Energy Conversion and Management 65 (2013) 628–636

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Energy Conversion and Management

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Overall energy, exergy and carbon credit analysis by different type of hybrid
photovoltaic thermal air collectors
Sanjay Agrawal a,⇑, G.N. Tiwari b
a
School of Engineering and Technology, IGNOU, New Delhi 110068, India
b
Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, comparative analysis of different type of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) air collector namely: (i)
Received 5 June 2012 unglazed hybrid PVT tiles, (ii) glazed hybrid PVT tiles and (iii) conventional hybrid PVT air collectors have
Received in revised form 14 September been carried out for the composite climate of Srinagar (India). The comparative study has been carried
2012
out in terms of overall thermal energy and exergy gain, exergy efficiency and carbon credit earned by dif-
Accepted 15 September 2012
Available online 8 November 2012
ferent type of hybrid PVT air collectors. It has been observed that overall annual thermal energy and exer-
gy gain of unglazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector is higher by 27% and 29.3% respectively as compared to
glazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector and by 61% and 59.8% respectively as compared to conventional
Keywords:
Thermal energy gain
hybrid PVT air collector. It has also been observed that overall annual exergy efficiency of unglazed
Exergy gain and glazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector is higher by 9.6% and 53.8% respectively as compared to conven-
Exergy efficiency tional hybrid PVT air collector. On the basis of comparative study, it has been concluded that CO2 emis-
Carbon credit sion reduction per annum on the basis of overall thermal energy gain of unglazed and glazed hybrid PVT
tiles air collector is higher by 62.3% and 27.7% respectively as compared to conventional hybrid PVT air
collector and on the basis of overall exergy gain it is 59.7% and 22.7%.
Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion is considered as one of the
most promising renewable energy technology which has the po-
tential to contribute significantly to a sustainable energy supply
and to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The world depends
upon fossil fuels for their energy needs. However, the obligation
to reduce CO2 and other gas emissions in order to be in conformity
with the Kyoto agreement is the reason behind which countries
turn to non-polluting renewable energy sources. Developments
in the design and manufacture of PV cells have been very rapid
over the last few years because they are now predicted to become
a major renewable energy source.
Bhargava et al. [1] and Prakash [2] have studied the effect of air
mass flow rate, air channel depth, length and fraction of absorber
plate area covered by solar cells on single pass air heater. They con-
cluded that the solar cell efficiency was marginally improved while
an average thermal efficiency of about 50–70% for water heating
and 17–51% for air heating was obtained. The overall photovoltaic
thermal (PVT) performance can be evaluated by the energetic (first
law) efficiency. This is in fact the major evaluation approach of PVT
systems in the previous studies, like the works of Garg and Agrawal
[3] and Sopian et al. [4] have been on energy based. Hegazy [5] and
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9911428863.
E-mail address: sanju.aggrawal@gmail.com (S. Agrawal).
Sopian et al. [4] have studied glazed PVT air system for a single and
a double pass air heater for space heating and the drying purposes.
The energy analysis alone does not encounter the internal losses. It
cannot be a sufficient criterion for the performance evaluation. An
exergy analysis is a useful method to complement not to replace
the energy analysis. Exergy analysis yields useful results because
it deals with irreversibility minimization or maximum exergy
delivery. The popularity of the exergy analysis method has grown
consequently and is still growing [6]. It is generally recognized that
the PVs in the building have the potential to become a major
source of renewable energy in the urban environment as men-
tioned by Tian et al. [7]. The applications of roof mounted, multi-
operational ventilated photovoltaic and solar air collector was
studied by Cartmell et al. [8]. He has concluded that the cell effi-
ciency was marginally improved, while in addition, an average
thermal efficiency of about 50–70% for water heating and 17–
51% for air heating was obtained. Exergy losses due to irreversibil-
ity in collector acts as the driving force for the system while exergy
losses due to irreversibility in storage barrel are of little contribu-
tion [9]. Tiwari et al. [10] have analyzed the performance of PVT air
collector for the composite climate of Delhi, India and concluded
that an overall efficiency of hybrid PVT thermal system increases
by 18% due to gain of thermal energy in addition to electrical en-
ergy. Exergy analysis is conducted with the aim of providing some
methods to save cost and keep the efficiency of the PVT system to
the desired extent. Exergetic performances of solar water heater

