O`i`b`l Ijougii`si Eisgis

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Kisusug Jbfl3

0. D[QGFT
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Kisusug k`b`o r`gni` ofofguli tun`s O`t` Iubi`l Ijougii`si Eisgis

]rjnr`o Qtuki Q0-

@iugt`gsi H`iubt`s
Fijgjoi
Q[DF @@Q QVU@I@U[@
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]uji syuiur i`oi s`o `ii`g if `k` [ul`g T`gn O`l` Fs` i`rfg` efri`t r`lo`t k`g
ftugjui-Gy` i`oi k` `t ofgyfbfs`ii`g tun`s o`i`b`l kfgn`g jukub ‒]fgubis`g ]fs`g Eisgis
]frsu`sih k`g Gfn`tih‟ y`gn o`g` o`i`b`l igi kisusug efrtuju`g ugtui ofofguli
tun`s

ifbjo ji o`t` iubi`l Ijougii`si Eisgis ki Qfofstfr N`gjib igi.

^`b`u ug o`i`b`l igi ougniig iur`gn sfo urg` t` i jun` ofoibiii kft`ib y`gn auiu
jfb`s e`ni foe`a`. @k` f `t`l y`gn ofgn`t`i`g ‒[`i `k` n`kign y`gn t`i rft`i‟, i`oi
ofgy`k`ri e`lw` o`sil e`gy`i ifiur`gn`g k`b`o fgy`ji`g o`i`b`l igi. Jbfl i`rfg` itu, i`oi
ofgnl`r` i`g iritii k`g s`r`g y`gn ofoe`gnug k`ri sfou` foe`a` kfoi ifsfo urg``g
o`i`b`l igi. Qfojn` o`i`b`l igi efrnug` k`g k` `t ofg`oe`l fgnft`lu`g foe`a`.

Kfoiii`g o`i`b`l igi i`oi eu`t, ` `eib` `k` i`t`-i`t` y`gn iur`gn efrifg`g k`g
e`gy`i tfrk` `t ifiur`gn`g, i`oi ojljg o``h y`gn sfefs`r-efs`rgy`. Qfb`gjutgy`, efs`r
l`r` `g k`ri tio fgyusug sfojn` o`i`b`l igi k` `t efro`gh``t sfe`n`i rfhfrfgsi foiiir`g
e`ni il`i- il`i y`gn ofoeutuli`g, tfrut`o` `r` tfo`g o`l`sisw` k`g tfrbfeil b`ni e`ni
fgyusug sflignn` ` ` y`gn kil`r` i`g k` `t tfra` `i. @ilir i`t`, i`oi fgnua` i`g tfrio`
i`sil y`gn sfefs`r-efs`rgy`.

Qur`i`rt`, 8 Kfsfoefr 5=04

[io ]fgyusug

5
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I@[@ ]FGN@GN[@U ..........................................................................................................................5

K@H[@U DQD ...............................................................................................................................................1

E@E D............................................................................................................................................................6

]FGK@LVBV@G ......................................................................................................................................8
B`t`r Efb`i`gn ....................................................................................................................................... 8

Uuous`g O`s`b`l .................................................................................................................................. 8

[uju`g..........................................................................................................................8

E@E DD............................................................................................................................................................................ >

]FOE@L@Q@G .........................................................................................................................................>

5.0 ]frsu`sih ............................................................................................................................................ >

5.5 ]frfga`g``g ]fs`g- fs`g ]frsu`sih ............................................................................................... <

5.5.0. @g`bisis @ukifgs .......................................................................................................... <

5.5.5. ]frtioe`gn`g ]frefk``g Euk`y`.....................................................................<
5.5.1. Ofoibil ]fgkfi`t`g Jrn`gis`sijg`b .......................................................................<
5.1. Ofgnfoe`gni`g ]fs`g- fs`g ]frsu`sih ................................................................................4
5.1.0. Ofgft` i`g Irfkieibit`s ..............................................................................................4
5.1.5. Ifr`gni` @rnuofgt`si ...............................................................................................4
5.1.1. Ofoibil K`y` ]foii`t. .................................................................................... 4

5.;. Ofgubis ]froigt``g ]frsu`sih ...............................................................................................00

5.;.0. ]froigt``g ]frsu`sih Vgtui [igk`i`g ...................................................................05
5.;.5. ]froigt``g k`g ]fgn`ku`g ]frsu`sih ugtui ]fgyfsu`i`g ...................................06
5.6. Qtr`tfni ]fgnjrn`gis`si`g ]fs`g- fs`g Gfn`tih (E`k Gfws) ..............................................0>
5.6.0 Ofgai t`i`g @ukifgaf-Afgtfrfk
[jgf......................................................0>
5.6.5 Ofoibil ]fgkfi`t`g Jrn`gis`sijg`b .......................................................................0<
5.8. Ofgnijougii`sii`g Dghjro`si k`g C`w`e`g Gfn`tih (E`k Gfws) ..................................5=
5.8.0 E`k-gfws tfgt`gn rjkui.................................................................................5=
5.8.5 ]fgjb`i`g Ifrj` s`o` ..................................................................................................5=

1
 5.8.1 ]fgjb`i`g
Vgk`gn`g........................................................................................50
5.> ]fgy`o `i`g E`k-gfws If
]fb`gnn`g ....................................................................................50
5.>.0 E`k-gfws [fgt`gn ]fs`g`g ...............................................................................................55
5.>.5 ]fgjb`i`g Qur`t ]fgn`ku`g k`g Ifbul`g ..........................................................................55
5.>.1 Ofgnn`gti ]rjkui........................................................................................51
5.>.; [ik`i Ofofguli ]fs`g`g .....................................................................................................51
E@E DDD...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5;
]FGV[V].................................................................................................. 5;
1.0.
Ifsio ub`g ........................................................................................................................................ 5;
1.5. Q`r`g................................................................................................................................. 5
6

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0.0 B`t`r Efb`i`gn

Ijougii`si `k`b`l su`tu `s fi ifliku `g o`gusi` y`gn `bign ofgk`s`r, fgtign, k`g
ijo bfis. Ifliku `g sfl`ri-l`ri iit` s`gn`t ki fgn`ruli jbfl ijougii`si iit` sfgkiri kfgn`g
jr`gn b`ig, e`li`g jbfl fs`g y`gn efr`s`b k`ri jr`gn y`gn iit` tik`i t`lu (wf a`g gjt gjt
ajoougia`tijg).
K`b`o rjsfs ijougii`si, `k` bio` fbfofg k`s`r y`gn kiifoui`i`g jbfl
L`rjbk B`sswfbb kfgn`g istib`l ‒^lj Q`ys ^l`t ig ^lial Al`ggfb tj ^ljo witl ^l`t
Fhhfat‟. Ifbio` fbfofg k`s`r tfrsfeut `k`b`l ^lj (suoefr `t`u ijougii`tjr), Q`ys ^l`t (
fs`g), ig
^lial Al`ggfb (Q`bur`g), tj ^ljo (]fgfrio`), witl ^l`t Fhhfat (Fhfi `t`u k`o `i). Bio`
fbfofg k`s`r k`ri ijougii`si y`gn kiifoui`i`g jbfl L`rjbk B`swfbb ki `t`s `i`g
eis` ofoe`gtu `r` ijougii`tjr k`b`o ofgj`b`gi`g tun`s oubi`gy`.
Efrl`sib tik`igy` su`tu ijougii`si tfrn`gtugn k`ri ifbio` fbfofg k`s`r
tfrsfeut. E`n`io`g` ijougii`tjr eis` ofo fgn`ruli ijougii`ggy`, sflignn` eis` efrtigk`i
sfsu`i kfgn`g ` ` y`gn kil`r` i`g jbfl ijougii`tjr, e`li`g eis` ofrue`l sii` k`g frib`iu
k`ri ijougii`g tfrsfeut. G`oug, ijougii`tjr, fs`g, s`bur`g y`gn e`n`io`g` y`gn
`i`g eis` ofrue`l sii` k`g frib`iu ijougii`g, sfrt` frue`l`g y`gn e`n`io`g` y`gn kil`r`
i`g l`rus ofgj`ki frl`ti`g s`gn`t efs`r e`ni iit` sfou`.

Qfirign efrj`b`ggy` w`itu, sfti` o`ilbui `i`g efrue`l. Q`o` l`bgy` kfgn`g ijgkisi
o`gusi` sfe`n`i b`ijg ut`o` k`b`o ifliku `g igi. O`gusi` sfe`n`i fb`iu ijougii`si tfrefs`r
ki kugi` igi. Efreia`r` o`gusi` k`g ifliku `g sjsi`b y`gn ki k`b`ogy` tfrj`ki
rjsfs ijougii`si, o`i` sfirign frue`l`g `b`o, ijougii`si ug `i`g efrue`l. Efrue`l
sfsu`i
frifoe`gn`g z`o`g `t`u bfeil j ub`r kfgn`g istib`l ifijgtfo jrfr`g. Qfe`n`i igs`g
ijougii`si, fgtign iir`gy` iit` ofo fb`j`ri ofgnfg`i hfgjofg` y`gn tfrj`ki `k` rjsfs
frue`l`g ijougii`si k`ri kubu lignn` s``t igi.
[uju`ggy` `k`b`l `n`r tfrwujukgy` ijougii`si fhfitih. Ki k`b`o ijougii`si o`gusi`

6
ofgy`o `ii`ggy` k` `t ofb`bui fs`g (tik`i b`gnsugn) `t`u sfa`r` t`t` oui` (b`gnsugn).
]fs`g y`gn kis`o `ii`g k` `t efru ` fs`g e`ii (njjk gfws) `t`u fs`g eurui/gfn`tih (e`k

6
gfws). Ki sfeu`l frus`l``g fgy`o `i`g fs`g e`ii (njjk gfws) s`gn`t kil`r` i`g ki k`b`o
frifoe`gn`g eisgis, g`oug fs`g- fs`g y`gn kis`o `ii`g k`b`o eisgis tik`i sfb`bu
ofgyfg`gni`g. O`i` k`ri itu fgubis`g fs`g eurui/gfn`tih (e`k gfws) s`gn`t fgtign ugtui
kie`l`s k`b`o o`i`b`l y`gn i`oi susug igi.

