Bluebell Step in Math 08

Key Book
8
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CONTENTS
No. Chapter Page No.
1. Sets 4
2. Square Root and Cube Root of Real Numbers 16
3. Number System 56
4. Financial Arithmetic 81
5. Polynomials 117
6. Factorization, Simulataneous Equations 127
7. Fundamentals of Geometry 155
8. Practical Geometry 162
9. Area and Volume 174
10. Data Handling 201
Model Paper 213
Scheme of Study 223

Bluebell Step in Maths 8 Key Book
01 Sets
1.1
1 Define the following.
(i) Set
A set is a collection of well defined and distinct objects,
called its elements or members.
(ii) Subset of a set
A set S is a subset of set A, if every member of S is also
a member of A.
(iii) Proper Subset
If A is a subset of B and A is not equal to B, then A is
said to be a proper subset of B.
(iv) Power Set
A power set of a set is the set of all its subsets.
(v) Equal Sets
Two sets X and Y are said to be equal if both contain
exactly same elements.
2 List the members of the power set of the following
sets.
A = {3} (ii) B = { }
Solution: Solution:
Here, n (A) = 1 Here, n (B) = 0
So, n[P(A)] = 21 = 2 0
So, n[P(B)] = 2 = 1
(iii) C = {1,2} (iv) D = {2,3,5}
Solution: Solution:
Here, n (C) = 2 Here, n (D) = 3
2
So, n[P(C)] = 2 So, n[P(D)] = 23
=2×2=4 =2×2×2=8
4
(v) E = {–1,0,1,2,3} (vi) F = {+,–,×,÷}
Solution: Solution:
Here, n (E) = 5 Here, n (F) = 4
5
So, n[P(E)] = 2 So, n[P(F)] = 24
= 2×2×2×2×2 =2×2×2×2
= 32 = 16
3 Find the power sets of the following sets:
(i) A = {– 2, 5}
Solution:
P (A) = {f, {–2}, {5}, {–2,5}}
(ii) B = { } (iii) C = {–1, 2}
Solution: Solution:
P (B) = {f} P (C) = {f, {–1},{2},{–1,2}}
(iv) D = {5,6,7}
Solution:
P (D) = {f, {5},{6},{7},{5,6},{5,7},{6,7},{5,6,7}}
(v) F = {+,–,×,÷}
Solution:
P (F) = {f, {+},{–},{×},{÷},{+,–},{+,×},{+,÷},{–,×},{–,÷}
{×,÷},{+,–,×},{+,–,÷},{+,×,÷},{–,×,÷},{+,–,×,÷}}
4 Which of the following sets are equal?
A = {a,b,c}
(ii) B = {5,6,7}
(iii) C = {–1,–2,–3}
(iv) D = {6,5,7}
(v) F = {–2,0,–1}
(vi) G = {b,c,d}
Solution:
B and D
5
5 Which of the following statements are true? If
A = natural numbers, B = whole numbers,
C = integers, D = prime numbers,
E = composite numbers, F = odd numbers,
G = even numbers, H = positive integers,
I = rational numbers
(i) AÍ C True
(ii) BË I False
(iii) A=H True
(iv) F ÍB True
(v) GÌB True
(vi) D ¹G True
(vii) E ÍF False
1.2
1 If A = {4,6,7,8,9},B = {2,4,6} and C = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, then
find (i) AÈ(BÇC) (ii) AÇ(BÈC)
(i) AÈ (BÇC)
Solution:
BÇC = {2,4,6} Ç {1,2,3,4,5,6}
= {2,4,6}
AÈ(BÇC) = {4,6,7,8,9} È {2,4,6}
= {2,4,6,7,8,9}
(ii) AÇ(BÈC)
Solution:
BÈC = {2,4,6} È {1,2,3,4,5,6}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6}
AÇ(BÈC) = {4,6,7,8,9} Ç {1,2,3,4,5,6}
= {4,6}
6
2 Given A = {a,x,y,r,s} B = {1,3,5,7,–10}, verify the
commutative property of set union.
