DEPARTMENT OF PUBLICWORKS

AND HIGHWAYS

MATERIALS TESTING TECHNOLOGY

IMPORTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS TESTING
ENGR. JULIETA C. RABOT
ENGINEER IV
MATERIALS TESTING DIVISION
BUREAU OF RESEARCH AND STANDARDS
 ONLINE COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING ON MATERIALS
TESTING TECHNOLOGY

COURSE OVERVIEW

 OBJECTIVES

1. Recognize the basic technologies in testing of soil, concrete, asphalt,

cement and other miscellaneous construction materials;

2. Perform effectively laboratory/field testing of various construction materials

in accordance with standard methods/procedures and;

3. Evaluate / analyze testing results of construction materials;

4. Understand the principles of Concrete Design Mix and Job Mix Formula and gain
knowledge about the process involved in Asphalt and Concrete Batching plants
including quality control of materials; and,

5. Familiarize with new Department Orders (DOs), Memoranda and newly-approved

Items of Work related to Quality Control in Project implementation.
 COURSE OVERVIEW

 METHODOLOGIES

Interactive synchronous (via Zoom/You Tube) supplemented by asynchronous

activities and assignments (via Google classroom) shall be used in this online
course. The learning methodologies and strategies to be employed in the course
shall be instructor led and virtual discussion, video showing and open forum. In
addition, interactive learning activities (assignments, case studies, workshops,
etc.) and other learning tools shall be utilized.

 PARTICIPANTS

Participants are licensed Civil Engineers of DPWH Regional, District and UPMO
Offices holding permanent position, and those hired for the Build Build Build
Projects.
 DURATION / VENUE

The Online Training is a blend of synchronous and asynchronous learning

activities and shall be conducted for Twenty Two (22) days with a total
duration time of One Hundred Seventy Six (176) hours.

 RESOURCE PERSONS

Staff of the Materials Testing Division (MTD), Research and Development

Division (RDD) and Standards and Development
Division (SDD) of Bureau of Research and Standards.
 EVALUATION

1. Pre and Post Training surveys on knowledge and skills

2. Speakers Evaluation

3. Group presentation/output

4. Modular Exam

5. Comprehensive Evaluation Examination

 RECOGNITION

Certificate of Training will be given to the participants who will

successfully complete the requirements of the course.
 COURSE CONTENT
MODULE I
• Sampling and Testing of Soils, Soil Aggregates, Concrete
and Asphalt Aggregates
Duration : 6 - working days
Soils and Soil Aggregates
* Sampling and Preparation of Samples

* Wash Test, Sieve Analysis

* Plastic / Liquid Limit
* Organic Content
* Moisture Content

* Moisture - Density Relation

* Abrasion
* Field Density Test (FDT)
* California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
 Concrete Aggregates ( Course and Fine )
* Sampling and Preparation of Samples
* Wash Test and Sieve Analysis
* Specific Gravity and Absorption
* Soundness
* Unit Weight
* Organic Impurities and Mortar Strength ( Fine Aggregates )
* Abrasion
Asphalt Aggregates ( Composite )
* Sampling and Preparation of Samples
* Wash Test and Sieve Analysis
* Plastic / Liquid Limit
* Abrasion
* Specific Gravity and Stripping
MODULE II
• Sampling and Testing of Cement and Concrete Mix

Duration : 4 - working days

Cement

* Sampling and Preparation of Samples (Chemical Tests)

* Magnesium Oxide and Sulfur Trioxide

* Insoluble Residue and Loss of Ignition

* Sampling and Preparation of Samples (Physical Tests)

* Normal Consistency and Time of Setting

 * Autoclave Expansion

* Compressive Strength

* Specific Gravity

* Fineness

Concrete Mix ( Paving and Structural )

* Sampling of Fresh Concrete

* Determination of Slump

* Making and Curing of Concrete Specimens

* Compressive and Flexural Strength Determination

MODULE III
• Sampling and Testing of Miscellaneous Const. Materials

Duration : 3 - working days

Sampling and Testing of the following materials :

Reinforcing Steel Bars ( Deformed & Round )

Metallic Materials ( Structural Steel, Guardrails, etc. )