0.5 Uuous`g O`s`b`l

0. @ ` y`gn kisfeut kfgn`g fs`g frsu`sih :

5. Ijo jgfg ` ` s`j` y`gn `k` k`b`o fs`g frsu`sih :

1. E`n`io`g` fgnjrn`gis`si`g @DK@ ugtui fs`g frsu`sih :
;. L`b ` ` s`j` y`gn o`o u ofo friu`t fs`g- fs`g frsu`sih :
6. E`n`io`g` str`tfni fgnjrn`gis`si`g fs`g gfn`tih (e`k gfws):
8. E`n`io`g` ofgnijougii`sii`g j`w`e`g k`g ighjro`si gfn`tih (e`k gfws):
>. E`n`io`g` a`r` fgy`o `i`g efrit` eurui/gfn`tih (e`k gfws) if `ukifgs/ fb`gnn`g:

0.1 [uju`g

@k` `ug tuju`g o`i`b`l igi kisusug `k`b`l sfe`n`i efriiut 3

0. Vgtui ofgjfb`si`g efefr` ` ijo jgfg fs`g- fs`g frsu`sih
5. Ofgnighjro`sii`g rfga`g` jrn`gis`sijg`b @DK@ ugtui fs`g frsu`sih 1.

Vgtui ofgnikfgtihii`si efefr` ` `b`t ugtui ofo friu`t fs`g frsu`sih

;. Ofoefrii`g fgjfb`s`g ofgnfg`i iugai fgubis`g fs`g frsu`sih
6. Vgtui ofgnft`lui k`g ofo`l`oi a`r` fgubis`g fs`g gfn`tih (e`k gfws)
8. Ofgjfb`si`g str`tfni fgnjrn`gis`si`g fs`g gfn`tih (e`k gfws)
>. Vgtui ofo`l`oi a`r` fgy`o `i`g efrit` eurui/gfn`tih (e`k gfws) if
`ukifgs/ fb`gnn`g
<. Vgtui ofofguli tun`s `k` o`t` iubi`l Ijougii`si Eisgis

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 E@E DD
]FOE@L@Q@G

5.0 ]frsu`sih

]frsu`si efr`s`b k`ri frsu`sij y`gn i`t` ifrj`gy` `k`b`l frsu`kfrf y`gn
efr`rti ofoeujui, ofgn`j`i, `t`u ofr`yu. C`ki, frsu`si `k`b`l sfti` us`l` ugtui ofo
fgn`ruli tigk`i`g `t`u fgib`i`g jr`gn b`ig kfgn`g a`r` efreia`r` `t`u kfgn`g ofgubis if `k`
ofrfi` (vfre`b o`u ug gjgvfre`b).
Ofgurut I. @gkffrsjg, ijougii`si frsu`sih kikfhigisii`g sfe`n`i frib`iu ijougii`si
y`gn ofo ugy`i tuju`g ofgnue`l ify`iig`g, sii` `t`u frib`iu igkiviku `t`u ifbjo ji b`ig
ofb`bui tr`gsoisi efefr` ` fs`g.
Ofgurut U. Ejstrjo e`lw` ijougii`si frsu`sih `k`b`l frib`iu ijougii`si y`gn efrtuju`g
ofgnue`l, ofojkihii`si `t`u ofoefgtui rfs jg (sii` `t`u frib`iu) k`ri fgfrio`.

Ofgurut Eurnjg k`g Luhhgfr, ijougii`si frsu`sih `k`b`l rjsfs ijougii`si y`gn
efrtuju`g ofo fgn`ruli foiiir`g k`g fgk` `t jr`gn b`ig `n`r ofgyfsu`ii`g fgk` `t k`g
ifignig`g ijougii`tjr.
]frsu`si ofru `i`g su`tu us`l` ofgnue`l sii` , if fra`y``g, `t`u tigk`i`g `ukifgs
ugtui ofga` `i su`tu tuju`g. ]frsu`si y`gn fhfitih `k`b`l ifo`o u`g ugtui ofgy`o `ii`g
su`tu fs`g kfgn`g a`r` ofoeu`t `ukifgs ( foe`a` `t`u fgkfgn`r) ofr`s` ofo ugy`i ibil`g
k`g ofoeu`t ofrfi` sftuju.
Ki k`b`o su`tu jrn`gis`si, fs`g- fs`g frsu`sih kio`isuki`g ugtui ofgju`b ikf `t`u n`n`s`g
if `k` jr`gn b`ig, ofoefr s`r`g `n`r rjsfkur j fr`sijg`b bfeil fhisifg, ofgnuo ubi`g
kuiugn`g ugtui su`tu ifni`t`g tfrtfgtu k`g ugtui ofoigt` e`gtu`gk`g` e`ni su`tu
foei`y``g
rjyfi tfrtfgtu. Qfk`gni`g ugtui if fgtign`g fistfrg`b frus`l``g ajgtjl ifni`t`g
fgy`o `i`g fs`g- fs`g frsu`sih efru ` froigt``g `t`u ighjro`si y`gn efrsih`t
ofgyfg`gni`g, `t`u ifni`t`g ugtui ofgk` `ti`g k`g` k`g ifrj` s`o`.
]fs`g- fs`g frsu`si efrtuju`g ugtui 3
`. Ofo fgn`ruli `ukifgs y`gn afgkfrugn ofo frt`l`gi`g ikf `t`u n`n`s`ggy`.
e. Ofgju`b ikf/n`n`s`g if `k` jr`gn b`ig.
a. Ofoefri s`r`g `n`r rjsfkur j fr`sijg`b bfeil fhisifg.
k. Ofgnuo ubi`g su`tu kuiugn`g ugtui ifni`t`g tfrtfgtu, k`g
>
 f. Ofoigt` e`gtu`g k`g` e`ni foei`y``g su`tu rjyfi tfrtfgtu.
O`i` k`ri itu, fs`g- fs`g frsu`si uouogy` bfeil b`o`, bfeil rigai, k`g tfrn`gtugn `k`
frfga`g``g str`tfnis y`gn ift`t.

5.5. ]frfga`g``g ]fs`g- fs`g ]frsu`sih

O`ri Eurgftt k`b`o Ejvff & [libb (5==>3 1<;) Eisgis y`gn efrl`sib efrs`gk`r `k`
fs`g- fs`g frsu`sih k`b`o ijougii`si igtfrg`b o`u ug fistfrg`b.
]fs`g- fs`g frsu`si kioub`i kfgn`g ofb`iui`g `g`bisis `ukifgs, ofo frtioe`gni`g
frefk``g euk`y`, k`g ofoibil fgkfi`t`g kirfat `t`u igkirfat. ]fs`g- fs`g frsu`si jun`
efrtuju`g ugtui ofojtiv`si `ukifgs ugtui ofb`iui`g sfsu`tu o`i` k`ri itu ijougii`tjr
l`rus ofgnft`lui irfkieibit`s, ofgyusug ifr`gni` `rnuofgt`si, ofoibil k`y`
fg`rii k`g ofo friu`t jsisi iftii` ofgnfoe`gni`g fs`g- fs`g y`gn kis`o `ii`g.
Efriiut `k`b`l rjsfs frfga`g``g fs`g frsu`sih3

5.5.0. @g`bisis @ukifgs

]fgy`o `i`g fs`g- fs`g frsu`sih tfre`ii `k`b`l kfgn`g ofgnlueugni`g su`tu fs`g
kfgn`g oig`t k`g l`sr`t `ukifgs. Vgtui ofgn`ijojk`sii`g frefk``g igkiviku`b ijougii`tjr
l`rus ofgn`g`bisis `ukifgsgy` ifouki`g ijougii`tjr l`rus ofgyusug su`tu fs`g y`gn k` `t
ofofguli ifeutul`g `ukifgs. Ofb`bui `g`bisis `ukifgs sfa`r` tf `t, fgy`o `i`g fs`g- fs`g
frsu`sivf k` `t kib`iui`g sfa`r` fhfitih.

5.5.5. ]frtioe`gn`g ]frefk``g Euk`y`

]fo`l`o`g tfrl`k` frefk``g euk`y` `i`g ofoe`gtu ijougii`tjr k`b`o ofou`si`g
`ukifgs sfb`ig itu jun` `i`g ofoe`gtu e`n`io`g` `ukifgs ofo`gk`gnijougii`tjr. Iftii`
ijougii`tjr ofoefrii`g frsu`si ugtui euk`y` y`gn efrefk`, o`i` a`r` y`gn kinug`i`g jun`
`sti `i`g efrefk`. Ois`bgy`, ki Qwfki` `ukifgs afgkfrugn hjius tfrl`k` frt`gy``g-
frt`gy``g tfjritis k`g io bii`si str`tfnis sfk`gni`g ki @ofrii` `r` `ukifgs bfeil afgkfrugn
ugtui hjius tfrl`k` l`b-l`by`gn efrsih`t tfigis k`g r`itis.