Communicative Property
(a) AÈB = BÈA (b) AÇB = BÇA
(a) AÈB = BÈA
Solution:
L.H.S
AÈB = {a,x,y,r,s} È{1,3,5,7,–10}
= {a,x,y,r,s,1,3,5,7,–10}
R.H.S
BÈA = {1,3,5,7,–10} È{a,x,y,r,s}
= {a,x,y,r,s,1,3,5,7,–10}
Hence, AÈB = BÈA
(b) AÇB = BÇA
Solution:
L.H.S
AÇB = {a,x,y,r,s} Ç{1,3,5,7,–10}
= f
R.H.S
BÇA = {1,3,5,7,–10} Ç{a,x,y,r,s}
= f
Hence, AÇB = BÇA
3 Verify the commutative property of set intersection
for A = {l,m,n,0,2,3,4,7} and B = {2,5,3,–2,m,n,o,p}
AÇB = BÇA
Solution:
L.H.S
AÇB = {l,m,n,0,2,3,4,7} Ç{2,5,3,–2,m,n,0,p}
= {m,n,0,2,3}
R.H.S
BÇA = {2,5,3,–2,m,n,0,p} Ç{l,m,n,0,2,3,4,7}
= {m,n,0,2,3}
Hence, AÇB = BÇA
7
4 Given P = {a,b,c,d,e}, Q = {a,e,i,o,u} and R = {a,c,e,g}.
Verify the associative property of set intersection.
Associative Property
(a) PÈ (QÈR) = (PÈQ)ÈR (b) PÇ(QÇR) = (PÇQ)ÇR
(a) PÈ (QÈR) = (PÈQ)ÈR
Solution:
(i) QÈR = {a,e,i,o,u} È{a,c,e,g}
= {a,c,e,g,i,o,u}
PÈ(QÈR) = {a,b,c,d,e} È{a,c,e,g,i,o,u}
= {a,b,c,d,e,g,i,o,u}
(ii) PÈQ = {a,b,c,d,e} È{a,e,i,o,u}
= {a,b,c,d,e,i,o,u}
(PÈQ)ÈR = {a,b,c,d,e,i,o,u} È{a,c,e,g}
= {a,b,c,d,e,g,i,o,u}
Hence, PÈ (QÈR) = (PÈQ)ÈR
(b) PÇ(QÇR) = (PÇQ)ÇR
Solution:
(i) QÇR = {a,e,i,o,u} Ç{a,c,e,g}
= {a,e}
PÇ(QÇR) = {a,b,c,d,e} Ç{a,e}
= {a,e}
(ii) PÇQ = {a,b,c,d,e} Ç{a,e,i,o,u}
= {a,e}
(PÇQ)ÇR = {a,e} Ç{a,c,e,g}
= {a,e}
Hence, PÇ (QÇR) = (PÇQ)ÇR
5 For A = {–3,–1,0,4,6,8,10},B ={–1,–2,3,4,5,6} and
C = {–1,2,3,4,5,7}, Show that
(i) AÈ (BÇC) = (AÈB)Ç(AÈC)
(ii) AÇ(BÈC) = (AÇB)È(AÇC)
8
Solution:
L.H.S AÈ (BÇC)
(BÇC) = {–1,–2,3,4,5,6} Ç{–1,2,3,4,5,7}
= {–1,3,4,5}
AÈ (BÇC) = {–3,–1,0,4,6,8,10} È{–1,3,4,5}
= {–3,–1,0,3,4,5,6,8,10}
R.H.S (AÈB) Ç(AÈC)
AÈB = {–3,–1,0,4,6,8,10} È{–1,–2,3,4,5,6}
= {–3,–2,–1,0,3,4,5,6,8,10}
AÈC = {–3,–1,0,4,6,8,10} È{–1,2,3,4,5,7}
= {–3,–1,0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10}
(AÈB) Ç(AÈC) = {–3,–2,–1,0,3,4,5,6,8,10} Ç
{–3,–1,0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10}
= {–3,–1,0,3,4,5,6,8,10}
Hence L.H.S = R.H.S
(ii) AÇ (BÈC) = (AÇB)È(AÇC)
Solution:
L.H.S AÇ (BÈC)
BÈC = {–1,–2,3,4,5,6} È{–1,2,3,4,5,7}
= {–2,–1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
AÇ (BÈC) = {–3,–1,0,4,6,8,10} Ç{–2,–1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
= {–1,4,6}
R.H.S (AÇB) È(AÇC)
AÇB = {–3,–1,0,4,6,8,10} Ç{–1,–2,3,4,5,6}
= {–1,4,6}
AÇC = {–3,–1,0,4,6,8,10} Ç{–1,2,3,4,5,7}
= {–1,4}
(AÇB) È(AÇC) = {–1,4,6} È {–1,4}
= {–1,4,6}
Hence L.H.S = R.H.S
9
