Dr.

Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow

End Term Examination November, 2021
Max-Marks :- 70 Time - 05 Hours B.A. LL.B./VIIth Sem./ET/Nov.-21/CL

Cyber Law
Note: Read the instructions carefully before attempting the answers:
(i) The Question Paper is divided into 2 Sections i.e. Section - A and Section - B.
(ii) The Examinee is required to attempt any 3 (three) Questions from Section - A, and any 2 (two)
Questions from Section - B. Figures in the margin indicate the Marks.
(iii) The assignment has to be submitted in a handwritten form. No other format would be acceptable.
(iv) The examinee has to write the answer in A4 Size or equivalent size sheets, ruled or un-ruled.
(v) The examinee must write his/her name, enrollment number, name of the subject on the first page of
the answer.
(vi) The examinee has to mention his/her name and enrollment on every subsequent page.
(vii) The examinee must write down the page no. on every page in the format (No. of page of total pages)
example-1 of 12, 2 of 12 etc.
(viii) The examinee must ensure that the scanned copy of the answer script is clear and legible, in PDF
format and uploaded as a single file and size should not be more than 30 MB. In case the office
receives multiple files of the answer script, only first response received shall be considered and other
responses shall be ignored.
(ix) The name of the PDF file of the answer script must be (Enrollment No) (underscore) (Paper Name)
for Example 150101154_Jurisprudence.
(x) The Scanned copy of the same has to be uploaded on Office Form through the link-
https://forms.office.com/r/MbuxD2xLbe or through QR Code given above till 04:00 PM on
18/11/2021. Examinee can use only their MS Teams User ID given by University and must be careful
while uploading the answer script as only first response would be accepted. Examinees must also take
care before uploading the PDF file of answer script that all the pages of the script have been added in
the PDF file.
(To reset your Ms Teams password kindly e-mail on-rmlnluinfo@gmail.com)
Only responses received through Office Form will be accepted. Answers received
through email will not be considered.
(xi) In case of any technical difficulty the examinee may contact Dr. Aman Deep Singh, Associate
Controller of Examinations on +91-9793085772, +91-8840353326.
(xii) The students must note that they are required to finish the writing of answers in three hours while
they have to answer one long question less. The time of two hours is more than sufficient for
downloading paper and uploading the answer-sheets. They must submit their answer sheets within 5
hours. Responses received after 04:00 PM shall be dealt in accordance with the notification no. 332-21
dated 10.03.2021(http://rmlnlu.ac.in/pdf/Notice_regarding_110321.pdf) available on the University
Website. If they fail to do so they would be afforded another opportunity to appear in the physical
examination in such papers after the reopening of the University but, in the interests of the students,
the chance will not be counted as a repeat paper. The University would ensure justice to all the
students.

(SECTION – A) (03X20)
1. Can the intermediaries, i.e., the social media websites, e-commerce websites, search engines,
discussion boards etc. be held liable for any unlawful or scrupulous content, product or service
posted on their respective website, platform or board by a third party and to what extent? Discuss
in the light of all related legal provisions and current developments in this regard.
2. Write a detailed note on Legal & Regulatory framework governing e-commerce in India.
3. As the Internet has spread globally, and its economic, political, and cultural influences have
increased, it is necessary to develop appropriate policy to govern the Internet. In this scenario,
critically analyze the key issues and challenges pertaining to internet governance.
4. Tracing the evolution of the Information Technology Act, 2000, describe the salient features of
the legislation. Also discuss the important time-to-time changes made in the Act.
5. E-governance is the transformation of public sector internal and external relationship through
internet enabled operations. Discussing the relevant provisions under the Information Technology
Act, 2000, identify the key challenges faced at the time of implementation of E-governance
projects in India.
6. Discuss the nature, concept, and various categories of cybercrime. How will you differentiate
cybercrime from traditional crimes?
(SECTION – B) (02X05)
Write short notes on any two of the following:
7. OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Data.
8. Types of Cryptography.
9. Digital Media Ethics Code.
10. What are the relevant provisions for cyber crimes under IT Act, 2000?

