Seeing Sociology An Introduction 1st Edition Joan Ferrante Test Bank

CHAPTER 9
GENDER
Multiple Choice
1. The effort people make to distinguish themselves from the other sex relates to which one of
the following concepts?
a. sex c. primary sex characteristics
b. gender d. secondary sex characteristics
ANS: B REF: 305 OBJ: comprehension
TOP: Mod 9.1
2. _______ are considered primary sex characteristics.

a. Reproductive organs c. Voice depth
b. Facial and body hair d. Chromosomes
ANS: A REF: 306 OBJ: comprehension
TOP: Mod 9.1 MSC: SG
3. A person’s sex is determined first and foremost on the basis of

a. distribution of facial and body hair. c. primary sex characteristics.
b. secondary sex characteristics. d. social expectations.
ANS: C REF: 306 OBJ: comprehension
TOP: Mod 9.1
4. Biological sex is not clear cut if only because

a. some people will not conform to gender ideals.
b. there are some babies who are born intersexed.
c. secondary sex characteristics can blur male-female distinctions.
d. gender is a social construction.
5. Biological sex is not a clear-cut category because the intersexed exist. The intersexed
a. have some mixture of male and female reproductive characteristics.
b. are bisexual in orientation.
c. are professed homosexuals.
d. are trapped in the body of a sex they do not want to be.
TOP: Mod 9.1
6. __________ are people whose primary sex characteristics do not match the gender they
perceive and know themselves to be.
a. Intersexed c. Endocrinologists
b. Transsexuals d. Hermaphrodites
TOP: Mod 9.1
7. Breast development, depth of voice, and skeletal form are considered
a. primary sex characteristics. c. gendered characteristics.
b. secondary sex characteristics. d. reproductive traits.
ANS: B REF: 307 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 9.1
8. From a sociological point of view, sex is __________ and gender is __________.

a. a biologically based classification scheme; a socially constructed phenomenon
b. a socially constructed phenomenon; a feminist creation
c. a classification scheme; a continuum
d. a socially constructed phenomenon; a biological construction
TOP: Mod 9.1
9. To achieve the ideal waistline of 13-18 inches, women have worn corsets and even had their
lower ribs removed. This situation suggests that
a. gender ideals do not exist in reality, but that does not stop people from trying to
achieve them.
b. American women (more than other nationality) will do anything to achieve an
ideal.
c. gender ideals are realistic standards that most women can easily meet.
d. gender ideals are biologically based realities.
ANS: A REF: 308 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 9.1
10. An elementary school student is asked, “How would your life be different if you were a
member of the opposite sex?” He replies, “I would have to shave my whole body.” This
response implies that he thinks in terms of
a. feminist principles. c. biological reality.
b. gender ideals. d. primary sex characteristics.
11. Sociologists find gender a useful concept because

a. people of the same sex look and behave in uniform ways.
b. gender ideals are universal.
c. people are affected by them whether they conform or resist.
d. ideas about appropriate behavior for males and females do not change.
TOP: Mod 9.1
12. Sociologists define __________ as social distinctions based on culturally conceived and
learned ideas about appropriate behavior and appearances for males and for females.
a. sex c. sexuality
b. gender d. primary sex characteristics
13. ______________ are/is the physical, behavioral, and mental or emotional characteristics
believed to be characteristic of males.
a. Secondary sex characteristics c. Masculinity
b. Gender d. Primary sex characteristics
TOP: Mod 9.1
14. ______________ are/is the physical, behavioral, and mental or emotional traits believed to
be characteristic of females.
a. Secondary sex characteristics c. Femininity
b. Gender d. Primary sex characteristics
15. At one time to achieve the ideal foot length of 4 to 6 inches, girls in China endured foot
binding. This situation suggests that
a. some gender ideals do not even exist in reality.
b. Chinese women are particularly vulnerable to fads.
c. gender ideals have a basis in biology.
d. gender ideals are applied to women and not men.
MSC: SG
16. In American Samoa, fa’afafines are

a. biological females who have taken on the way of men.
b. tattooed males.
c. tattooed females.
d. biological males who have taken on the way of women.
ANS: D REF: 309 OBJ: comprehension
TOP: Mod 9.1
17. Fa’afafine literally means

