means of production are owned by the

community
B. by the capitalist
C. by the representatives of proletariat
D. None of these
677. Which term was used by Talcott Parsons in
asserting that society tends toward a state of
stability or balance ?
A. charisma
B. magnetism
C. equilibrium
D. status quo
678. In pre-industrial societies solidarity was
maintained due to____________?
A. Religion
B. Sense of Community
C. both a & b
D. None of these
679. Suicide rate was higher in Protestants
because they had higher emphasis on______________?
A. Individualism
B. solidarity
C. Harmony
D. None of these
680. One of the root causes of suicide, according

to Durkheim was______________?
A. Decrease in social solidarity
B. Increased development
D. None of these
681. Suicide is the work of_____________?
A. Max Weber
B. Karl Marx
C. Emile Durkheim
D. None of these
682. The main cause of unhappiness in the
working class according to Marx is______________?
A. Alienation from the results of production
B. low wages
C. Job insecurity
D. None of these
683. Marx swa capitalism leading to____________?
A. Increasingly happy individuals
B. Increasingly unhappy individuals
C. Equality in society
D. None of these
684. Proletariat refers to____________?
A. the capitalist
B. the working class
C. the middle man
D. None of these
685. According to Weber the driving force of
society was_____________?
A. rationality
B. Cultural pursuits
C. Increased development
D. None of these
686. Division of labor is a characteristic
of_______________?
A. Horticulture
B. Agriculture
D. None of these
687. Agriculture and horticulture was developed
in______________?
A. Fertile crescent Region of Middle East
B. East Asia
C. Central and South America
D. Southeast Asia
688. Main types of agriculture are_______________?

A. Industrial agriculture
B. Subsistence agriculture
C. both a and b
689. Subsistence Agriculture fulfils the needs
of_________________?
A. Agriculturist and his/her family
B. The population on village level
C. The larger part of population
D. None of these
690. The Maasai of Kenya is an example
of_______________?
A. Hunter gatherer society
B. Pastoralist society
C. Agrarian society
D. None of these
691. Hunter Gatherer way of life is based
on________________?
A. a settled system of life
B. a mobile system
C. large populations
D. exploitation of wild animals and plants
692. In Merton’s terms, a person who has
abandoned the goal of material success and
become compulsively committed to the

institutional means is a (an)_____________?
A. ritualist
B. retreatism
C. rebel
D. innovator
693. Put the GDPs of these countries in
descending order _______________?
A. Switzerland Sweden Norway Portugal
B. Sweden Norway Switzerland Portugal
C. Portugal Switzerland Norway Sweden
D. Switzerland Norway Portugal Sweden
694. Which one of these is NOT one of the newly
industrializing countries ?
A. Brazil
B. South korea
C. Taiwan
D. Hungary
695. The term Second World societies refers
to______________?
A. countries that industrialized after those in
Europe
B. countries that industrialized less successfully than
Europe
C. countries that industrialized under state

central planning
D. countries that have yet to proceed to industrialize
a pre-modern social form ?
A. agrarian society
B. ancient society
C. Industrial society
D. pastoral society
697. Which of these groups of countries had the
least telephone mainlines per 1,000 people in
1999 ?
A. Latin America
B. South Asia
C. Arab States
D. East Asia
698. According to Durkheim social facts
are_____________?
A. ways of behaving that are external to
individuals
B. only things that have been shown to be true
C. social insights into collective behavior
D. information captured by official statistics


of totalitarian societies ?
A. indoctrination and propaganda
B. freedom of movement for citizens
C. one-party rule
D. a centrally planned economy
700. When Berger & Luckman said that reality is
socially constructed they meant ?
A. scientists are guided in their work by social
values and interests, so they define and measure
phenomena that will support their theories
B. people negotiate shared definitions of their
situation and live according to these often
forgetting that these social worlds are not fixed
and external
C. sociologists decide what constitutes social reality
and measure only that
D. terms like reality have no deeper meaning beyond
the level of discourse

701. Structural-Functionalists describe society

as_______________?
A. a complex network of interaction at a micro-
level
B. a source of conflict inequality and alienation
C. an unstable structure of social relations
D. a normative framework of roles and
institutions
702. When workers organized unions and forced
management to recognize that they were not
object, theorists of formal organizations began to
revise the________________?
A. classical theory
B. scientific management approach
C. human relations approach
D. both a and b
703. “Division of Labor in Society” increased
emphasis on_____________?
A. Interdependence
B. Specialization
C. Occupational Friendships
D. All of these
704. “” Anomie” is a French word means___________?

A. chaos
B. Solidarity
C. Harmony
D. None of these
705. According to Durkheim an important
component of social life was______________?
A. Social solidarity
B. Social alienation
C. Individualism
D. None of these
706. The communism developed in USSR and
china is_______________?
A. Same as Marx envisioned
B. is different from Marxian view
C. opposite to Marxian view
D. None of these
707. The solution Marx gave to the problem of
alienation was______________?
A. Democracy
B. Communism
C. Dictatorship
D. None of these
708. According to Marx the fruit of labor should
go to________________?
A. the capitalist
C. equally distributed
D. to none of these
709. Bourgeoisie refers to______________?
A. the capitalist
C. the middle man
D. None of these
710. Species being means_______________?
A. Self-actualization
B. Self-denial
C. None of these
D. both of these
711. Iron cage of bureaucracy was the perception
of_______________?
A. Emile Durkhiem
B. Max Weber
C. August Comte
D. Karl Marx
712. First Industrial Revolution took
place______________?
A. in Europe during 18th and 19th centuries
B. in America in 20th century
C. in Asia in 17th century

D. None of these
713. Horticulture and agriculture
developed_____________?
A. 10,000 to 80,00, B.C.E
B. 1000 to 8000 B.C.C
C. 100 to 800 B.C.E
D. None of these
714. The difference between horticulture and
agriculture is________________?
A. Agriculture employs machinery but horticulture
not
B. Horticulture employs machinery and other tools
C. Horticulture only depends on humans for
cultivation
D. a and c both
715. The salient features of Horticulturalist
society are______________?
A. cultivation of crops
B. Dense populations
C. Food surplus and division of labor
D. All of above
716. A pastoralist society depends upon ?

A. domesticated livestock
B. agriculture
C. Trade and business
D. None of these
717. Society refers to a group of
people_____________?
A. Who share a defined territory
B. Who share a common culture
C. Who have different cultures
D. a& b both
718. Which sociological perspective
acknowledges that it is not possible to change
gender drastically without dramatic revisions in a
cultures social structure ?
D. both a and b
719. Which sociological perspective makes the
distinction between instrumental and expressive
roles ?
A. function perspective

D. labeling theory
720. A film star whose parents were both factory
workers illustrate ?
A. upward intergenerational mobility
B. upward intergenerational mobility
C. downward intergenerational mobility
D. downward intergenerational mobility
721. Sociological studies of colonialism suggest
that____________?
A. colonialism has largely disappeared
B. colonialism was for the most part beneficial for
poor uncivilized countries
C. colonialism was inevitable and necessary for
human civilization
D. colonialism is perpetuated to this day by
practices known as neo-colonialism
722. Which sociological perspective argues that
stratification is universal, and that social
inequality is necessary so that people will be
motivated to fill socially important positions ?