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 Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow
End Term Examination November, 2021
Max-Marks :- 70 Time - 05 Hours B.A. LL.B./VIIth Sem./ET/Nov.-21/ITL

International Trade Law

Note: Read the instructions carefully before attempting the answers:
(i) The Question Paper is divided into 2 Sections i.e. Section - A and Section - B.
(ii) The Examinee is required to attempt any 3 (three) Questions from Section - A, and any 2 (two)
Questions from Section - B. Figures in the margin indicate the Marks.
(iii) The assignment has to be submitted in a handwritten form. No other format would be acceptable.
(iv) The examinee has to write the answer in A4 Size or equivalent size sheets, ruled or un-ruled.
(v) The examinee must write his/her name, enrollment number, name of the subject on the first page of
the answer.
(vi) The examinee has to mention his/her name and enrollment on every subsequent page.
(vii) The examinee must write down the page no. on every page in the format (No. of page of total pages)
example-1 of 12, 2 of 12 etc.
(viii) The examinee must ensure that the scanned copy of the answer script is clear and legible, in PDF
format and uploaded as a single file and size should not be more than 30 MB. In case the office
receives multiple files of the answer script, only first response received shall be considered and other
responses shall be ignored.
(ix) The name of the PDF file of the answer script must be (Enrollment No) (underscore) (Paper Name)
for Example 150101154_Jurisprudence.
(x) The Scanned copy of the same has to be uploaded on Office Form through the link-
https://forms.office.com/r/MbuxD2xLbe or through QR Code given above till 04:00 PM on
20/11/2021. Examinee can use only their MS Teams User ID given by University and must be careful
while uploading the answer script as only first response would be accepted. Examinees must also take
care before uploading the PDF file of answer script that all the pages of the script have been added in
the PDF file.
Only responses received through Office Form will be accepted. Answers received
through email will not be considered.
(xi) In case of any technical difficulty the examinee may contact Dr. Aman Deep Singh, Associate
Controller of Examinations on +91-9793085772, +91-8840353326.
(xii) The students must note that they are required to finish the writing of answers in three hours while
they have to answer one long question less. The time of two hours is more than sufficient for
downloading paper and uploading the answer-sheets. They must submit their answer sheets within 5
hours. Responses received after 04:00 PM shall be dealt in accordance with the notification no. 332-21
dated 10.03.2021(http://rmlnlu.ac.in/pdf/Notice_regarding_110321.pdf) available on the University
Website. If they fail to do so they would be afforded another opportunity to appear in the physical
examination in such papers after the reopening of the University but, in the interests of the students,
the chance will not be counted as a repeat paper. The University would ensure justice to all the
students.

(SECTION – A) (03X20)
1. Imperial Land, a WTO member country, has imposed a complete ban on the import of all
processed and unprocessed dairy and poultry products from Czaristan. The reason for the ban is
said to be the spread of virus L5N6 in the eastern regions of Czaristan. Though not much is
known about the virus, and international organizations are yet to wake up to the concerns raised
by the spread of virus, a research establishment in Phoenix, capital of Imperial Land has
published a report that provides that virus occurs naturally in certain wild species of birds found
in Czaristan and may spread to cows, goats, ducks, etc. The report remains silent on whether the
strains of virus are highly pathogenic and also whether it may spread to humans. Czaristan, being
a developing country member of WTO, feels specially aggrieved by the ban and its government
has decided to challenge the ban and is soon to approach the WTO DSB. Before that, the
Government of Czaristan has sought your advice in the matter. Prepare a detailed legal advice for
Cazristan keeping in mind the prevailing legal position.
2. International trade is less a matter of absolute or comparative advantages or of sophisticated
mathematical models rather it is imposed by a powerful country on a weaker one and represents
an act of economic imperialism. Explain the statement. Identify at least three major developments
in international trade law that reflects the hegemony of a powerful country.
3. (a) Two WTO members have a entered into a bilateral agreement on data sharing. In case of
dispute can they invoke the jurisdiction of the WTO DSB? Do you think provision for
cross retaliation in the WTO DSU disadvantages developing countries?
(b) In a dispute settlement proceeding, the Appellate Body of the WTO has taken the position
that earlier Appellate Body decisions constitute a binding precedent in subsequent disputes
and also the Appellate Body has the authority to adopt authoritative interpretations of
provisions in the WTO Agreements. Evaluate the correctness of the Appellate Body
position.
4. Thames, a WTO member has initiated a preferential tariff scheme for low -income countries.
Volga, a WTO member country is included in the scheme however Orinoco another similarly
situated WTO member has been excluded. The Government of Orinoco seeks to challenge the
exclusion. Do you think the challenge will succeed? Elaborate, giving reasons.
5. (a) The Anti-Dumping Agreement attempts to dilute the discretion available to national
authorities of WTO members. Explain the statement giving at least two examples.
(b) The United States Department of Commerce abused its discretionary power in United
States- Anti Dumping Measures on certain hot rolled steel products from Japan. Do you
agree? Explain, giving reasons.
6. San Jorge, a WTO member country, is one of the largest importers of citrus fruits. In the
aftermath of COVID-19, demand for citrus fruits has increased which has further increased their
imports. In order to bolster the fortunes of the local fruit industry, which primarily consists of
non-citrus fruits such as bananas, the Government of San Jorge announced a number of incentives
which includes sales tax exemptions, relaxation of hygiene requirements, etc. The Government of
San Jorge claims that the aim of these incentives is to encourage the local population to have a
diverse intake of fruits. Zaire, which is a WTO member and one of the largest exporters of citrus
fruits to San Jorge is not too pleased with the incentives and its government has sought your
opinion on the consistency of the incentives with the obligations of San Jorge as a WTO member.
Write a detailed legal advice for the government of San Jorge in light of the relevant legal
provisions and rulings of the WTO.
(SECTION – B) (02X05)
Write short notes on any two of the following:
7. Amazonica, a WTO member country has recently banned imports from a number of other WTO
members citing security interests. Discuss if such a measure may be reviewed by a WTO Panel.
8. Why are subsidies considered trade distorting?
9. Distinguish between conditional and unconditional MFN giving examples.
10. COVID -19 is not the only ailment that plagues international trade currently. Comment.