6 If U = {the natural numbers less than 10}
A = {the prime numbers less than 10}
B = {the even numbers less than 10} and
C = {the composite numbers less than 10} show that:
(iii) AÈ(BÈC)](AÈB)ÈC) (iv) AÇ(BÇC) = (AÇB)ÇC
(i) AÈ(BÇC) = (AÈB)Ç(AÈC)
Solution:
L.H.S AÈ (BÇC)
BÇC = {2,4,6,8} Ç{4,6,8,9}
= {4,6,8}
AÈ (BÇC) = {2,3,5,7} È{4,6,8}
= {2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
R.H.S (AÈB) Ç(AÈC)
AÈB = {2,3,5,7} È{2,4,6,8}
= {2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
AÈC = {2,3,5,7} È{4,6,8,9}
= {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
(AÈB) Ç(AÈC) = {2,3,4,5,6,7,8} Ç {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
= {2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
Hence L.H.S = R.H.S
Solution:
L.H.S AÇ (BÈC)
BÈC = {2,4,6,8} È{4,6,8,9}
= {2,4,6,8,9}
AÇ (BÈC) = {2,3,5,7} Ç{2,4,6,8,9}
= {2}
R.H.S (AÇB) È(AÇC)
10
AÇB = {2,3,5,7} Ç{2,4,6,8}
= {2}
AÇC = {2,3,5,7} Ç{4,6,8,9}
={ }
(AÇB) È(AÇC) = {2} È { }
= {2}
Hence L.H.S = R.H.S
(iii) AÈ(BÈC) = (AÈB)ÈC
Solution:
L.H.S AÈ (BÈC)
BÈC = {2,4,6,8} È{4,6,8,9}
= {2,4,6,8,9}
AÈ (BÈC) = {2,3,5,7} È{2,4,6,8,9}
= {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
R.H.S (AÈB) ÈC
AÈB = {2,3,5,7} È{2,4,6,8}
= {2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
(AÈB)ÈC = {2,3,4,5,6,7,8} È{4,6,8,9}
= {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
Hence, L.H.S = R.H.S
(iv) AÇ(BÇC) = (AÇB)ÇC
Solution:
L.H.S AÇ (BÇC)
BÇC = {2,4,6,8} Ç{4,6,8,9}
= {4,6,8}
AÇ (BÇC) = {2,3,5,7} Ç{4,6,8}
={ }
AÇB = {2,3,5,7} Ç{2,4,6,8}
= {2}
(AÇB)ÇC = {2} Ç{4,6,8,9}
={ }
11
1.3
1 If U ={1,2,3,...,9},A = {1,2,3,4},B = {3,4,5,6},C = {5,6,7,8}
then find:
(i) A – B (ii) A – C
Solution: Solution:
= {1,2,3,4} – {3,4,5,6} = {1,2,3,4} – {5,6,7,8}
= {1,2} = {1,2,3,4}
/
(iii) C – A (iv) A = U – A
Solution: Solution:
= {5,6,7,8} – {1,2,3,4} = {1,2,3,...,9} – {1,2,3,4}
= {5,6,7,8} = {5,6,7,8,9}
/ /
(v) B = U – B (vi) C = U – C
Solution: Solution:
= {1,2,3,...,9} – {3,4,5,6} = {1,2,3,...,9} – {5,6,7,8}
= {1,2,7,8,9} = {1,2,3,4,9}
2 If U = {0,1,2,3,...,12}, A = {1,3,5,7,9}, B = {2,4,6,8,10},
C ={2,3,5,7,11} Verify:
(i) (A È B)¢ = A¢ Ç B¢
Solution:
L.H.S (A È B)¢
AÈB = {1,3,5,7,9} È{2,4,6,8,10}
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
= U – (AÈB)
(A È B)¢ = {0,11,12}
R.H.S A¢ Ç B¢
A¢ = U – B
= {0,1,2,3,...12} – {1,3,5,7,9}
= {0,2,4,6,8,10,11,12}
B¢ = È– B
= {0,1,2,3,...12} – {2,4,6,8,10}
= {0,1,3,5,7,9,11,12}
