Qualitative Inorganic Salt Analysis

Detection of cations and anions in the given sample

of salts

Detection methods
i Physical appearance
ii smell
iii wet test tests performed on solution of given
solid sample
iv Day test tests performed on given solid sample

salt
components

Acidic Radicals
Basic radicals
Anions cations
anionic part comes cationic part comes
from acid in salt
from base in salt
in acid base rn in acid base rn

analysed by wet analysed by wet tests as

tests well as
dry tests
wet tests

H2O heat
Salt
Filter
Filtrate
if water soluble
wettest
is performed

If salt is insoluble in water its soda extract

is made for doing wet test
Residue
given salt Naggy ybgily.ge
Filtrate

wet
test is
performed
over
2NatG t
2ÉG Nazcoz Eac031
lag In

Naacoz is used as most of the sodium salts

are water soluble
Analysis of acidic radicals

classification of acidic radicals is not systematic

as
many ions are present in more than one

groups so we can't be rigid in classification

acidic radicals
of
A rough classification is followed as

CLASS A CLASS B

Radicals which producegas Detected on basis of

or volatile product on their reactions in
treatment with acids solution phase
It may require heating
I II
I I detected
are detected are
Radicals which Radicals which by precipitation by using their
produce gas produce gas 5042 redox reactions
or volatile or volatile
pop Croft
product with product with crop 0207
die acids Hal conc acids Cra072 Manoj
COT Hc03 p a
12504
if Mn Of
5032 4505 NOT 1303 2042
5 52032 t
all Gr I
NOT CHzcoo
radicals
Tests of 032 ion

solubility rule Lizcoz sparingly soluble

in water Naacoz K 03 Rb2C03,62103 soluble
inc solubility
NHK2103 soluble
Rest other metal carbonates insoluble in water

i did Ht I weak acids than coz like HCNPhenol 431303

coz t Ht HacOz CO2T t Hao

die unstable colourless
gas
Brisk
effervescence
odorless
lime water test
Ca 0h12 t CO2 Caco I t H2O
Milky
exc
CO2

calico312
Coluble
acidified
CO2
Kanna som Ino changed Distinction
acidified in
K 207 Sohn
orange
coloury from 502
Ii Balls son

cos Bath Baco t

white
027 120
HN03
14
BalivozztCOIT120
Sohn
CH3COOH
etycoozbatcoatt
H2O
112504
Basaltcost H2o
white

iii Agnos solution

032 Agt Agacoz 1

yellowish white

Hd
a
Ago I 029
Brown
Agut t coat H2o D
White
Agt 029
Black

iv Phenolphthalein HPh
ag carbonate IPhurley Pink
v Cet agr

at 032 H2O Alcoz CucoHlad

Green

vi angt2

ang't cost Hao s

ngcoz ng OHKI
white

VII Pbt

Pbt 0327 H2O Pbcoz Pb OH at

White

Viii Hgt

H2O
Hgt coz Hgcoz Hgof
Red

ix 2nt2

zn2t 032 420 Zn coz Zn OH at

White
 Tests of ncos ion

solubility rules metal bicarbonates are

all
soluble except
oluble NÉf
Only bicarbonates known in solid States
Nanos KHCO3 RbHC03 CsHCO3 NH HC03

i die Ht

Hcos Ht coat t H2O

colourless
odorless
brisk efferu

I water
lime
milky
OR
Baryte water
Ba OH z

i Balls or calls
Distinction from Co2
Cat or Bat colorless son boil pptt
Hog
No plot of cos
Iii Agnos cut Hgtz Pbt ragtag2nt2
metal ions
µcog no ppt

Iv Phenolphthalein
Distinction from Co2
H Ph Hc05 colourless
Colourless

Detection of Hc05 in presence of cost

resiacEwhite
caus
if
exc

sun
sticostlat'd
NH3 g

Cactz I t NHI ta
White
Tests of 5032 ion

solubility rules exactly same as that of carbonates

i die Ht
503 t Ht 42503 5021 H2o
dit unstable colourless

at suffocating smell
KIM
Iraq
decolourises water
exc so
mill
milkyness disappears

sont Calor la Caso I H2O

Whitey's's
Ca H50372
Soluble

Ii Bada soln
air 1202
5032 t Bath Basoz I Basoyt
White Bra 42000 white
soluble in 8000 HN03 insoluble
HCl
 Ba503 02 Baso4
Ba503 4202 Bas04
Basozt BratH2O Basoat HBr
Basozt HN03 Basogt thot Not
Basozt out Basoat Ct