Concrete Pipes & Concrete Hollow Blocks

Galvanized Steel Sheets / Galvanized Pipes

Paints
MODULE IV
• Sampling and Testing of Asphaltic Materials and
Asphalt Mix
Duration : 4 - working days

Asphaltic Materials

Sampling / Preparation of Samples

Physical and Chemical Tests of the following:

* Asphalt Cement
* Emulsified Asphalt

* Cutback Asphalt

* Blown/Oxidized Asphalt (Concrete Joint Sealer )

* Preformed /Pre-molded Expansion Joint Filler

MODULE V

• Concrete Mix Design and Job Mix Formula

Duration : 1 - working day

• Asphalt and Portland Cement Concrete Batching Plants

Duration : 1 - working day

• Issuances to Quality Control, Department Orders and New

Memoranda Related to Quality Control
Duration : 1 - working day

• Comprehensive Written Examination

• Distribution of Training Certificates

Department of Public Works & Highways
Bureau of Research and Standards

MATERIALS TESTING

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
WHAT IS MATERIALS TESTING ?

 is the basic means or a tool by which an engineer or an

inspector can use to determine whether the materials should be
allowed to be incorporated or be rejected into the work.

 it is a documented proof of the quality of materials indicating it

meets or it fails the desired properties as called for in the
specifications requirements of an approved contract.

 There can be no quality assurance without adequate quality

control at the source or manufacturer or at construction, therefore
testing is a tool for measuring quality control in project
implementation.
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF MATERIALS TESTING

Engineers (even not) do not guess !!!

Testing is an important complement of quality control in

engineering works

Materials testing is not done by sight or other means

without the benefit of laboratory tests. If it is done by sight, it
is pure and simple guessing.

So without testing even in the field or in the laboratory, no one

can state definitely if the quality of materials is satisfied or
not, even the expert.
WHY WE NEED TO KNOW & LEARN TESTING

- Project Engineers, Materials Engineers and Laboratory

Technicians who are involved in the implementation of various
infrastructures needs to learn & know testing technology in
construction materials to enhance and strengthen their
capabilities in the implementation of Quality Control and
Assurance Program in a project.
WHAT BENEFITS WILL YOU ACQUIRED IN
LEARNING MATERIALS TESTING
 Recognize the basic technologies in testing of construction
materials.
• Identify and familiarize the required tests on specific
construction materials
• Identify and understand the basic properties of materials

• Understand the significance of tests on the

materials

• Become aware of the importance of materials

testing in project implementation
 Perform effectively field/laboratory sampling and testing of
construction materials in accordance with the standard methods/
procedures.

• Familiarize in the application of the proper method of

sampling of materials in the field and laboratory

• Identify and familiarize in all laboratory testing apparatus/

equipment for materials sampling and testing

• Learn and familiarize standard methods and procedures

of laboratory testing of various construction materials

• Learn to check the accuracy and proper maintenance

of laboratory testing apparatus/ equipment
 Evaluate, analyze and interpret test results of construction
materials for the purpose of acceptance and rejection.

• Learn proper computation and check result of tests

performed
• Know the proper reporting system of test reports

• Understand the application of materials standard

specifications based on the result of tests

• Learn how to analyze and evaluate result of tests

indicated on official test reports from testing laboratories
(DPWH Laboratories and Private Testing Laboratories)

• Learn the proper recommended measures in the

acceptance or rejection of materials
HOW MATERIALS IS REPRESENTED
BY A TEST

The usual procedure is to make a test for a certain quantity of

materials representing the quantities to be incorporated into the
work or in accordance with the minimum testing requirements
prescribed in each project. The requirements specify the kind
and number of tests for each items of works.