0196-8904/$ - see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.09.020
 S. Agrawal, G.N. Tiwari / Energy Conversion and Management 65 (2013) 628–636 629

Nomenclature

b width, m T average temperature, °C

Cf specific heat of air, J/kg K U overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K
d depth of duct, m Ub an overall back loss heat transfer coefficient from flow-
dt elemental time, s ing air to ambient, W/m2 K
dx elemental length, m UL an overall heat transfer coefficient from glass to tedlar,
De characteristic dimension or equivalent diameter of duct, W/m2 K
m Utca an overall heat transfer coefficient from solar cell to
_
Ex exergy, kW h ambient through glass cover, W/m2 K
fc coefficient of friction Utcf an overall heat transfer coefficient from solar cell to
FR heat removal factor, dimensionless flowing air through tedlar, W/m2 K
h heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 K v velocity of air, m/s
hb heat transfer coefficient from flowing air to ambient, W/ V velocity of fluid inside duct, m/s
m2 K
hbi heat transfer coefficient from back of tedlar to ambient, Subscripts
W/m2 K a ambient
hb,in heat transfer coefficient from back of insulation to c solar cell
ambient, W/m2 K eff effective
hi heat transfer coefficient from solar cell to flowing air, f fluid (air)
W/m2 K fi inlet fluid
ho heat transfer coefficient from solar cell to ambient fo outgoing fluid
through glass cover, W/m2 K g glass
hp1 penalty factors due to glass cover of PV module, dimen- i instantaneous
sionless m module
hp2 penalty factor due to tedlar of PV module, dimension- p plate
less T tedlar
hto heat transfer coefficient from top glass cover to ambi-
ent, W/m2 K Greek letters
hT heat transfer coefficient from back of tedlar to flowing a absorptivity
air, W/m2 K (as)eff product of effective absorptivity and transmittivity
I(t) incident solar intensity, W/m2 b packing factor
K thermal conductivity, W/m K b0 temperature coefficient of efficiency, 1/K
L length, m s transmittivity
m_f air mass flow rate in duct, kg/s go efficiency of solar cell at standard test condition, %
npv number of rows of glazed/unglazed PVT tiles air collec- g temperature dependent efficiency, %
tor q density, kg/m3
N number of PVT tile
Nu Nusselt number Abbreviations
Q_ u useful heat gain, W PVT photovoltaic thermal
Re Reynolds number tCO2e tons of CO2 equivalent
t time, s
T temperature, °C