D. labelling perspective
723. Which of the following are viewed by
sociologists as analytically distinct components of
stratification ?
A. conformity deviance and social control
B. class status and power
C. class caste and age
D. class prestige and esteem
724. The caste system is generally associated
with______________?
A. Hinduism
B. Islam
C. Judaism
D. Buddhism
725. The middle classes that developed over the
nineteenth century were_____________?
A. an urban set involved in civic bodies and
voluntary associations
B. too diverse to have a strong sense of class
consciousness
C. often involved in white collar work
D. all of the above

726. Traditional working-class identity was

based around_________________?
A. shared working conditions in the manufacturing
industry
B. the class consciousness of members of the
proletariat
C. local communities extended kinship networks
and shared leisure pursuits
D. collective aspirations to move into the middle class
727. The kuznets hypothesis states that as
economic development proceeds inequality ?
A. first decreases then increases before
remaining high
B. first increases then decreases before remaining low
C. first increases then flattens out, before rising again
D. first increases then decreases then increases then
decreases
728. The process of turning the class concept into
something measurable is called___________?
A. operational research
B. modus operandum
C. operationalization
D. operant conditioning

729. The practice of legally enforced marriage

within caste is called_____________?
A. endogamy
B. endogeny
C. exegesis
D. exclusion
730. A system of stratification where positions
are partly achieved, and mobility is common is
one based on ?
A. slavery
B. caste
C. class
D. status
731. Which of these statements does not reflect
the conventional position in class analysis ?
A. class inequalities govern gender stratification
B. women’s pay is often essential to the family’s
economic position
C. women’s paid work is not as significant as that of
men
D. women should be seen as being the same class as
their husbands/partners

732. Pierre Bourdieu,s theoretical perspective

makes use of the concept of capital Which of the
following is not part of his scheme ?
A. political
B. economic capital
C. social capital
D. cultural capital
733. Which of the following social groups do
occupational class schemes not have difficulty
accommodating ?
A. students
B. manual working class
C. the unemployed
D. retired people
734. Which one of the following does not apply to
social class systems ?
A. class systems are relatively fluid
B. class position is entirely subjective
C. class is economically based
D. class positions are in part achieved
735. Which of the following is true regarding the
functionalist and conflict theories of social
stratification ?

A. Conflict theory is better at explaining inequality

B. Only functionalist theory has merit when
discussing social structure
C. Some sociologists have tried to synthesize the
conflict and functionalist perspectives to argue
that stratification systems are institutions that
have evolved in order to reduce conflict
736. The conflict theory holds that stratification
exists because____________?
A. its benefits individuals and groups who have
the power to dominate and exploit others
B. privilege prestige and power are equally
distributed in society
C. the capitalist drive to distribute wealth equitably is
the foundation of modern society
D. capitalists and workers are class conscious
737. What is the term used to describe the stages
from one’s birth into a family with a specific
status through formation of a new family unit ?
A. intergenerational mobility
B. socioeconomic life cycle
C. vertical mobility

738. Which of the following is true regarding

social mobility ?
A. Social mobility occurs only when shifts occur in
the availability of different types of talent in the work
force
B. Social mobility can occur when societies change
altering the division of labor
C. Social mobility is controlled by those in the higher
strata through control of opportunities for training
and education
D. none of above
739. “Underclass “refers to____________?
A. the poor who are concentrated in isolated rural
areas
B. individuals who experience occasional poverty but
who move back into the “mainstream” of economic
life within 12 months
C. the persistently poor who exist mainly because
of a sharp climb in joblessness due to a
redistribution of jobs in the inner city
D. both b and c
740. In identifying social classes the reputational
method is best suited for investigating social
distinctions in_____________?

A. large densely populated areas

B. small groups
C. highly transient communities
741. Social inequality is a structured aspect of
contemporary life That means that___________?
A. inequality occurs in a random fashion
B. inequalities are passed from generation to
generation
C. inequality is regulated by the government
D. none of the above is true
742. “The division between the bourgeoisie and
the proletariat is the key to stratification in
capitalist societies “This statement is consistent
with the thinking of which theorist ?
A. Marx
B. Weber
C. Parsons
D. Lincoln
743. According to peter Saunders in modem
societies stratification depends on___________?
A. Cultural groups
B. Social and economic classes

C. Ethnic groups
D. None of these
744. The emergence of a consolidated network of
business leadership is most compatible with
which ideal-type of capitalism?
A. family capitalism
B. managerial capitalism
C. welfare capitalism
D. institutional
745. What is behavior towards a group or
individual which treats them differently from
other groups or individuals called?
A. Prejudice
B. discrimination
C. racism
D. projection
746. The idea that classes vary according to their
possession of cultural capital is associated
with_____________?
A. Max Weber
B. John Goldthorpe
C. Karl Marx
D. Pierre Bourdieu

747. Which of the following does John Scott

identify as belonging to the middle class ?
A. senior executives
B. industrial entrepreneurs
C. finance capitalists
748. The practice of legally enforced marriage
within caste is called____________?
A. endogamy
B. endogeny
C. exegesis
D. exclusion
749. Positivism is most accurately described as
the belief that__________________?
A. social research should highlight the positive
aspects of social life
B. knowledge should be produced based on
evidence from observations
C. sociologists should make more use of official
statistics
750. According to Max Weber the ideal type
refers to______________?

A. the best possible outcome available

B. a perspective emphasizing the primacy of ideas
C. a model based on certain features of a
phenomenon
D. the social agenda of political idealists
751. The term hegemony refers to_____________?
A. the tendency for the working class not to realize
their own interests
B. a dominant ideology that legitimates economic
political
C. a form of dual consciousness based on ideology and
everyday experiences
D. a mode of payment given for outstanding topiary
752. The embourgeoisement thesis suggests
that_____________?
A. capitalists are being replaced by salaried
managers with bureaucratic authority
B. the affluent working class is adopting middle
class values and ways of life
C. white collar occupations are being deskilled by the
introduction of new technologies into the workplace
D. the class structure has fragmented and there are no
longer any distinct social classes
753. The class polarization that Marx predicted
referred to________________?
A. the division of each social class into the more or

less privileged.
B. a growing gap between rich and poor resulting
in class consciousness
C. the growth of intermediate strata in the middle
classes
D. the tendency for the working class to live in very
could places
754. A social stratum is_______________?
A. a level in the social hierarchy comprising
people with shared life chances
B. a methodological tool used to identify a person’s
social class
C. the boundary between two levels of the social
hierarchy
D. a symbol of status used to differentiate between
social classes
755. A social stratum is________________?
A. a level in the social hierarchy comprising
people with shared life chances
B. a methodological tool used to identify a person’s
social class
C. the boundary between two levels of the social
hierarchy

D. a symbol of status used to differentiate between

social classes
756. The term culture industry used by members
of the Frankfurt School referred to____________?
A. the globalization of culture through new
technologies
B. they way in which cultural products were
bought and sold for profit
C. the development of subcultures and counter-
cultures in society
D. they way in which industrialization had created
new means of communication
757. Bernstein thought that using restricted
codes of language disadvantaged pupils at school
because____________?
A. this pattern of speech made them the target of
bullying
B. they referred to explicit context independent
meanings
C. they prevented children from communicating
outside of their peer groups
D. they involved short simple sentences with a
small vocabulary

758. Karl Marx held that a social movement the

revolt of the proletariat would help workers
overcome feelings of____________?
A. class consciousness
C. socialist consciousness
D. surplus value
759. Which of the following conducted
observation research on two groups of high
school males-the Saints and the Roughnecks-and
concluded that social class played an important
role in the varying fortunes of the two groups ?
A. Richard Quincy
B. Edwin Sutherland
C. Emile Durkheim
D. William Chambliss
760. In Society in America which early sociologist
gave special attention to status distinctions and to
such factors as gender and race ?
A. Emile Durkheim
B. Max Weber
C. Auguste Comte
D. Harriet Martineau

