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Biomechanics of Gait

Presentation · June 2014

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1757.1600

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Abdel-Rahman Akl
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 Dr. Abdel-Rahman Akl (Speaker)
Ph.D. of Biomechanics,
faculty of physical education,
Alexandria university

5th meeting of Venous Forum "Amputation is not a final

destination", Egyptian society of vascular surgery, Le Metropole
hotel, Alexandria, Egypt.
Objectives:
1. Define gait.
2. Describe gait cycle.
3. Kinematical parameters of gait.
4. Define the center of gravity (COM).
5. Displacement of COM.
6. Foot functions.
Dr. Abdel-Rahman Akl
Translatory progression of the body as a whole,
Produced by coordinated rotatory movements of
body segments.

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The gait in the three principal planes: (a)
sagittal; (b) transverse; and (c) frontal.

The three dimensional of movement.

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 Biomechanics

Statics Dynamics

Kinematics Kinetics

Linear Angular Linear Angular

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The stride: is the activity that occurs between the time
one foot touches the floor and the time the same foot
touches the floor again.

Stride length gnirud delevart ecnatsid eht si :

tiag eht cycle .

Step: is basically one-half of a stride.

Step length: is that distance between heel strike

of one foot and heel strike of the other foot.

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 Gait cycle
(Gait cycle, also called stride)

60% 40%
10% 40% 10%

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60 % of the gait
cycle.

Traditional Term.

Rancho Los Amigos Term.

(RLA)

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

- The beginning of the stance phase that

occurs when the foot touches the ground.

- Initial Contact is not really a phase,

it is an instant in time.

 Double leg support begins.

 Body at lowest point in cycle.

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

 0:10% of gait cycle

 Weight shift onto stance leg continues.

 Double leg support ends.

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

 10:30% of gait cycle

 Body at highest point in cycle.

 Single leg support begins.

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

 30:50% of gait cycle

 Body moves ahead of foot.

 Single leg support ends.

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

 50:60% of gait cycle

 Task of leg advancement begins.

 Double leg support begins and ends.

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40 % of the gait cycle.

Initial swing Midswing Terminal swing

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

 60:73% of gait cycle

 Swing phase (non–weight-bearing) begins.
 Single leg support begins on contralateral side.

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 

 73:87% of gait cycle

 Leg shortens to clear floor.

 Single leg support on contralateral side continues.

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

 87:100% of gait cycle

 Leg advancement task ends.

 Single support ends.

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A) Distance parameters:
 Stride length.
 Step length.
 Width of walking base “stride width”: (≈ 5-10 cm).
 Foot angle (degree of toe out or angle of gait): ≈ 7°.

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B) Time parameters:

 Step time
 Stride time
 Stance time
 Single limb time
 Double limb time
 Swing time

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C) Cadence and Speed:

 Cadence :
• Number of steps per unit time
• Normal: 100 – 115 steps/min.

 Speed:
• Distance covered by the body in unit time
• Average speed (m/min) = step length (m) x cadence (steps/min).
• Average walking speed= 80m/minute (1.33 m/sec).

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 Normal ranges for gait parameters

Female

Male

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Dr. Abdel-Rahman Akl
 Double support

Midstanse

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The foot given several unique functions to fulfill during the time it is in contact
with the ground.

 Absorb shock at heel strike.

 Adapt to the ground surface.

 Provide a stable platform for the body.

 Become a rigid lever for propulsion.

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- Lippert, Lynn S. Clinical kinesiology and anatomy. FA Davis, 2011.
- Rodgers, Mary M. "Dynamic biomechanics of the normal foot and ankle during walking and
running." Physical therapy 68.12 (1988): 1822-1830.
- Winter, David A. Biomechanics and motor control of human movement. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
- Williams II, Robert L. "Engineering Biomechanics of Human Motion." Reference book (2010).

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