iii Agnos og

5032 Agt ex At Agasost

Ag 503
Soluble White

HN03
foie
Aghtsoftti
50211 Agt Nos Black

Iv 105
5032 105 Iad t 504

exc so

I t 5042

V Pb N 312
air boil Phyfe
503 Pbt pysoz
Pb No 5024
White HNoz
vi Zn t die Has04

505 s
HasA tent soft
ants Gotten
egg like
smell
v strong
reducer

Vii Oxidisers

soft inn of Ht Mnt soft tho

Pink Colourless

soft era of Ht Cr t soft H2O

orange green

Tests of 5 ion

solubility rules
u alkali metal sulphides water soluble
alkaline earth metal sulphide sparingly solube but
solubility inc with time due to hydrolysis
cast H2O cat t TH t Hs
TITIsulphide of Alt Cr't ang't readily hydrolyse in
water forming plot of their hydroxides
alongwith
evolution of Has gas

i did Ht
52 Ht Has9
die Gotten
egg like
smell

Has 502 St t H2O

white
Has Pb Oac Pbs t t AcOH
Black
Cda cast t HCl
Has
yellow

Has Iz St I t Ht
Iat I Chile

ii Agnos
5 Agt s
Agast
Black
Agas t HN03 Agt Nos SI t NOT H2O
4 HNos boil Agt Nos t soft Not Ht
Agast
 iii Ag foil
Ht t H2O
Ag Oats Agast slow
Black

iv Sodium nitroprusside test

Wto
Fe CN t s Felan Nos

Nitroprasside ion violet solution

ppt
not
Chionitroprasside ion

v s ion as catalyst
Iz t NJ No reaction

s im
Ift NJ presence
Nat I
or 5203 or SCN

Ivi Methylene blue test

Test of 5 or Has

N N dimethyl paraphenylidenediamine
K
O
Han
 t 5 t Fet go
e
V

I t 5 A
nut Fet t Ht
n
Methylene blue
Later soluble dye
Analysis of 52032 ion

solubility rule most of 52032 ions are soluble

insoluble thiosulphates Agt Pbt cut Bat

lil dil Ht
52032 Ht 1125203 St 5021 tho
Instable white suffocating
odour

Ii 15
Iz t 52032 I t 54062

Ksan Then
Hit Agnos

52032
1g Ag 52037273
Yg
s
Aga52031
colourless
som
white

standing
on
Htt 504 Agast dilution acidification
Black
Iv Pb N 372
onstand
Pbt t 52032 Pbs2031 dilution Pbsttsofat
White Black

v Baltz
Bat't 52032 Ba52031
white

Vi IN

52032 IN ÉÉÉ t so

Fet Blood red soln

FelscN2
Fe SCN

Vii Fet3

Fet 52032 onstand Fet

Fe 5203 548
violet complex EI
viii Nicer N 212

Ni Lentz NO212 52032 1

Wilentz 5203
violet
Analysis of Noi ion
solubility rule All nitrites are water soluble except
AGNE
sparingly soluble

i die Ht

No Ht 1h01 instantaneously
HNostNotttho
N203 420 Colorless

N02T air
Reddish Brown

i Fe soft die Ht
Brown ring test

NOI t Fet Ht Fe H2o no t H2o

Brown
ring complex
OR
Fesod NO

Ii Agnos
Noi t Agt s
Agnos 1
white
Iv KI Ht

NOI t I Ht Iz Not t H2O

this ktI5
BEF

v with oxidiser

NOI t annoy Ht Mnt t Nos t Hao

Pink colourless

NOI t Croft Ht Cr't t Nos Hao

Orange Green

Ivi add Niall and then heat

D
NHI NOI Nat 21420

Vii Nhs containing compound Ht

NHaCONHat HNO2 Natt CO2 t H2o

urea

NHzCSNHz HNK s Nat HttSCN t H2O

Chio urea
 Ho SI MHz t HN02 Nat Has04 420

sulphuric acid

Analysis of CHz Coo ion

solubility rule all acetates are water soluble except

those Agt and tight
of
i die 42504

Hz Coo t did Ht 92ms CH coff f

vinegar smell
con Hase is not used as it will produce
vapours of CHzcoon as well as so gas But
smell of 502 gas will mask the smell of
CH3COOH

ii 22450 Ht 112504

CHzCoo Ht Catton CHzCOOGHS H2O

fruit like pleasant
smell

iii Agnos
Hz Coo't Agt CHzcooAgt
chite fig Coluble
Iv Fetz

Fet't CH Coo 120 Fez OHL CHzco 76 tht

Blood red soln
bite
Fe OHL CHIN I CHINH
fed plot

v Cacodyl test

CHzCW Nat AS203

IAST ASLI
H
Cacodyl oxide
Nauseating smell
NGCOz 029
Analysis of ions which produce gas volatile product with
conc Ht but not with dil Ht