a. transvestite. c. in the way of women.
b. intersexual. d. unusual to a fault.
18. Which one of the following characteristics about Samoa society helps explain why fa’afafines
are commonplace in contemporary Samoa?
a. Samoans make sharp distinctions between boys and girls through sex-specific
names and clothes.
b. Same-sex partnerships are outlawed.
c. Women are considered the strength of the village.
d. Because there is widespread unemployment in Samoa, men take on fa’afafine
roles for status.
TOP: Mod 9.1
19. Jeanette Mageo argues that fa’afafines could not have become commonplace in Samoa
unless something about that society supported
a. gender blurring. c. heterosexuality.
b. homosexuality. d. gender ideals.
TOP: Mod 9.1
20. In American Samoa people recognize _____ genders.
a. two c. four
b. three d. five
TOP: Mod 9.1
21. It is remarkable that an estimated 15 percent of all male high school graduates leave
American Samoa to play professional or division I level college _______ in the United States.
a. soccer c. football
b. basketball d. tennis
TOP: Mod 9.1
22. In American Samoa, men’s status as the “strength of the village” has been undermined by all
but which one of the following?
a. introduction of mass education.
b. a shift away from an agricultural-based economy to a wage-based one.
c. introduction of labor-saving technologies.
d. low unemployment rates.
23. Life chances

a. are the probability that an individual’s life will turn out a certain way.
b. only apply to the most important aspects of life.
c. are determining forces.
d. set the path one follows in life.
TOP: Mod 9.2
24. Which question reflects the dynamics underlying gender polarization?

a. “Would my parents approve of this major?”
b. “Will this major lead to a high paying job?”
c. “Are the professors who teach the classes feminists?”
d. “What is the ‘sex’ of this major?”
ANS: D REF: 312 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 9.2
MSC: SG
25. Gender ideals shape virtually every aspect of life, including how people dress, what they do
when they wake up in the morning, the social roles that take on, and much more. This
statement relates to which one of the following concepts?
a. primary sex characteristics c. transgender
b. gender polarization d. sexualization
TOP: Mod 9.2
26. From a sociological point of view, the movie White Chicks, in which two men go undercover
as women, allows us to consider how
a. insignificant a role gender plays in shaping life chances.
b. men secretly want to be women.
c. women and men are really not that different.
d. our lives change simply as a result of the gender we present.
MSC: SG
27. At least 75 percent of bachelor’s degrees in education, health professions, and public
administration are awarded to females. This imbalance reflects
a. gender polarization. c. sexuality.
b. primary sex characteristics. d. biological imperative.
MSC: SG
28. At least 75 percent of bachelor’s degrees in computer and information sciences are awarded
to males. This imbalance reflects
a. gender polarization. c. sexuality.
b. primary sex characteristics. d. biological imperative.
29. Which statement best reflects the role structural constraints play in shaping men’s and
women’s behavior?
a. Job descriptions can channel employees’ behavior in stereotypically male or
female directions.
b. For the most part, daycare workers are feminine by nature.
c. To be successful as nurses, males must perform that job in ways we associate
with masculinity.
d. Anyone holding the job of daycare worker will display gender neutral
characteristics.
30. Men choose career specialties and fields that emphasize decision-making and control and
that pertain to machines and products and services considered masculine. This practice is an
example of
a. ideology. c. ethgender.
b. selective perception. d. structural constraint.
31. Women choose specialties and fields that require them to work with young children, that
involve supervising other women, or that are otherwise considered feminine. This practice is
an example of
a. ideology. c. ethgender.
b. selective perception. d. structural constraint.
MSC: SG
32. Structural constraint theorists argue that men are pushed into work roles that involve
a. personal relationships. c. gender neutral products and services.
b. nurturing skills. d. decision-making.
TOP: Mod 9.2
33. Which statement would sociologists write to emphasize the role structural constraints play in
creating gender differences?
a. Children’s toys figure prominently in the socialization process.
b. There is a close correspondence between a person’s sex and his or her emotional
make-up and interests.
c. A person’s position in a social structure can channel behavior in sex-appropriate
directions.
d. Gender inequalities can be traced to innate differences in male and females.
TOP: Mod 9.2
34. To say that an institution is _________ means that gender has a systematic and differential
effect on the experiences of the men and women who are part of that institution.
a. stratified c. heterosexist
b. gendered d. biased
TOP: Mod 9.2
35. If employers hold expectations that a female is best suited for a particular position then we
can say the work environment is
a. normalized. c. sexualized.
b. gender neutral. d. gendered.
36. If an employer offers its female employees maternity leave but does not offer its male
employees paternity leave then we can say that the work environment is
a. normalized. c. sexualized.
b. gender neutral. d. gendered.
MSC: SG
37. An institution is gendered when