5.5.1. Ofoibil ]fgkfi`t`g Jrn`gis`sijg`b

K`b`o ofoy`o `ii`g fs`g- fs`g frsu`sih ijougii`tjr k` `t
ofgnnug`i`g fgkfi`t`g t`i b`gnsugn (igkirfat ` rj`al). G`oug jii` `ukifgs
efrsih`t
<
jejfitih `t`u `ukifgs bfeil sui` ofgkfgn`r fs`g- fs`g y`gn kis`o `ii`g
sfa`r` sfnfr`, fgkfi`t`g jrn`gis`sijg`b y`gn tf `t `k`b`l fgkfi`t`g b`gnsugn
(kirfat ` rj`al).

5.1. Ofgnfoe`gni`g ]fs`g- fs`g ]frsu`sih

L`b y`gn fgtign k`b`o ofgy`o `ii`g fs`g- fs`g frsu`sih `k`b`l ijougii`tjr l`rus o`o
u ofy`iigi`g `ukifgs e`lw` ikf y`gn kis`o `ii`g k` `t ki frt`gnnugn j`w`ei`g k`g
efr`b`s`g.
]frsu`si y`gn fhfitih ofga`iu fo `t ijo jgfg fgtign, y`itu ofgft` i`g irfkieibit`s,
ofoeu`t ifr`gni` `rnuofgt`si `ukifgs, ofgnlueugni`g `ukifgs kfgn`g l`b-l`b y`gn bjnis
k`g ofo friu`t jsisi kfgn`g ofgnnug`i`g e`l`s` y`gn e`ii k`g tf `t.
5.1.0. Ofgft` i`g Irfkieibit`s
Irfkieibit`s kitfgtui`g jbfl sfj`ul o`g` tigni`t if fra`y``g k`g
if`gk`b`g ijougii`tjr ki l`k` `g `ukifgs. Cii` ijougii`tjr tik`i k` `t ofgnl`k`
i
`ukifgskfgn`g tf `t, o`i` `ukifgs `i`g afgkfrugn efrsii` sif tis k`g tik`i `i`g ofgfrio`

efnitu s`j` sfti` ` ` y`gn kis`o `ii`g ijougii`tjr. Irfkieibit`s `k`b`l i` `eibit`s
ugtui ki fra`y` jbfl jr`gn b`ig.
Q`b`l s`tu a`r` ugtui ofguoeuli`g irfkieibit`s sfsfjr`gn `k`b`l ofb`bui h`it`. Qfou`
efgtui kjiuofg, hibf, st`tistii, j`oig`g k`g l`sib risft ofru `i`g euiti jejfitih y`gn k` `t
ofgkuiugn irfkieibit`s.
A`r`-a`r` b`ig ugtui ofgkuiugn irfkieibit`s `gt`r` b`ig
3 0. j`kib`l sfsfjr`gn y`gn `lbi k`b`o eik`gn tfrtfgtu9
5. `gtusis`s tfrl`k` o`tfri y`gn kis`o `ii`g9
1. jejfitih k`b`o ofb`iui`g fgib`i`g `i`g sfsu`tu9
;. sii` ljro`t k` `t ofoe`gtu ofohjiusi`g ifeutul`g `ukifgs9
6. ifjujur`g k` `t ofguoeuli`g rfs fi `ukifgs, igtfgsit`s y`gn e`ii k` `t
ofoe`gtu ofgigni`ti`g oig`t `ukifgs
8. k`g fgn`b`o`g b`t`r efb`i`gn, e`ii sii` o`u ug if fra`y``g sfefbuogy`
y`gn k` `t ofoe`gtu ofgnikfgtihii`si `ukifgs.

5.1.5. Ifr`gni` @rnuofgt`si

Ife`gy`i`g fs`g- fs`g frsu`sih ofgniiuti rfga`g` jrn`gis`sijg`b @DK@ ( @ttfgtijg,
4
Dgtfrfst, Kfsirf, @atijg), fgnfrti`g k`ri o`sign-o`sign hugnsi igi kijfb`si`g sfe`n`i efriiut 3

4
`. @ttfgtijg ( frl`ti`g)
]`k` h`sf igi ijougii`tjr l`rus sfnfr` k` `t ofy`iigi`g `ukifgs ki e`ni`g froub``g
e`lw` ijougii`tjr ofo ugy`i sfsu`tu y`gn efrnug` ugtui kis`o `ii`g. ]frifg`bi`g `ukifgs
kfgn`g su`tu o`s`b`l `t`u ikf y`gn k` `t ofoeu`t ofrfi` o`u ofgkfgn`r fs`g- fs`g y`gn
`i`g kis`o `ii`g.

e. Dgtfrfst (oig`t)
]`k` h`sf igi, ijougii`tjr ofgjfb`si`g rfbfv`gsi fs`g- fs`g kfgn`g
`ukifgs.
]frgy`t``g y`gn tfb`l kis`o `ii`g `k` h`sf frt`o` kiifoe`gni`g kfgn`g `n`i
rigai. [uju`ggy` `k`b`l e`n`io`g` `ukifgs o`o u efr iiir. Lueugni`g `t`u i`iti`g fs`g-
fs`g y`gn `i`g kis`o `ii`g kfgn`g o`gh``t sfa`r` s fsihii y`gn k` `t kigiio`ti jbfl `ukifgs.

a. Kfsirf (l`sr`t)
Ki h`sf igi, ijougii`tjr ofoeu`t `ukifgs ugtui ofgnue`l ifignig`gy`

kfgn`g ofgjfb`si`g e`n`io`g` frue`l`g y`gn kib`iui`g k` `t ofoefrii`g o`gh``t y`gn bfeil

e`ii
e`ni `ukifgs. ]`stii`g e`lw` ` `ug euiti `i`g kinug`i`g ugtui ofoeuitii`g n`n`s`g sfa`r`
b`gnsugn rfbfv`g kfgn`g jiji e`l`s`ggy`.

k. @atijg (tigk`i`g)
K`b`o h`sf igi ijougii`tjr ofgy`r`gi`g tigk`i`g s fsihii y`gn kiignigi`g ijougii`tjr
tfrl`k` `ukifgs. Qfb`gjutgy`, frbu kiign`ti`g ifoe`bi e`n`io`g` `ukifgs `i`g ofo frjbfl
o`gh``t k`ri tigk`i`g y`gn `i`gkib`iui`g tfrsfeut. T`gn bfeil fgtign `k`b`l e`n`io`g`
ofo frouk`l `ukifgs ugtui tigk`i`g tfrsfeut.

5.1.1. Ofoibil K`y` ]foii`t.

Ife`gy`i`g fs`g- fs`g frsu`si ofgnnug`i`g k`y` foii`t kfgn`g bjnii` (bjnia`b
` f`bs) k`g k`y` foii`t y`gn fojsijg`b (fojtijg`b ` f`b) ugtui ofb`iui`g frsu`si
`ukifgs.
`. ]foii`t Fojsijg`b
Ijougii`tjr k` `t ofo`gh``ti`g fojsi y`gn kib`gk`si kfgn`g su`tu `rnuofgt`si `t`u
k`b`o efgtui sio `ti if `k` `ukifgs sfb`o` foii`t fojsijg`b (fojtijg`b ` f`b) tfrsfeut
0=
s`gn`t iu`t. Ijougii`tjr k` `tofgnnug`i` `t`u ofoibil i`t`-i`t` y`gn s`gn`t efr fgn`rul
`k` fojsi sfsfjr`gn, ois`bgy` ofrkfi`, s`b`o su fr, bu`r ei`s`.
e. ]foii`t Bjnii`
Iftii` `i`g ofoii`t bjnii` `ukifgs, nug`i`g s`b`l s`tu k`ri tin` jfgis `b`s`g efriiut
igi 3
• @g`bjni
@g`bjni `k`b`l ofgnnug`i`g su`tu `b`s`g k`ri euiti-euiti s fsihii ofguju euiti-euiti s
fsihii ub`.
• Dgkuisi
Dgkuisi `k`b`l ofoefrii`g `b`s`g k`ri euiti-euiti s fsihii ofgujuifsio ub`g uouo.
• Kfkuisi
Kfkuisi `k`b`l foefri`g `b`s`g k`ri y`gn efrsih`t uouo ugtui ifsio ub`g y`gn
s fsihii.
L`b-l`b y`gn l`rus kiligk`ri k`b`o k`y` t`rii bjnis3
✓ Ligk`ri nfgfr`bis`si y`gn tfrnfs`-nfs`
✓ Ligk`ri Bjnii` Efr ut`r
✓ Ligk`ri ofgyfr`gn b`w`g
✓ Ligk`ri ofgyfkfrl`g`i`g isu y`gn ruoit
✓ Ligk`ri ifs`b`l`g `suosi sfe`e-`iie`t
✓ Ligk`ri `g`bjni ifbiru
✓ Ligk`ri kuiugn`g tik`i bjnis

a. ]frtioe`gn`g Ftii`
]fb`iu eisgis l`rus sfa`r` ftis ofgnighjro`sii`g if `k` `r` fb`gnn`g l`b y`gn
efri`it`g kfgn`g o`gh``t ikf, jrn`gis`si, rjkui `t`u tigk`i`g tfrtfgtu sflignn` `r` fb`gnn`g
k` `t ofgn`iui eft` ` e`iigy` su`tu ikf, jrn`gis`si, rjkui, `t`u tigk`i`g tfrt`gtu y`gn k` `t
ofofguli ifeutul`g ofrfi`. [ugjuii`g su`tu frl`ti`g if `k` `ukifgs kfgn`g ofgn`kj si sii`
`ukifgs kfgn`g frl`ti`g y`gn jujur ugtui k` `t ofofguli ifeutul`g k`g oig`t ofrfi`.
Ifsfioe`gn`g ki`gt`r` foii`t fojsijg`b k`g foii`t bjnii` efrn`gtugn `k` fo `t
h`itjr fgtign y`itu3
0) tigk`i`g y`gn kil`r` i`g, 5)

l`r` `g `ukifgs,

00
1) tigni`t rfsistfgsi y`gn l`ruski`t`si, k`g

;) sfefr` ` j`ul ijougii`tjr ofgju`b ikf/n`n`s`g tfrsfeut if `k` `ukifgs.