Analysis of F ion

Alkali metal Li Al Ni Hg
Ag
F soluble
F
Pb a Fet Ba Li partially soluble
other alkaline earth metal F
insoluble

1 Conc 112504
warm
F Ht a Haft
colourlessvapours
corrosive to glass
90
H2F2 2nF

HE shows corrosive action over glass due to

reaction with sios present in glass
Sioat HE s
sift H2O
sift H2o Ha sift 425103
Greasy
appearance
on glass

Ii Agnos
F Agt No Dpt

iii Calla white

cat't f cafat acidifiedMnf no change in
Iv Fet
exc Naf
Fet F s Fef I Fetz
White

Analysis of co ion
most of the a are water soluble

ftp.gtkt
I Thot
a
sparinglysoluble in cold H2O
boiling to

i Cone 112504

a Hut
anti colourless
Pungent smell
moist blue red
litmus
HCl
NH3 s NHall dense white fumes

lil Mnoat Ht
inmost Ht to Ust t Mnt H2o
Green yellow

iii Agnos
Agt a s
Agut
White
 insoluble
III boiling H2o
HN03 insoluble
conc a soluble
Age Agua
t Soluble
exc NH3
Ag NH3
exo EN soluble
s
AgcenzJ
exc 52032 52031233 soluble
Ag

Iv Pb N0372
Pbt t a s Pbllat
White

It s soluble
Pblla exact
Pba soluble
TY insoluble

V Chromyl chloride test

a S Cra07 s Ht 002921 thot

ionic Enjoy oranged
red

6430072Pbt NaOH
Pbcroyd
CH3COOH
Nazcro
Turmericyellow son ag
 in alkali
Pitting Pbloaf Croft
Pbcroy is insoluble in CHzcoon
some U2 is also evolved as minor product

chromyl
Hg92 Hg Cla chloride test I
chromyl
Ago Pbdz Sbdz Snus chloride ft Partially

Analysis of Br ion
most of the Bf are water soluble

Agf.pt 9t
cut Br s insoluble
It Br sparinglysoluble in cold H2O
soluble in hot boilingH2O

i Conc 42504

D
Br t 42504 Brat 5024 t 420
Conc red brown

i inmost Ht
Mnt
nanoat Ht Bro Brat 420
red brown
 iii Agnos

Agt Br s
AgBrt
light yellow
insoluble
III boiling H2o
HN03 insoluble
conc 135
AgBrt Partially soluble
exc NH3 soluble
exo IN s soluble
exc 52032 s soluble

iv Pbt 2

Pbt Br s PbBrat boiling Soluble

White H2o

v
Layer test
U2 Br Br ta
Lexa A2
Brel ag
yellow soln Cat
or
CHU3
 Analysis of I ion
All iodides are soluble except

Eggen gig III

ppt
EE
ppt
Giant
ppt
Eye
ppt

i conc 42504
D
I t an 12504 5024 H2O
Egypt
starch Blue black
colour

lil Agnos
Agt I s
Ag It
yellow

insoluble
III boiling H2o
HN03 insoluble
conc I insoluble
AgId s

exc NH3 insoluble

exo EN soluble
s
Agony
exc 52032 52031233 soluble
Ag
 II Pbt2

b soluble cooling Goldenyellow

Pbt t I PbIs t
blot
yellow

iv Layer test
d

Lexi da ag

HI 03
Colourless Cdg or
y
Iz

v Getz

cut2 I s It
Cu Iz
white light
I exc
15
Brown soln

vi Hgt

Hgt t I HgIzt
Led
I Hgt
Colourless
soln
Vii Bist
exc I
Bit I BIBI BII
Black orangesoln

H2O boil

BYOIt
range

Analysis of nos ion

All nitrates are water soluble

i conc 42504
D
NO Con Ht HNO Nozttozlthao
Reddish
brown

ii Cut conc 112504

cut Nos Ht Cut Not H2o

Blue air
son No29
Reddish
brown

iii Brown ring test

Fet't nos H'tCano s Fe H2o Wto
Brown ringcomplex
tut Reduction in alkaline medium