a. the two sexes are integrated into all settings and jobs.
b. there is equal opportunity.
c. one sex is empowered at the expense of the other.
d. one sex is subordinate relative to the other.
TOP: Mod 9.2
38. The World Economic Forum reports the extent to which opportunities and resources are
unequally distributed between men and women. This organization is focusing on
a. commodification. c. gender ideals.
b. gender stratification. d. the glass escalator.
TOP: Mod 9.3
39. According to the World Economic Forum study, which country ranks first in the world with
regard to gender equality?
a. Yemen c. Canada
b. United States d. Finland
TOP: Mod 9.3
40. According to the World Economic Forum study which country has the greatest gender
inequality?
a. Yemen c. Canada
41. In Yemen, men have systematic power over women in public and private life. That power is
supported by Islamic law. Sociologists term this power relationship a
a. matriarchy. c. natural law.
b. patriarchy. d. misandry.
TOP: Mod 9.3
42. One of the major reasons men have more power than women in Yemen is that women
a. support laws that give men authority over them.
b. serve as family court judges but not criminal court judges.
c. are prohibited from interpreting Islamic texts that define Islamic laws.
d. can not work in the paid labor force.
TOP: Mod 9.3
43. The World Economic Forum ranks Finland as number one in the world with regard to gender
equality. That ranking can be attributed to which one of the following?
a. high female life expectancy
b. the influence of Christianity
c. the female high literacy rate
d. the 1987 Act on Equality Between Men and Women
TOP: Mod 9.3
44. Which one of the following countries has done the best job of empowering women politically?
a. Yemen c. Canada
45. Which one of the following countries has a family leave policy that guarantees both men and
women the opportunity to care for their newborns?
a. United States c. Yemen
b. Finland d. Turkey
TOP: Mod 9.3
46. Which one of the following countries is among the top 10 in the world with regard to equality
between men and women?
a. Yemen c. Turkey
b. United States d. Denmark
TOP: Mod 9.3
47. Which one of the following countries is among the bottom 10 in the world with regard to
equality between men and women?
a. the Philippines c. Turkey
b. United States d. Denmark
48. With regard to women’s equality, the United States ranks number one in the world with
regard to which area?
a. educational opportunity c. political empowerment
b. life expectancy d. economic opportunity
TOP: Mod 9.3
49. American women as a group earn significantly less than men as a group. The most striking
difference in total earnings is between men and women
a. who are college-educated.
b. who are 35 years of age or older.
c. over an extended period of work time, such as 15 years.
d. over the course of a year.
TOP: Mod 9.3
50. Which age group of women has the smallest income gap with male counterparts?
a. 16-24 years of age c. 35-44 years of age
b. 25-34 years of age d. 45 to 54 years of age
TOP: Mod 9.3
51. While men as a group out-earn women in general and across occupational categories, there
is at least one setting in which women seem to out earn men. That setting is
a. the nonprofit sector. c. New York and other large cities.
b. the education field. d. rural counties.
TOP: Mod 9.3
52. Which one of the following is one possible explanation of income differences between men
and women?
a. Female employees encounter a glass elevator.
b. Male employees encounter a glass ceiling.
c. Many women leave the workplace to care for children and elderly parents.
d. Employers over-invest in childbearing-age women only to see them leave the
workforce.
53. __________ applies to women in who have the ability and qualifications to advance but are
not well-connected to those in a position to mentor or advocate for them.
a. Glass elevator c. Commodification
b. Glass ceiling d. Misandry
TOP: Mod 9.3
54. __________ applies to men in female-dominated occupations who are singled out for special
attention and advancement.
a. Glass elevator c. Commodification
b. Glass ceiling d. Misandry
TOP: Mod 9.3
55. Jacob is an elementary school teacher who the superintendent has singled out for special
attention. The superintendent believes that he would make an outstanding school principal
someday. Jacob is experiencing a phenomenon known as
a. glass elevator. c. commodification.
b. glass ceiling. d. misandry.
MSC: SG
56. Megan is a successful coach of a women’s Division I basketball team. She is one of a three
female coaches at her university as even the coaches of women’s teams areusually male.
The job of assistant athletic director opens but no one encourages Megan to apply. Megan is
experiencing a phenomenon known as
a. glass elevator. c. commodification.
b. glass ceiling. d. misandry.
57. The term glass ceiling especially applies to