It should be emphasized that what are specified are the

minimum number of testing only. Additional number of test
can be require to the materials if the owner/inspector is in
doubt of the quality of materials or the finished structure.
 SCHEDULE OF MINIMUM TEST REQUIREMENTS GOVERNING
ITEMS OF WORK OF THE DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
FOR HIGHWAYS, BRIDGES AND AIRPORTS, 1998
(VOLUME II)
Part C - EARTHWORK
ITEMS OF WORK MINIMUM TEST REQUIREMENTS
Item 100 - Clearing and Grubbing None
Item 101 - Removal of Structures & Obstruction None
Item 102 - Excavation Same tests as for Items 103, 104 and 105, whichever is
applicable.
Item 103 - Structure Excavation
If excavated materials are wasted, the volume If excavated materials are incorporated into the work:
involved shall be reported so that Quality Control For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof:
requirements may be adjusted accordingly. 1-G, Grading Test
Submit Project Engineer Certificate of Waste 1-P, Plasticity Test (LL, PL)
1-C, Laboratory Compaction Test
For every 150 mm layer in uncompacted depth:
1-D, Field Density
Item 104 - Embankment For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof:
1-G, Grading Test
1-P, Plasticity Test (LL, PL)
1-C, Laboratory Compaction Test
For each 500 sq.m of each layer of compacted fill or fraction
thereof at least one group of three in-situ density tests. The
layers shall be placed not exceeding 200 mm in loose
measurement or based on the result of compaction trials.
Item 105 - Sub-grade Preparation Same tests as for Item 104
Part D – SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE
ITEMS OF WORK
Item 200 - Aggregate Subbase Course
Item 201 - Aggregate Base Course
MINIMUM TEST REQUIREMENTS
For every 300 cu.m. or fraction thereof:
1-G, Grading Test
1-P, Plasticity Test (LL, PL)
For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof:
1-C, Laboratory Compaction Test
For every 2,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof:
1-CBR, California Bearing Ratio
For every layer of 150 mm of compacted depth/based
on the results of compaction trials:
At least one group of three in-situ density tests
for each 500 sq.m or fraction thereof.
For every 300 cu.m. or fraction thereof:
1-G, Grading Test
1-P, Plasticity Test (LL, PL)
For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof:
1-Q, Quality Test for Grading, Plasticity and
Abrasion
1-C, Laboratory Compaction Test
For every layer of 150 mm of compacted depth/based
on the results of compaction trials:
At least one group of three in-situ density tests
for each 500 sq.m or fraction thereof.
Part E – SURFACE COURSE

ITEMS OF WORK MINIMUM TEST REQUIREMENTS

Item 307 - Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course A. Aggregates
General For every 75 cu.m./200 t or fraction thereof:
1-G & P, Grading and Plasticity Tests for every
1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof:
1-Q, Quality Tests for: (Grading, Plasticity,
Abrasion, Stripping and Bulk Specific Gravity)
1-F, Fractured Face
B. Bituminous Materials

1-Q, Quality Tests for each 40 t or fraction

thereof
C. Mix
For every 75 cu.m./130 t or fraction thereof:
1-G, Grading Test
1-Ext., Extraction
1-Sty., Stability
1-C, Laboratory Compaction
D. Hydrated Lime
For every 100 t or fraction thereof
E. Mineral Filler
For every 75 cu.m. or fraction thereof:
1-G & P, Grading and Plasticity Tests (LL, PL)
F. For each full day’s operation:
D & T (Density and Thickness Tests) – at least one
(1) but not more than three (3) samples shall be
taken.
Part E – SURFACE COURSE
ITEMS OF WORK MINIMUM TEST REQUIREMENTS
Item 311 - Portland Cement Concrete Pavement A. Cement

For every 2,000 bags or fraction thereof:

1-Q, Quality Test

B. Fine Aggregates:

For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof:

1-Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Specific
Gravity and Absorption, Mortar Strength,
Soundness, Organic Impurities and Unit Weight.

C. Course Aggregate

For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof

1-Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Bulk
Specific Gravity and Absorption, Unit Weight
and Abrasion.
Part E – SURFACE COURSE

ITEMS OF WORK MINIMUM TEST REQUIREMENTS

CD. Water

Tests: 1-Certificate from Project Engineer or 1-Q, Quality Test,

if source is questionable

E. Joint Filler
1. Poured Joint Filler
1-Q, Quality Test on each type of ingredient for each shipment
2. Premolded Joint Filler
1-Q, Quality Test on each thickness of filler for each shipment

F. Special Curing Agents

1-Q, Quality Test for each shipment

G. Steel Bars
For every 10,000 kg or fraction thereof :
1-Q, Quality Test for Bending, Tension and Chemical Analysis

H. Concrete
Flexural Strength Test on Concrete Beam Sample
1-set consisting of 3 beam samples shall represent a 330 sq.m of
pavement, 230 mm depth or fraction thereof placed each day.
Volume of concrete not more than 75 cu.m.