12
A¢ Ç B¢ = {0,2,4,6,8,10,11,12}Ç{0,1,3,5,7,9,11,12}
= {0,11,12}
(ii) (A Ç B)¢ = A¢ È B¢
L.H.S (A Ç B)¢
AÇB = {1,3,5,7,9} Ç{2,4,6,8,10}
={ }
(A Ç B)¢ = U – (AÇB)
= {0,1,2,3,...12} – { }
= {0,1,2,3,...12}
A¢ È B¢ = {0,2,4,6,8,10,11,12} È {0,1,3,5,7,9,11,12}
= {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}
Review Exercise
1 Find the power sets of the following sets:
(i) A = {– 3, 4}
Solution:
P (A) = {f, {–3}, {4}, {–3,4}}
(ii) B = {0}
Solution:
P (B) = {f, {0}}
(iii) C = {–1,–2}
Solution:
P (C) = {f, {–1},{–2},{–1,–2}}
(iv) D = {5,–6,7}
Solution:
P (D) = {f, {5},{–6},{7}, {5,–6},{5,7}, {–6,7},{5,–6,7}}
(v) F = {+, –, ×}
Solution:
P (F) = {f, {+},{–},{×}, {+,–},{+,×},{–,×}, {+, –,×}}
13
2 For A = {0,4,6,8,10}, B = {3,4,5,6} and C = {2,3,4,5,7},
Find
(i) AÈ(BÇC)
Solution:
= {0,4,6,8,10} È({3,4,5,6} Ç{2,3,4,5,7})
= {0,4,6,8,10}È {3,4,5}
= {0,3,4,5,6,8,10}
(ii) AÇ(BÈC)
Solution:
= {0,4,6,8,10} Ç({3,4,5,6} È{2,3,4,5,7})
= {0,4,6,8,10}Ç {2,3,4,5,6,7}
= {4,6}
(iii) AÈC
Solution:
= {0,4,6,8,10} È{2,3,4,5,7)
= {0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10}
(iv) (AÇB)È(AÇC)
Solution:
AÇB = {0,4,6,8,10} Ç{3,4,5,6}
= {4,6}
AÇC = {0,4,6,8,10} Ç{2,3,4,5,7}
= {4}
(AÇB)È{AÇC}
= {4,6} È{4}
= {4,6}
3 If U = {1,2,3,...,10}, A = {2,3,4},B = {3,4,5}, C = {6,7,8}
then find:
(i) B – A (ii) C – A
Solution: Solution:
B – A = {3,4,5} – {2,3,4} C – A = {6,7,8} – {2,3,4}
= {5} = {6,7,8}
14
(iii) A – C (iv) A¢ - B¢
Solution: Solution:
A – C = {2,3,4} – {6,7,8} A¢ = U- A=(1,2,3,...10} – {2,3,4}
= {2,3,4} = {1,5,6,7,8,9,10}
B¢ = U- B =(1,2,3,...10} – {3,4,5}
= {1,2,6,7,8,9,10}
A¢ - B¢
= {5}
(v) B¢ - A¢ (vi) C¢
Solution: Solution:
= {2} = U – C =(1,2,3,...10} – {6,7,8}
= {1,2,3,4,5,9,10}
4 If U = {integers}, A {whole numbers},B = {natural
numbers}, C = {Prime numbers}, Verify:
(i) (A È B)¢ = A¢ Ç B¢
Solution:
AÈB = {0,1,2,3,...} È{1,2,3,...}
= {0,1,2,3,...}
L.H.S = (A È B)¢ = U – (AÈB)
= {–1,–2,–3,...}
A¢ = U - A = {–1, –2, –3,...}
B¢ = U - B = {0,–1, –2,–3,...}
A¢ Ç B¢ = {–1, –2,–3,...}Ç{0,–1,–2,–3,...}
= {–1, –2,–3,...}
L.H.S = R.H.S
(ii) (A Ç B)¢ = A¢ È B¢
Solution:
AÇB = {0,1,2,3,...} Ç{1,2,3,...}
= {1,2,3,...}
L.H.S = (A Ç B)¢ = U – (AÇB)
= {0,–1,–2,–3,...}
R.H.S = A¢ È B¢
= {–1,–2,–3,...} È{0,–1,–2,–3,...}
= {0,–1,–2,–3,...} L.H.S = R.H.S
15
02 Square Root and Cube Roots

of Real Numbers
2.1
1 Which of the following are rational numbers and
which are irrational?