based on exergy efficiency correlation have been studied by Guner-
han and Hepbasli [11]. Recently, Zondag [12] has carried out a rig-
orous review on PVT collector systems, research work carried out
by various scientists till 2006. His review included the history
and importance of the photovoltaic hybrid system and its applica-
tion in various sectors. It also includes characteristics equations,
the study of design parameters, marketing, etc.
Chow et al. [13] have carried out the thermodynamic analysis
of a thermosyphon flat-plate PVT collector system with and with-
out glass cover in Hong-Kong. They concluded that the energetic
efficiency of the glazed collector was found always better than
the unglazed collector. However, the exergetic efficiency of the
unglazed condition has been found better than the glazed condi-
tion. Dubey and Tiwari [14] have carried out the detailed analysis
(energy, exergy and carbon credit) of PVT flat plate water collec-
tors partially and fully covered by PV module connected in series.
It has been observed that the collectors partially covered by PV
module are beneficial for hot water production and collectors
fully covered by PV module if primary requirement is electricity
generation.
Overall energy and exergy analysis of (i) integrated photovoltaic
thermal (IPVT) water heater under constant flow rate, (ii) building
integrated photovoltaic thermal system and (iii) hybrid PVT double
pass façade for space heating have been carried out by Tiwari and
Dubey [15]; Agrawal and Tiwari [16] and Kamthania et al. [17]
respectively.
Carbon credit trading (Emission Trading) is an administrative
approach used to control the pollution by providing economic
incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.
A credit means, owner have a right to emit one ton of carbon diox-
ide equivalent (1 credit = 1 tCO2e). International treaties such as
the Kyoto protocol set quotas on the amount of greenhouse gases
countries can produce. Energy consumption of a country is one
of the indicators of its socio economic development. Per capita en-
ergy consumption in India is also one of the lowest in the world. It
is about 30% of that in China, about 22% of that in Brazil and about
3.18% of that in the USA. With development, the per capita energy
consumption is likely to increase. At present our annual economic
growth rate is 8–10% per annum. For energy, India depends on oil
and gas imports, which accounts for over 65% of its consumption, it
is likely to increase further considering the economic development,
rise in the living condition of people and rising prices. Coal which
currently accounts for over 60% of India’s electricity production is
the major source of emission of greenhouse gases and that of acid
630 S. Agrawal, G.N. Tiwari / Energy Conversion and Management 65 (2013) 628–636
rains. In the business-as-usual scenario, India will exhaust its oil
reserves in 22 years, its gas reserves in 30 years and its coal re-
serves in 80 years. More alarming, the coal reserves might disap-
pear in less than 40 years if India continues to grow at 8% a year,
Kalshian [18]. Prabhakant and Tiwari [19] calculated the carbon
credit earned by solar energy park, IIT Delhi including PVT system
and recommended to develop such type of park in country to mit-
igate the carbon dioxide and earn the carbon credit. Yamada et al.
[20] have evaluated the EPBT for both polycrystalline and an amor-
phous silicon solar cell and reported that the EPBT for these cells
are 5.7 and 6.3 years, respectively at the annual power production
rate of 0.01 GW/y. Chauray and Kandpal [21] have attempted to
estimate the CO2 mitigation potential of solar home system (SHS)
in India by studying the potential for their diffusion and the appro-
priate baseline. They found that carbon finance could reduce the
effective burden of SHS to the user by 19% if carbon prices were
$10/tCO2 without transaction costs. Average exergy efficiency of
the kiln and improvement potential are found as 43.04% and
123.3  106 GJ/h respectively and for the coal mixture and natural
gas, CO2 emissions are calculated as 75.18  106 and 25.06  106
respectively [22]. Purohit [23] has also attempted to estimate the
CO2 mitigation potential of solar home systems under the CDM
in India. The theoretical potential number of solar home systems
has been estimated to be 97 million.
2. System description
There are three type of hybrid PVT air collector have been
considered.
2.1. Unglazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector
A photovoltaic solar cell with duct which is encapsulated in be-
tween solar cell and tedlar is considered for the study. Such system
has been proposed and will be referred as unglazed hybrid PVT tile.
The unglazed PVT tile consists of a single solar cell (mono-crystal-
line silicon), rated at 2.2 Wp having dimensions 0.12 m length and
Air outlet
Air inlet
Air inlet
Fig. 1a. Schematic diagram of unglazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector.
0.12 m width has been considered and it has been mounted on a
rectangular wooden channel. The channel has dimensions
0.12 m  0.12 m  5 mm. In order to obtain maximum electrical
and thermal efficiency, a series and parallel combination of un-
glazed PVT tiles have been considered which is referred as an un-
glazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector. There is provision for the inlet
and outlet air to flow through the duct of solar cell. For the analy-
sis, PVT tiles air collector of 9 rows, each having 4 cells with duct in
series, are connected in parallel as shown in Fig. 1a, have been con-
sidered. An effective area of unglazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector
is 0.61 m2.
2.2. Glazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector
In glazed hybrid PVT tile having duct below the tedlar with air
flow below the tedlar has been considered. Such system has been
proposed and will be referred as glazed hybrid PVT tile. The glazed
PVT tile consists of a single solar cell (mono-crystalline silicon),
rated at 2.2 Wp having dimensions 0.12 m length and 0.12 m
width has been considered and it has been mounted on a rectangu-
lar wooden channel. The channel has dimensions
0.12 m  0.12 m  5 mm. In order to obtain maximum electrical
and thermal efficiency series and parallel combinations of un-
glazed PVT tiles have been considered which is referred as un-
glazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector as shown in Fig. 1b. An
effective area of unglazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector is 0.61 m2.
2.3. Conventional hybrid PVT air collector
A conventional hybrid PVT air collector consists of glass to ted-
lar type (Type PM75, manufactured using mono-crystalline silicon
solar cells by Central Electronics Limited, Sahibabad, UP, India)
with an effective area of 0.61 m2 of one PV module. The modules
are mounted on a single rectangular PVC sheet air duct which
has dimensioned 0.54 m  1.12 m  5 mm. There is provision for
the inlet and outlet air to flow through the single duct below the
module as shown in Fig. 1c.
I(t)
Solar cell
Air
outlet
Tedlar
 S. Agrawal, G.N. Tiwari / Energy Conversion and Management 65 (2013) 628–636 631