I. Completed Pavement
Thickness determination by concrete core drilling on a lot basis
Five (5) holes per km per lane or five (5) holes per 500 m when 2
lanes are poured concurrently.
Part F – BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
ITEMS OF WORK
Item 404 - Reinforcing Steel
Item 405 - Structural Concrete
MINIMUM TEST REQUIREMENTS
A. Bar Reinforcement for Concrete
For every 10,000 kg or fraction thereof for each
size:
1-Q, Quality Test for Bending, Tension and
Chemical Analysis
B. Wire and Wire Mesh
1-Q, Quality Test
A. Cement For every 2,000 bags or fraction thereof
1-Q, Quality Test
B. Fine Aggregates:
For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof:
1-Q, Quality Test for: Grading,
Specific Gravity and Absorption, Mortar
Strength, Soundness, Organic Impurities and Unit
Weight.
Part F – BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

ITEMS OF WORK MINIMUM TEST REQUIREMENTS

Item 405 - Structural Concrete C. Course Aggregate

For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction thereof

1-Q, Quality Test for: Grading, Bulk
Specific Gravity and Absorption, Unit Weight
and Abrasion.

D. Water
1- Certificate from Project Engineer
1-Q, Quality Test, if source is questionable

E. Premolded Filler for Expansion Joints

1-Q, Quality Test on each thickness of filler
for each shipment
Part F – BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

ITEMS OF WORK MINIMUM TEST REQUIREMENTS

Item 405 - Structural Concrete F. Steel Reinforcement

1-Q, Quality Test for every 10,000 kg or
fraction thereof for each size

G. Concrete
Compressive strength test on concrete
cylinder samples. 1 set consisting of 3
concrete cylinder samples shall be taken
from each day’s pouring and to represent not
more than 75 cu.m. of concrete or fraction
thereof.
 INTERPRETATION,
ACCEPTANCE/REJECTION
AND APPLICATION OF
TEST RESULTS
 INTERPRETATION OF MATERIALS TEST RESULTS

Who will interpret the materials test results?

- It is the responsibility of the Materials Engineer assigned in the project either
from the contractor, consultant or from the owner to interpret the test results
correctly and accurately

- Interpretation of materials test reports needs familiarization of materials

specifications and a lot of experienced in materials testing and quality
control/assurance works
- Project Manager / Project Engineers/ Inspectors must also have the ability to
interpret and evaluate test reports of materials and must not always depend in
their Materials Engineer, hence, they have the great responsibility in the
implementation of the project
How to Interpret the Result of Tests on Materials

 The composition and properties of a material is individually

verified when it is subjected to a quality test to verify if it
meets or fails the specification requirement prior to incorporation
into the work

 The contents of the test reports of materials will be the basis

of an engineer for the acceptance or rejection of the delivered
materials in the project site. It is the documented proof that
determined the quality of materials

 When the contents of the test reports after proper interpretation

shows that it fails or meets the specifications requirement, the
Project Engineer thru the advise of the Materials Engineer shall
immediately act to whether utilized or not the delivered materials
to avoid delay in the project implementation
 The rejection or utilization of a material depends on the
outcome of test results. A material may fail in one or more
of its properties but still can be utilized into the work thru
the application of alternative measures and Engineers should
have good judgment and in-depth knowledge on the
properties of the materials
Example:
Soil aggregates sample fails to meet grading and plasticity requirements

Reinforcing steel bars failed to meet variation in mass requirement

Cement failed to meet loss on ignition or insoluble residue requirement

 Engineers should familiarize in the significant properties of

materials so that they can immediately decide in the
acceptance or rejection. Incorrect interpretation of material
test reports can cause delay in the project implementation,
additional cost and failure of the structure
SAMPLE TEST
REPORTS
Concrete Fine Aggregate
*Sample meets specification
Asphalt
*Sample fails to meet
Specification
Hydraulic Cement
*Sample meets specification
Structural Steel
*Sample fails to meet
Specification
Reinforced Concrete Culvert
Pipe (RCCP)
*Sample meets specification
 Acceptance and
Rejection of Materials
 ACCEPTANCE/REJECTION OF MATERIALS
Who’s Responsible for the Acceptance/Rejection of Materials?
The Project Manager / Project Engineer has the authority to reject or
accept construction materials intended for use in the project upon the
recommendation of the Materials Engineer based on the test results.