761. The lower class is often considered to be

living in_______________?
A. culture of poverty
B. Culture of lower class
C. Mere poverty
D. None of these
762. Each social class is a subculture with a
system of______________?
A. Behavior
B. Set of values
C. Way of life
D. All of above
763. The people of the same class share for the
most part ?
A. Same income level
B. Way of life values
C. Both of the values
D. None of these
764. Social stratification is_______________?
A. a system in which people can change their status
with relative ease.
B. the ranking or grading of individuals and
groups into hierarchical layers

C. based entirely on self-classification

765. Which field of study was originally
developed in the 1930s as an increasing number
of social scientists became aware of the plight of
the elderly ?
A. geriatrics
B. gerontology
C. gerontocracy
D. silicide
766. Which of the following statements about the
status of women around the world is correct
_____________?
A. it is estimated that women grow half the world’s
food but they rarely own land.
B. Women constitute one-third of the world’s paid
labor force but are generally found in the lowest
paying jobs
C. Single-parent households headed by women which
appear to be on the increase in many nations -are
typically found in the poorest section of the
population
D. all of the above
that the relationship between females and males
has been one of unequal power with men in a

dominant position over women ?
768. A plumber whose father was a physician is
an example of_________________?
A. downward intergenerational mobility
B. upward intergenerational mobility
C. downward intergenerational mobility
D. upward intergenerational mobility
769. __________ refers to the reputation that a
specific person has earned within an occupation?
A. prestige
B. esteem
C. status
D. power
770. The intellectual tradition at the heart of
conflict theory begins principally with the work
of_____________?
A. Max Weber
B. Emile Durkheim

C. Erving Goffman
D. Karl Marx
771. In Karl Marx,s view the destruction of the
capitalist system will occur only if the working
class first develops______________?
A. bourgeois consciousness
C. class consciousness
D. caste consciousness
772. The most extreme form of legalized social
inequality for individuals or groups is
________________?
A. slavery
B. open class system
C. closed caste systems
D. caste systems
773. Goldthorpe identified the Service class
as______________?
A. those in non-manual occupations exercising
authority on behalf of the state
B. people working in consultancy firms who were
recruited by big businesses
C. the young men and women employed in domestic

service in the nineteenth century

D. those who had worked in the armed services
774. In modern societies social status is typically
measured by a person_______________?
A. age
B. income
C. verbal fluency
D. occupation
775. The idea that classes vary according to their
possession of cultural capital is associated
with________________?
A. Max Weber
B. John Goldthorpe
C. Karl Marx
D. Pierre Bourdieu
776. According to Wright some class locations are
contradictory because _______________?
A. their holders do not believe in the notion of class
B. they share features of the positions above and
below them
C. there is disagreement about how to interpret them
D. they are impossible for sociologists to measure
and classify

777. Which of the following is NOT a feature of all

socially stratified systems ?
A. people share characteristics without necessarily
identifying with each other
B. people’s life-chances and experiences depend
heavily on their social ranking
C. the ranks of different social categories tend to
change very slowly over time
D. stratification occurs because of inequalities in
assets or property
778. Which of these research projects would
count as intersectional? A comparative study of
employment based on______________?
A. social class and gender
B. gender and ethnicity
C. ethnicity and sexuality
D. all of them
779. What term is used to describe the movement
of individuals up or down the social scale during
the course of their working lives ?
A. open mobility
B. lateral mobility
C. intragenerational mobility
D. intergenerational mobility

780. What term is used to describe the way that

the varied aspects of an individual’s identity-such
as class ethnicity gender disability and location -
interact to produce complex patterns of
inequality poverty and discrimination ?
A. intersectionality
B. ascription
C. mobility
D. meritocracy
781. A social class is a group of people who stand
in a common relationship to the means of
production Whose perspective does this
definition describe ?
A. Max Weber
B. Erik Olin-Wright
C. John Goldthorpe
D. Karl Marx
782. A social system in which social position is
fixed for a lifetime What type of social
stratification does this describe ?
A. slavery
B. Social class
C. caste
D. estates

783. Martha and Susan work at the local factory

ten hours a day five days a week They make the
minimum wage with no overtime pay insurance
or benefits One day they discuss their situations
over lunch and express frustration over the fact
that they never seem to make enough money to
“get ahead “By the end of the conversation they
have motivated each other to volunteer to work
on Sundays They figure that if they work just a
little harder they will make enough money to
increase their social status Marx would say these
women are demonstrating ?
A. the dedication necessary to get ahead in life
B. class consciousness
C. capitalist enthusiasm
D. false consciousness
784. According to functionalist’s society must be
concerned with motivation because the duties
associated with various statuses ?
A. are not equally pleasant
B. are equally important
C. offer individuals varying degrees of personal
growth
D. are usually not defined

785. Carolyn supported her family by working as

an administrative assistant She also attended law
school and passed the bar she took a job with a
small firm specializing in family law Carolyn
experienced______________?
A. horizontal mobility
B. transgenerational mobility
C. vertical mobility
D. geographic mobility
786. Critics of the culture of poverty thesis point
out that________________?
A. the poor simply do not want the same things that
other members of society want
B. the poor have had their access to achievement
blocked by the social order
C. the theory is too cultural and fails to take into
account psychological implications
D. not enough research has been done to come to any
meaningful conclusion
787. Life chances are________________?
A. the magnitude and manner of consumption of
goods and services.
B. the likelihood that individuals and groups will
enjoy desired goods and services experiences and
opportunities for living long and healthy lives
C. the respect admiration and recognition associated

with a social status
D. the view that the poor possess self- perpetuating
lifeways
788. Which method of identifying social classes
views social class as a statistical category formed
by sociologists or statisticians or statisticians on
the basis of income occupation education or some
combination of these ?
A. the combined approach
B. the reputational method
C. the self-placement method
D. the objective method
789. Economic standing includes______________?
A. wealth that which people own (have)
B. job security
C. both a and b
790. A system in which people have great
difficulty changing their status is called a(n)
______________?
A. objectified system
B. social differentiation

C. open system
D. closed system
791. Stratified sample falls under______________?
A. probability sampling design
B. non-probability sampling design
C. multi-stage sample design
D. None of these
792. What is the idea that racism pervades all of
society’s structures in a systematic way called ?
A. new racism
B. cultural racism
C. ethnocentrism
D. institutional racism
793. A minority group is one that is both
disadvantaged and_______________?
A. has some sense of collective or group
solidarity?
B. numerically small compared to the main social
group
C. identifiably different from others in a society
D. holds views contrary to the social norm
794. The process of turning the class concept into
something measurable is called_____________?