I(t) Glass

Solar cell
Air outlet Tedlar

Air inlet Air outlet

Insulation

Air inlet

Fig. 1b. Schematic diagram of glazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector.

Air outlet

I(t)
Glass

Tedlar

Air inlet Air

Insulation

Full sectional view at X-X

X X

Air inlet

Fig. 1c. Schematic diagram of conventional hybrid PVT air collector.

632 S. Agrawal, G.N. Tiwari / Energy Conversion and Management 65 (2013) 628–636
h i
bLF R U L
3. Thermal modeling where K K ¼ _ f Cf
m
.
h n  oi
Following the Agrawal and Tiwari [24,25], expression for the g0 1  bo sg ½acUbþtc;aaþU
T ð1bÞIðtÞ
T
U h U hT hp1 hp2
1 þ hT TþUp1tT þ ðUTT þU tT ÞU L
1  1expðX
Xo
oÞ

g¼ h  i
outlet air temperature (TfoN), thermal energy gain ðQ_ U;N Þ and elec- 1
bo g0 sg ac bIðtÞ U h U hT hp1 hp2
1 þ hT TþUp1tT þ ðUTT þU 1  1expðX o Þ
U tc;a þU T ÞU X o
trical efficiency (g) at Nth number of unglazed hybrid PVT tiles tT L

air collector can be expressed as ð6Þ

bU L L
    where X o ¼ m_ f Cf .
hp aeff NbU L L The rate of electrical energy gain (W) of hybrid PVT air collec-
T foN ¼ IðtÞ þ T a 1  exp þ T fi
UL _ f Cf
m tors can be evaluated by
 