a. women who work in female-dominated occupations.
b. men who work in female-dominated occupations.
c. women who work in male-dominated occupations.
d. women who are well-connected in the organization but fail to advance.
TOP: Mod 9.3
58. In which of the following areas of life are men, as a group, most likely to be disadvantaged
relative to women?
a. occupational mobility c. career opportunities
b. income d. workplace fatalities and injuries
TOP: Mod 9.3
59. A parent who gets his daughter’s ears pierced shortly after her birth because he believes it
gives her a feminine identity and appearance is
a. engaging in commodification. c. guilty of misogyny.
b. homophobic. d. acting as an agent of socialization.
60. Which statement best reflects socialization roles in creating gender differences?
a. A person’s position in the social structure can channel his or her behavior in a
stereotypical male or female direction.
b. There is a close correspondence between primary sex characteristics and athletic
ability.
c. An undetermined but significant portion of male-female differences are products of
the ways in which males and females are treated.
d. Behavioral differences between men and women can be traced to the kind of jobs
they hold.
TOP: Mod 9.4
61. A boy who is a ballet dancer and a girl who plays football are examples of children who
a. are somehow not at all influenced by gender ideals.
b. do not adhere to gender roles.
c. are sissies and tomboys respectively.
d. need psychological help.
62. Research suggests that early childhood teachers are more accepting of girls’ cross-gender
behaviors and explorations than they are of such behaviors from boys. The practice speaks
to which one of the following dynamics?
a. the dynamics of gender socialization
b. innate differences between boys and girls
c. biologically based differences between boys and girls
d. gender neutral approaches to education
63. When child development specialist Beverly Fagot studied 12-month olds and their teachers
she found
a. significant differences in the ways 12-month-old boys and girls communicated.
b. that teachers interacted with toddlers in very gender-specific ways.
c. that teachers responded positively toward girls when they behaved assertively.
d. that teachers responded positively toward boys when they communicated in
gentle ways.
TOP: Mod 9.4
64. When child development specialist Beverly Fagot studied teachers of children age two and
under, she found the teachers
a. more accepting of boys’ than of girls’ cross-gender behaviors and exploration.
b. believed that boys who behave like sissies are at lower risk than girls who act like
tomboys of growing up to be homosexuals.
c. more accepting of girls’ than of boys’ cross-gender behaviors and exploration.
d. believed that girls who behave like tom-boys are at greater risk of growing up to
be homosexual than boys who behave like sissies.
65. Mattel, the maker of Barbie, has marketed her since 1959 with the goal of inspiring little girls
to
a. be independent and self-assertive.
b. be self-confident about their bodies.
c. think about what they wanted to be when they grew up.
d. aspire to work in nontraditional occupations.
TOP: Mod 9.4
66. Norms governing female body language send the message that women are
a. high status. c. dominant.
b. powerful. d. submissive.
67. Norms governing male body language send the message that men are
a. vulnerable. c. powerful.
b. submissive. d. subordinate.
TOP: Mod 9.4
68. In her studies of male-female body language, Mills found

a. male body language includes many affiliative clues.
b. female body language is characterized by serious facial expressions.
c. females create an overall impression of power, dominance, and high status.
d. women tend to signal they are submissive by smiling and closing their arms and
hands.
TOP: Mod 9.4
69. _________ encompass(es) all the ways people experience and express themselves as
sexual beings.
a. Gender roles c. Sexuality
b. Sexual scripts d. Sexual orientation
TOP: Mod 9.5
70. Sexual orientation is __________ of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men,
women or both sexes.
a. any feeling c. an intense feeling
b. a fleeting feeling d. an enduring pattern
71. Which of the following statements is false about sexual orientation?

a. It encompasses three distinct categories: homosexual, heterosexual and bisexual.
b. It falls along a continuum, with its end points being exclusive attraction to the
same sex or the opposite sex.
c. A one-time encounter is not an indicator of sexuality.
d. Gender identity and sexual orientation are the same concepts.
TOP: Mod 9.5
72. The experience of sexual orientation varies but we know that

