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Culture Documents
1 Social
Thinking
-
social
psychology : study of how we think about
,
influence
,
Fritz Heider -
attribution theory
: we
explain someone 's behavior
by crediting
either the situation o
- the person 's disposition
(situational and dispositional attribution )
fundamental attribution ! to
analyzing
'
underestimate
when others behavior
the
impact of
personal disposition
Factors Attribution
Affecting
•
Culture
-
our deliberate and admirable actions we often to our ow n
good
reasons ,
not the situation
tend attribute
younger selves
'
as we we to
-
age
our
,
behaviour to ou r traits
influenced predispose
attitudes
feelings often beliefs
'
that
.
, by ,
peripheral route
persuasion
: o c c u rs when
people a re influenced
by incidental cues
,
such as a speakers attractiveness
endorsements
ex .
celebrity
central route
persuasion
: when interested focus
occurs
people
and
on the
arguments respond with favorable
thoughts
Actions affect attitudes
foot -
in -
the - door
phenomenon
:
tendency for people who have first
request
Role affects attitudes
•
playing
role : a set of
expectations (norms) about a social position ,
)
( dissonance we feel when two of our
thoughts (cognitions)
are inconsistent
attitudes
ex
changing our
-
13 .
2 -
Social Influence
social norms -
rules for
expected and acceptable behaviour
" "
Chartrand and : effect
Bargh social contagion chameleon
'
allows us to empathize
-
share moods ( mood linkage)
" "
positive ratings generate more positive
rating positive herding
-
behavior toward
conformity : adjusting thinking
our some
or
group
standard
reality
'
by
→
normative social influence
Obedience
Following Orders
i
Obedience is
highest when :
in another ro o m
When to
a re the
minority you far more likely
-
you ,
are
Group Behavior
presence your ow n
[ Social
social
Facilitation
facilitation '
Social Loafing
for
social loafing : tendency people in a
group to exer t less
effort when
pooling their efforts toward
attaining
a common
goal than when individually accountable
When people act as
part of a
group they may :
ow n as
ow n
slack off
-
Deindividuation
.
the loss self - awareness and -
situations arousal
occurring
in
group
that foster t
anonymity
online bullies cruel online
messages
ex ,
or
Group Polarization
inclinations discussion
through within the
group
the internet is accessible medium for
polarization
group
-
an
harmony in a decision -
making group
overrides a realistic
appraisal or alternatives
fed overconfidence
conformity , justification
groupthink by self
-
and
group polarization
13.3 -
Antisocial Relations
Prejudice
prejudice i an
unjustifiable ( and usually negative) attitude toward
discriminate : to act in
negative and unjustifiable ways
toward members the
of
group
prejudice is a
negative attitude discrimination
negative
•
, is a
behavior .
implicit ,
response ,
tea -
ing us
of attitudes behavior
unaware how
influencing
our a re our
testing unconscious
group
2 .
Gender
prejudice
-
LGBTQ prejudice
Belief prejudice
-
system
Roots of prejudice
-
Social inequalities and divisions
ingroup
"
us
people with whom we share a common
-
.
our
ingroup
ingroup bias :
tendency to favor our own
group
emotions
Negative
-
-
ex . after 9/11 americans boycotting Arab -
American stores
Cognitive shortcuts
-
often form
we
categories
-
more
accurately than faces of other races
race
people are to
Remembering vivid
-
cases
Victim
blaming
-
Q .
When
prejudiced judgement causes us to blame an
for
undeserving person a
problem , that person is
called a :
→
scapegoat
The
Biology of
Aggression
influence
genes aggression
-
behave
aggressively when proofed
-
neural influences
•
if frontal lobes are
damaged ,
inactive
,
disconnected
biochemical influences
•
testosterone
width
a
high to
height ratio is a
predictor of
aggression
-
in men
alcohol
aggressive
"
unleashes
responses
(alcohol is a dis inhibitor )
to achieve a
goal creates
anger , which can
generate
aggression
-
Violent crime and spousal abuse
higher during hotter
days
Reinforcement and
modeling
learn
watching others
we
by
-
social scripts
:
culturally provided guide for how to act in
Psychology of Attention
1.
proximity :
geographic near ness
mere exposure effects : phenomenon that repeated exposure
to novel stimuli of
increases
liking them
We life when
people their faces
incorporate
'
some
features of
morphed our own
2. Modern
matchmaking
-
to be choosier
3.
physical attractiveness
-
low waist -
to -
hip ratio
face attractiveness
tends to be the better
predictor of
-
4 .
Similarity
Q
physically
'
How attractive influence others
. does
being
perceptions ?
→ tends to first
Being attractive elicit
physically
impressions .
People assume attractive people are
relationship what to it
in
proportion to
they give
self - disclosure :
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
theory help
explain passionate love ?
→
Emotions consist of physical arousal and our interpretation
of that arousal
altruism unselfish welfare
:
regard for the of others
Bystander Intervention
intervention
decision
making process to interpret bystander
-
to
bystander effect .
tendency for
any given bystander be
aid if
less likely to
give other
bystanders are
present
Q . The
power
of the situation is referred to as :
→
social control
Q .
Implicit Association Test #AT) is most
widely used test
to attitudes
measure
implicit and
preferences
control influence
cannot directly all of our
feelings we can
behavior
our
feelings by changing our
Q .
The other -
race effect emerges during :
→
infancy