Solution:
(i) 33 irrational (ii) 51 irrational
rational 9 rational
(iii) 16 (iv)
25
rational 22 rational
(v) 19 (vi)
7
2.2
2 Find the square root of each of the following:
(i) 49
Solution:
49 = 7 × 7 7 49
2
= 7 =7 7
Thus, 49 = 7
(ii) 441
Solution: 3 441
441= 3 × 3 × 7 × 7
3 147
2 2
= 3 ×7 7 49
= 3 × 7 = 21 7
Thus, 441 = 21
16
(iii) 1764
Solution: 2 1764
1764 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 2 882
2 2 2
= 2 ×3 ×7 3 441
= 2 × 3 × 7 = 42 3 147
7 7
7
(iv) 8281
Solution:
8281 = 7 × 7 × 13 × 13 7 8281
2
= 7 × 13
2 7 1183
= 7 × 13 = 91 13 169
13
(v) 9801
Solution:
9801 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 11 × 11 3 9801
2 2 2 3 3267
= 3 × 3 × 11
3 1089
= 3 × 3 × 11 = 99
3 363
11 121
11
(vi) 12321
Solution: 3 12321
12321 = 3 × 3 × 37 × 37 3 4107
= 3 × 37
2 2 37 1369
= 3 × 37 = 111 37
17
(vii) 998001
Solution:
998001 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 37 × 37
2 2 2 2
= 3 × 3 × 3 × 37 3 998001
= 3 × 3 × 3 × 37 = 999 3 332667
3 110889
3 36963
3 12321
3 4107
37 1369
37
(viii)298116 2 298116
Solution: 2 149058
298116 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 91 × 91 3 74529
2 2 2
= 2 × 3 × 91 3 24843
= 2 × 3 × 91 = 546 91 8281
91
2 Find the smallest number. by which 882 must be

multiplied so that it becomes a perfect square. Also,
find the square root of the perfect square so obtained.
Solution:
882 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 2 882
Here, 2 does not occurs in pair, So, 3 441
the required number is 2,i.e; 3 147
882 × 2 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 7 49
2 2 2
1764 = 2 ×3 ×7 7
= 2 × 3 × 7 = 42
18
3 Find the smallest number by which 1210 must be
divided so that it becomes a perfect square. Also, find
the square root of the perfect square so obtained.
Solution:
1210 = 2 × 5 × 11 × 11
2 1210
Here, 2 and 5 do not occurs in pairs, So,
the required number is 2 × 5 = 10.,i.e; 5 605
1210 2 × 5 × 11 × 11 11 121
=
10 10 11
121 = 11 × 11
= 11
4 8281 mango trees are planted in a garden in such a
way that there are as many trees in a row as there are
rows in the garden. Find the number of rows and the
number of trees in each row.
Solution:
Let the number of trees in each row
is x. Then, the number of rows is also x. i,e; 7 8281
x . x = 8281 7 1183
2
x = 8281 13 169
x = 7 × 7 × 13 × 13 13
x = 7 × 13 = 91
Hence, the number of rows and trees in each row is 91.
5 1521 soldiers are seated in a hall in such a manner
that there are as many soldiers in a row as there are
rows in the hall. How many rows are there in the hall?
Solution:
Let the number of soldiers in each row
is x. Then, the number of rows is also x. i,e; 3 1521
x . x = 1521 3 507
2
x = 1521 13 169
x = 3 × 3 × 13 × 13 13
19
= 3 × 13 = 39
Hence, the number of rows and soldiers in each row is 39.
6 The students of a class decided that each student will
contribute as many rupees to the National Relief Fund
as there are students in the class. If the total fund
collected is Rs.2601, Find the number of students and
the amount contributed by each students.
Solution:
Let each student contributes x rupees.
Then, the number of students is also x. 3 2601
x . x = 2601 3 867
2
x = 2601 17 289
x = 3 × 3 × 17 × 17 17
2 2
= 3 × 17
= 3 × 17 = 91
Thus, 91 students contributes Rs. 91 each.