Nos 2h Al t IH NH3T t 2h05 Aloi

Cxc
Devarda's Al tenth
alloy
No t exc alkali NH3T
Analysis of Borates
H2O

É
13033 orthoborate B OH 3

conc 42504
B OH3T
D
white fumes
B OH 3CH30H BLOCH3 3 3420
Tri methyl
borate

B.COM
3t3C2H50HDsBloC2Hg zt3H20
Tri ethyl
borate

t
Burns with green
edged flame

Analysis of oxalates 6042

alkali metal Fett 204 soluble
rest other 6204
spare Cor insoluble
soft
s

all oxalates are poisonous

all oxalates dissolve in del acid cacao 438 insol
i conc 112504

2042 t 2ft 42204

cone thot
42204 cot t coat H2O

Ii Manoj Ht
Mno Htt 2042 coat Mnt't Hao
Pink colourless

iii Agnos
exc NH3
soluble
C2OÉt Agt AgzC204t
White HN03
soluble

lil Calls
HN03
soluble
cat 204 cH3coH
Caczott s insoluble
white innocent colourless
Pink
 Analysis of sot ion
of the sulphate are soluble
frost Ba504 52504 Pbsog insoluble
Casey Hgsoy Agasoy sparingly soluble

it Back

soft Bat Basoyt

white
mineral acids
like Ha a No
insol

boiling BaCHs0472
42504 soluble
v
impggqers.int Hd
Back Bask Back
insoluble in HU
D cop
Basoat C Bas
I HU Bad Hast

ii CH cool Pb

Pbt forms complex with JH Ct IT CHzcoo 41408

tartarateion
Pbt 5042 Pbsoat
White
4th06
É
CHzcoo
soluble Pb 414063
Pb CH3cool
Soluble Goluble
Iii Agnos

soy
Agt No plot
dil
Agt
5042 Ag25041
conc white

Iv Hgt2

Hgt't soft Hao Hyo Hgso t Ht

yellow

Analysis of pop ion

phosphates are insoluble except
fall
NazPO4 KzP04 RbzPop CSP04 NH 31004 soluble
LizPoa sp soluble

most of HPOF HaPOI are soluble

insoluble
k 2

ag pop alkaline due to hydrolysis

Nashpot is used for precipitation of metal phosphates
if NazPoy is used there will also be pptn of basic
oxide or hydroxide of metal
 i Agnos
H POI't Agt s
Ag Poyet t Ht
yellow

N
soluble a NH3 s soluble
AgzPOqtHN0z Agt HPOI'tNos

CII Batz

of
Hp Bat Ba HP0471
white
Hd Batta HaPOI
soluble
CH3COOM
soluble
NH3
Baz Poy alt NHI
exc ag
White

Iii Magnesium nitrate mixture magnesia mixture

MgIN031stNHN037NH3 Angat NHA t NH3
HPOI NH3 Agt Mg Ny pot I
white
Hce CHEHsoluble
exc NH3 insoluble
Civ Ammonium molybdate
Mook

H POI't NHI t Mo Of't Ht 40

NH P Moz0104
Canaryyellow
Ammonium
Phosphomolybdate

NHA z As Moz0104
Canaryyellow
Analysis of basic radicals

Group ions Go reagent plots

I Agt Pbt Hgat dil HI Agee Pby Hgauz white

IIA cat Cut Bit Has in GTows'Ea É wn black

Pbt Hgat presenceof
die Hel Phan TAE
IB Sht Sntt Ast Ast Has in Sns 5h52 95253,95255
presenceof
Sbt3 Sbts
die Ha 56253 8 255 range
yellow

NHaOH in
III Alt Gt3 Fet presence of
Al10h13 21043 Felon
white Green Brown
NHA
2nt rant cot with teas in presence 2ns Mns Cos Nis
II
ofNHyOHtNH white Rink Black Black

Bat sit cat

fit3 I
I
in presence
Baco.gg 9
VI Nat Kt Ange
O NHI
coz to 9029
Trick to remember

AH PEI HEI
Cdt cut Bit pbt Hg2t
chat of INSTA THT ETA
Alt Gt3 Fetz
3M at that
ant ant cot Nit
Mineta at Belt
Bath Srt Cath
Itt meta
th t
wat Tt page
II not Ham
NHImet
 solution
dit tece

ppt Filtrate
Gr I Has tell
confirm

ppt Filtrate
ar I confirm
add HN03
and boil
Filtrate
NHyOH t
NH
y

ppt Filtrate
Gr I confirm
Hast
NHgotet
NHad
u

ppt
ar I confirm
Filtrate
NHA2CO3
N OH NHall
ppt s
Gr I Confirm Filtrate
may contain Nat
Kt Agt NHI
Basic radicals of Group I