NbU L L _ electrical ¼ gIðtÞA
Ex ð7Þ
 exp ð1aÞ
m_ f Cf

For a number of PVT connected in series, the outlet temperature 3.1. Overall thermal energy and exergy gain [24]
of first PVT will be the inlet for second PVT, the outlet temperature
of second PVT will be the inlet for the third and so on. Hence for a 3.1.1. Overall thermal energy gain
system of N number of PVT connected in series, the outlet air tem- The energy analysis is based on the first law of thermodynam-
perature from Nth, PVT can be expressed in terms of Tfi. ics. The expression for overall thermal energy gain can be given as,
_ f ¼ qLdV
where mass flow rate m X X P _
Q u;electrical
Q_ u;total ¼ Q_ u;thermal þ ð8Þ
The average outlet air temperature over the length of air below gcpower
the duct of unglazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector is obtained with Q_
where Q_ u;total ; Q_ u;thermal and gu;electrical are overall thermal gain from a
help of Eq. (1) as cpower
PVT system, thermal energy gain collected by the PVT system and
Z L
1 equivalent thermal gain from electrical gain. The factor gcpower is
Tf ¼ T foN dx
L 0
an electric power generation efficiency conversion factor of conven-
tional power plant.
or
2  3 2  3
  1  exp NbU LL
1  exp NbU LL 3.1.2. Overall exergy gain
hp aeff _ f Cf
m _ f Cf
m
Tf ¼ IðtÞ þ T a 41  NbU L L
5 þ T fi 4
NbU L L
5 The exergy analysis is based on the second law of thermody-
UL m_ C m_ C namics, which includes accounting the total exergy inflow, exergy
f f f f
outflow and exergy destructed from the system. This can be math-
ð1bÞ
ematically expressed as
    X X X
NbU L L hp aeff _ out ¼
Ex _ thermal þ
Ex _ electrical
Ex ð9Þ
Q_ U;N ¼ npv  m
_ f C f 1  exp IðtÞ þ T a  T fi ð2Þ
_ f Cf
m UL
where
  "
a IðtÞ    4 #
g ¼ go 1  bo eff  ðT o  T a Þ _Exin ¼ A  N  IðtÞ  1  4  T a þ 1  T a ð10Þ
ho þ hi
8  9 3 Ts 3 Ts
LL =
hi hp aeff IðtÞ < 1  exp NbU m_ f Cf
þ 1  
U L ðho þ hi Þ : NbU L L
_ f Cf
m
; _ thermal ¼ Q U;N 1  T a þ 273
Ex ð11Þ
8  9 93 T fo þ 273
<1  exp NbU LL = =
hi _ f Cf
m
5 where A is area of PVT air collector and Ts is the Sun temperature in
þ ðT a  T fi Þ ð3Þ
ðho þ hi Þ : NbU L L
_
; ; Kelvin.
mf C f
The exergy efficiency of the hybrid PVT air collector is defined
In case of glazed hybrid PVT ties air collector, same expressions for as
the outlet air temperature (TfoN), thermal energy gain ðQ U;N Þ and !
_ out
Ex
electrical efficiency (g) at Nth number of glazed hybrid PVT tiles gEX ¼  100 ð12Þ
_ in
Ex
air collector can be used if aeff = sg(ac  gc), ho = Utca and hi = Utcf be-
cause there is glazing above the solar cell and duct is between tedlar
The following correlation for air with one side heated and other side
and insulation unlike a unglazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector where
insulated given by Kays [27]:
duct is just after the solar cell (see Figs. 1a and 1b).
hT De
Following Dubey and Tiwari [26] the outlet air temperature Nu ¼ ¼ 0:0158ðReÞ0:8 ð13Þ
(TfoN), useful heat gain ðQ_ u;N Þ, temperature dependent electrical K
efficiency (g) from conventional hybrid PVT air collectors is ex-
K
pressed as, or hT ¼ 0:0158ðReÞ0:8 ð14Þ
    De
ðasÞeff IðtÞ bLU L
T fo ¼ þ T a 1  exp  The characteristic dimension or equivalent diameter (De) of duct is
UL _ f Cf
m
  given by:
bLU L
þ T fi exp  ð4Þ 2Ld
m_ f Cf De ¼ ð15Þ
ðL þ dÞ
  
1  ð1  K K Þ The Reynolds number (Re) is calculated by
Q_ u ¼ N  A  F R ðasÞeff IðtÞ
KK
   qVDe q m_ f 2Ld 2m_f
1  ð1  K K Þ Re ¼ ¼ ¼ ð16Þ
 A  F R UL ðT fi  T a Þ ð5Þ l l ðLdqÞ ðL þ dÞ lðL þ dÞ
KK
 S. Agrawal, G.N. Tiwari / Energy Conversion and Management 65 (2013) 628–636 633