Guidelines in the Acceptance and Rejection of Materials:

a. No material shall be incorporated into the work unless and found
satisfactory.

b. The approval of preliminary samples shall not be considered a

guarantee of the acceptance of all materials from the same source,
as to the quality or quantity of such materials.
c. Any material that has been sampled and passed the standard spe-
cifications may be re-sampled and re-tested anytime before,during
and after incorporation into the work.
 MINIMUM TESTING REQUIREMENTS

 The prescribed tests on the construction materials to be used

in a project based on approved contract quantities

 The requirements which specify the kind and number of tests

for each pay item of works

 It should emphasized that what are specified are the minimum

number of testing only. Additional number of test can be
require to the materials if the owner/inspector is in doubt of
the quality of materials or the finished structure
 Handling and Storage of Materials

Delivered construction materials should be placed or stored in a safe location/

place to protect from contamination or the action of the weather and to avoid
damaged and to maintain the desired quality.

To prevent contamination of materials to other similar type particularly those

coming from other sources, it should be provided with separator or partition in
case of an small stockpile area, however, in case of a big stockpile area, provide
adequate distance for each type of materials depending on sources and sizes.

Other construction materials which are sensitive to weather conditions like

cement, steel bars, etc. should be kept in a site that are protected from direct
sunlight and rain. It should not be place directly on the ground to maintain its
quality.
 Sampling of Materials

Is the process of selecting a part (sample), which will be used to judge the
whole (lot). Sampling of construction materials should be done on the
delivered materials at the project site and not in the place where it was
purchase.

Sampling of materials shall be in accordance with the Standard Sampling

Procedures to obtained a true representative of a lot and based on the minimum
testing requirements as prescribe for the item of works.

The quantity of representative sample to be brought to a testing laboratory

should be adequate and meets the requirements for the sizes, shapes and part
of the material where it should be taken to obtain a reliable test results in the
conduct of the required physical and chemical analysis of a material that will
subjected for testing.
 Testing and Inspection of Materials

Testing and Inspection in the construction works compliments with each other
and should be done both at the right time as the work progresses.

Testing refers to the process of making tests to determine the degree of

compliance of the delivered materials with the required specifications. It is a
documented proof of the materials where an engineer or an inspector can be used
as basis for the Acceptance or Rejection.

Inspection is the basic means or a tool by which an Engineer or an Inspector

can be used to determined physically the acceptability of the delivered
construction materials on site if it conforms to the required quantity, size and
conditions stipulated in the purchase order of the materials intended for use in
the work.
 COMMON ABUSES IN MATERIALS TESTING &
QUALITY CONTROL/ASSURANCE

• No Approved Quality Control/Assurance Program (QCP/QAP)

for the project prior to the start of works.

 This is happened when the Construction personnel has no coordination with

the Materials personnel. Approved Program of Work of the project is not
furnished for the preparation of quality control program.

 This practice shows that relationship of personnel in the project are in poor
situation. Construction and Materials personnel have no harmonious relation
and do not cooperate to each other during the implementation of the project.
• Incorporation of Materials into the works without Quality Tests

 Construction materials are being incorporated into the works without the
benefit of quality tests.

 Testing of materials were not timely done as the work progresses. Testing
are done as only compliance to the requirement of the project for billing
purposes.

• Fabrication of Test Reports on Construction Materials

 Test Reports of materials are not authentic and contains doubtful results.

 Signatures of the personnel and officials of testing laboratories are forged.

• Submission of Material Samples to Testing Laboratory not truly
representing the Actual Delivered Materials On the Project Site

 Special fabricated samples of materials were submitted to the testing

laboratory to ensure that the result of tests will passed the required
specifications.