Group separation soln

Agt Pbt Hgt

fail Ha
aga.PH
j
boil with pyo
Residue
Filtrate
pbt2 Ago Hgadz
exc NH3

Filtrate Residue
Agentspt HgtHgented

Tests of Agt ion

II die Hcl insoluble

v03
excesoluble
soluble
Agt a Agate waxed
chit Egoluble
5 5 usoluble
ii Has

exc Nts insoluble

Agt t s s
Agast
Black

Agast 4193 Agt Nos sit not Hao

boil
Ages t HN03 conc
Agt Nos soft NOP tho

Iii ag NHz

Agt t NAOH Ago It Nhat H2o

Brown

exc NH3
Ag NH3 2
Coluble

Iv ag NaOH

Agt OH Ago It tho

Brown

I exe NaOH insoluble

V KI
1 insoluble

EF insoluble
Agt I AgIt
yellow IIe soluble
3 soluble

Vi K2C204

exc NH3 soluble

Agt 404 s Agecroft
N
crick
red

Agt
Wii Ken

Agt IN Agent II Agen125

White soluble

viii NazCOz

Agt 032 Agacost

yellowish white
D
Agzot Cost
Brown
exc NH3
or HND
soluble
IX N925203

Agt 5205 Ag252031

ex 5203 52031273
Ag
White soluble

dilution starting
org Ht Agast soft Ht
Black

X NazHP04

HPOI't Agt Ag Pott t Ht

yellow

Tests of Pbt ion

II die He
boiling soluble
H2O
Pbt a Pbuat exact soluble
White exc NH3 insoluble

Ii Has
Pbt 5 Pbs t
Black
Pbs HN03 Pbtt No St not H2o
boil
Pbs HNoz Pbt't NOT Soft Not t Hao
 immediately Pbsoy blot

Pbs t 4202 Pb soft tho

White
Pbs 03 Pb 504 02

Iii NH3 lag

Pbt t NHgon Pblonlat t NHI
Chite
TY insoluble

Iv NaOH ag

Pbt OH Pblotilat flag Phony

white soluble

11202 a
Pboat
Black 52082
oxidiser

v 42504 boiling 42504 soluble

Pbt t 112504 Pbsoyt t Ht
White
chzcoowhat soluble
Cathy06 s soluble
 II K2Cr04
NaOH soluble
Pb t Croft PbCroft CH cook insoluble
turmeric HN's
yellow
Piggy
Vii NazCoz

Pbt't cost 120 Pb on z Pbc031

white
Ht COLT

viii KI
boiling soluble

put I s PbIzt
I soluble
Pb y
yellow
Tests of Hgt ion
conc Ha insoluble
1

gift
HN s insoluble
ugh 1
NH3 HgttHg Nada
White
agua ta soluble
HgzU2tHNozt3Hd Hg Uat Not Hao
soluble

Hgaz corrosive sublimate sublime

Hgzdz Calomel
Ii Has
Hgitts Hgt t Hgst
Black Black

Hgs most insoluble metal sulphide

HN03 insoluble soluble
aquaregia soluble Hgs HNostHce Hgast Notts
Naas soluble Hgst Ngs Na Hgs
soluble
Na2S2 soluble Hgs Nasa Ng Hgs 19253

55 sts
sts se

Hgt Hgt Bit Cot at NH3

Nos presence
Basic salt I
ppt

CI Ag NH3
Hoyt NAOH Nos Hgh t HgoHginna Not

Blackshire
insoluble c exc NH3
 I NaOH

boil
Hgt on Hgzot Hgt Hgot
Black Black Yello

insoluble exc NaOH

v k 204
Hgt crop s Hgacroat
Brick red

I exonaon
HgzottCroft
Black

ITT KI
to boil
Hgt I s
HgzIz1 Hgt HgIzt
Green Black Ced

ex
I's Hgt IgÉÉÉ
Goluble
Colourless

vii Nazca D
Hgtthgot
032 Alack yellow
Hgt 492031
Black
jelly Hgzott Coat
viii KC

Hgt In Hgt t Hglenla

Black soluble

Snag

Hgittsndz Hgt sntt

Black

Basic radicals of Group II

NaOH insoluble
IA sulphide COR
Halasz
NaOH soluble
IB sulphide COR
Halasz

Hgs is insoluble
in HNoz

Pbs04 most insoluble so among sulphate

of Gr II
w.tt Has
CdlNH3 imperfect complex
t w.tt Has
away Perfect complex
Group separation
Sbt sbt sht sntt
cat cut Bit Pbt Hgt Ast Ast
1Has Ha
ppts

I Halasz

IB in s residue
filtrate cds.us
BiasyfbsiHgs

Residue filtrate
Hgs
catalyst
Residues
Pbsot
fitrate
Cdt cut Bits

Residue
cast Bi present filtrate
Has acntyzyt
d NH3 4
acNHz 4 he som
 Tests of Hg't
MNO
II Hat insoluble
Naoh insoluble
Halasse insoluble
Hgt s s
Hgs t Naas soluble
s
Black
19252 soluble
soluble
Fgia

Ii ag NH3

Ago Hg Nhs I
Hgtt NO NH3
Chite
Nos

insoluble
TY

iii Naor
NaOH D
024
Hgt2 s
Hgot s
Hgt
yellow Black
I exc Nao'd insoluble
HI soluble