A. operational research
B. modus operandum
C. operationalization
D. operant conditioning
795. According to Wright some class locations are
contradictory because______________?
A. their holders do not believe in the notion of class
B. they share features of the positions above and
below them
C. there is disagreement about how to interpret them
D. they are impossible for sociologists to measure
and classify
796. Arlie Hochschild,s The Managed Heart is an
influential application of_____________?
A. emotional labor
C. social action
D. symbiosis
797. Which of the following is NOT associated
with functionalism ?
A. Talcott Parsons
B. Ralf Dahrendorf
C. Emile Durkheim
D. Robert Merton
798. Which one of the following is NOT associated

with the materialist conception of history ?
A. the mode of production
B. the motor of history
C. the history of class struggle
D. the spirit of capitalism
799. Marx said that the development of the labor
movement through factory-based production
would turn the working class into____________?
A. a class in itself
B. a-class by itself
C. a class for itself
D. a ruling class
800. Mass-society theory suggests
that_______________?
A. the content of the media is determined by
market forces
B. the subordinate classes are dominated by the
ideology of the ruling class
C. the media manipulate the masses as vulnerable
passive consumers
D. audiences make selective interpretations of media
messages

801. Weber defined a class situation as____________?

A. the exploitation of the working class by their
capitalist employers
B. a social groups consciousness of their status and
life chances
C. a person’s position in the capital product and
labor markets based on their economic resources
D. the lifestyle of a social class as defined by patterns
of consumption
802. The capitalist class of the mid-twentieth
century were said to join the upper class because
them___________?
A. Participated in the same leisure pursuits and
events of the social calendar
B. emulated the lifestyle and cultural values of the
traditional aristocracy
C. owned companies and financial assets that
generated wealth through corporations
D. had direct personal ownerships of land and
businesses as physical assets
803. When sociologists study the structure of
layers in society and people’s movement between
them they call this____________?
A. social stratification
B. social control
C. social conflict
D. social solidarity
804. Social relations are directly proportional
to_____________?
A. social Class
B. Social status
C. Caste system
D. None of these
805. Which of the following argued that a
capitalist society has a dominant ideology that
serves the interests of the ruling class ?
A. Max Weber
B. Talcott Parsons
C. Karl Marx
D. Margaret Mead
806. socialization in children takes
place___________?
A. In the same class
B. among the children of different classes
C. between lower and middle classes
D. both a and c
807. The determinants of social class
are______________?

A. Birth
B. Money
C. Education and occupation
D. All of above
808. A stratum of people of similar positions in
the social status continuum are termed
as_____________?
A. Social class
B. clan or tribe
C. Community
D. None of these
809. The word stratification derives from the
geological concept “Strata “meaning ?
A. class
B. groups
C. Rock layers
D. None of these
810. Resistance to certain aspects of
development and social change in an effort to
neutralize their efforts is called________________?
A. countermovement
B. social amelioration
C. counter modernization

D. countenance
E. post modernization
811. Principles such as efficiency calculability
and predictability are all part of what Ritzer
called____________?
A. McDonaldization
B. post-modernization
C. the service industry
D. the culture of commerce
E. post-industrialization
a major theoretical perspective on social change ?
A. Functional theory
B. interactionist theory
C. Conflict theory
D. Cyclical theory
E. Evolutionary theory
813. _____________ is the term commonly used to
describe the early days of a social movement
characterized by a general mood of discontent ?
A. Bureaucratization
B. Decline
C. Coalescence

D. Incipience
E. Arousal
814. What approach focuses on the ever-changing
relationship over time between social movements
and macro-level economic and political systems ?
A. Globalization
B. Political Process
C. Postmodernism
D. Linear Evolutionary
E. Counter-modernization
815. ________ usually last longer are better
organized more goal-oriented and have a longer
lasting impact than fads or crazes ?
A. Social movements
B. Developments
C. Conventions
D. Hysterias
E. Protests
816. Rumors about a bizarre event that
supposedly happened to someone far removed
from the individual telling the story are often
called_______________?
A. legendary tales
B. urban legends
C. sports legends
D. schoolyard tales
E. rural legends
817. Unverified information that is passed on
from person to person is called a______________?
A. metaphor
B. contagion
C. convention
D. rumor
E. gossip
818. Emergent norm theory argues that collective
behavior arises when expectations regarding how
to act are_____________?
A. clear
B. explicit
C. encouraged
D. vague
E. repeated
819. Early theories of collective behavior
emphasized ________ a view that crowd behavior is
like a mental illness that a person cannot resist ?
A. contagion
B. convention
C. group thinks
D. expressiveness
E. reformation
820. Which of the following describes a central
change in contemporary life that has been
identified by futurists ?
A. The United States is being restructured from an
agrarian to an industrial society
B. Modern societies are increasingly shifting from
a national to a global economy
C. High tech industries are becoming energy-and
materials-intensive
D. all of the above
821. According to contagion theory the “mob
mind” develops through_____________?
A. imitation suggestibility and circular reaction
B. precipitating factors structural strain and
structural conduciveness
C. norms of the status quo emergent norms and new
norms
D. fashions fads and crazes
822. Among the approaches that seek to explain
the causes of social movements which one states
that revolutions are most likely to take place
when a prolonged period of social and economic

betterment is followed by a period of sharp

reversal ?
A. the resource mobilization approach
B. the deprivation approaches
C. the capitalist collapse approach
823. The value-added model of collective
behavior ?
A. presents three preconditions for collective
behavior
B. states that each determinant expands the range of
potential final outcomes
C. is of little use in understanding the complexity of
collective behavior.
824. Mass hysteria ?
A. involves contained anxiety
B. is usually associated with some mysterious
force
C. never involves physical symptoms
825. Which of the following is an accurate
statement about rumors ?

A. Rumors are effective ways to disseminate

reliable information
B. Rumors are easy to verify
C. Rumors are transmitted from person to person
in a relatively rapid fashion
D. Rumors typically arise when people trust official
sources of information
826. ________ is the process by which a society
moves from traditional to industrial social and
economic arrangements?
A. Development
B. Evolution
C. Modernization
D. Social change
827. Marx saw conflict between ________ as the
primary source of social change ?
A. classes
B. ethnic groups
C. nations
D. religions
828. Cultural lag________________?
A. refers to new forms of social disintegration
B. is the adjustment gap between material and
nonmaterial culture?
C. occurs when the dominant group forces change

upon the subordinate group which lags behind
D. is society’s way of avoiding the social problems
that ensue from social change
829. Which of the following is an accurate
statement regarding evolutionary perspectives on
social change ?
A. Lenski argues that evolution depends largely
on changes in a society’s level of technology and
made of economic production
B. Social Darwinists like Spencer see evolution as
inevitably leading to the downfall of society
C. Contemporary approaches take a unilinear view of
evolution and assume all change equals progress
D. Parsons suggested that societies tend become
simpler over time
830. _________ refers to the fundamental alterations
in the patterns of culture structure and social
behavior over time ?
A. cultural lag
B. diffusion
C. social change
D. modernization
831. A person is consciously motive primarily by
his_______________?
A. Social values
B. Real traits
C. Picture of himself
D. None of these
832. The four principles of McDonaldization
are_____________?
A. efficiency calculability affordability consistent
decor
B. efficiency calculability uniformity automation
C. efficiency dehumanization automation high calories
D. efficiency Big Mac large fries’ milkshake
833. Sociologists like Bordo (1993) have
attributed the epidemic of anorexia in Western
cultures to_____________?
A. a generally ascetic frugal lifestyle that can be
taken to extremes
B. traditional images of women as emotional
domesticated and unassertive
C. the social construction of mental illness through
which normal patterns of behaviour are pathologized
D. the new ideal of independent self-assured
femininity combined with cultural values of
achievement and control
834. The term vested interests was coined by
social economist ?
B. Talcott Parsons
C. Auguste Comte
D. Thorstein Veblen
835. Which sociological perspective minimizes
change?
836. Which nation(s) has(have) witnessed a
significant decline in voter turnout in recent
elections ?
A. Japan
B. Great Britain
C. the United States
D. all of the above
837. Deviant is an agent of___________?
A. Change
B. no change
C. neutrality
D. None of these