To calculate the pressure drop in the duct the following correlation III. Monthly input exergy has been calculated by multiplying
by Jiang et al. [28] for friction factor in rectangular duct is used. The daily exergy input and number of clear days in a month
pressure drop in duct is calculated with following equation: for a–d type weather condition.
IV. Annual input exergy has been calculated by summing the
fc LV 2 q
DP ¼ ð17Þ monthly input exergy for a–d type weather condition.
2De V. Hourly exergy outputs for a–d type weather condition have
Then coefficient of friction fc can be correlated with Re as follows: been evaluated by using Eqs. (7), (9), and (11).
VI. Daily exergy outputs for a–d type weather condition have
fc ¼ 1639Re1:48 ðRe < 600Þ ð18Þ been evaluated by summing the hourly exergy outputs.
VII. Monthly output exergy has been calculated by multiplying
fc ¼ 5:45Re0:55 ð600 < Re < 2800Þ ð19Þ the daily exergy output and number of clear days in a month
Pressure drop in duct of hybrid PVT air collectors have been calcu- for a–d type weather.
lated by using Eqs. (13)–(19). VIII. Annual output exergy has been calculated by summing the
monthly input exergy for a–d type weather condition.
IX. The overall exergy efficiency has been calculated by using
4. Methodology
Eq. (12).
The same climatic data regarding solar radiation and ambient
4.3. Carbon credit earned by different type of hybrid PVT air collectors
temperature has been used as in [24]. The following methodology
has been used to calculate the overall thermal energy and exergy
Total carbon credits earned by different hybrid PVT air collec-
gain, exergy efficiency and carbon credit earned by different type
tors on the life time basis have been calculated on the basis of over-
of hybrid PVT air collectors.
all thermal energy and exergy gain by the system. Carbon credit
earned by hybrid PVT air collectors are as follows:
4.1. Overall thermal energy and exergy gain
4.3.1. Overall thermal energy basis
The annual overall thermal energy and exergy gain can be ob-
tained as follows:
I. Overall thermal energy produced per annum has been
calculated.
I. The hourly rate of useful thermal energy gain for unglazed
II. It has been considered that unit cost of electricity is Rs 5.5.
and glazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector have been evaluated
III. The cost of energy produced per annum has been calculated
using Eq. (2) considering N = 4 and npv = 9 and Eq. (5) has
by multiplying overall thermal energy per annum and unit
been used to evaluate for the hourly rate of useful thermal
cost of electricity.
energy gain of conventional hybrid PVT air collector.
IV. If unit power is used by a consumer and the losses due to
II. Daily thermal gain has been calculated by summing the
poor domestic appliances are around 20%, then the trans-
hourly rate of useful thermal energy gain. 1
mitted power should be 10:2 ¼ 1:25 units. If the transmis-
III. Monthly thermal gain has been calculated by multiplying
sion and distribution losses are 40%, which is common in
daily thermal gain and number of clear days in a month.
Indian conditions, then the power that has to be generated
IV. Annual thermal gain has been calculated by summing the 1:25
in the power plant is 10:4 ¼ 2:08 units. The average carbon
monthly thermal gain.
dioxide (CO2) equivalent intensity of electricity generation
V. The hourly electrical efficiency for unglazed and glazed
from coal is approximately 0.982 kg of CO2/kW h at source
hybrid PVT tiles air collector have been evaluated using Eq.
[29,30]. Thus, for unit power consumption by the
(3) considering N = 4 and Eq. (6) has been used to evaluate
consumer the amount of CO2 emission is 2.08  0.982 =
for the hourly electrical efficiency of conventional hybrid
2.04 kg.
PVT air collector.
V. The carbon dioxide emission reduction per annum has been
VI. The hourly electrical energy gain has been calculated by
calculated by multiplying overall thermal energy gain per
putting the value of electrical efficiency in Eq. (7).
annum and unit power consumption by the consumer the
VII. Daily electrical energy gain has been calculated by summing
amount of CO2 emission i.e. 2.04 kg. The carbon dioxide
the hourly rate of electrical energy gain.
emission reduction per annum in kg has been converted in
VIII. Monthly electrical energy gain has been calculated by multi-
ton by dividing 1000.
plying daily electrical energy gain and number of clear days
VI. If carbon dioxide emission reduction at present is being
in a month.
traded @ € 21/tCO2e, then cost of the carbon emission reduc-
IX. Annual electrical energy gain has been calculated by sum-
tion by hybrid PVT air collectors has been calculated by mul-
ming the monthly electrical energy gain.
tiplying the carbon dioxide emission reduction per annum in
X. For analysis of overall thermal energy and exergy gain, same
ton and € 21 and this can be converted in rupees by multiply
expressions have been used as in Agrawal and Tiwari [24].
current euro rupee conversion factor.
VII. For the life time analysis, the cost of carbon emission reduc-
4.2. Exergy efficiency
tion by air collectors has been calculated by multiplying cost
of the carbon emission reduction by hybrid PVT air collectors
Exergy efficiency of unglazed, glazed hybrid PVT tiles and con-
per annum and life time of system.
ventional hybrid PVT air collectors has been calculated by follow-
ing steps:
4.3.2. Overall exergy basis
Same methodology has been adopted to calculate to carbon
I. Hourly input exergy for a–d type weather condition have
credit earned by hybrid PVT air collectors on overall exergy basis
been calculated by using Eq. (10).
as explained for overall thermal energy basis. Overall exergy will
II. Daily input exergy for a–d type weather condition have been
be taken in place of overall thermal energy gain in above said
calculated by summing the hourly input exergy.
methodology.
634 S. Agrawal, G.N. Tiwari / Energy Conversion and Management 65 (2013) 628–636

