TIMELINE, PEOPLE AND THEIR  Gene

ACCOMPLISHMENTS  Portion of a chromosome • Bases • Primary Structure

that controlled a specific Purine (2) - Alternating deoxyribose and
 Gregor Mendel (Heredity) inheritable trait - contains two-fused N-containing ring phosphate group
 Thomas Hunt Morgan (flies, linkage)  Sequence of nucleotide w/in - Adenine - Backbone of molecule
 Frederick Griffith (1928: a portion of DNA that codes - Guanine - Provides structural stability
transformation and mice) for a peptide of functional Pyrimidine - Phosphate group is linked to the
 Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin RNA - has one nitrogen-containing ring 3’carbon of one deoxyribose unit and
MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty - Cytosine simultaneously to the 5’carbon of the
(1944: DNA as the transforming CODON – sequence of 3 nucleotides - Thymine (in DNA) next deoxyribose unit
agent) Ex. GCG - Uracil (in RNA)
 Erwin Chargaff (late 40’s early 50’s: The bases that are the side-chain groups
base pairing=AT CG) Start Codon – AUG  Methionine • Sugar + base = nucleoside - Carry all the information necessary
Stop Codon – UGA, UAG, UAA (BETA-N-GLYCOSIDIC BOND) for protein synthesis
1. 4 nitrogenous bases  found in first carbon atom
 Adenine Histone – proteins where DNA (-) coils (ester bond | phosphodiester bond)
 Guanine (+) Glycine & Asparagine (Amino Acids) • Nucleoside + phosphate = nucleotide
 Thymine - Building blocks of nucleic • Secondary Structure
 Cytosine LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION - Monomers of the DNA and RNA based on the following:
2. Base Pairing polymers - Chargaff Rule that (A and T) and (G
Adenine – Thymine DNA  coil  supercoil  histone (8 histone in - Is a 5’-monophosphate ester of a and C) are present in equimolar
supercoil)  nucleosome  chromatin  nucleoside quantities
Guanine – Cytosine
chromosomes - Are name by adding 5’- A-T = 2 hydrogen bond
3. Bases are equimolar
monophosphate at the end of the G-C = 3 hydrogen bond
COMPOSITION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS name of nucleoside - Double helix
 Alfred Hershey-Martha Case (1952:
 Nucleic Acids RNA - 2 polynucleotide chains run in
DNA is not a protein)
- Polymers BASES RIBONUCLEOSIDES RIBONUCLEOTIDES
opposite directions
[Radio-labeling (method)] ADENINE Adenosine Adenosine 5’-
- Polynucleotides (A) Monophosphate (AMP) - One 5’ -OH and one 3’ -OH terminal
 Watson and Crick (1953: chemical GUANINE Guanosine Guanosine 5’-
 Part of Nucleotide (G) Monophosphate (GMP) - Bases are hydrophobic
structure of DNA) CYTOSINE Cytidine Cytidine 5’-
- A five-membered ring - Sugar-phosphate backbone is
 Meselson-Stahl (mid 1950’s: DNA (C)
URACIL (T) Uridine
Monophosphate (CMP)
Uridine 5’-Monophosphate
monosaccharides (UMP) exposed to the aqueous environment
Replication details)
- A nitrogen-containing cyclic DNA - Sister strands complementary not
compound BASES RIBONUCLEOSIDES RIBONUCLEOTIDES
identical
CHROMOSOME AND GENES ADENINE Deoxyadenosine Deoxyadenosine 5’-
- A phosphate group (A) Monophosphate (dAMP)
GUANINE Deoxyguanosine Deoxyguanosine 5’-

 Chromosome
(G) Monophosphate (dGMP) 10 base pairs = coil
CYTOSINE Deoxycytidine Deoxycytidine 5’-
Types of Nucleic Acids (C) Monophosphate (dCMP)
 Structure in the cell nucleus - DNA THYMINE Deoxythymidine Deoxythymine 5’-
(T) Monophosphate (dAMP)
to be the carrier of genetic - RNA
information • Sugars
(condensed chromatin) -DNA – 2-deoxyribose
- RNA – ribose Structure of DNA and RNA • Higher Structures
-Histones
- Basic protein to which the DNA is
coiled around (147 base pairs coiled
to histone)
-Nucleosomes
- Attract each other by electrostatic
(ionic) forces
TYPES OF RNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Carry the genetic information from
the DNA in the nucleus directly to the
cytoplasm
- Consist of a chain of a nucleotides
whose sequence is exactly
complementary to one strands of
DNA
Transcription  processing  splicing 
mRNA  ribosome  translation (RNA
codon)  amino acid
(NOT SURE KUNG TAMA AKONG PAGKOPYA
ANI HEKHEK)
Ribozymes – catalyze the splicing of mRNA
- Transport amino acids to the site of
protein synthesis in the ribosomes
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- RNA in complexed with proteins in
ribosomes
THE DOGMA
-Replication
- DNA synthesis
- Replicates its information in a
process that involves many enzymes
DNA REPLICATION MODLES
1. Semiconservative Replication
- DNA replication would create 2
molecules
- Each of them would be a complex of
an old (parental) and a daughter
strand
2. Conservative Replication
- DNA replication process could create
a brand-new double helix made of
two daughter strands while the
parental chains would stay together
The correct model is the Semiconservative
DNA replication as was proven by the
experimentation of Meselson-Stahl
-Transcription
- DNA codes for the production of
messenger RNA (mRNA)
The Four Major Stages
• Processing
- in eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is
processed (by splicing) and migrates
from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
• Translation
- mRNA carries coded information to
ribosomes
- ribosomes “read” the information
(a.k.a protein synthesis)

• Exons 3. Dispersive Replication

- Coding sequences - Replication process would create two
- “expressed sequences” DNA double-chains, each of them
with parts of both parent and
• Introns daughter molecules
- Noncoding sequences
- “intervening sequences”

• Transfer RNA (tRNA)

- Containing from 73 to 93 nucleotides
per chain
- At least one different tRNA for each
of the 20 AAs (amino acids)