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 Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow
End Term Examination November, 2021
Max-Marks :- 70 Time - 05 Hours B.A. LL.B./VIIth Sem./ET/Nov.-21/Tax.

Taxation
Note: Read the instructions carefully before attempting the answers:
(i) The Question Paper is divided into 2 Sections i.e. Section - A and Section - B.
(ii) The Examinee is required to attempt any 3 (three) Questions from Section - A, and any 2 (two)
Questions from Section - B. Figures in the margin indicate the Marks.
(iii) The assignment has to be submitted in a handwritten form. No other format would be acceptable.
(iv) The examinee has to write the answer in A4 Size or equivalent size sheets, ruled or un-ruled.
(v) The examinee must write his/her name, enrollment number, name of the subject on the first page of
the answer.
(vi) The examinee has to mention his/her name and enrollment on every subsequent page.
(vii) The examinee must write down the page no. on every page in the format (No. of page of total pages)
example-1 of 12, 2 of 12 etc.
(viii) The examinee must ensure that the scanned copy of the answer script is clear and legible, in PDF
format and uploaded as a single file and size should not be more than 30 MB. In case the office
receives multiple files of the answer script, only first response received shall be considered and other
responses shall be ignored.
(ix) The name of the PDF file of the answer script must be (Enrollment No) (underscore) (Paper Name)
for Example 150101154_Jurisprudence.
(x) The Scanned copy of the same has to be uploaded on Office Form through the link-
https://forms.office.com/r/MbuxD2xLbe or through QR Code given above till 04:00 PM on
22/11/2021. Examinee can use only their MS Teams User ID given by University and must be careful
while uploading the answer script as only first response would be accepted. Examinees must also take
care before uploading the PDF file of answer script that all the pages of the script have been added in
the PDF file.
Only responses received through Office Form will be accepted. Answers received
through email will not be considered.
(xi) In case of any technical difficulty the examinee may contact Dr. Aman Deep Singh, Associate
Controller of Examinations on +91-9793085772, +91-8840353326.
(xii) The students must note that they are required to finish the writing of answers in three hours while
they have to answer one long question less. The time of two hours is more than sufficient for
downloading paper and uploading the answer-sheets. They must submit their answer sheets within 5
hours. Responses received after 04:00 PM shall be dealt in accordance with the notification no. 332-21
dated 10.03.2021(http://rmlnlu.ac.in/pdf/Notice_regarding_110321.pdf) available on the University
Website. If they fail to do so they would be afforded another opportunity to appear in the physical
examination in such papers after the reopening of the University but, in the interests of the students,
the chance will not be counted as a repeat paper. The University would ensure justice to all the
students.