838. Europeans gave firearms whiskey and small

pox to India in exchange of corn potatoes tobacco
This is an example of_____________?
A. cultural Exchange
B. Diffusion
C. Imperialism
D. None of these
839. Spread of cultural traits from group to group
is called______________?
A. Intercultural harmony
B. Cultural contacts
C. diffusion
D. None of these
840. A new combination or a new use of existing
knowledge is termed as______________?
A. Invention
B. discovery
C. Social Change
D. None of these
841. Functionalists accept “Change” as a
_____________?
A. Function
B. Constant

C. Change
D. None of these
842. According to Marxian view each stage
contained within itself the seeds of_____________?
A. progress
B. it’s won destruction
C. next stage
D. both b and c
843. Auguste Comte described _________________?
A. Four stages of social change
B. Two stages
C. Three stages
D. None of these
844. Changes of relationships are
primarily___________________________?
A. Individual changes
B. Social Change
C. Cultural Change
D. None of these
845. Changes in the social structure of a society is
called_______________?
A. Social Change
B. Cultural Change

C. Structural Change
D. None of these
846. The Functionalist view on social change sees
development and modernization
both________________?
A. necessary and functional
B. slow and adaptive
C. responsive but counterproductive
D. humanistic and rational
E. abnormal and troublesome
847. The form of capitalism that thrives in some
developing countries is characterized by a high
degree of____________?
A. repression
B. anomie
C. success
D. relative depression
E. solidarity
848. _________ is a model whereby public funds are
extensively used to promote economic
development?
A. A welfare states
B. Democracy
C. State capitalism
D. Neo-democracy
E. A liberation government
849. People who are open to new experience and
who tend to reject traditional patterns of
authority are said to be experiencing ?
A. hysteria
B. countenance
C. modernity
D. a cultural hangover
E. anomie
850. When so much attention is focused on group
survival the group often experiences __________
which is a loss of focus regarding its original
intent?
A. immanence
B. anomie
C. hysteria
D. goal displacement
E. cultural lag
851. __________ movements advocate for
progressive change using different methods than
those that have previously failed and are often
considered to be anti-government ?

A. Reactionary
B. Redundant
C. Reformist
D. Radical
E. Revolutionary
852. What theory of social movement
development currently dominates academic
though ?
A. Contagion
B. Conflict
C. Resource Development
D. Frame Alignment
E. Linear Evolutionary
853. The preoccupation with eating habits
following the Atkins diet is an example of a(n)
_____________?
A. fad
B. craze
C. interest
D. fashion
E. resistance
854. Gossip usually consists of information about
a person ?

A. family
B. personal affairs
C. crimes
D. military record
E. work
855. A ___________ is a substantial number of people
who interact on the basis of loosely defined norms
?
A. craze
B. group
C. contagion
D. collectivity
E. mob
856. What theory argues that only certain people
will be attracted by the opportunity to participate
in a given episode of collective behavior ?
A. Contagion
B. Convergence
C. Emergence
D. Structural
E. Reformist
857. __________ are the alterations over time in
social structures culture and behavioral patterns
?A. Reformist movements
B. Social changes
C. Collective behaviors
D. Modernization movements
E. Social movements
858. Social revolutions_______________?
A. involve the gradual evolution of existing state
and class structures into new social arrangements
B. are most likely to occur when political
C. appear to follow no “natural history”
D. often begin with intellectuals withdrawing
their support of the existing regime
859. Central to the concept of social movement is
the idea that _____________?
A. social movements appear only in times of
controlled slow social change
B. social movements occur inside the institutional
framework of everyday life
C. people intervene in the process of social change
D. people do not readily undertake joint activity
860. According to Smelser’s model which of the
following determinants of collective behavior
occurs first ?
A. growth of a generalized belief
B. precipitating factors
C. structural conduciveness
D. structural strain
861. Crowds have three characteristics in

common Which of the following is NOT one of
those characteristics ?
A. deindividualization
B. invulnerability
C. suggestibility
D. transformation
862. How do fashions differ from fads ?
A. Fashions are norms fads are not
B. Fashions are long-lived fads are short-lived
C. Fashions enjoy widespread acceptance within
society fads enjoy acceptance only among a
segment of the population
D. Fashions include crazes fads do not Mass hysteria
863. In developing nations which of the following
influence(s) social change towards the liberal
Western democratic style of society ?
A. literacy education and communication
B. a centrally dominated social order
C. extreme social inequalities
D. homogenous social groups and organizations
864. Which of the following is likely to occur as a
result of the computer revolution in the United
States ?
A. a restriction in the amount of information

available to the general public
B. a plateauing of the amount of automation the
workplace
C. a centralized accumulation of power in the
hands of those who have access to computers
D. an increased involvement in society by people with
disabilities
865. Cyclical theorists_______________?
A. try to predict the course of a civilization or
society
B. focus on analyzing a single society at a time
C. believe that cultures pass through stages of growth
quite different from the ones individuals pass through
D. postulate that each culture possesses a life span of
approximately 200 years
866. The development of computers and the
increased use of the internet are examples of
what source of social change ?
A. clashes over resources and values
B. diffusion
C. the mass media
D. innovation
867. In modern society cultural change is most
likely to be the by-product of_______________?
A. Planning
B. Diffusion
C. Social struggle
D. None of these
868. The four principles of McDonaldization
are________________?
A. efficiency calculability affordability consistent
decor
B. efficiency calculability uniformity automation
C. efficiency dehumanization automation high calories
D. efficiency Big Mac large fries’ milkshake
869. The feeling of aimlessness or despair often
associated with unsettling conditions
is_____________?
A. alienation
B. amorality
C. anomie
D. ascription
870. Dahrendorf Rex and Habermas focused their
attention on_____________?
A. social solidarity and cohesion
B. the interpretive understanding of action
C. women’s experiences and gendered knowledge
D. power domination and conflict
871. Which of the following theorists argued that

conflict is a normal and desirable aspect of social
change ?
A. Karl Marx
B. Talcott Parsons
C. Emile Durkheim
D. each of above
872. Nineteenth-century theories of social change
reflect the pioneering work in biological
evolution done by ____________?
A. Albert Einstein
B. Charles Darwin
D. Benjamin Franklin
873. Ogburn distinguished three forms of the
social effects of inventions One is Dispersion or
multiple effects of a single mechanical invention
for example ?
A. Automobile
B. Radio
C. both a and b
D. None of these
874. Change is nearly always____________?

A. Priceless
B. Costly
C. Ineffective
D. None of these
875. Diffusion is a _______ way process?
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. None of these
876. Invention can be further divided into
material inventions and social inventions
democratic government is an example
of____________?
A. material invention
B. Social Invention
C. both of these
D. None of these
877. The first stage according to Comte is that
of_______________?
A. Guided by supernatural wisdom
B. Stage of disbelief
C. Stage of scientific progress
D. None of these