5. Results and discussion 700 7

Ambient temperature, 0 C
600 6

Solar intensity, W/m 2

MATLAB 7.0 software has been used to solve mathematical 500
5
models of the proposed system. The design parameters of different 4
400 3
hybrid PVT air collectors have been given in Table 1. The hourly
variations of solar intensity and ambient temperature for the 300 2

month of January for Srinagar climatic condition has been shown 1

200
0
in Fig. 2. It has been observed that maximum solar intensity is be-
100 -1
tween 11:00 to 14:00 h. The hourly variations of electrical effi-
0 -2
ciency and cell temperature of unglazed hybrid PVT tiles air
8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
collector has been shown in Fig. 3. It has been observed that the
Time, Hours
electrical efficiency decreases with increase of solar cell tempera-
It
ture and vice versa. These results are in accordance with the result
Ta
reported by earlier researcher [31]. It has also been observed that
the solar cell temperature is maximum and electrical efficiency is Fig. 2. Hourly variations of solar intensity and ambient temperature for the month
minimum between 12:00 to 13:00 h. The average outlet air tem- of January for Srinagar climatic condition.
perature of unglazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector has been evalu-
ated with help of Eq. (1b) and shown in Fig. 4. It is to be noted that
average outlet temperature is maximum between 11:00 to 16 60
14:00 h. It is due to maximum solar intensity available during

Electrical efficiency, %
50

Cell temperature, C
15
these hours.

o
40
Following the above mentioned methodology (Section 4.1), 14
overall thermal energy and exergy gain for Srinagar, Indian cli- 30
matic condition for unglazed hybrid PVT tiles, glazed hybrid PVT 13
20
tiles and conventional hybrid PVT air collectors have been com-
12
puted and monthly variations of overall thermal energy and exergy 10
gain have been shown in Figs. 5 and 6 respectively. It has been ob- 11 0
served that overall annual thermal energy and exergy gain of un- 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
glazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector is higher by 27% and 29.3% Time, Hours
Electrical efficiency
Cell temperature
Table 1
Design parameters of hybrid PVT tiles air collectors. Fig. 3. Hourly variation of electrical efficiency and cell temperature of unglazed
hybrid PVT tiles air collector.
Parameters Values
Cf (J/kg K) 1012
To (°C) 25 35
Outlet air temperature.oC

ac 0.9 30
b0 (1/K) 0.0045
25
g0 0.15
sg 0.95 20
v (m/s) 1.5 15
V (m/s) 0.9
10
_ f kg=s
m 0.0108
Kg (W/m K) 1.1 5
Lg (m) 0.003 0
ho (W/m K) 8.55 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
hi (W/m K) 5.4 Time, Hours
hb (W/m K) 1
hto (W/m K) 11.4 Fig. 4. Hourly variation of outlet air temperature of unglazed hybrid PVT tiles air.
hb,in (W/m K) 7.3
Utca(W/m K) 11.1
Utcf (W/m K) 4.03
Ub (W/m K) 6.89
respectively as compared to glazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector
Ufa (W/m K) 2.94
UL (W/m K) 9.83
and by 61% and 59.8% respectively as compared to conventional
Ac (m2) 1.32 hybrid PVT air collector. It is to be noted that maximum and min-
B (m) 0.54 imum overall thermal energy and exergy gain have been found in
FR 0.90 the month of May and December respectively. Similarly, overall
hT (W/m K) 10.3
exergy efficiency has been computed for Srinagar, Indian climatic
L (m) 1.2
hp1 0.375 condition for unglazed hybrid PVT tiles, glazed hybrid PVT tiles
hp2 0.965 and conventional hybrid PVT air collectors and monthly variation
UT (W/m K) 66 of overall exergy efficiency has been shown in Fig. 7. It has been
Ut (W/m K) 11.4 observed that overall annual exergy efficiency of unglazed and
UtT (W/m K) 9.72
UL (W/m K) 5.62
glazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector is higher by 9.6% and 53.8%
Utc,a (W/m K) 11.4 respectively as compared to conventional hybrid PVT air collector.
sc 0.95 Following methodology (Section 4.3), the CO2 emission reduction
bc 0.83 per annum on the basis of overall thermal energy and exergy gain
sg 0.95
for Srinagar climatic condition has been evaluated and variation of
aT 0.5
CO2 emission reduction per annum has been shown in Fig. 8. It has
 S. Agrawal, G.N. Tiwari / Energy Conversion and Management 65 (2013) 628–636 635