(SECTION – A) (03X20)
1. Elaborately discuss the difference between the “Application of Income” and “Diversion of
Income by overriding title” with the help of judicial pronouncements.
2. Write a note on the following:
(a) GST structure, GST council,
(b) Input Tax Credit,
(c) Mixed supply and Composite supply,
(d) Composition Scheme under GST,
with the help of relevant provisions and judicial pronouncements.
3. Discuss:
(a) The concept of capital gains and also discuss the law laid down in N.BagavathyAmmal v.
C.I.T, JT 2003(1) SC 363.
(b) Whether the term “winnings: receipts from activities of a gambling or betting ” mentioned
in Section 2(24)(ix) IT Act, 1961 has the same meaning alone?
(c) Income from Other Sources
4. Elaborately discuss the following heads of Income :
(a) Income from Salary,
(b) Income from House Property,
with the help of relevant provision and various judicial pronouncements.
5. Write a detailed note on the following :
(a) The concept of “agricultural income”,
(b) Define the term “process ordinarily employed by the cultivator to render the produce fit to
be taken to the market”,
(c) Income from Nursery Operations,
with the help of relevant provisions and leading cases .
6. Explain the concept of clubbing of Income and also define the term “technical and professional
knowledge and experience” with the help of relevant provisions and various judicial
pronouncements.
(SECTION – B) (02X05)
Write short notes on any two of the following:
7. Reverse Charge Mechanism under GST.
8. Doctrine of Mutuality
9. GST on Education Services
10. Residential status of a person under the Income Tax Act, 1961.

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 Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow
End Term Examination November, 2021
Max-Marks :- 70 Time - 05 Hours B.A. LL.B./VIIth Sem./ET/Nov.-21/IPR-I

Intellectual Property Rights-I

Note: Read the instructions carefully before attempting the answers:
(i) The Question Paper is divided into 2 Sections i.e. Section - A and Section - B.
(ii) The Examinee is required to attempt any 3 (three) Questions from Section - A, and any 2 (two)
Questions from Section - B. Figures in the margin indicate the Marks.
(iii) The assignment has to be submitted in a handwritten form. No other format would be acceptable.
(iv) The examinee has to write the answer in A4 Size or equivalent size sheets, ruled or un-ruled.
(v) The examinee must write his/her name, enrollment number, name of the subject on the first page of
the answer.
(vi) The examinee has to mention his/her name and enrollment on every subsequent page.
(vii) The examinee must write down the page no. on every page in the format (No. of page of total pages)
example-1 of 12, 2 of 12 etc.
(viii) The examinee must ensure that the scanned copy of the answer script is clear and legible, in PDF
format and uploaded as a single file and size should not be more than 30 MB. In case the office
receives multiple files of the answer script, only first response received shall be considered and other
responses shall be ignored.
(ix) The name of the PDF file of the answer script must be (Enrollment No) (underscore) (Paper Name)
for Example 150101154_Jurisprudence.
(x) The Scanned copy of the same has to be uploaded on Office Form through the link-
https://forms.office.com/r/MbuxD2xLbe or through QR Code given above till 04:00 PM on
23/11/2021. Examinee can use only their MS Teams User ID given by University and must be careful
while uploading the answer script as only first response would be accepted. Examinees must also take
care before uploading the PDF file of answer script that all the pages of the script have been added in
the PDF file.
Only responses received through Office Form will be accepted. Answers received
through email will not be considered.
(xi) In case of any technical difficulty the examinee may contact Dr. Aman Deep Singh, Associate
Controller of Examinations on +91-9793085772, +91-8840353326.
(xii) The students must note that they are required to finish the writing of answers in three hours while
they have to answer one long question less. The time of two hours is more than sufficient for
downloading paper and uploading the answer-sheets. They must submit their answer sheets within 5
hours. Responses received after 04:00 PM shall be dealt in accordance with the notification no. 332-21
dated 10.03.2021(http://rmlnlu.ac.in/pdf/Notice_regarding_110321.pdf) available on the University
Website. If they fail to do so they would be afforded another opportunity to appear in the physical
examination in such papers after the reopening of the University but, in the interests of the students,
the chance will not be counted as a repeat paper. The University would ensure justice to all the
students.

