MLS 108: CTYOGENETICS

BSMT 2 | 1st Semester | S.Y. 2023-2024

UNIT 2: DNA STRUCTURE (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

• A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic

DNA STRUCTURE acids (RNA and DNA).
• Nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either
ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a
phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base
• The bases used in DNA are Adenine (A), Cytosine
(C), Guanine (G) and Thymine (T)

NITROGENOUS BASES:
Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine

GE

• PURINES
– Pure as “AG” (silver)
– 2 of them= 2 ringed structure

-is composed of chains of nucleotide which is comprised of • PYRIMIDINES

the ff: – Cut the “pie” (py)
– 1 ringed structure
1. Phosphate group
2. Sugar group (Deoxyribose) 5- carbon sugar CHARGAFF’S RULE
3. Nitrogenous bases

NUCLEOTIDE • States that DNA from any cell of all organisms

should have a 1:1 ratio (base Pair Rule) of
pyrimidine and purine bases and, more specifically,
that the amount of Guanine is equal to cytosine
and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine.

• Nucleotides are the building block of DNA and RNA.

They contain genetic information.
• The phosphate group together with the sugar
group forms the backbone to which the bases are
attached.
• Nitrogenous bases are the part of DNA that stores
information and gives DNA the ability to encode
phenotype-visible traits.
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Prepared by: Eunice Y. Pillejera | BSMT 2A
 MLS 108: CTYOGENETICS
BSMT 2 | 1st Semester | S.Y. 2023-2024

UNIT 2: DNA STRUCTURE (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

POLARITY OF THE DNA STRAND

• DIRECTIONALITY: ANTI-PARALLEL
TO GENETICS (Oriented in the
opposite direction)
• On one end, the DNA strand will have a 5’-phosphate and
on the opposite end, a 3’- hydroxyl group
• Hydrogen bonds can be broken, and the DNA trand is
separated by heating the DNA molecule (denaturation)

• MELTING TEMPERATURE(Tm): (52-58°C) the emperature

at which one strand of the DNA duplex will dissociate to
become single stranded and indicates the duplex stability.
;will depend on GC content; the HIGHER the GC Content,
the HIGHER the (Tm) required to denature that DNA.

CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY

REPLICATION- the process by which the genome’s DNA is

copied in cells. Before a cell divides, it must first copy (or
replicate) its entire genome so that each resulting daughter
cell ends up with its complete genome.

TRANSLATION- involves the synthesis of a protein from an

mRNA template, converting the mRNA code to an amino
acid sequence within a protein

TRANSCRIPTION- the process of transcribing a plaece of

DNA into RNA. The enzyme involved in the transcription
process is RNA polymerase

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Prepared by: Eunice Y. Pillejera | BSMT 2A