50

CO emmission reduction per

0.9
45 0.8
40 0.7

annum (tCO2 e)
energy gain, kWh
Overall thermal

35 0.6
30 0.5

25 0.4
0.3
20
0.2
15
0.1

2
10
0
5 Unglazed hybrid Glazed hybrid PVT Conventional hybrid
0 PVT tiles air tiles air collector PVT air collector
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec collector
Type of air collector
Month of year
Unglazed PVT tiles air collector Overall thermal energy gain
Glazed PVT tiles air collector Overall exergy gain
Conventional PVT air collector
Fig. 8. CO2 emission reduction per annum on the basis of overall thermal energy
Fig. 5. Comparison chart on the basis of monthly variation of overall thermal and exergy gain for Srinagar climatic condition.
energy gain for Srinagar climatic condition.

1200

Cost to reduce tCO2 emmission

18

reduction per annum (Rs)

1000
16
800
14
exergy gain, kWh

12 600
Overall

10 400
8
200
6
0
4
Unglazed hybrid Glazed hybrid PVT Conventional hybrid
2 PVT tiles air tiles air collector PVT air collector
0 collector
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Type of air collector
Month of year
Overall thermal energy gain
Unglazed PVT tiles air collector Overall exergy gain
Glazed PVT tiles air collector
Conventional PVT air collector Fig. 9. Cost to reduce tCO2 emission reduction per annum on the basis of overall
thermal energy and exergy gain for Srinagar climatic condition.
Fig. 6. Comparison chart on the basis of monthly variation of overall exergy gain for
Srinagar climatic condition.
shown in Fig. 9. It has been seen that net saving to reduce CO2
emission reduction per annum is Rs 1099.4, Rs 865.1 and Rs
677.3 by unglazed hybrid PVT tiles, glazed hybrid PVT tiles and
Overall exergy efficiency, %

18
conventional hybrid PVT air collector respectively on the basis of
16 overall thermal energy gain and Rs 387.1, Rs 297.4 and Rs 242.3
on the basis of overall exergy gain.
14

12 6. Conclusion

10
The following conclusions have been drawn:
8
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec  Overall annual thermal energy, exergy gain and exergy effi-
Month of year ciency of unglazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector have been
improved by 32%, 55.9% and 53% respectively over conven-
Unglazed PVT tiles air collector
tional PVT air collector.
Glazed PVT tiles air collector
 For the life time (30 year) analysis, cost of the carbon emis-
Convetional PVT air collector
sion reduction of unglazed and glazed hybrid PVT tiles air
Fig. 7. Comparison chart on the basis of monthly variation of overall exergy collectors is 62.3% and 27.7% is more than by conventional
efficiency for Srinagar climatic condition. hybrid PVT air collector.

been observed that CO2 emission reduction per annum on the basis 7. Recommendation
of overall thermal energy gain of unglazed and glazed hybrid PVT
tiles air collector is higher by 62.3% and 27.7% respectively as com- On the basis of the present studies, the following recommenda-
pared to conventional hybrid PVT air collector and on the basis of tions have been made:
overall exergy gain it is 59.7% and 22.7%. Cost to reduce tCO2 emis-
sion reduction per annum on the basis of overall thermal energy  The unglazed and glazed hybrid PVT tiles air collector
and exergy gain for Srinagar climatic condition has also been should be fabricated and experimentally validated.
636 S. Agrawal, G.N. Tiwari / Energy Conversion and Management 65 (2013) 628–636

 Life cycle cost analysis should be carried out with and with- References
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UT
hp1 ¼
U tc;a þ U T

hT
hp2 ¼
U tT þ hT