5. ;. Ofgubis ]froigt``g ]frsu`sih

L`b y`gn `bign fgtign iftii` ofgyusug froigt``g frsu`sih ( frsu`sivf rfqufst )
ugtui su`tu tigk`i`g `k`b`l tft` ofgj`n` e`t`s-e`t`s froigt``ggy`. ]frbu frl`ti`g ilusus
tfrl`k` o`gh``t y`gn kik` `t e`ii sfa`r` b`gnsugn `t`u t`i b`gnsugn k`b`o
ofoguli
froigt``g tfrsfeut.
O`gh``t b`gnsugn ( kirfat efgfhit ) froigt``g frsu`sih ofbi uti fgnur`gn`g efe`g
ifrj` sfjr`gn su frvisjr `t`u ofoefrii`g rfoi if `k` sfsfjr`gn y`gnofoefrii`g t`gnn` `g
`t`s survfy. O`gh``t t`i b`gnsugn (igkirfat efgfhits) froigt``g frsu`sih ofbi uti fgigni`t`g
`t`u fre`ii`g ojr`b i`ry`w`g k`g fgigni`t`g rfstisf `t`u t`gt`gn`g ugtui
ofoeu`t ijgtrieusi y`gn efr`rti e`ni frus`l``g.
[in` ifs`b`l`g uouo k`b`o fs`g frsu`sih `k`b`l3

`. [uju`g y`gn ignig kis`o `ii`g n`n`b kijfb`si`g sflignn` ofgnl`oe`t ofguju t`l`
frfga`g``g.
e. N`n`b fis rfsii`g tuju`g `gk` kfgn`g jfb`s if `k` `ukifgs `gk`. K`b`o l`b
igi iftik`igy`o`g`g kfgn`g ikf ofoigt` sfsfjr`gn ofoefri w`itu, u`gn `t`u
ajgsikfrs b`ig, tft` i eib` `gk` tik`i ofoigt`, ifougniig`ggy` `k`b`l `gk` tik`i `i`g
ofgk` `t rfs jgs jsitih.
a. N`n`b ofgy`k`ri e`lw` if utus`g y`gn `gk` ignigi`g `n`r ki utusi`g jbfl sfsfjr`gn
`k`b`l tfrb`bu ijo bfis `t`u efrisiij ugtui k` `t tfrj`ki k`b`o s`tu bjo `t`g.

5.;.0. ]froigt``g ]frsu`sih Vgtui [igk`i`g

]froigt``g frsu`sih ugtui tigk`i`g k` `t efru ` sur`t froigt``g fgigni`t`g
`gnn`r`g `t`u sfsu`tu y`gn ofgyfg`gni`g, sfe`iigy` ofgnnug`i`g frfga`g``g
jrn`gis`sijg`b @DK@ iftii` ofrfga`g`i`g fs`g- fs`g frsu`sih tfrsfeut.
]`k` i`bio`t foeui` nug`i`gb`l i`bio`t y`gn o`o u ofg`rii frl`ti`g foe`a`
y`gn ofgugjuii`g e`lw` fgubis s`gn`t ofgnft`lui sfsu`tu y`gn kieutuli`g k`g kil`r` i`g
foe`a`. Ki s`o ign itu nug`i`gb`l fs`g frsu`sih y`gn efrsih`t ofouji `t`u ofgy`gjugn
foe`a`, l`b igi s`gn`t ofoe`gtu k`b`o fgubis`g fs`g- fs`g frsu`sih k`g kiefg`ri`g.

05
 ]`k` e`ni`g frtfgn`l`g, nug`i`g i`bio`t y`gn o`o u ofg`rii oig`t k`g l`r` `g
foe`a` foe`a` y`gn ofga`iu ` ` y`gn sfefg`rgy` kiift`lui fgubis ofgnfg`i su`tu
ijgkisi k`g jun` tigk`i`g y`gn kil`r` i`g fgubis kik`s`ri jbfl h`it`y`gn `k`, o`gh``t e`gtu`g,
k`g fgn`b`o`g y`gn k` `t ofgkjrjgn oig`t foe`a`.
Qftfb`l fs`g y`gn `i`g kis`o `ii`g kir`s` tfb`l rfbfv`g kfgn`g foe`a`,o`i`
`ilirib`l tubis`g kfgn`g froigt``l `t`u frojljg`g y`gn s fsihii

Ajgtjl3

Kfg `s`r, 8 @ rib 5=00

Gj 3 ==0/QI/DX/5=00
B` 3 ---
L`b 3 ]frojljg`g Ifrj` Q`o`

If `k` Ttl3
E` `i @bfx
Ki [fo `t
Kfg `s`r

[frio`i`sil `t`s w`itu y`gn kisfki`i`g eu`t s`y` ugtui efreia`r` kfgn`g e` `i ifo`rig
tfgt`gn efefr` ` ikf iis`l tfigjbjni j`o t`gn`g.
Q`y` iir` ‒ [lf Arf`tijg jh ` ^`tal‟ eis` ofgj`ki ikf e`nus. Q`y` ignig ofg`w`ri`g
fbu`gn if `k` e` `i ugtui ofgnugjugni O`alj ^`vnfs ki Ujbby, Gfw Cfrsfy k`g
ofoe`l`sgy` kfgn`g igsigyur, fr`ga`gn, k`g tfg`n` fo`s`r`g e`n`io`g` sfsugnnulgy`
sfeu`l j`o t`gn`g ki rjkuisi - oub`i k`ri `w`b lignn` `ilir.
Iit` k` `t ofb`iui`g b`gni`l-b`gni`l ugtui efreia`r` kfgn`g jr`gn y`gn ofgkuiugn3
. Uisft k`g fgnfoe`gn`g
. [figjbjni rjkui
. Kis`ig
. fo`s`r`g o`ss`b

01
 @i`g s`y` sfeuti`g e`lw` O`alj `k`b`l s`tu k`ri efefr` ` frus`l``g y`gn ofo rjkuisi
j`o t`gn`g ki @ofrii` - tf `tgy` ki Ujbby, Gfw Cfrsfy.
Q`y` `i`g sfnfr` ofgnlueugni e` `i ugtui ofgnft`lui ` `i`l i`oi k` `t ofgyusug
iugjugn`g e`ni e` `i.
Kfoiii`g i`oi s`o `ii`g, tfrio`i`sil frl`ti`g `gk`. I`oi efrl`r` iit` eis` efifrj` s`o`
k`b`o rjyfi igi.

Ljro`t i`oi,

Cjlg Kjf
@aajugt Fxfautivf

][. QVU@[ QVU@[

Cb. Qur`t sur`t Vs`l` Gj. 0 C`i`rt` E`r`t , Dgkjgfsi` 051;6 [fb . =05 1;6 8><4

Gj3 =>/Q -][QQ/D/5=5= C`i`rt`,0 C`gu`ri 5=5=

If `k` Ttl. E i.
Qy`r`t Qur`t

Kirfitur
][ Qur`t Ifrt`s
Cb. Qur`t Q`iti-Gj. 0 @
Ejnjr-C`w` E`r`t
051;68

Kfgn`g Ljro`t,

Efrk`s`ri`g ighjro`si y`gn i`oi frjbfl k`ri ijr`g Qur`t E`ru e`lw` @gk` ofga`ri `nfg
ugtui rjkui Ifrt`s ki Dgkjgfsi`. ]frus`l``g i`oi ignig ofgk`ht`ri`g kiri ugtui ofgj`ki `nfg

0;
tugnn`b rjkui @gk` tfrsfeut.

0;
 I`oi tfb`l efr fgn`b`o`g ofgj`ki `nfg ugtui efefr` ` rjkui k`ri frus`l``g- frus`l``g
y`gn `k` ki Dgkjgfsi`. ]fgn`b`o`g tfrsfeut kil`r` i`g ofgj`ki e`l`g frtioe`gn`g
@gk`. I`oi si` efrkisiusi kfgn`g @gk`.
@t`s frtioe`gn`g k`g ifrj` s`o` y`gn e`ii, i`oi ua` i`g tfrio` i`sil

Ljro`t i`oi,

(Qur`to`g)
Kirfitur ]fgju`b`g

5. ;.5. ]froigt``g k`g ]fgn`ku`g ]frsu`sih ugtui ]fgyfsu`i`g

Qur`t fgn`ku`g frsu`sih afgkfrugn ofrujui `k` sur`t fgn`ku`g `t`u sur`t ifbul`g
(ajo b`igt bfttfr ), tuju`ggy` `k`b`l ofb`iui`g frsu`si if `k` jr`gn b`ig ugtui ofb`iui`g
fgyfsu`i`g- fgyfsu`i`g y`gn ki frbui`g. Kisigi frbu kitugjuii`g frefk``g `gt`r` ` `
fgubis l`r` `g kfgn`g ` ` y`gn sfefg`rgy` tfb`l kitfrio` fgubis.
Ife`gy`i`g sur`t fgn`ku`g (ab`io bfttfr ) kioub`i kfgn`g fgy`o `i`g fs`g- fs`g
rutig. G`oug kfoiii`g, k` `t jun` kitubis sur`t fgn`ku`g frsu`sih y`gn ofg`oe`li`g euiti
t`oe`l`g k`g ofgnnug`i`g tfigii y`gn bfeil ofg`rii frl`ti`g foe`a`.