2.3
1 Find the square root of the following:
16
(i)
49
Solution: 7 49 2 16
16 16 7 2 8
=
49 49 2 4
2 2
2
2×2×2×2 2 ×2
= = 2
7×7 7
2×2 4
= =
7 7
20
36
(ii)
121
Solution: 2 36 11 121
36 36 2 18 11
=
121 121 3 9
2×2×3×3 3
=
11 × 11
2×3 6
= =
11 11
4
(iii)
81 3 81 2 4
Solution: 3 27 2
4 4 3 9
=
81 81 3
2×2 2
2
2 2
= = 2 2 = =
3×3×3×3 3 ×3 2×3 9
9
(iv)
64 2 64 3 9
Solution: 2 32 3
9 9 2 16
=
64 64 2 8
2 4
3×3
= 2
2×2×2×2×2×2
2
3 3 3
= 2 2 2 = =
2 ×2 ×2 2×2×2 8
21
13 49
(v) 1 =
36 36 2 36 7 49
Solution: 2 18 7
49 49 3 9
=
36 36 3
7×7
=
2×2×3×3
2
7 7 7 1
= 2 2
= = =1
2 ×3 2×3 6 6
9 121
(vi) 7 =
16 16 11 121 2 16
Solution: 11 2 8
121 121 2 4
=
16 16
2
11 × 11
=
2×2×2×2
2
11 11 11 3
= 2 2
= = = 2
2 ×2 2×2 4 4
46 1296 5 625 2 1296
(vii) 2 =
625 625
5 125 2 648
Solution:
5 25 2 324
1296 1296
= 5 2 162
625 625
2×2×2×2×3×3×3×3 3 81
= 3 27
5×5×5×5
3 9
2 × 2× 3 × 3 36
= = 3
5×5 25
22
48 169
(viii) 1 =
121 121
Solution: 11 121 13 169
169 169 11 13
=
121 121
13 × 13
=
11 × 11
2
13
= 2
11
13
=
11
2
=1
11
(i) 0.04
Solution: 2 100 2 4
4
0.04 = 2 50 2
100
4 4 5 25
= =
0.04 100 100 5
2×2
=
2×2×5×5
2
2
= 2 2
2 ×5
2 2
= = = 0.2
2×5 10
Thus, 0.04 = 0.2

23
(ii) 0.0004
Solution: 2 10000
4
0.0004 = 2 5000
10000
4 4 2 2500
0.0004 = =
10000 10000 2 1250
2×2 5 625
=
2×2×2×2×5×5×5×5 5 125
2
2
2 5 25
= =
2 2
2 ×2 ×5 ×5
2 2 2×2×5×5 5
2
= = 0.02
100
Thus, 0.0004 = 0.02
(iii) 0.000004
Solution: 2 1000000
4 4 2 500000
0.000004 = =
100000 100000 2 250000
2×2 2 125000
=
2×2×2×2×2×2×5×5×5×5×5×5 2 62500
2
2 2 31250
= 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 ×2 ×2 ×5×5 ×5 5 15625
2 5 3125
=
2×2×2×5×5×5 5 625
2 5 125
= = 0.002
1000
5 25
Thus, 0.000004 = 0.002 5
24
(iv) 0.000081
Solution: 3 81
81
0.000081 = 3 27
1000000
3 9
81
0.000081 = 3
1000
3×3×3×3
=
2×2×2×2×2×2×5×5×5×5×5×5
2 2
3 ×3 3×3
= =
2 2
2 ×2 ×2 ×5 ×5 ×5
2 2 2 2 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5× 5
9
= = 0.009
1000
Thus, 0.000081 = 0.009
(v) 1.69
Solution: 2 100 13 169
169
1.69 = 2 50 13
100
5 25
169
1.69 = 5
100
13 × 13
=
2×2×5×5
2
13 13 13
= = = = 1.3
2
2 ×5
2 2×5 10
(vi) 0.0225
Solution: 3 225
225 3 75
0.0225 =
10000 5 25
3×3×5×5 5
=
0.0225 2×2×2×2×5×5×5×5
25
2 2
3 ×5 3×5
= =
2
2 ×2 ×5×5
2 2 2 2 × 2× 5 × 5
15
= = 0.15
100
Thus, 0.0225 = 0.15
(vii) 0.000625
5 625
Solution:
625 5 125
0.000625 =
1000000 5 25
5×5×5×5 5
=
2×2×2×2×2×2×5×5×5×5×5×5
2 2
5 ×5 5×5
= =
2 2
2 ×2 ×2 ×5 ×5 ×5
2 2 2 2 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5× 5
25
= = 0.025
1000
Thus, 0.000625 = 0.025
(viii) 0.0256
Solution: 2 256
256
0.0256 = 2 128
10000
2 64
256
0.0256 = 2 32
10000
2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2 2 16
=
2×2×2×2×5×5×5×5 2 8
2 2 2 2
2 ×2×2×2 2×2×2×2 2 4
= =
2
2 ×2 × 5 ×5
2 2 2 2×2×5×5 2
16
= = 0.16
100
Thus, 0.0256 = 0.16
26
3 The area of a square field is 158 19 m², Find the length
of one side of the field. 25
Solution:
Let the length of the side is x.