a. celibate people do not have a sexual orientation.
b. it is something that cannot be repressed or resisted.
c. it can include nonsexual behaviors such as commitment to a partner.
d. it is the awareness of being like a man or woman.
TOP: Mod 9.5
73. Sexual scripts are sex-appropriate responses and behaviors that guide responses in sexual
situations. Sexual scripts
a. come naturally. c. are learned.
b. apply to theatrical presentations. d. apply to heterosexual encounters.
74. When water, views of nature, and youth are marketed and sold as things that can be
purchased they are
a. commodified c. advertised.
b. idealized. d. replicated.
75. One way marketers convince people to buy products is to play on their insecurities about
whether they meet or maintain appearances that conform to sexual ideals. This strategy
applies to
a. subversive marketing.
b. gender-based marketing.
c. the commercialization of sexual ideals.
d. gender polarization.
TOP: Mod 9.5
76. Whether it be hair dye, nail polish, or Viagra, these products promise to help the buyer meet
a sexual ideal. As such they illustrate
a. subversive marketing.
b. the commercialization of sexual ideals.
c. gender-based marketing.
d. gender polarization.
MSC: SG
77. ________________ is the process of selling products by advertising that sexual ideals can
be achieved if consumers buy them.
a. Subversive marketing
b. Gender based marketing
c. The commercialization of gender ideals
d. Gender polarization
78. The teenage and adult female market is saturated with sexualized products. Thus, marketers
must search for relatively untapped markets which include
a. men and pre-teen girls. c. female athletes and gay men.
b. pre-teen boys and aging women. d. babies of both sexes.
TOP: Mod 9.5
79. One marketing report recommended placing cosmetic-oriented vending machines in schools,
cinemas and bowling allies to market cosmetics to teens. This is because such products
a. rescue pre-teens from relentless teasing.
b. are better for pre-teens than snack foods.
c. are cheaper than those found in a mall.
d. are purchased on impulse.
80. The LGBT movement is driven by political goals. Which one of the following is an example of
a political goal?
a. challenging dominant constructions of masculinity and femininity
b. confronting heteronormativity
c. changing laws and policies to gain rights and protections
d. challenging homophobia
TOP: Mod 9.5
81. The LGBT movement is driven by several political and cultural goals. Which one of the
following is an example of a cultural goal?
a. making gay bashing a hate crime
b. making gay marriage legal
c. changing laws and policies to gain rights and protections
d. challenging homophobia and heteronormativity
82. Sexism is supported by several assumptions. Which one of the following is one?
a. Two categories — male and female — do not capture human sexual diversity.
b. A person’s sex determines emotional makeup, abilities, and interests.
c. Primary sex characteristics explain social and other inequalities.
d. Gender is a social construction.
TOP: Mod 9.6
83. In their discussion of male-female relationships, John and Mary come to the conclusion that
men are prisoners of their hormones and simply not capable of forming meaningful
relationships. Their argument is grounded in
a. socialization theory. c. the scientific method.
b. feminism. d. sexist thinking.
84. Sexism can be so extreme that it can involve a hatred for one sex. When that hatred is
directed at men is called
a. misogyny. c. feminism.
b. misandry. d. hypermasculinity.
85. Sexism can be so extreme that it can involve a hatred for one sex. When that hatred is
directed at women is called
a. misogyny. c. feminism.
b. misandry. d. homophobia.
TOP: Mod 9.6
86. An image of armed and muscle-bound males surrounded by scantily clad women who idolize
them is an example of
a. misandry. c. hypermasculinity.
b. homophobia. d. the gender gap.
ANS: C REF: 331 OBJ: application TOP: Mod 9.6
87. An image of a male with impossibly large muscles or sexual organs is an example of
a. misandry. c. hypermasculinity.
b. homophobia. d. the gender gap.
MSC: SG
88. From the outlaw cowboy to the gangster rapper, violent masculinity is an enduring symbol of
American manhood. These enduring symbols are examples of
a. hypermasculinity. c. misandry.
b. homophobia. d. transsexualism.
89. Jerry holds the irrational fear that a same-sex person will make a sexual advance toward him.
For that reason he avoids close contact with anyone he suspects of being gay. Jerry’s views
corresponds to
a. misogyny. c. homophobia.
b. misandry. d. hypersexism.
90. Michael notes, “There is an unwritten rule my friends and I follow: if you are going to touch
me, make it hurt.” Michael is expressing
a. misogyny. c. homophobia.
b. misandry. d. hypersexism.
MSC: SG
91. Which of the following statements is true regarding hip hop/rap culture?
a. Misogyny, homophobia, and hypermasculinity are unique to hip hop/rap culture.
b. Hypermasculinity of rap music appeals to men with financial power.
c. Misogyny, homophobia and hypermasculinity capture the essence of hip hop
culture.
d. Hip hop culture includes using music to promote political engagement and to bring
about constructive change.
TOP: Mod 9.6
92. ________ is a perspective that advocates equality between men and women.
a. Sexism c. Feminism
b. Heteronormativity d. Misandry
TOP: Mod 9.6
93. Sociologists take a _____________ perspective when they emphasize in their research and
teaching such themes as a right to bodily integrity and autonomy, access to safe
contraceptives, the right to choose, and freedom from sexual harassment.
a. sexist c. feminist
b. structuralist d. heteronormative
TOP: Mod 9.6
94. Which one of the following is a feminist least likely to advocate?