@. Ofg`rii ]frl`ti`g
0. Vgtui foeui``g nug`i`g fkjo`g efriiut igi3
✓ ]uji`g y`gn tubus

]frgy`t``g y`gn tik`i ofofrbui`g j`w`e`g
✓ Ijofgt`r `t`u frgy`t``g y`gn tik`i kisftujui
✓ ]frgy`t``g ofgnfg`i o`s`b`l k`s`r, `t`u
✓ I`ji`g ub`gn signi`t ofgnfg`i ` ` y`gn tfb`l kib`iui`g ofgnfg`i o`s`b`l itu
1. Ki e`ni`g `w`b, gy`t`i`g sfsu`tu y`gn k` `t `gk` k`g fgfrio` sftujui `t`u y`gn `gk`
ignig y`iigi`g `k` fgfrio`

E. Oig`t k`g Ifignig`g

0) Gy`t`i`g sfou` h`it` k`g rigai`g y`gn frbu, k`g j`big kfgn`g o`gh``t fgfrio`.

06
 5) Efrii`gb`l ur`i`g y`gn ofgugjuii`g if `k` fgfrio` e`lw` frus`l``g ofrfi`
efrt`gnnugn j`w`e `t`s o`s`b`l k`g e`lw` froigt``g `gk` gy`t`, bjnis, k`g efr`b`s`g
1) Doe`u fr`s``g fgfrio` ugtui efrsii` `kib, ofgnignigi`g gi`t e`ii k`g fb`gnn`g,
frbugy` rf ut`si e`ii, `t`u r`s` t`gnnugn j`w`e bfn`b `t`u ojr`b
;) [fi`gi`g s`s`r`g `gk` ugtui ofo frjbfl fgyfsu`i`g
6) Q`jii`g i`sus `gk` kfgn`g a`r` y`gn tfg`gn k`g bjnis
8) Efrit`lu fgfrio` e`n`io`g` fr`s``g `gk`9 r`s` ifafw` tfrl`k` rjkui, ifeij`i`g,
`t`u j`s` y`gn kiefrii`g ougniig e`ni`g tfr fgtign k`ri `rnuofg `gk`

A. [igk`i`g
0. ]`stii`g tigk`i`g y`gn koigt` `k`b`l ifsio ub`g y`gn bjnis efrk`s`ri`g o`s`b`l
k`g h`it` y`gn kiut`r`i`g
5. Gy`t`i`g froigt``g sfa`r` s fsihii k`g y`iig
1. [fgtui`g e`t`s t`gnn`b (i`b`u ofo`gn tf `t)
;. Gy`t`i`g o`gh``t ut`o` e`ni fgfrio` sfe`n`i fgnign`t o`gh``t k`b`o
frgy`t``g y`gn bfeil `w`b
Ajgtjl

][. QVU@[ QVU@[

Cb. Qur`t sur`t Vs`l` Gj. 0 C`i`rt` E`r`t , Dgkjgfsi` 051;6 [fb . =05 1;6 8><4

Gj3 =6/Q]-][QQ/D/5=5= C`i`rt`,05 C`gu`ri 5=5=

If `k` Ttl. E i.
Qy`r`t Qur`t
O`g`jfr ]fgju`b`g
][ Qur`t Ifrt`s
Cb. Qur`t Q`iti-Gj. 0 @
Ejnjr-C`w` E`r`t
051;68

08
Kfgn`g Ljro`t
[frio` i`sil `t`s fgnirio`g e`r`gn y`gn suk`l tie` ki frus`l``g i`oi ifo`rig `ni.
Q`y`gngy`, iu`bit`s e`r`gn-e`r`gn y`gn kiiirioi`g tik`i sfsu`i kfgn`g l`r` `g
i`oi
efrk`s`ri`g ajgtjl y`gn i`oi frjbfl k`ri frus`l``g @gk`. Qfou` rjkui y`gn kiiirioi`g
ofoibiii iu`bit`s y`gn eurui. G`oug, i`oi y`iig e`lw` igi ofru `i`g ifb`b`i`g
iftii` ofo frsi` i`g fs`g`g i`oi.
I`oi tfgtu s`j` tik`i ofoibiii ibil`g b`ig sfb`ig ofoigt` @gk` ugtui ofgnn`gti e`r`gn
tfrsfeut kfgn`g e`r`gn y`gn sfsu`i kfgn`g iu`bit`s y`gn i`oi fs`g. I`oi efrl`r` `n`r @gk`
k` `t ofgyfbikiii o`s`b`l igi. I`rfg` e`r`gn y`gn i`oi fs`g s`gn`t kieutuli`g o`i` i`oi
ojljg ugtui sfnfr` kiiirio e`r`gn fgnn`gtigy`. @t`s ifrj` frl`ti`g k`g ifrj` s`o`gy`,
i`oi ua` i`g tfrio` i`sil.

Ljro`t i`oi,

(Qur`to`g)
O`g`jfr ]fgju`b`g

5.6. Qtr`tfni ]fgnjrn`gis`si`g ]fs`g- fs`g Gfn`tih (E`k Gfws)

Iftii` ofoefrii`g t`gnn` `g `t`s ifbul`g fb`gnn`g,
ofgnijougii`sii`g
fro`s`b`l`g tfgt`gn fs`g`g, `t`u ofoefrit`lui`g frue`l`g ifeij`i`g frus`l``g y`gn
k` `t ofo fgn`ruli aitr` jrn`gis`si eisgis sfa`r` gfn`tih, `k` tin` l`b y`gn frbu ki frl`tii`g,
y`itu 3 (0) fgy`o `i`g e`k-gfws, (5) fgfrio``g fs`g tfrsfeut, (1) ofgj`n` njjkwibb sfe`ii

ougniig kfgn`g `ukifgs. Ki s`o ign itu, frbu jun` kij`n` aitr` jrn`gis`si / frus`l``g sfe`ii
ougniig.

5.6.0 Ofgai t`i`g @ukifgaf-Afgtfrfk [jgf

G`k` `t`u igtjg`si `gk` k`b`o ofgy`o `ii`g e`k-gfws o`o u ofoefrii`g ijgtrieusi
y`gn auiu fgtign e`ni fhfitivit`s fgy`o `i`g fs`g- fs`g eisgis. L`b tfrsfeut ofo ugy`i tin`
tuju`g s fsihii 3
• Ofoe`gtu `ukifgs `gk` ofgnfrti e`lw` e`k-gfws o`o u ofgnn`oe`ri`g
su`tu if utus`g y`gn tfn`s
0>
• Ofoe`gtu `ukifgs `gk` ofgnfrti e`lw` if utus`g `gk` `kib

0>
 • Ofoe`gtu `ukifgs `n`r tft` ofoefrii`g njjkwibb e`ni frus`l``g.
K`b`o fgy`o `i`g fs`g- fs`g e`k-gfws frbu ki frl`tii`g e`lw` `gk` frbu
ofgfi`gi`g ` ` tuju`g `ukifgs `gk`, a`rib`l k`g tfoui`g ` ` y`gn tfre`ii e`ni `ukifgs, k`g
nug`i`g frgy`t``g y`gn jsitih k`g eui`g gfn`tih.

5.6.5 Ofoibil ]fgkfi`t`g Jrn`gis`sijg`b

@k` ku` fgkfi`t`g jrn`gis`sijg`b y`gn k` `t kitfr` i`g k`b`o fgy`o `i`g fs`g-
fs`g y`gn iur`gn ofgyfg`gni`g e`ni `ukifgs (e`k-gfws), y`itu fgkfi`t`g t`i b`gnsugn
(igkirfat ` rj`al) k`g fgkfi`t`g b`gnsugn (kirfat ` rj`al).
`. ]fgkfi`t`g [`i B`gnsugn
]fgkfi`t`g [`i B`gnsugn (igkirfat ` rj`al) ofru `i`g fgkfi`t`g y`gn `bign b`zio
kinug`i`g ugtui fgubis`g fs`g- fs`g y`gn ofo ugy`i k`o `i iur`gn ofgyfg`gni`g if `k`
`ukifgs (e`k-gfws).
K`b`o fgkfi`t`g t`i b`gnsugn tfrk` `t ; e`ni`g fgtign, y`itu 3
0. ]foeui`
[`l` `w`b k`b`o ofgnnug`i`g fgkfi`t`g t`i b`gnsugn `k`b`l ofgfo `ti`g `ukifgs
`k` situ`si y`gn gftr`b ofb`bui frgy`t``g t`g ` efe`g e`ni `ukifgs. ]frgy`t``g gftr`b y`gn
ofgn`gt`ri`g frgy`t``g e`k-gfws sfrign kisfeut kfgn`g euhhfr.
K`b`o ofgubis `r`nr`h foeui`, `k` efefr` ` l`b y`gn frbu kiligk`ri, `gt`r` b`ig 3
• Ofgn`t`i`g ‒[ik`i‟