Iv KI
exc I
Hgat I HgIz1 Hgh
red soluble
 I Ken
No plot Hg CN z soluble like Hgh

VI Shaz
snus 5h92
ng't tight Agt
White Black

Ii Cot SCN
cot't sent Hgh Hg Co scaly
Co Hgt SCN y I
Blue

Tests of cuts

II Has HN03
NaOH
soluble
insoluble
cut2 s2 Cust NHtlasse insoluble
Black aquaregia soluble

Ii ag NH3
cut NAOH s Cu OH
Blue
at Ei alway
deep blue
solution
iii ag NaOH
cut OH s Cuconlat
Blue
If insoluble

Iv KI
U2 I MI t t
White
Itf 3
Ij
41

Eitan
cut IN Calculate quickly Gent CNN
White
yellow
exc IN
Cuccia
Soluble

CI KSCN
cut SCN s CulscNlad Quickly Culsen lt song
Black Chile

IFT K FeccNI6

Cutt Ky Fe CN g Az Fern 6 I
Chcolate brown
 Tests of cast

I Has
HN03
soluble
Cdt 52 cast conc thus soluble
yellow

CI ag NH3
Cdt't NaOH Cd OH at t NHI
White
exc NH3
Eight
Iii NaOH

cat't TH s ed on at s insoluble
White

Iv Ka Fe CN 6

Catt Ky FCKN 6 Cda Fe CN 6 I

BWish white

Tests of Bist

II Has
Bits 52 Bias t 03s soluble
Brown Black
Ii af NH3

Bits tag Basic salt I Ypg insoluble

NH3
White
Biloh2103

III Naoh
exc OH insoluble
Bits OH s Biton d
white
boil
BIO OH It H2O
yellow white
13105 4202
yellow
Bismythate

if KI
9814
H2O boil

Bit I Bitz t I's Bit

Black orange solution

II sht in alkaline medium

Bits Snlonly Bit Sn OH 67
Black
Analysis of Gr III radicals

Group separation

Apt 234 Fetz

NH4OH NYC
Al 01173 CrOH Fe OH
ppt
4202T alkali

Reside
Allow Crop
yeah
Pbt2 CuzcoH

filtrate Residue

Allon I Pbcroy

Tests of Apt
i
NaOH
Alt t NaOH Al OH I t NHI
White
exc NH3 s insoluble
 ii NaOH
A1 OH Allomist EYE Na Al 1044
white soluble

Litt NHalas
3
Alt 52 t H2O Alcott I Hast
chite
iv HPOE
Alt HP042 Alpoyt t Ht
White

V Na2103

Alt Coz t H2O Al OH I t coat

chite

carbonates Alt Cr't Fet readily undergo

of
hydrolysis in ag solution to give coz

Dry test
Co N 312 A1203
Chaga CoA12047 Not 029
Menard's
Blue
 cost
Tests of
41 NHgOH
Crt NAOH Cr OH It NHat
green
I exe cr NH3 6
NH3
Pink violet
solution

Ii NaOH

arts OH Cr OH t Yaga Na
crony
green Green solution
Naz 204 11202
YellowSolh

NHalas
II
c t3 52 H2o Creon I Hast
green

it Naz 03
rt 032 420 Cr OH It 1024
green

52082
I
alkaline or 3 5208 ton ÉÉsoÉttyo
 Tests of Fest

I NHyOH

Fet't NHyon Felony I insoluble

R Tfg
Fezoz setyo
Red Brown

Ii NaOH
ex
Fet OH Felons t NaOH
s insoluble
Red brown

Iii Has or acidified NHalas

Fet Has Fet't St Ht

hilxiddiser Reducer

Fess is known but only in strongly alkaline

conditions

Iv Neutral Niklas
Fett 5 Fest t St
Clack Chite
I tell soluble
Fett Has to
 Ken
exo Ife CN 673
Fet IN Felon 31 TN
Red Brown yellow soln

ftp I KtCFeccn6

Fett FelCN 6 s Fe Fe CN 63 I
intense Blue
Prussian Blue

If Fet is added in excess of Ky Fe CN 6 then

colloidal solution of kFÉ Feeny is formed which
is also blue coloured
Thot filterable
ÉT Ben
It
pets son fecscnb
tffgg É