878. All civilizations are in an endless cycle of

three cultural systems this theory was presented
by_____________?
A. Oswald Spengler
B. Arnold Toynbee
C. Pitirim Sorokin
D. None of these
879. Change is the only ______ in the universe?
A. Variable
B. Constant
C. Problem
D. None of these
880. Addition of new words in a language is
a______________?
A. Social Change
B. Cultural Change
C. Language Change
D. None of these
881. The term “Socio Cultural” Change refers
to______________?
A. Overlapping of two concepts
B. That there is no distinction between both
C. Changes of both kind
D. None of these
882. You are a student at XYZ College and You

have your sociology and history final exams on
the same morning Your know that preparing for
both exams at the same time is going to lead to
lower grades in one or both of the exams The
conflict that you are experiencing as you try to
fulfill both of your responsibilities at the college is
an example of_________________?
A. role conflict
B. role exit
C. role strain
D. role dissonance
883. In sociological terms Which of the following
constitute group ?
A. members of a hospitals business office
B. all residents of the city of Lahore
C. women in the Pakistan 50 years and over
D. all of the above
884. The native people of Tasmania a large island
just south of Australia are now extinct because
they failed to______________?
A. teach new recruits
B. preserve order
C. replace personnel
D. provide and maintain a sense of purpose
885. It is the fourth week of the semester and

your class has decided that your sociology
instructor Rashid Mukhtar is excellent! Professor
Rashid Mukhtar is a disabled middle-aged male.
For students in this class Professor Rashid
Mukhtars master status is_____________?
A. excellent instructor
B. disabled
C. middle-aged
D. male
886. Which of the following statements is not
correct ?
A. Sociologists use the term negotiated order to
underscore the fact that social order is continually
being constructed and altered through negotiation
B. Negotiation is a cultural universal
C. Most elements of social structure are not static and
are therefore subject to change through bargaining
and exchanging (negotiation)
D. Negotiation is a macro-level process that does
not usually involve interactions between small
groups such as families
887. The price paid for increased mobility
includes a decrease in__________?

A. Conformity
B. Loyalty to superior
C. Personal Responsibility
D. None of these
888. A system of stratification where positions
are partly achieved, and mobility is common is
one based on_____________?
A. slavery
B. caste
C. class
D. status
889. An open society is one that_____________?
A. grants every member equal status
B. does not have any official secrets in its government
C. has permissive attitudes towards sexual behavior
D. allows people to move between levels of the
hierarchy
890. The career mobility of married women is
still greatly handicapped by_______________?
A. men
B. household duties
C. other rival women
D. None of these

891. Now a days more women are joining

different fields and making their own status in
society This provides women a mobility ladder
apart from_____________?
A. Their father’s status
B. Marriage
C. Their children’s status
D. None of these
892. Downward mobility factors are______________?
A. Opposite to those of upward mobility
B. Same
C. different from those
D. None of these
893. If labor market changes may lead to the rise
of an occupational group within the social
hierarchy it is_____________?
A. Structural mobility
B. Inter-generational
C. Intra-generational
D. None of these
894. Inter-generational mobility is______________?
A. When position changes within same generation
B. When the next generation remains same
C. When next generation goes upward than
previous one
D. None of these
895. Many people sincerely accept their goals and
values, but their attitude is not in consistency
with the requirements of their goals This
hypothesis is called______________?
A. artful presentation of self
B. Differed Gratification pattern
C. The value-Stretch hypothesis
D. None of these
896. The dual economy mobility aids barriers
and occupational structure are_____________?
A. individual factor
B. Structural factor
C. Both a & b
D. None of these
897. Social mobility is______________?
A. from lower to higher
B. In both directions
C. from higher to lower
D. None of these
898. In open class society mobility is_____________?
A. high
B. medium
C. low
D. None of these
899. In Gerhard Lenski,s theory of sociocultural
evolution a society’s level of __________ is critical to
the way it is organized?
A. agriculture
B. health care
C. technology
D. all of the above
that the performance of major social institutions
is generally efficient and desirable ?


that in comparison with women men can drw on
larger social networks that are useful in locating
employment opportunities ?
D. clinical perspective
902. Which of the following would experience
role exit ?
A. retired person
B. a recovering alcoholic
C. nun who leaves her religious order
903. During the Second World War Christians
living in Nazi Germany had to choose between
trying to protect Jewish friends and associates
and turning them in to the authorities This is an
example of____________?
A. cultural universalism
B. role strain
C. functional prerequisites
D. role conflict

904. Which of the following is an achieved status

?
A. senior citizen
B. member of the female sex
C. bank robber
D. Native American
905. Which of the following is an ascribed status ?
A. daughter
B. long-distance runner
C. doctor
906. Which sociologist saw that the “definition of
the situation “could mold the thinking and
personality of the individual ?
A. Philip Zimbardo
B. Herbert Blumer
C. William I. Thomas
D. Erving Goggman
907. which of the following is NOT a feature of all
socially stratified systems ?
A. people share characteristics without necessarily
identifying with each other
B. people’s life-chances and experiences depend
heavily on their social ranking
C. the ranks of different social categories tend to

change very slowly over time
D. stratification occurs because of inequalities in
assets or property
908. The term inter-generational mobility refers
to______________?
A. movement into a different occupational category
over a person’s lifetime
B. movement into different occupational
categories between generations
C. movement into a higher occupational category
D. movement into an occupation that generates a
lower income
909. Social mobility may be experienced
by_____________?
A. Only by individuals
B. Only groups
C. By individual or by entire group
D. None of these
910. Career and mobility patterns for men and
women are_______________?
A. quite different
B. all alike

C. growing more nearly alike

D. none of these
911. Mobility of women was usually decided the
past through ?
A. Status of women in society
B. Status of their husbands
C. Both a and b
D. None of these
912. Ideological notions of equality of
opportunity are irrelevant in deciding the
positions of individuals to different statues in
a_____________ system of mobility ?
A. Open
B. Broad
C. closed
D. None of these
913. Mobility taking place in personal terms
within the lifespan of the same person is
called______________?
A. Inter-generational mobility
B. Intra-generational mobility
C. Structural mobility
D. None of these

914. A change in occupational position or role

without involving any change in its position in the
social hierarchy is called____________?
A. Vertical mobility
B. Horizontal mobility
C. social mobility
D. None of these
915. Mobility oriented behavior education Work
habits are______________?
A. Individual factor
B. Structural
C. both a and b
D. None of these
916. Rate of mobility in modern societies is
determined by (1) structural factor and (2) ?
A. Individual factors
B. Social factors
C. Class factor
D. None of these
917. The societies which strictly follow caste
systems the people mostly adopt the occupations
of their ancestors and live on the same statuses
such society is_____________?

A. Open society
B. Caste society
C. Closed society
D. None of these
918. The act of moving from one social class to
another is termed as_____________?
A. Social class
B. social groups
C. social mobility
D. None of these
919. Oops! is an example of______________?
A. a response cry
B. netiquette
C. interactional vandalism
D. civil inattention
920. The internet rearranges our experience or
space-time by making it possible to_____________?
A. communicate instantly with people far away
B. experience what it,s like to be a different gender
C. interact in an unreal and alienated way
D. communicate without non-verbal cues
921. According to Edward T Hall which of the
following zones of personal space is the one

normally used in interaction with friends and

close acquaintances ?
A. intimate distance
B. personal distance
C. social distance
D. public distance
922. A person’s overall position in society is
called_______________?
A. achieved status
B. ascribed status
C. master status
D. status set
called______________?
A. a meeting
B. an event
C. a moment
D. an Encounter
924. Which one of the following is not an example
of non-verbal communication ?
A. smiling
B. talking
C. frowning
D. waving
925. Selves without bodies don,t make much