• ]fgnnug``g hr`sf y`gn tik`i rfbfv`g

• ]frojljg`g o``h

• ]fgubis`g euhhfr y`gn tfrb`bu `gj`gn

5. @b`s`g fgkuiugn if utus`g-if utus`g gfn`tih
Qftfb`l ofoeu`t frgy`t``g y`gn efrsih`t gftr`b, t`l` efriiutgy` `k`b`l ofoefrii`g
`b`s`g ofgn` ` su`tu if utus`g tfrsfeut l`rus ki`oeib/tfrj`ki, sfefbuo ofgy`t`i`g `
` if utus`g sfefg`rgy`. Cii` `gk` k` `t ofgy`jii`g `b`s`g kfgn`g fhfitih, l`b tfrsfeut `i`g k`
`t ofoe`gtu `ukifgs ofgy`k`ri e`lw` if utus`g `gk` `kib o`u ug bjnis.
1. E`k-Gfws
Qftfb`l `gk` ofoefrii`g `b`s`g ‒ofgn` `‟ su`tu if utus`g l`rus ki`oeib, `k` t`l` `g igi
`gk` k` `t sfa`r` b`gnsugn ofgnfoui`i`g ` ` if utus`g y`gn ki`oeib, sf frti if utus`g

0<
ofgjb`i b`o`r`g ifrj`, ofgjb`i froigt``g irfkit, ]foutus`g Lueugn`g Ifrj`
(]LI), ofgnuouoi`g ifn`n`b`g uji`g (tik`i bubus uji`g), k`g sfe`n`igy`.
;. ]fgutu
Qftfb`l `gk` ofgy`o `ii`g fs`g- fs`g y`gn iur`gn ofgyfg`gni`g, t`l` efriiutgy`
`k`b`l ofoefrii`g i`t` fgutu y`gn efrsih`t jsitih, l`gn`t, efrs`l`e`t, k`g
bfeil ofgyfg`gni`g. Ki s`o ign itu, `gk` k` `t ofgnusubi`g su`tu a`r` fofa`l`g o`s`b`l
y`gn kil`k` i jbfl `ukifgs. K`g y`gn bfeil fgtign b`ni `k`b`l efrii`g ifs`g y`gn e`ii if
`k`
`ukifgs.
@t`u tfrk` `t jun` Bio` t`l` y`gn k` `t kij`kii`g fkjo`g k`b`o fgyusug`g fs`g
eurui (e`k gfws), y`itu (Xiais & Niksjh k`b`o Qri L`ry`gi, 5==0301<)
• Oub`i kfgn`g fs`g y`gn sih`tgy` uouo

• Cfb`si`g o`s`b`l y`gn kil`k` i

• Gy`t`i`g fs`g gfn`tihgy`

• @oeib tigk`i`g y`gn ki frbui`g

• [utu kfgn`g jsitih

Ajgtjl fs`g gfn`tih (e`k gfws) kfgn`g fgkfi`t`g tik`i b`gsugn3

[frbfeil k`lubu, i`oi ofgnua` i`g tfrio` i`sil `t`s sur`t fs`g`g y`gn tfb`l kis`o `ii`g if
`k` i`oi.
I`oi tfb`l ofb`iui`g efre`n`i u `y` ugtui ofgk` `ti`g e`l`g e`iu kfgn`g ofrfi
sfsu`i fs`g`g, tft` i lignn` iigi efbuo efrl`sib. I`oi il`w`tir tik`i k` `t ofofguli
fs`g`g tf `t `k` w`itugy`.

Vgtui itu, ojljg ki frtioe`gni`g ugtui ofgnnug`i`g e`l`g e`iu ofrfi 'Ujy`b' y`gn
iu`bit`s k`g l`rn`gy` sft`r` bfeil ouk`l ki frjbfl.
I`oi ofgugnnu ighjro`si bfeil b`gjut, k`g tfrio` i`sil `t`s frl`ti`g y`gn kiefrii`g.

e. ]fgkfi`t`g B`gnsugn
Qu`tu fs`g y`gn iur`gn ofgyfg`gni`g y`gn kijrn`gis`sii`g kfgn`g fgkfi`t`g
b`gnsugn `i`g ki`w`bi kfgn`g su`tu frgy`t``g e`k-gfws, sfb`gjutgy` kiiiuti kfgn`g efre`n`i
`b`s`g y`gn ofgkuiugngy`, k`g ki`iliri kfgn`g fgutu y`gn efrs`l`e`t.

04
 ^`b`u ug rfb`tih j`r`gn kitfr` i`g, fgkfi`t`g igi ofoibiii su`tu ifugtugn`g y`itu
`ukifgs l`gy` ofofrbui`g w`itu y`gn rfb`tih signi`t ugtui s`o `i `k` ikf
jijigy` y`itu e`k-gfws.
Qu`tu fgkfi`t`g jrn`gis`si kirfat ` rj`al k` `t kitfr` i`g jii` fs`g tfrsfeut
ofo ugy`i fgn`rul y`gn ifaib tfrl`k` si fgfrio` fs`g. Dgkii`tjr su`tu fs`g eurui (e`k
gfws) k` `t ofgnnug`i`g fgkfi`t`g b`gnsugn `k`b`l (Fkw`rk & Eurgft k`b`o
L`ry`gi, 5==030;=)3
• [frj`ki ki bigniugn`g igtfrg`b k`g efrsih`t ighjro`b

• ]fgfrio` fs`g ofoibiii lueugn`g jsitih kfgn`g ijougii`tjr

• ]fs`g rfb`tih rign`g k`g tik`i ofgioeubi`g o`s`b`l rie`ki

5.8 Ofgnijougii`sii`g Dghjro`si k`g C`w`e`g Gfn`tih (E`k Gfws)

K`b`o kugi` eisgis, ofoefrii`g j`w`e`g b`gnsugn sfe`n`i efgtui fgjb`i`g, `t`u
iftik`isftuju`g tfrl`k` sfsu`tu, ofgj`ki l`oe`t`g k`b`o efrijougii`si. K`b`o situ`si sf
frti itu, iftfr`o ib`g ijougii`si sfjr`gn ijougii`tjr kiuji ifo`o u`ggy` ugtui
ofgn`t`i`g ‒tik`i‟ kfgn`g tft` ofgj`n` lueugn`g y`gn e`ii kfgn`g efre`n`i il`i ki
ifouki`g l`ri.
5.8.0 E`k-gfws tfgt`gn rjkui
Iftii` `gk` ignig ofgy`o `ii`g e`k-gfws tfgt`gn rjkui, frt`gy``ggy` `k`b`l
fgkfi`t`g o`g` y`gn `i`g ki ibil, y`itu fgkfi`t`g b`gnsugn `t`u fgkfi`t`g tik`i b`gnsugn.
Qfjr`gn o`g`jfr l`rus o`o u ofgioe`gn-gioe`gn ifbfeil`g k`g ifbfo`l`g o`sign-o`sign
fgkfi`t`g tfrsfeut. Ifs`b`l`g k`b`o ofoibil su`tu fgkfi`t`g `i`g efr`iie`t iur`gn

ofgnugtugni`g e`ni frus`l``g.

E`k-gfws y`gn efri`it`g kfgn`g rjkui `gt`r` b`ig ifg`ii`g l`rn` rjkui, fg`rii`g ifoe`bi
rjkui, rjkui rus`i `t`u a`a`t. E`ni fb`gnn`g, e`k-gfws tfgt`gn rjkui tfgtugy`
ofoefrii`g k`o `i gfn`tih e`ni ofrfi`. Jbfl i`rfg` itu, fgy`o `i`g e`k-gfws tfgt`gn
rjkui frbu ofo frtioe`gni`g k`o `i gfn`tih y`gn kitioeubi`ggy`.
]`k` fgy`o `i`g e`k-gfws tfgt`gn rjkui e`ni `r` fb`gnn`g (ois`bgy` ifg`ii`g
l`rn` rjkui `t`u fg`rii`g rjkui), bfeil e`ii kinug`i`g fgkfi`t`g t`i b`gnsugn.
B`ig l`bgy`, jii` `gk` ignig ofgy`o `ii`g e`k-gfws tfgt`gn rjkui sf frti ifg`ii`g
l`rn` rjkui y`gn kitujui`g ugtui if frbu`g igtfrg`b frus`l``g, fgkfi`t`g y`gn kinug`i`g
`k`b`l fgkfi`t`g b`gnsugn (kirfat ` rj`al). K`b`o l`b igi, k`o `i y`gn kitioeubi`g `t`s

5=
ifg`ii`g l`rn` rjkui ugtui i`b`gn`g igtfrg frus`l``g `i`g efrefk` jii` l`b itu kis`o `ii`g if
`k` fb`gnn`g.

5.8.5 ]fgjb`i`g Ifrj` s`o`

@ `eib` sfsfjr`gn ofoigt` ighjro`si `t`u `rtisi `si k`b`o su`tu ifni`t`g tfrtfgtu,
sfofgt`r` itu `gk` tik`i k` `t ofofguli froigt``ggy`, `gk` k` `t ofgnnug`i`g fgkfi`t`g
b`gnsugn k`g tik`i b`gnsugn.
K`b`o kugi` eisgis, ofgj`big ifrj` s`o` kfgn`g fb`iu eisgis b`ig ofru `i`g l`b y`gn
sfl`rusgy` kib`iui`g ugtui ofo friu`t j`rign`g fo`s`r`g su`tu frus`l``g. G`oug, k`b`o
r`itiigy` eis` tfrj`ki su`tu fgjb`i`g ifrj` s`o` eib`o`g` efgtui ifrj` s`o`gy` ofrunii`g
il`i b`ig.
Qfe`n`i ajgtjl, sfjr`gn st`h rjojsi su`tu frus`l``g kioigt` ifsfki``ggy` ugtui iiut
efr `rtisi `si sfe`n`i [io Uisft ]fo`s`r`g su`tu rjkui tfrtfgtu k`ri frus`l``g b`ig. G`oug,
frus`l``g ofo ugy`i su`tu ifeij`i`g tfrtfgtu ugtui ofb`r`gn fn`w`igy` iiut sfrt` k`b`o
risft fo`s`r`g. Q`b`l s`tu y`gn kiil`w`tiri`g jbfl io ig`g frus`l``g `k`b`l ifougniig`g
fgnugni` `g ifr`l`si``g frus`l``g y`gn `i`g efrk`o `i iur`gn ofgnugtugni`g e`ni
frus`l``g tfrsfeut.