 Materials samples of good quality were taken from good source and not
on the actual delivered materials on site.

• Actual Delivered Construction Materials is Incompatible

to the Result of Tests
 Poor and substandard materials were purchase and delivered to the project
site on the succeeding deliveries.

 Samples tested is different from the actual materials being incorporated

into the work.
• Unreliable and Dubious Test Results of Materials
 This can be only determined thru thorough review of the worksheets of
tests performed by the laboratory technician. Inspectors with vast
experience in the laboratory works has the edge to distinguished this
type of abuses.

• Pouring of Concrete Mix on a Structure Without Approved

Pouring Permit

 This malpractices was commonly done by the contractor in concreting

works without the knowledge/permission of the owners field
engineers/inspectors.

 Prepared structure for pouring should be properly inspected to check its

compliance to plans requirements and the availability of the required
equipment to be utilized during pouring of mix. This malpractices is
embodied in Department Order No. 211, Series of 2000
• Bloated Monthly Status of Test Reports and Certificates of
Quality Control Assurance Reports

 Status of monthly test reports are bloated by reporting higher number of test
performed but not yet done just to comply to the required scheduled tests.

 Quantities of accomplished on-going items of works are reported bloated as

against the actual accomplishment.
Acceptance of Concrete based on Overaged of Beam and Cylinder
Specimens

 Concrete is not accepted / paid based on test result of specimens tested at an

earlier age but only when the specimens tested shows satisfactory results on its
design number of days

 Concrete is accepted / paid based on test results of specimens tested at an

overaged instead of the required age of acceptance specified for concrete. i.e. 14
days for flexural strength for Item 311 – PCCP and 28 day compressive strength
for Item 405 – Structural Concrete will be based on the strength percentage of
the Standard Graph
• Testing of materials not done in accordance with the
standard sampling and testing procedures

 By witnessing the actual performance of the laboratory technicians in the

sampling and testing of materials and or by reviewing the test worksheets on
tests performed, sampling and testing are not in accordance with the standard
requirements.

• Laboratory Testing Apparatus/Equipment are not calibrated prior

to Testing of Materials

 Testing of materials are tested using laboratory testing apparatus/

equipment that are not calibrated for long period of time which will
affect the accuracy and reliability of tests.
MATERIALS TESTING DIVISION (MTD) EQUIPMENT
------------------------
RING AND BALL APPARATUS

For Softening point test of thermoplastic paint and polymer modified

bitumen
CLEVELAND OPEN CUP FLASHPOINT TESTER

For flashpoint test of asphaltic material

AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION MACHINE

For extraction of bituminous mix

AUTOMATIC COMPACTOR MACHINE

For compaction of soil

MOTORIZED CASAGRANDE

For liquid limit test

MECHANICAL SHAKER

For sieve analysis of aggregates and soil

UTM FOR PVC SHEET PILES

For tensile strength test

CANTILEVER BEAM IMPACT MACHINE (IZOD TYPE)

For impact test on PVC-Sheet Piles

HDT/VICAT

For heat deflection test on PVC-Sheet Piles

OVEN WITH ROTATING SHELF

For determining loss of heating of asphaltic materials

SAYBOLT-FUROL VISCOMETER

For viscosity of emulsified asphalt samples

DIGITAL HOTPLATE STIRRER

For digestion of cement samples/asphaltic

materials
AIR DRYING CABINET

For air drying of aggregates and soil

1000 KN UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

For compression and tensile test of sample as

well
AIR-PERMEABILITY APPARATUS

For determining fineness of cement

VICAT APPARATUS

For initial and final setting time of mortar

MOISTURE CABINET

For mortar cubes samples

UTM FOR ITEM 1714
 7 of 7

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION (RDD)

EQUIPMENT
-------------------
TRI-AXIAL TESTER FOR SOIL Consolidation Tester for Soil
ASPHALTIC MIXTURE PERFORMANCE TESTER

For determining fatigue failure of compacted asphalt concrete subjected

to repeated flexural bending
300 KN FLEXURE FRAME

For flexure test of concrete beam samples

300 KN COMPRESSION MACHINE

For testing concrete cylinders (up to160x320mm) and cubes (up to

200mm)
END OF SLIDES
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