NONGLYCERIDE LIPIDS
Steroids
1.Sphingolipids
- Are lipids that are not derived from glycerol
- Amphipathic and structural components of
cellular membrane
- Derived from sphingosine (lung chain, N-
containing alcohol)
 Sphingomyelins
 Glycosphingolipids
Sphingomyelin
- Located throughout the body, but are particularly
important structural lipid components of nerve cell
membranes
- Found in abundance in the myelin sheath the
surrounds and insulates cells of the CNS
- Role is essential to proper cerebral function and
nerve transmission
- Smallest sphingolipids in term of molecular mass
Glycosphingolipids (glycolipids)
- Include the cerebrosides, sulfatides, and
gangliosides
- Are built on a ceramide backbone structure,
which is a fatty acid amide derivative of
sphingosine
Cerebrosides
- Are characterized by the presence of a single
monosaccharide head group
 Glucocerebroside – found in the
membranes of macrophages
- Consist of ceramide bonded to the
hexose glucose
 Galactocerebroside – found almost
exclusively in the membranes of brain
cells
- Consist of ceramide joined to the
monosaccharide galactose
2.
- It is not readily catabolized by most
- members of a large, diverse collection called the
isoprenoids (all of these compounds are built from
one or more 5 carbon units called isoprene)
- Steroids contain the steroid nucleus (steroid
carbon skeleton)
Terpene
- Is the general term for lipids that are
synthesized from isoprene units
- Steroids and bile salts, lipid-soluble
vitamins
Steroids contain the steroid nucleus (steroid
carbon skeleton)
Cholesterol
- Known sterol found in the
membranes
Steroids + alcohol = sterol
- Amphipathic
- Involved in the regulation of the
fluidity of the membrane as a result
of the nonpolar fused ring
high temp | low fluidity cm
low temp |high fluidity cm
T & FCM = inversely proportional due to
cholesterol
- Hydroxyl group is polar
- Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene
ring (full name of cholesterol)
- Can also exist in an esterified from
called cholesteryl ester, with the
hydroxyl group conjugated by an
ester bond to a fatty acid
- No polar group making them very
hydrophobic
- Almost exclusively synthesized by
animals, but plants do contain other
sterols similar in structure to
cholesterol
Solid at RT
cells, therefore, does not serve as a
source of energy
- Can be converted in the liver to
primary bile acids (e.g. cholic acid)
and chenodeoxycholic acid
- Promote fat absorption in the
intestine by acting as detergent
Bile Salts
- Are amphipathic derivatives of
cholesterol
- Synthesized in the liver and stored in
the gallbladder
- Cholate
- Chenodeoxycholate
- Emulsifying agents, whose polar
hydroxyl group interact with water
and whose hydrophobic regions
bind to lipids
Steroid Hormones
- Testosterone (male sex hormone)
- Progesterone (female sex hormone)
- Estrone, estrogen, and its
derivatives (female sex hormone)
- Cortisone and cortisol (regulation of
blood sugar)
- Aldosterone (regulation of salt in the
body)
3. Waxes
- derived from many different sources and have a
variety of chemical compositions, depending on the
source
- Paraffin wax
- long hydrocarbon tails – extremely hydrophobic,
completely, insoluble in water
- Lanolin – protective coating for hair
and skin (used in skin creams and
ointments)
COMPLEX LIPIDS
- Bonded to the other types of
molecules
Lipoproteins – consist of a core of hydrophobic
lipids surrounded by amphipathic proteins,
phospholipids, and cholesterol
- Typically spherical in shape and
range in size 10 to 1200 nm
Apolipoproteins
- Primary located on the surface of
lipoprotein particles
- Help maintain the structural
integrity of LPP
- As activators and inhibitors of the
various enzymes that modify LPP
particles
Hydrophobic amino acid interacts with lipids
Hydrophilic amino acid interacts blood
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ALIPOPROTEINS
Apo A-1
- Major protein on HDL
- Frequently used as an index of the
amount of the antiatherogenic HDL
present in plasma
Apo B
- a large protein w/ MW 500 KD
- Apo B-100 (found on LDL and VLDL ;
critical in the uptake of LDL cells)
- Apo B-48 – exclusively found in
chylomicrons
Apo E
- Found in LDL, VLDL, and HDL
- Apo E2
 - Apo E3 plasma specimens but do not for a
- Apo E4 top, creamy layer
- affect LDP metabolism because
they differ in their ability to interact with LDL LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
receptor - Significantly small than VLDL and
chylomicrons
- Can infiltrate into the extracellular
space of the vessel wall, where it
LIPOPROTEINS can be oxidized and taken up by
- classification (based on ultra-centrifugation) macrophages
- Chylomicrons (chylos) - Become filled up with intracellular
- Very-low-density LPP (VDL) lipid drops and turn into foam cells
- Low-density LPP (LDL) - An early precursor of atherosclerotic
- High-density LPP (HDL)
HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
- Smallest and most dense
Chylomicrons - Synthesized by both the liver and
- Contain Apo B-48 intestine
- Account for the turbidity of - Can exist either as disk-shaped or as
postprandial plasma spherical-shaped particular
- Readily float to the top of stored
plasma and form a creamy layer Discoidal HDL
- Chylous, turbid, milky, cloudy, - Contains 2 molecules of apo A-1
lipemic, plasma/serum - Represent newly (changes shape)
Produced by the intestine, where they are
packaged with absorbed dietary lipids Spherical HDL
- Once enter the circulation, TAG and - HDL2
cholesteryl esters are hydrolyzed by - Larger in size and richer in lipid than
lipase HDL3
- Are transformed into chylomicron - Maybe more efficient in delivering
remnant particles, which are taken lipids to the liver
up by remnant receptors in the liver
- Delivery dietary (exogenous) lipids References Ranges
to hepatic and peripheral cells Analyte Reference Range
Total Cholesterol 140-200 mg/dL
VERY LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN HDL Cholesterol 40-75 mg/dL
- Contain apo B-100, apo E, and apo C LDL Cholesterol 50-130 mg/dL
- Produced by the liver Triglycerides 60-150 mg/dL
- Rich in TAG like chylomicrons
Lipoproteins in Electrophoresis
- Readily reflect light
- Alpha LPP = HDL
- Account for most of the turbidity
- Pre-Beta LPP = VLDL
observed in fasting hyperlipidemic
- Beta-LPP - LDL