(SECTION – A) (03X20)
1. The trade mark “GABA” is a well- known trade mark for luxury wrist watches across the globe,
with trans-border reputation including India and had been present in Indian market since 1960.
They had registered the mark in India in 1985 and had been a continued presence since then. It
had won several national and international awards for product quality. Another trader started
applying the trade mark “imitation GABA” on their everyday utility bicycle in 2021. GABA
considers that to be infringement of their registered trade mark as well as passing off. Discuss.
2. Discuss the principle of exhaustion as applied by the Indian courts in relation to trademarks and
copyright with the help of case laws.
3. “A”, a self-employed photographer, lingers outside the entrance to a celebrity’s building. When
he emerged, “A” took a photo of her walking by a garbage can. When A seeks to license the photo
to various tabloids, celebrity claims copyright in the photo. Celebrity argue that the photo has
 value because of her hard work in establishing her fame, and therefore the right to exploit that
fame belongs to her. Who owns the copyright in the photo? Explain.
4. Comparative advertising may or may not amount to infringement. Discuss with the help of
relevant case law.
5. Discuss the protection to the Geographical indications in light of the relevant case law.
6. Discuss the development of originality doctrine from its original position of independent creation
to its modern form in light of the relevant case law.
(SECTION – B) (02X05)
Write short notes on any two of the following:
7. Discuss in short copyrightability of functional elements.
8. Discuss conceptual separability principle with regard to copyrightability of useful articles.
9. What do you understand by secondary meaning under the trade mark law?
10. What amounts to bad faith in a domain name dispute?

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 Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow
End Term Examination November, 2021
Max-Marks :- 70 Time - 05 Hours B.A. LL.B./VIIth Sem./ET/Nov.-21/ADR

Alternative Dispute Resolution

Note: Read the instructions carefully before attempting the answers:
(i) The Question Paper is divided into 2 Sections i.e. Section - A and Section - B.
(ii) The Examinee is required to attempt any 3 (three) Questions from Section - A, and any 2 (two)
Questions from Section - B. Figures in the margin indicate the Marks.
(iii) The assignment has to be submitted in a handwritten form. No other format would be acceptable.
(iv) The examinee has to write the answer in A4 Size or equivalent size sheets, ruled or un-ruled.
(v) The examinee must write his/her name, enrollment number, name of the subject on the first page of
the answer.
(vi) The examinee has to mention his/her name and enrollment on every subsequent page.
(vii) The examinee must write down the page no. on every page in the format (No. of page of total pages)
example-1 of 12, 2 of 12 etc.
(viii) The examinee must ensure that the scanned copy of the answer script is clear and legible, in PDF
format and uploaded as a single file and size should not be more than 30 MB. In case the office
receives multiple files of the answer script, only first response received shall be considered and other
responses shall be ignored.
(ix) The name of the PDF file of the answer script must be (Enrollment No) (underscore) (Paper Name)
for Example 150101154_Jurisprudence.
(x) The Scanned copy of the same has to be uploaded on Office Form through the link-
https://forms.office.com/r/MbuxD2xLbe or through QR Code given above till 04:00 PM on
25/11/2021. Examinee can use only their MS Teams User ID given by University and must be careful
while uploading the answer script as only first response would be accepted. Examinees must also take
care before uploading the PDF file of answer script that all the pages of the script have been added in
the PDF file.
Only responses received through Office Form will be accepted. Answers received
through email will not be considered.
(xi) In case of any technical difficulty the examinee may contact Dr. Aman Deep Singh, Associate
Controller of Examinations on +91-9793085772, +91-8840353326.
(xii) The students must note that they are required to finish the writing of answers in three hours while
they have to answer one long question less. The time of two hours is more than sufficient for
downloading paper and uploading the answer-sheets. They must submit their answer sheets within 5
hours. Responses received after 04:00 PM shall be dealt in accordance with the notification no. 332-21
dated 10.03.2021(http://rmlnlu.ac.in/pdf/Notice_regarding_110321.pdf) available on the University
Website. If they fail to do so they would be afforded another opportunity to appear in the physical
examination in such papers after the reopening of the University but, in the interests of the students,
the chance will not be counted as a repeat paper. The University would ensure justice to all the
students.

(SECTION – A) (03X20)
1. Discuss the various modes of challenging the jurisdiction of the arbitrator.
2. Discuss the scope of the concept of the public policy in the annulment of an arbitral award.
3. An arbitration petition was filed by the appellant seeking appointment of an arbitrator under the
arbitration clause of the partnership deed between the parties. An FIR, prior to that petition was
lodged by one of the parties alleging siphoning off of funds and various other business
improprieties committed by the appellant. Discuss whether the application for the appointment of
the arbitrator is maintainable or not.
4. Discuss the impact of the two major amendments to the Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 in
order to make commercial arbitration a cost effective and speedy mode of dispute resolution.
5. Discuss the survival of the arbitration clause in the case of a full and final settlement of all the
claims by issuing a discharge voucher.
6. Discuss the scope of the judicial inquiry as to the validity of the arbitration agreement and the
underlying contract in an anti arbitration injunction suit.
(SECTION – B) (02X05)
Write short notes on any two of the following:
7. Legal delocalization of the arbitration
8. Negative effects of the principle of competence competence
9. Fast Track Arbitration
10. Choice of law as to the law governing the underlying contract.