a. access to safe contraceptives c. freedom from sexual harassment
b. the right to choose d. career over motherhood
95. The history of feminism can not be separated from efforts to

a. change the lives of women.
b. subordinate men.
c. force women to value and choose careers over motherhood.
d. control men.
TOP: Mod 9.6
96. Which theorist is most likely to ask “What are the anticipated and unanticipated
consequences of sex testing before babies are born?”
a. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist
b. conflict theorist
97. Which theorist is most likely to argue that babies’ opportunities are diminished when parents
plan out their baby’s life in a gender-specific direction?
MSC: SG
98. Which theorist is most likely to ask, “Who ultimately benefits from sex testing and at whose
expense?”
99. ______________are interested in how parents who choose not to undergo sex testing
explain that decision.
a. Functionalists c. Symbolic interactionists
b. Conflict theorists
MSC: SG
100. ________________ argue that sex testing disadvantages children because it gives parents
time to plan their future in very gender-specific ways.
MSC: SG
101. ______________ are interested in how knowing the sex of a baby affects the parents’ sense
of self.
102. An unexpected or latent function of sex testing is that

a. parents have time to prepare for a baby boy or baby girl.
b. it encourages female infanticide.
c. it allows parents to prepare for a baby that is not of the wished-for sex.
d. if the prediction is incorrect, the parent prepares for a baby of the other sex.
103. An expected or manifest function of sex testing is that

104. An unexpected or latent dysfunction of sex testing is that

MSC: SG
105. The song “Tony” includes the lines “He looked in the mirror and saw / A little faggot staring
back at him / Pulled out a gun and blew himself away.” From a sociological point of view,
these lines speak to the power of
a. Heteronormativity. c. primary sex characteristics.
b. violating the laws of nature. d. adhering to sexual scripts.
ANS: A TOP: Music
106. The lines in the song “Tony” speak to one high school student’s situation in particular, but
also to any student who has been relentlessly taunted by classmates. That taunting often is
aimed at
a. those who adhere to closely to sexual scripts.
b. violating the laws of nature.
c. departures from primary sex characteristic
d. failures to live up to gender ideals.
ANS: D TOP: Music
107. The movie White Chicks is about two black men (anatomically male FBI agents) who go
undercover by presenting themselves as white women. This transformation qualifies as a
a. sex change. c. gender change.
b. primary sex characteristic. d. gender ideal
ANS: C TOP: Movie
108. In White Chicks, the characters deviate from an expected pattern (that is not the way we
expect women to act). In particular, one of the white chicks violates a ________ when she
throws a football “like a man.”
a. primary sex characteristic c. innate trait
b. secondary sex characteristic d. gender role
ANS: D TOP: Movie
109. In White Chicks, the FBI agents, even when undercover as white chicks, act offended when
men make advances or flirt with them. In fact, they adhere to the dominant _________ for
how males should react when another male shows sexual interest in them.
a. sexual script c. innate script
b. secondary sex characteristic d. primary sex characteristic
ANS: A TOP: Movie
110. The images of the ideal Chinese woman with bound feet and the image of an ideal American
woman with an impossibly small waistline suggest that gender ideals
a. do exist in nature.
b. are not so hard to achieve.
c. are so powerful that women will mutilate their bodies to achieve them.
d. take work but, in the end, give an sense of accomplishment.
ANS: C TOP: SocScenes
111. Which one of the following body gestures conveys a sense of submissiveness?
a. one hand in pocket and the other at mid-chest
b. straight posture
c. head high
d. arms and hands held close to the body
ANS: D TOP: SocScenes
112. There are many “treatments” women undergo to achieve ____________ today, including
breast implants, Botox treatments, and plastic surgery.
a. power c. gender polarization
b. gender ideals d. gender bending
ANS: B TOP: SocScenes
113. Which one of the following body gestures conveys a sense of authority or power?
a. one hand in pocket and the other at mid-chest
b. scrunched-up spine
c. smiling attentiveness
d. arms and hands held close to the body
ANS: A TOP: SocScenes
True/False
1. Sex is based on anatomical traits essential to reproduction.
ANS: T REF: 306 TOP: Mod 9.1 MSC: SG
2. Gender is socially learned.
ANS: T REF: 308 TOP: Mod 9.1
3. When South African runner Caster Semenya’s sex was challenged, it took about 15 minutes
to reach a conclusion.
ANS: F REF: 307 TOP: Mod 9.1
4. In the first week after conception the human embryo has the potential to form either ovaries
or testes.
5. All people produce androgen and estrogen.
6. Gender ideals exist in reality.