5.8.1 ]fgjb`i`g Vgk`gn`g

Eib` l`rus ofgn`t`i`g ‒tik`i‟ `t`s su`tu ugk`gn`g tfo`g eisgis, `gk` ofgnnug`i`g
fgkfi`t`g b`gnsugn k`g fgkfi`t`g t`i b`gnsugn. ]fgnnug``g ifku` fgkfi`t`g tfrsfeut
s`gn`t efrn`gtugn `k` sfefr` ` kfi`t lueugn`g `gk` kfgn`g il`i b`ig.

Qfe`n`i ajgtjl, sfeu`l Bfoe`n` @sjsi`si ]fo`s`r`g ignig ofgnnug`i`g nfkugn

frtfou`g ki frus`l``g `gk`, sfofgt`r` itu `k` s``t y`gn s`o` ki frus`l``g `gk` jun` `i`g
ki`k`i`g frtfou`g rutig igtfrg`b ugtui ofgnfv`bu`si iigfrj` e`ni`g fo`s`r`g ki nfkugn y`gn
s`o`. A`r` fgyfbfs`i`ggy`, ` `eib` `gk` efbuo ofgnfg`b e`ii kfgn`g io ig`g Bfoe`n`
@sjs`si ]fo`s`r`g bfeil e`ii `gk` ofgnnug`i`g fgkfi`t`g t`i b`gnsugn. G`oug, ` `eib`
`gk` suk`l ofgnfg`b e`ii sfe`n`i tfo`g kfgn`g io ig`g Bfoe`n` @sjsi`si ]fo`s`r`g, `gk`
k` `t ofgnnug`i`g fgkfi`t`g b`gnsugn.

5. > ]fgy`o `i`g E`k-gfws If ]fb`gnn`g

50
 Iftii` `gk` ignig ofgy`o `ii`g fs`g e`k-gfws if `k` fb`gnn`g `t`u a`bjg
fb`gnn`g `gk`, frbu ki frl`tii`g e`n`io`g` ofgj`n` foe`a` `gk` tft` ofr`s` e`ii k`g
k` `t ofgfrusi`g lueugn`g eisgis ki ifouki`g l`ri. Jbfl i`rfg` itu, `k` tin` l`b y`gn frbu
ki frl`tii`g,y`itu 3
• [ft` efifrj` sfe`ii ougniig ofguju if `k` tfrwujukgy` su`tu fgju`b`g ub`gn

(rfs`bf).
• [ft` ofgj`n` igstruisi `t`u ighjro`si t`oe`l`g sfjfb`s ougniig.

• [ft` j tiois, fra`y` kiri sflignn` foe`a` `gk` tik`i iflib`gn`g oig`t.
Ofo friu`t if fra`y``g fb`gnn`g kfgn`g ofoefrii`g fb`y`g`g k`g rjkui y`gn
e`ii ofru `i`g s`b`l s`tu a`r` y`gn fhfitih ugtui ofguoeuli`g fgju`b`g ub`gn e`ni `r`
fb`gnn`g. C`gn`g s`o `i fb`gnn`g ifafw` l`gy` i`rfg` foibil`g fgkfi`t`g y`gn s`b`l.
L`b igi l`rus eftub-eftub kiw`s `k`i, tfrut`o` `r` fgn`oeib ifeij`i`g frus`l``g. Ofgj`n`
aitr` e`ii frus`l``g ofru `i`g tun`s y`gn s`gn`t efr`t.

5.>.0 E`k-gfws [fgt`gn ]fs`g`g

@k` efefr` ` `b`s`g ofgn` ` frus`l``g ofgy`o `ii`g fs`g- fs`g e`k-gfws tfgt`gn
fs`g`g (jrkfr) . K`b`o i`it`ggy` kfgn`g fgubis`g e`k-gfws if `k` fb`gnn`g (austjofrs),
`bign tik`i `k` jfgis e`k-gfws y`gn eis` kis`o `ii`g if `k` fb`gnn`g @gk`, y`itu 3
`. @gk` l`gy` k` `t ofofguli sfe`ni`g rjkui y`gn ki fs`g, `t`u
e. @gk` s`o` sfi`bi tik`i k` `t ofofguli sfou` rjkui fs`g`g tfrsfeut.
Eib` `gk` l`gy` k` `t ofofguli sfe`ni`g fs`g`g rjkui fb`gnn`g, `gk` k` `t
ofgnnug`i`g fgkfi`t`g t`i b`gnsugn, y`gn isi `r`nr`h foeui`gy` `k`b`l njjkgfws e`lw`

sfe`ni`g rjkui fs`g`ggy` k` `t ki fguli. Qfb`gjutgy` kiiiuti kfgn`g tigk`i`g ugtui

ofgnign`ti`g fgju`b`g ub`gn rjkui. Efriiutgy` ki`iliri kfgn`g fgutu y`gn o`o u
ofgkjrjgn if `r`l fofgul`g sfou` tr`gs`isi tfrsfeut.
@ `eib` s`o` sfi`bi tik`i k` `t ofofguli fs`g`g rjkui fb`gnn`g, @gk` o`sil k` `t
ofgnnug`i`g fgkfi`t`g t`i b`gnsugn. G`oug, `r`nr`h foeui` l`gy` `i`g ofgnijghiro`si
fgju`b`g, k`g ofgjfb`si`g `b`s`g `gk` ofgn` ` tik`i k` `t ofofguli `t`u ofgnirioi`g
rjkui fs`g`g @gk`.

5.>.5 ]fgjb`i`g Qur`t ]fgn`ku`g k`g Ifbul`g

55
 K`b`o ofb`iui`g fgjb`i`g `t`s sur`t fgn`ku`g (ab`io bfttfrs) y`gn ki`jui`g jbfl
fb`gnn`g, sfe`iigy` `gk` frbu ofgnligk`ri fgnnug``g e`l`s` y`gn ofo ugy`i k`o `i
gfn`tih e`ni ofrfi`. Qfe`n`i n`gtigy`, tugjuii`g e`lw` `gk` ofo`l`oi k`g
tfb`l ofo frl`tii`g ifbul`g tfrsfeut. Ifouki`g, jii` fgn`ku`g tfrsfeut tik`i efr`b`s`g,
jfb`si`g sfa`r` r`sijg`b ofgn` ` `gk` ofgjb`i.

Qfa`r` uouo, ugtui ofgj`w`e fgjb`i`g sur`t fgn`ku`g `gk` k` `t ofgnnug`i`g

fgkfi`t`g t`i b`gnsugn, y`gn ofgy`t`i`g fgjb`i`g tfrsfeut `k` e`ni`g frtfgn`l`g sur`t.
Qfe`n`i ajgtjl, sfjr`gn fb`gnn`g ignig ofgnfoe`bii`g rjkui y`gn tfb`l kiefbi if `k`
frus`l``g `gk`.
K`b`o i`it`g igi, `k` e`ni`g `w`b `gk` k` `t ofgy`t`i`g sfsu`tu y`gn efrsih`t gftr`b.
Qfb`gjutgy` `k` e`ni`g efriiutgy` frbu kijfb`si`g `b`s`g tfrl`k` su`tu if utus`g k`g kiiiuti
kfgn`g frgy`t``g fgjb`i`g sfa`r` fis bisit. ]`k` e`ni`g `ilir sur`t frbu i`t` fgutu y`gn
efrs`l`e`t k`g ofg`w`ri`g su`tu ighjro`si y`gn kioig`ti jbfl fb`gnn`g, sf frti fg`w`r`g
rjkui e`ru.

5.>.1 Ofgnn`gti ]rjkui

Qfjr`gn fb`gnn`g k` `t s`j` ofoigt` `t`u ruous`g su`tu rjkui y`gn e`ru s`j` l`eis tfrju`b
`t`u rjkui y`gn suk`l tik`i ki rjkuisi b`ni. @ `eib` ofr`s` y`iig e`lw` fb`gnn`g k` `t
ofgyftujui rjkui fgnn`gti, `gk` k` `t ofgnirio rjkui fgnn`gti tfrsfeut if `k`
fb`gnn`g.
Cii` r`nu-r`nu, `gk` k` `t ofgnirioi`g sur`t if `k` fb`gnn`g kisfrt`i a`r`
fofs`g`ggy`. ]fgkfi`t`g y`gn k` `t kinug`i`g k`b`o i`it`ggy` kfgn`g fgnn`gti`g su`tu

rjkui `k`b`l ofgnnug`i`g fgkfi`t`g t`i b`gnsugn.