sense in human terms (Jenkins 1996) What is
Jenkins alluding to in this quotation ?
A. the need to bring biological knowledge into
sociology
B. the need to theorize the embodiment of the
social self
C. the need for sociologists to understand the natural
sciences
D. the need for a new science of sociobiology
926. When a subordinate person breaks the tacit
rules of everyday interaction this is called what ?
A. a response cries
B. unfocused interaction
C. interactional vandalism
D. impression management
927. Which of these is a front region of social life
?
A. a restaurant kitchen
B. a clothing store payment counter
C. a football ground dressing room
D. a nightclub toilet
928. Which of these is not part of Judith Butlers
theory of gender identity ?
A. gender is performative
B. people, s biological sex underpins their
gendered identity
C. gender is about what we do not who we are
D. there is no essential or biological basis to gender
929. Who wrote The Metropolis and Mental Life
(1903) ?
A. Louise Wirth
B. Robert Park
C. Georg Simmel
D. Max Weber
930. The compulsion of proximity
describes_______________?
A. wanting to meet face-to-face whenever
possible
B. seeking experience of intimacy on the internet
C. travelling to see foreign locations for holidays
D. creating feelings of security in on-line settings
931. Social constructionism studies the processes
which create and sustain ?
A. social structures
B. social space
C. social reality
D. social inequality
932. Social occasions in which individuals act out

formal roles are called_____________?
A. front regions
B. back regions
C. public regions
D. social regions
933. The socially defined expectations that a
person in a given status follows are
called______________?
A. a position
B. a role
C. a performance
D. an impression
934. The term ethnomethodology was coined
by______________?
A. Harold Garfinkel
B. Max Weber
C. Erving Goffman
D. Anthony Giddens
935. What is the compulsion of proximity ?
A. the dominance of spoken language in
interactions
B. the need to meet each other face to face

C. the ability to read peoples body language

D. the desire for intimacy in personal relationships
936. What is social role ?
A. an achieved occupational status
B. a persons overall social status within their family
C. a social position that becomes a master status for
the person occupying it
D. socially defined expectations of people in a
given social position
937. The most common master statuses are
based on what ?
A. gender and race
B. class and income
C. education and occupation
D. family and peer groups
938. What is ethnomethodology ?
A. the study of sociological research methods
B. the study of the methods people uses to make
sense of the world
C. the study of language in everyday conversations
D. the use of experiments in sociological research
939. Norbert Elias argued that effective
communication systems have an evolutionary

survival value How did he illustrate this in

humans ?
A. by studying whole body language
B. by studying the face
C. by studying sign language
D. by studying small tribal groups
940. Which term describes societies where the
family name and the inheritance of property
passes down the male line ?
A. matrilineal
B. androlineal
C. homolineal
D. patrilineal
941. Which term describes a society in which
women can marry more than one husband at a
time but men may marry only one wife at a time ?
A. monogamy
B. polygamy
C. polygyny
D. polyandry
942. According to recent findings from across
Europe which of the following statements best
characterizes cohabitation ?

A. an experimental stage before marriage

B. a family form only found among st younger people
C. a short-lived experiment from the 1960 s that is
now in decline
D. an alternative to traditional marriage
943. It is difficult to ascertain the true extent of
domestic violence because___________?
A. there is a large dark figure of unreported
incidents
B. the changing definitions of legal categories have
made it harder to convict offenders
C. researchers are not allowed access to official
statistics
D. there is no valid or reliable way of researching such
a sensitive topic
944. In West marriage appears to be in decline
because________________?
A. the proportion of people living alone has fallen
to 29%
B. many people are cohabiting in long term
relationships
C. the upward curve of remarriages compensates for
the drop in first marriages
D. all of the above

945. The social construction of childhood can be

traced back to_____________?
A. the introduction of compulsory education
B. increasingly emotional ties between parents and
children
C. new consumer goods for children such as clothes
toys and books
D. all of the above
946. The nuclear family means_____________?
A. a group of people sharing living accommodation
and meals
B. a network of relatives extended within or between
generations
C. the new family created when an adult leaves home
and gets married
D. a two-generation unit of parents and their
children
947. Conflict theorists contend that_______________?
A. organizational goals reflect the priorities of
those who occupy the top positions
B. bureaucracies are arenas for cooperation in which
the dominant social values of justice and equality take
precedence
C. factories are organized and operate independently
of market pressures
D. bureaucracies result from the centralizing

tendencies of socialism and help to redistribute
wealth and power
948. The application of rules and regulations in
an unimaginative and mechanical fashion refers
to_____________?
A. the iron law of oligarchy
B. Parkinson’s law
C. the peter principle
D. trained incapacity
949. What is the term for associations that
members enter and leave freely ?
A. coercive organizations
B. total institutions
C. utilitarian organizations
D. voluntary organizations
950. The Prisoners Dilemma Game simulates a
situation in which_____________?
A. both partners can benefit if each play
competitively
B. both partners can benefit if each plays
cooperative
C. you are more likely to employ a cooperative
strategy if your partner exhibits cooperation early
and consistently
D. neither you nor your partner can win
951. When individuals work in groups they ?
A. work harder than when they work alone
B. may engage in social loafing
C. feel they must work harder to prove their value to
the group
D. may engage in intergroup relativism
952. Which of the following statements is true of
reference groups ?
A. They are membership groups
B. They provide comparative but not normative
functions
C. Those which do not match membership groups
may create feelings of relative deprivation
D. They are groups to which we refer in our
conversations
953. Which of the following is NOT a function of a
primary group ?
A. socialization
B. meeting important personal needs
C. social control
D. accomplishing a specific practical purpose

954. Through association with people who are

meaningful to us we achieve a sense of security
love acceptance companionship and personal
worth This is a(n) ?
A. anticipatory bond
B. expressive tie
C. family tie
D. instrumental bond
955. A group with which we identify and to which
we belong is called a(n) ?
A. in-group
B. reference group
C. secondary group
D. relationship
956. A large kinship group whose members
inhibit one geographical area and believe that
they are descendent from a common ancestor is
known as a_______________?
A. Clan
B. Tribe
C. Kin group
D. class
957. Ethnic identity refers to______________?

A. the objective categories of ethnicity used in the

census
B. a felt sense of group of group membership on
basis of religion language or history
C. the imposition of a racial label on a minority by a
powerful majority
D. the fragmented and pluralistic nature of ethnicity
958. Women have been excluded from the public
sphere because_____________?
A. industrial capitalism separated the middle-class
home from the workplace
B. those who enter paid employments have been
sidelined into particular fields
C. it is difficult to succeed in malestream politics
without compromising their femininity
D. all of the above
959. In larger groups each person has_____________?
A. less time to speak
B. more points of view to absorb
C. a more elaborate structure within which to
function
D. all of the above
960. The purpose of a reference group is to serve
a (n)_________________?

A. normative function by enforcing standards of

conduct and belief
B. comparison function by serving as a standard
against which people can measure themselves and
others
C. elimination function by dissolving groups that no
longer have a social purpose
D. both a and b
961. __________________ groups often emerge in the
workplace among those who share special
understandings about their occupation ?
A. primary
B. secondary
C. out-groups
D. formal organizations
962. In “Gesellschaft” the society of tradition is
replaced with the society of ______________?
A. Impersonal relations
B. Contract
C. Modern ideas
D. None of these
963. Some groups are neither clearly primary nor
secondary but are intermediate with some
features of each usually formed for performing
some task They are called______________?
A. Intermediate groups
B. Tertiary groups
C. Task-groups
D. None of these
964. Secondary groups are judged by them ?
A. Sociability
B. Performance
C. Emotional satisfaction
D. None of these
965. The terms “Primary “and “Secondary “thus
describe a type of relationship and do not imply
that one is more____________ than other?
A. formal
B. Informal
C. Important
D. None of these
966. In primary groups social contacts
are____________?
A. formal
B. informal
C. Social
D. None of these
967. Social distance is measured either by direct
observation of people interacting or by____________?
A. Interviews
B. Questionnaire
C. Case studies
D. None of these
968. In modern society people belong to so many
groups that a number of their in-group and out-
group relationships overlap It has given the
members of society a wide spectrum of___________?
A. behavior learning
B. socialization
C. both a & b
D. None of these
969. Japanese industry progressed because its
workers managers and stockholders share a
common interest This group sentiment is best
illustrated by____________?
A. Functionalist approach
B. Conflict theorists
C. Interactionism
D. None of these
970. Which term describes families in which at
least one adult has children from a previous
marriage or relationship ?