7. Most people naturally meet gender ideals.
ANS: F REF: 308 TOP: Mod 9.1 MSC: SG
8. In American Samoa personal names are often not marked for gender.
9. Fa'afafines are someone not biologically female who has taken on the “way of women.”
10. Life chances apply to virtually every aspect of life.
11. Gender polarization is term sociologists use to describe the process of organizing life around
gender ideals.
12. For the most par,t boys believe that their lives would change in positive ways if they were
girls.
13. For the most part, girls believe that their lives would become more active and less restrictive
if they were boys.
14. Education, health professions, and public administration are fields that are dominated by
men.
15. Library science is a field dominated by women.
16. Sociologists argue that daycare workers are drawn to that line of work because they have
feminine qualities.
17. From a sociological point of view, anyone holding the job of daycare worker will display
“feminine” characteristics.
18. Any organization that segregates men and women is gendered.

19. Any organization that works to empower both males and females is gendered.
20. According to the World Economic Forum there is no country in which women, as a group,
have more overall political and economic opportunities than males.
21. The United States ranks as the country with the smallest gender gap between males and
females.
22. Yeman ranks as the country with the greatest gender gap between men and women.
23. Finland is a patriarchy.
24. In Yemen, male power over women is supported by Islamic Law interpreted by men.
25. Finland’s ranking as number one in the world with regard to gender equality can be attributed
to a law that mandates equal proportions of men and women in public organizations.
26. The United States ranks number one in the world with regard to equality of educational
opportunity for men and women.
27. U.S. women with less than a high school degree have a higher median income than their
male counterparts.
28. There is no educational level or age which American women out earn their male
counterparts.
29. The term glass escalator applies to men who work in male-dominated professions.
30. The term glass ceiling describes a barrier that prevents women from rising past a certain
level in an organization.

31. Men are disadvantaged in the workplace because they are employed in the most dangerous
industries.
32. Masculinity and femininity are innate.
33. Masculinity and femininity are learned characteristics.
34. Gender socialization is indirect when significant others intentionally convey society’s
expectations about what is masculine or feminine.
35. Family, classmates, peers, and teachers are agents of socialization.
36. Early childhood teachers seem to be more accepting of girls’ cross-gender behaviors and
explorations than they are of boys’.
37. Early childhood teachers tend to ignore boys’ assertive acts but respond to girls’ assertive
acts.
38. An underdetermined yet significant portion of male-female differences is a product of

socialization.
39. Norms governing female body language suggest power, dominance, and high status.
40. Norms governing male body language suggest power, dominance, and high status.
41. Mills suggests that professional women face a dilemma — how to covey both femininity and
competence through body language.
42. It is very difficult to discuss sexuality when heterosexuality is considered normal and other
sexualities are treated as deviant.
43. Gender identity is the awareness of being a man or woman.
44. Gender role is the physiological characteristics associated with being male or female.
45. Current research suggests that core attractions that emerge in middle childhood through
early adolescence prior to sexual experience are the foundations of sexual orientation.
46. The key word in the definition of sexual orientation is “enduring.”
47. Sexual orientation applies only sexual behaviors.
48. Sexual scripts guide people through sexual activities and encounters.
49. Sexuality is commodified when corporations market products as tools for eliciting a sexual
response from others.
50. The LGBT movements’ goals are both cultural and political.
51. The LGBT movements in the United States started in the 1990s.
52. Sexism can be so extreme that it can involve a hatred for one sex.
53. Misogyny is hatred directed at men.
54. Misandry is hatred directed at women.
55. Hypermasculinity involves downplaying traits — such as physical strength — believed to be