5.>.; [ik`i Ofofguli ]fs`g`g

I`k`gn i`b` `gk` tik`i k` `t ofofguli fs`g`g e`ii sfe`ni`g o`u ug kfgn`g rjkui
fgnn`gti (ughibb`ebf jrkfrs). @ `eib` l`b igi tfrj`ki, tun`s `gk` `k`b`l ofgy`t`i`g sfa`r` tfn`s
e`lw` `gk` tik`i k` `t ofofguli fs`g`g k`ri fb`gnn`g @gk`. ]fgkfi`t`g y`gn kitfr` i`g
`k`b`l igkirfat ` rj`al. Q`b`l s`tu a`r` ugtui ofgj`n` if fra`y``g fb`gnn`g tfrl`k`
frus`l``g @gk` `k`b`l ofoe`gtu fb`gnn`g kfgn`g ofoefrii`g ighjro`si ki o`g` su`tu
rjkui k` `t ki frjbfl.

51
 E@E DDD

]FGV[V]

1.0. Ifsio ub`g

K`b`o Ofgnfoe`gni`g fs`g- fs`g frsu`sih sfa`r` fhfitih frbu ki frl`tii`g bio`
ijo jgfg fgtign y`itu3
0. ofgfgtui`g irfkieibit`s,
5. ofgyi` i`g ifr`gni``rnuofgt`si,
1. ofgnnug`i`g k`y` foii`t `t`s k`s`r bjnii` k`g fojsijg`b
;. ofo friu`t jsisi kfgn`g ofgnnug`i`g e`l`s` y`gn e`ii k`g euiti y`gn jfb`s.
Vgtui ofo friu`t irfkieibit`s tfrk` `t efefr` ` a`r` y`gn k` `t kib`iui`g ki`gt`r`gy`
`k`b`l 3 ofoefrii`g kuiugn`g frgy`t``g kfgn`g h`it` k`g suoefr-suoefr
b`iggy`, ofgjfb`si`g tuju`g sfa`r` jfb`s, ofgugjuii`g sii` ljro`t, ofgugjuii`g
sii` fra`y` tfrl`k` il`i b`ig. K`b`o ofgy`o `ii`g fs`g- fs`g sfa`r`
frsu`sih, rfga`g` jrn`gis`sijg`by`gn k` `t kinug`i`g `k`b`l kfgn`g ofgfr` i`g rigsi
@DK@ ( @ttfgtijg,
Dgtfrfst, Kfsirf, @atijg).
Qfk`gni`g ugtui ofo friu`t jsisi k`b`o ofgy`o `i`i`g fs`g- fs`g frsu`sih k` `t
kinug`i` oftjkf sfo`gtia, oft`hjr`, `gfikjt, e`ls` y`gn sfkfrl`g` k`g ouk`l ki `l`oi, k`g
h`it` y`gn o`o u ofof friu`t jsisi. Efefr` ` iugai k`b`o ofgy`o i`i`g fgn`ku`g,
froigt``g, `t`u fgyfsu`i`g y`gn e`ii sfa`r` frsu`sih y`itu3
0. ofgnfoui`i`g sfou` h`it` kfgn`g bfeil rigai, bjnis, k`g ofg`rii foe`a`,

5. ofgnfis rfsii`g fr`s``g kfgn`g tfg`gn,

1. ofohjiusi`g if `k` o`gh``t `t`s rjebfo-sjbusi k`g,
;. ofoefrii`g frgy`t``g froigt``g su`tu tigk`i`g sfa`r` s fsihii k`g efr`b`s`g.
Qfefbuo ofgy`o `ii`g `t`u ofgubis fs`g gfn`tih (e`k gfws), iit`
sfe`n`i ijougii`tjr l`rus ofgnfrti str`tfni fgnjrn`gis`si`g k`b`o fs`g- fs`g gfn`tih (e`k
gfws) y`gn tuju`ggy` ugtui ofgj`n` njjkwibb kfgn`g `ukifgs `t`u fb`gnn`g sfe`ii
ougniig k`g ofgj`n` aitr` frus`l``g/jrn`gis`si kfgn`g b`gni`l frt`o`, y`itu ofgai
t`i`g @ukifgaf- Afgtfrfk [jgf `n`r `ukifgs ofgnfrti e`lw` e`k-gfws o`o u ofgnn`oe`ri`g
su`tu if utus`g y`gn tfn`s, `ukifgs ofgnfrti e`lw` if utus`g tfrsfeut `kib, k`g
`n`r `ukifgs tft`
5;
ofoefrii`g njjkwibb e`ni frus`l``g. B`bu b`gni`l ifku`, y`itu ofoibil
]fgkfi`t`g Jrn`gis`sijg`b y`gn tfrkiri k`ri ]fgkfi`t`g B`gnsugn k`g ]fgkfi`t`g [ik`i
B`gnsugn.
Vgtui ofgnijougii`si j`w`e`g k`g ighjro`si gfn`tih (e`k gfws) tfgt`gn e`k gfws
rjkui, fgjb`i`g ifrj`s`o`, k`g fgjb`i`g ugk`gn`g k` `t ofoibil tfrbfeil k`lubu
]fgkfi`t`g Jrn`gis`ijg`b, ]fgkfi`t`g B`gnsugn `t`u ]fgkfi`t`g [ik`i B`gnsugn. Vgtui e`k

gfws tfgt`gn rjkui bfeil e`ii ofoibil ofgnnug`ii`g ]fgkfi`t`g [ik`i B`gnsugn i`rfg`
efrsih`t bfeil hjro`b k`g k` `t ofgfi`g rf`isi gfn`tih y`gn efs`r, ugtui e`k gfws tfgt`gn
rjkui y`gn kiijougii`sii`g if igtfrg`b frus`l``g bfeil e`iigy` ofgnnug`i`g ]fgkfi`t`g
B`gnsugn i`rfg` rf`isi gfn`tihgy` bfeil efr fgn`rul ifaib. C`ki, l`rus tf `t k`b`o ofgfgtui`g
]fgkfi`t`g Jrn`gis`sijg`b tfrn`gtugn fs`g gfn`tih (e`k gfws) y`gn `i`g kiijougii`sii`g,
`n`r lueugn`g `ukifgs/ fb`gnn`g tfrl`k` ijougii`tjr/ frus`l``g tft` tfrj`n`.

1.5. Q`r`g

Qfe`n`i ijougii`tjr `t`u frus`l``g y`gn e`ii, ugtui ofgy`o `ii`g `t`u ofgubis
fs`g gfn`tih (e`k gfws) sfe`iigy` b`gni`l frt`o` y`gn l`rus kib`iui`g y`itu ofgnfrti
ofgnjrn`gis`sii`g str`tfni fgubis`g fs`g- fs`g gfn`tih (e`k gfws) `n`r `ukifgs/ijougii`g
ofgnfrti e`lw` if utus`g eurui/gfn`tih tfrsfeut `kib, k`g `n`r `ukifgs/ijougii`g
tft` ofoefrii`g njjkwibb e`ni frus`l``g.
Ofoibil fgkfi`t`g jrn`gis`sijg`b s`gn`t fgtign k`b`o ofgnijougii`sii`g ighjro`si
k`g j`w`e`g gfn`tih/eurui, j`ki ibilb`l fgkfi`t`g jrn`gis`sijg`b y`gn tf `t `n`r lueugn`g
`ukifgs/ fb`gnn`g tft` e`ii ifkf `ggy`.

Kfoiii`g y`gn k` `t i`oi jfb`si`g ofgnfg`i o`tfri y`gn ofgj`ki jiji e`l`s`g k`b`o
o`i`b`l igi, tfgtugy` o`sil e`gy`i ifiur`gn`g k`g ifbfo`l`g, ifrfg` tfre`t`sgy` fgnft`lu`g
i`oi.I`oi efrl`r` o`sui`g k`ri foe`a` `n`r o`i`b`l y`gn i`oi eu`t ifkf `g eis` bfeil
e`ii.K`g sfojn` o`i`b`l igi efrnug` e`ni fgubis `k` ilususgy` k`g uouogy` if `k` `r`
foe`a` y`gn igsy` @bb`l kioubi`i`g @bb`l Q^[.

56
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Ejvff, A.B. & [libb, C.X. (5==>). Ijougii`si Eisgis. Cibik 0&
5. Fkisi Ifkfb` `g.Dgkfis3C`i`rt`.
Nuhhfy, O.F., Uljkfs & I., Ujnig, ]. (5==8). Ijougii`si Eisgis3 ]rjsfs

& ]rjkui. Fkisi Iffo `t. C`i`rt`3 Q`bfoe` Fo `t.

Nuhhfy, O.F., E`eajai, E.K. (5==<). Fssfgti`bs jh eusigfss ajoougia`tijg. @si`g
Fkitijg Qign` jrf3 Afgn`nf Bf`rgign
]urw`gtj,K. (5==8). Ijougii`si Eisgis. Fkisi Iftin`. C`i`rt`3 Frb`gnn`.
www. sbikfsl`rf.gft/`y`sljj/ fs`g - frsu`sih

ltt 3//gurj`g`l.st`hh.ugri.`a.ik/hibfs/5=05/=;/6.]fs`g-]frsu`sih. kh ltt

3//ijougii`si`gt`reuk`y`.ebjns jt.ajo/5==4/05/ fs`g-eisgis-b`gnsugn-k`g-t`i-
b`gnsugn.ltob

Kfwi, Qutrisg`. Ijougii`si Eisgis. C`i`rt`3 ]fgfreit @gki, 5==> ltt

s3// ris rio`s.wjrk rfss.ajo/5=00/0=/5>/ajgtjl- fgubis`g-sur`t/
ltt 3//ebjn`gki`gi.ebjns jt.aj.ik/5=0;/=1/o`i`b`l-ijougii`si-eisgis-e`k-

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