A. beanpole families
B. cohabiting families
C. reconstituted families
D. horizontal families
971. Which of the following is NOT a reason for
the rising divorce rate in the West ?
A. women have become less economically
dependent
B. a reduction in the stigma attached to divorce
C. marriage is seen in terms of personal satisfaction
D. increased acceptance of same-sex relationships
972. Which of the following is not a reason for the
rise in single households in Europe ?
A. social resistance to cohabitation
B. the trend towards later marriages
C. the high rate of divorce
D. an ageing population with a growing number of
households made up of widows/widowers
973. What term describes ties between
individuals established through marriage or
blood ?
A. family
B. kinship

C. network
D. tribe
974. Domestic violence is physical abuse by one
family member against another which two of the
following are most likely to be victims of such
abuse ?
A. female partners/spouses and older relatives
B. male partners/spouses and children
C. female partners/spouses and children
D. older relatives and children
975. The shift from custodial to joint parenthood
after divorce means that_______________?
A. fathers are more likely to be absent from their
children’s lives
B. one parent has total responsibility for the child’s
welfare and socialization
C. both parents are expected to co-operate in the
continued care of their children
D. parents must provide for all of their children in
equal measure
976. The third age of the life course is said to
involve ?
A. active non-work and independence after
retirement
B. full time employment family-building and adult

responsibility
C. illness isolation and increasing dependence on
others
D. the transition from education to work and
distinctive youth cultures
977. Parsons argued that the two main functions
of the modern family were ?
A. secondary socialization and strict discipline
B. emotional support and sexual gratification
C. primary socialization and personality
stabilization
D. oppressing women and reproducing the labor force
978. Informal organization________________?
A. consists of the interpersonal networks that
arise in a formal organization
B. is defined and prescribed by the formal
organization
C. develops because rules are too specific to provide
workable solutions for general situations
D. increases the hassle of “red tape”
979. Over all, new management strategies over
the past decade have emphasized all of the
following except____________?

A. less hierarchy and less authoritarianism

B. more worker participation in decision making
C. self-managed teams
D. larger work groups
980. Which of the following is NOT one of the
seven characteristics of Weber,s ideal type of
bureaucracy ?
A. clear-cut division of labor
B. pyramidal hierarchy of authority
C. qualifications based on “whom you know”
D. written record of decisions rules procedures and
activities
981. Groups deliberately created for the
achievement of specific objectives are
called_____________?
A. bureaucracies
B. formal organizations
C. informal organizations
D. task hierarchies
982. Which of the following in NOT a criterion for
groupthink to emerge ?
A. Members demand conformity and apply
pressure to those who express doubts about a
proposed course of action
B. Members withhold dissent and exercise self-

censorship
C. Members share an illusion of invulnerability
D. Members share a common socioeconomic
background
983. What is the optimum group size for problem
solving ?
A. two
B. three
C. four
D. five
984. In-groups and out-groups_______________?
A. can be thought of as “we-groups” and “they -
groups ” respectively
B. highlight the importance of family ties
C. are almost always based on territory (e.g. a
neighborhood or nation-state)
D. are easily bridged by those who wish to share the
other groups identity
985. Which of the following statements
accurately describes the importance of groups in
social life ?
A. The social support and feedback of others
hinders us as we try to confront difficulties
B. Accidents alcoholism psychiatric disorders

tuberculosis and even death rates are higher among
people who live with more than seven others in a
group living situation
C. The most effective strategy for undergraduate
success is to abstain from group interaction because
it slows down one’s individual learning process
D. Support groups have been found to add an
average of 18 months to the lives of women in
advanced stages of cancer
986. Which of the following is not recognized as a
level of society ?
A. the household
B. the office
C. the global village
D. the nation states
987. To Simmel a mean of maintaining or
increasing integration with groups is______________?
A. Co-operation
B. Competition
C. Coercion
D. Conflict
988. Scientific theories in the nineteenth century
tried to explain race in naturalistic terms Which
of the following ideas was not considered ?
A. genetics
B. evolution
C. height
D. brain size
989. Which sociologist writing in 1906 noted that
individuals make distinctions between members
of their own group (thein-group) and everyone
else (the out-group) ?
A. Charles Horton Cooley
B. Emile Durkheim
C. William I. Thomas
D. William Graham Sumner
small groups is correct________________?
A. all small groups are primary groups
B. all small groups are secondary groups
C. many small groups differ from primary groups
in that they do not necessarily offer the intimate
personal relationships characteristic of primary
groups
D. both b and c
991. The destructive consequences of tensions
between in-groups and out-groups are stressed
by____________?

A. functionalists
B. conflict theorists
C. interactionists
D. classical theorists
992. Close friends who have known each other
since childhood would be an example of a
(n)_______________?
A. Primary group
B. secondary group
C. out-groups
D. formal organizations
993. “Geme in schaft”refers to a social system in
which most relationships are _______________?
A. Personal or traditional
B. Impersonal
C. Organizational
D. None of these
994. Personality is formed in_______________?
A. Primary group
B. Secondary group
C. Both groups
D. None of these
995. Primary groups are judged by
them______________?
A. efficiency
B. emotional Satisfaction
C. task
D. none of these
996. Secondary groups are______________?
A. formal
B. Impersonal
C. both a & b
D. None of these
997. The groups in which we come to know
people intimately as individual personalities are
called______________?
A. Primary groups
B. Secondary groups
C. Tertiary groups
D. None of these
998. We are not equally involved in all our in-
groups To measure the degree of closeness or
acceptance we feel toward other groups Bogardus
developed a concept called______________?
A. Measuring acceptance
B. closeness degree
C. Social distance
D. None of these
999. We internalize the norms of our culture and

come to share values goals sentiments through ?
A. Individual activities
B. Families
C. Group activities
D. None of these
1000. White-collar and corporate
crimes______________?
A. are committed by relatively affluent people
often in the course of business activities
B. are not very costly compared to the dollar cost of
other crimes
C. are crimes the average person is less likely to
experience than street crime
D. usually result in severe punishment for those who
are caught

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1. The terms crisis of the 1970s is used to refer

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A. Voluntary civic and social organizations

B. common activities involving all-round

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31. The collective value of all social networks

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34. What is defined as the cultural practices and

37. The most dramatic population trend in the

A. recognized as breaking an important norm of

Neighborhood Watch schemes) and target

58. Labelling theory encourages ________ as a way

A. Social Control theory

A. Substantial reduction of economic inequality

C. totally in keeping with tradition

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A. New Left Realism

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A. victims may not realise that a crime has been

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A. civil law or torts

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A. due to poor parenting

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93. The feeling of aimlessness or despair often

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96. What does the functionalist perspective see as

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101. A close connection between religion and

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108. Robert Merton,s contributions to sociology

data they have collected

123. Which of the following influenced the

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126. What did Auguste Comte mean by positivism

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D. Calvinists who engaged in ascetic practices to

140. Which branch of science according to comte

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144. Ibne Khaldun conceived a theory

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