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 Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow
End Term Examination November, 2021
Max-Marks :- 70 Time - 05 Hours B.A. LL.B./VIIth Sem./ET/Nov.-21/HR

Human Rights
Note: Read the instructions carefully before attempting the answers:
(i) The Question Paper is divided into 2 Sections i.e. Section - A and Section - B.
(ii) The Examinee is required to attempt any 3 (three) Questions from Section - A, and any 2 (two)
Questions from Section - B. Figures in the margin indicate the Marks.
(iii) The assignment has to be submitted in a handwritten form. No other format would be acceptable.
(iv) The examinee has to write the answer in A4 Size or equivalent size sheets, ruled or un-ruled.
(v) The examinee must write his/her name, enrollment number, name of the subject on the first page of
the answer.
(vi) The examinee has to mention his/her name and enrollment on every subsequent page.
(vii) The examinee must write down the page no. on every page in the format (No. of page of total pages)
example-1 of 12, 2 of 12 etc.
(viii) The examinee must ensure that the scanned copy of the answer script is clear and legible, in PDF
format and uploaded as a single file and size should not be more than 30 MB. In case the office
receives multiple files of the answer script, only first response received shall be considered and other
responses shall be ignored.
(ix) The name of the PDF file of the answer script must be (Enrollment No) (underscore) (Paper Name)
for Example 150101154_Jurisprudence.
(x) The Scanned copy of the same has to be uploaded on Office Form through the link-
https://forms.office.com/r/MbuxD2xLbe or through QR Code given above till 04:00 PM on
27/11/2021. Examinee can use only their MS Teams User ID given by University and must be careful
while uploading the answer script as only first response would be accepted. Examinees must also take
care before uploading the PDF file of answer script that all the pages of the script have been added in
the PDF file.
Only responses received through Office Form will be accepted. Answers received
through email will not be considered.
(xi) In case of any technical difficulty the examinee may contact Dr. Aman Deep Singh, Associate
Controller of Examinations on +91-9793085772, +91-8840353326.
(xii) The students must note that they are required to finish the writing of answers in three hours while
they have to answer one long question less. The time of two hours is more than sufficient for
downloading paper and uploading the answer-sheets. They must submit their answer sheets within 5
hours. Responses received after 04:00 PM shall be dealt in accordance with the notification no. 332-21
dated 10.03.2021(http://rmlnlu.ac.in/pdf/Notice_regarding_110321.pdf) available on the University
Website. If they fail to do so they would be afforded another opportunity to appear in the physical
examination in such papers after the reopening of the University but, in the interests of the students,
the chance will not be counted as a repeat paper. The University would ensure justice to all the
students.

(SECTION – A) (03X20)
1. Though the concept of Human Rights gained legitimacy with the adoption of UN, its substance
and spirit have come a long way through its historical path”. Discuss the history and development
of Human Rights from the UN Charter to the two International Covenants.
2. Examine the effectiveness of the enforcement machinery under the European Convention with
special references to the decisions of European Court, in protecting human rights within the
council of Europe.
3. “Violence against women violates and impairs or nullifies the enjoyment by women of their
human rights and fundamental freedom...In all societies, to greater or lesser degree women and
girls are subjected to physical, sexual and psychological abuse that cuts across lines of income,
class and culture.” Critically evaluate the statement by analyzing various international
conventions and judicial pronouncement specifically devoted to matters concerning status of
women.
4. Who is a Refugee? What rights does a refugee have? What are the obligations of a refugee? Can a
war criminal be a refugee? Can women facing persecution because they refuse to comply with
social norms be refugees?
5. What is torture? Is torture ever acceptable? Can torture be used to interrogate hardcore criminals?
What are the obligation of the States under Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman
or Degrading Treatment or Punishment?
6. Critically analyze the role of judiciary in protection of human rights in India with the help of
landmark cases.
(SECTION – B) (02X05)
Write short notes on any two of the following:
7. Doctrine of Margin of Appreciation.
8. Role and Mandate of Human Rights Council.
9. “Cultural Relativism is an undeniable fact; moral rules and social institutions evidence an
astonishing cultural and historical variability.” Comment.
10. Is the protection provided to minorities in India in accordance with international standards?

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