FT 62043 Hate Bleached by

F 6042 are stronger ligands than Jen that is

why they replace Jen from solution
FeFG colourless
Viii Kz Fe CN 6

Fett Felon 65 Fe ÉÉccN 6

Red brown solution

IX CH3COO Nat

Fet cuzCoo red solution boil s red plot

ÉÉÉÉtÉt between Fetz and Fet

Reagent Fetz Fetz

NaOH Felon lad Felonlzt
Green Red Brown

ICN colourless Blood redsolution

FÉCcNl6 KzFÉ Felon 6 I Prussian Blue plot

Ka
White

Kz
ÉeCCN 6 Turnbull's blue FÉ ÉeCCNl6
red brown soln

Turnbull's blue Prussian blue are actually same

compound
Analysis of Gr II radicals

Group separation

Cos Nis HU s insoluble HU

pans 2ns soluble

aqua regia soluble aquaregia soluble

or conc HN03 or concHNoz

Among group I sulphides only Mns is soluble

in CHzcoon

Int nant cot Nita

Has NHgOHtNHad
2ns inns dos Nis

yes
residue
mittens
exc NaOH
aqua regia v
filtrate
residue zn Coty
Init
a
Mn OHH
ding I air nano OH a
KYE
Nicdmg at Clack
Kz CoNO2 6 t Ged
yellow
Tests of Cota

i Has HCl insoluble

cH3coH insoluble
cot 5 cost
Black Con HN03
Soluble
a aquaLegia

Cost HNoz Cot't Not St H2O Noz

TY ay NH3 presence of Nos

Cot NH3 NOT Co OH NO3 I
Blue

exc NH3

air Co NH3 6 t Nos

Co NH3 6
yellow Tan colour
son soln

Iii NaOH presence of Nos

Cott OH NOT Co OH Nos I
Blue
exc NaOH
v D
NaOH
insoluble c exc Colon 1
Pink
Chat air D
iv Ken

Cot IN Colonist If s Co CN 6
Red brown Brownson

Co CN 6 c air a 4202
orange yellow
solution

5 Tfios.tt
cot twos It Ht kz É Nos G I Iot Hao
yellow
Potassium
cobalt nitrite

Ivi Jen

Hot
cot Jen co send Blue plot
Blue son

its conc ee

CoHaole O Cody t Gtfo

Pink son Blue soln

That room temp Bluesols

at 0 C Pink son
 Tests of Nita

i Has
HCl
insoluble
CHzcoon
Nitzts Nist
Black Con HNoza soluble
aqua regia

1 ag NH3
Nit't NH OH Ni OH I t NHI
green
exc ag NH3 Ni NH363
deep blue som
Iii NaOH

Nit't TH Ni OH at Yaga insoluble

green
Ta Ni OH
Black

IV Ken
NICCNIT
Nit't IN Nicolai
green
Y light yellow
son
 dmg on
I
stabilised H H bonds

alkaline
Nit't Hdmg Nidmg
Cherry red

Tests of Int ions

i Has
HCl soluble
HNO3 agregia
2nt2 s 2ns t
white CHINH insoluble

lil NH3Cag

2nt2tNHyOH s Zn Comtat t NHI

White
NH3s 2n NH3 ft
soluble

iii NaOH
exit
Int TH s 2h10m1s I zn only
White soluble
 HP042 exc tell or NH3 soluble

2nt2t HP042 2h3 Pot at Ht

chite

v HP042 NH3 exc tell or NH3 soluble

at HPOI NH3 s Zn NH Pat

White

It É KaCFecciul6

ZnttKy FeCCN G kzznzCFECCNIGT.at

White
exo NaOH

Zn OH It Ktt Nat Fecenlot

in
Tests of pants

i HU soluble
Has
52 Hmos or soluble
pants Mnsd 9 regia
Pink cH3cooH Soluble
Distinctionfrom2nsNisCos
Ii Ag NH3

Mn OH at air
Mnt t NHgOH Mno Mnolon
White Black
exc s insoluble
NH3

iii NaOH
air Mnozamnolonl
Mnt't TH s Mncontat
Black
white
I exo
Naoh
insoluble

Iv HPOÉt NH3 HI
soluble

Mnt HPOI NH3 Mn NH Pott

Pink

v HPOI tell soluble

tant't HPOy s Danz Poy at Ht

Link
ÉF Pb02 52082 13105

pantz I s Mnof
Pink purple son
 Analysis of Group V Radicals

Reagents Bat Sat cast

Bacot 031 Cacost

White Chite White
4412103 soluble HU soluble HU soluble
CH3COOH CH3C00H
soluble soluble

Bacroat Sr
Croft Cacroft
K yellow Yellow yellow
04 HCl soluble HA soluble HA soluble
CHscoon insoluble 43005soluble IH soluble

Basoyd 525041 Caso

white White Chile paypal.ly
NHd2S4 HU
insole HCl slightly
soluble
QH4l2s8insoluble soluble
exc
Figo s soluble gig insoluble
Iggy soluble