characteristic of males.
56. Homophobia is a logical fear among some heterosexuals that a same-sex person will make a
sexual advance toward them.
57. Misogyny, homophobia, and hypermasculinity are unique to hip-hop culture.
58. Hypermasculinity reinforces misogyny and homophobia.
59. Survey data suggests that most men and women who served in Iraq and Afghanistan are
uncomfortable interacting with gay colleagues.
60. Militaries around the world ban gay soldiers from serving.
61. Survey data suggests that few people consider the label “feminist” a compliment.
62. When told that a feminist is someone who believes in social, economic, and political equality
between the sexes, the majority of people define themselves as feminists.
63. Feminists as a group hate men.
64. The various feminist camps focus on the position of women in society relative to men and on
achieving equal opportunity.
65. There seem to be no cases in which a society has a cultural preference for a girl.
66. A latent dysfunction of sex testing is its worrisome connection to female infanticide.
67. With regard to sex testing, functionalists ask “Who benefits from sex testing and at whose
expense?”
68. In studying the practice of sex testing, symbolic interactionists are interested in how knowing
a baby’s sex in advance of its birth affects parents’ identity or sense of self.
69. In considering reasons to know a baby’s sex before its birth, conflict theorists would dismiss
as illogical the assertion that knowing helps in planning for the baby’s needs.
70. Functionalists study symbols that parents use to convey the sex of the baby even before it is
born.
71. One manifest function of sex testing is that it allows parents to prepare for the birth of a boy
or girl baby.
72. A latent function of sex testing is allows parents seeking a particular sex to adjust before
baby is born if it is not the wished-for sex.

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CHAPTER 9

2. _______ are considered primary sex characteristics.

3. A person’s sex is determined first and foremost on the basis of

4. Biological sex is not clear cut if only because

8. From a sociological point of view, sex is __________ and gender is __________.

11. Sociologists find gender a useful concept because

16. In American Samoa, fa’afafines are

17. Fa’afafine literally means

23. Life chances

24. Which question reflects the dynamics underlying gender polarization?

37. An institution is gendered when

57. The term glass ceiling especially applies to

68. In her studies of male-female body language, Mills found

71. Which of the following statements is false about sexual orientation?

72. The experience of sexual orientation varies but we know that

94. Which one of the following is a feminist least likely to advocate?

95. The history of feminism can not be separated from efforts to

102. An unexpected or latent function of sex testing is that

103. An expected or manifest function of sex testing is that

104. An unexpected or latent dysfunction of sex testing is that

ANS: T REF: 306 TOP: Mod 9.1 MSC: SG

2. Gender is socially learned.

ANS: T REF: 308 TOP: Mod 9.1

ANS: F REF: 307 TOP: Mod 9.1

ANS: T REF: 307 TOP: Mod 9.1 MSC: SG

5. All people produce androgen and estrogen.

ANS: T REF: 308 TOP: Mod 9.1

6. Gender ideals exist in reality.

ANS: F REF: 308 TOP: Mod 9.1

ANS: F REF: 308 TOP: Mod 9.1 MSC: SG

ANS: T REF: 309 TOP: Mod 9.1 MSC: SG

ANS: T REF: 309 TOP: Mod 9.1 MSC: SG

10. Life chances apply to virtually every aspect of life.

ANS: T REF: 311 TOP: Mod 9.2 MSC: SG

ANS: T REF: 311 TOP: Mod 9.2

ANS: F REF: 312 TOP: Mod 9.2 MSC: SG

ANS: T REF: 312 TOP: Mod 9.2

ANS: F REF: 312 TOP: Mod 9.2

15. Library science is a field dominated by women.

ANS: T REF: 312 TOP: Mod 9.2 MSC: SG

ANS: F REF: 313 TOP: Mod 9.2

ANS: T REF: 313 TOP: Mod 9.2 MSC: SG

18. Any organization that segregates men and women is gendered.

ANS: T REF: 314 TOP: Mod 9.2

ANS: F REF: 314 TOP: Mod 9.2 MSC: SG

ANS: T REF: 315 TOP: Mod 9.3

ANS: F REF: 316 TOP: Mod 9.3 MSC: SG

ANS: T REF: 36 TOP: Mod 9.3

23. Finland is a patriarchy.

ANS: F REF: 317 TOP: Mod 9.3

ANS: T REF: 316 TOP: Mod 9.3 MSC: SG

ANS: T REF: 317 TOP: Mod 9.3 MSC: SG

ANS: T REF: 318 TOP: Mod 9.3

ANS: F REF: 318 TOP: Mod 9.3 MSC: SG

ANS: F REF: 318 TOP: Mod 9.3

ANS: F REF: 319 TOP: Mod 9.3 MSC: SG

ANS: T REF: 319 TOP: Mod 9.3

ANS: T REF: 320 TOP: Mod 9.3

32. Masculinity and femininity are innate.

ANS: F REF: 321 TOP: Mod 9.4

33. Masculinity and femininity are learned characteristics.

ANS: T REF: 321 TOP: Mod 9.4 MSC: SG

8. From a sociological point of view, sex is and gender is .