Baca041 Stoat Cagoal

Chite White White
WHIC20 lasoluble
I
soluble
I soluble
IHH
soluble

My off insoluble insoluble

Kelfecento
specific Least
KzCa FeCCN 6
White
 separation of GRI ions

Bat G2t 52.27

NHI2CO3
NHaOHtNyce

Pbt filtrate
Caco SrcOz Baco

fission
solution
1kg604

Bactoyd filtrate
yellow Cart522 3

Einarsson

stoat Cart
Chile
2042

Casa 52504 Ba so

Ca 04724 Sr 04724 Ba OH
d solubility
in
Cag041
en
 M2C03 142504 M 1421204
204
HI

CHzCOOH cacao inc

712504

NH 2504
 Tests for ng't ion
i ag NH3

Agt't NHyOH AngloHla I t NHI

White

I exc insoluble
NH3
Nhat salt
readily soluble
i Naor

agt t TH Mg 04121 Ya insoluble

Chile

iii Nazcoz
t 420 ing0472 ngcoz I t Ht
ingt't cos White

v NHacet NazHPOgtNH3

ing't NH3 HPOE Mg NH Pott

White
NHyce to prevent ppth of
ingcoma by common ion effect
v NashPoy
aught HPOf Mg HPU white
 Tests for Kt Lecture
and NHIg

Reagents Kt
Dry Tests in salt analysis NHI

Naz É N 276 Kz CO N 276 I NH z CoCNO2 6 I

Toy heating test
yellow yellow

in a test Heat
Dry salt dry
tube
Ha PtUG K2 PAU6 I NH z PACK I
yellow Serve
yellow
colour in
intaifimed
NaH4H406 KHC4HaO6t NH 4414061
sodium hydrogen White
tataratewhen
Colour colour when White
possible
cold hot cation

Na white
B yellow I znt2
6h54 K B C6H5 NHK B C6H5 y
sodium tetra
Blue
phenylborate
white
white slightly
ae2t
soluble

Green yellow white At Feat

KU041 NHAOa
HOOK White coluble
Coat
Pink Blue

specific NH3 Nutsaltneseasgers

yellow Browns
charcoal cavity test

charcoal
Fts put
into
salt
Yavity
wazoo
s

block

observed
colour in
ÉÉ fanged
is

cavity Matvity
 cobalt nitrate charcoal cavity test
If residue in charcoal cavity is white
then cobalt nitrate test is carried
out

cobalt salt
nitrate
cavity
Col N 372 Coot N 24 029

i Cusa t Na Coz Cao t 024 Nasa

C D

cut
Bronze

Ii 2ns out Nazcoz Zno CO2 Nassau

yellow
I white
 Other dry tests
cis Flame test
Ii Borax bead test
Ciii Microcosmic salt bead test
Civ sodium carbonate bead test

Bunsen flame ich

oxidising flame for

reducing flamegases
CO2
C Residual
like
i
Al2 50413 A1203
CoA1204
fusion Thenard's
Blue
D
Fyi 2n coz
210 Coo Co2h02
Flame test fusion Rinmann's
wire green
Pt salt commie put into
loop into paste oxidising
iii two
igloos flame
ago observe
Pink
Colour in flak
a Role of Hq to make volatile metal chloride

e NAIB 1 HCl NaCl t C029 t H2O9

 Lit Crimson red Beth
Nat Golden yellow Mgt2
Kt Violet lilac Cat2 Brick red
Rbt Red violet Srt2 Crimson red
Cst Blue Baht Abble green

Cut 2 Green
Tht Green
BLOCH3 z Blocates z Green edged flame

Borax bead test

step
Naz13407 10h20
A
É Naz13407 t 1014209

f
2NaB0zt 13203
Transparent glass
like bead
step 2
Transion metal Glass like outed
oxysaltfoxide bead inflames bead
fog
moetiate 13203 metal metaborate BOI
CcolouredTT
ez
D
i Crzoz t S039
Gg 50413
3
Cr 130233
Green
Lin seducingflame

Ii D
Geo t 13203 Cu B0272
fold
zone
hot
zone

Blueate
oxidising flame
in Reducing Cu Bg t C bed
flame Red
Microcosmic salt bead test
Na NHA HP04.4420 Microcosmic salt
a
Na Ha HPO 4h20
D NaCNHq HPO t tho

u
vapors t NHgT t 14209
Sodium
metaphosphate
I
outlets bead
Transition metal D bead
coloured
oxysalt oxide Nap03
bead
metal
oxide 1 Nap03 Corthophosphate
colour
EI Coo t Napoz Naco Pof

Blue bead

sodium carbonate bead test

2 3
only for M
90203
Mn 02
D
NazCOg 101420 N9203 d t 1014204
bead
f2
Mno
t N9203 02 sNgMnO4t coz T
M 02 Green
colour

go Nago
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