19 3969
Area of the field = 158 m² = m²
25 25
Area of the field = side × side
3969 3 3969
= x.x
25 3 1323
= x² 3 441
3969 3 147
x =
2
25
7 49
3×3×3×3×7×7 7
x =
5×5
2 2 2
3 ×3 ×7 3×3 ×7
= =
5
2 5
63 3
= = 12
5 5
3
Thus, the length of one side of the field is 12 m.
5
4 The area of a square field is 234.09m². Find the length
of one side of the field.
Solution:
3 23409
Let the length of one side of the field is x.
3 7803
Area of the field = 234.09 m²
3 2601
Area of the field = side × side
= x . x = x² 3 867
2
x = 234.09m² 17 289
23409 17
x2 =
100
27
x = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 17 × 17
2×2×5×5
3 × 32 × 172 3 × 3 × 17
2
= =
2
2 ×5
2 2×5
153
= = 15.3
10
Thus, the length of one side of the field is 15.3m.
2.4
1 Find the cube of each of the following.
(i) 5 (ii) 7
Solution: Solution:
3 3
5 = 5×5×5 7 = 7×7×7
= 125 = 343
(iii) 8 (iv) 11
Solution: Solution:
3 3
8 = 8×8×8 11 = 11 × 11 × 11
= 512 = 1331
(v) 15 (vi) 21
Solution: Solution:
3 3
15 = 15 × 15 × 15 21 = 21 × 21 × 21
= 3375 = 9261
(vii)42 (viii) 105
Solution: Solution:
3 3
42 = 42 × 42 × 42 105 = 105 × 105 × 105
= 74008 = 1157625
2 Find the cube root of each of the following.
(i) 216 2 216
Solution: 2 108
³ 216 = ³ 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 2 54
= ³ 23 × 33 3 27
= 2×3=6 3 9
³ 216 = 6 3
28
(ii) 729 3 729
Solution: 3 243
³ 729 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
3 81
= 3
3 ×3
3
3 27
= 3×3=9 3 9
Thus, ³ 729 = 9 3
(iii) 512
Solution: 2 512
³ 512 = ³ 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 2 256
= ³ 2 ×2 ×2
3 3 3
2 128
= 2×2×2=8 2 64
Thus, ³ 512 = 8 2 32
2 16
2 8
2 4
2
(iv) 27000
Solution: 2 27000
³ 27000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 2 13500
= 23 × 33 × 53 2 6750
= 2 × 3 × 5 = 30 3 3375
Thus, 27000 = 30 3 1125
3 375
5 125
5 25
5
29
2.5
1 Find the cube root of: 2 512
(i) 343 × 512 7 343 2 256
Solution: 7 49 2 128
³ 343 × 512 = ³ 343 × ³ 512 7 2 64
= ³ 7×7×7×
2 32
= ³ 2×2×2× 2×2×2×2×2×2
2 16
= ³ 73 × ³ 23 × 23 × 23
2 8
= 7 × (2 × 2 × 2)
2 4
= 7 × 8 = 56
2
= ³ 343 × 512 = 56
(ii) –125 × 1000
Solution: 2 1000
³ –125 × 1000 = ³ –125 × 1000 2 500
= ³ –(5 × 5 × 5) 2 250
= ³ 2×2×2×5×5×5 5 125
= ³ –5 × ³ 2 × 5
3 3 3
5 25
= –5 × (2 × 5) 5
= – 5 × 10 = – 50
³ –125 × 1000 = – 50
(iii) 343 × (–125)
5 125
Solution:
5 25
³ 343 × (–125) = ³ 343 × ³ –125
= ³ 7 × 7 × 7 × –(5 × 5 × 5) 5
7 343
= ³ 73 × ³ –(5)3
7 49
= 7 × (–5) = – 35
7
³ 343 × (–125) = – 35
30
(iv) (–1000) × (–125) 5 125
Solution: 5 25
³ (–1000) × (–125) = ³ –100 × ³ –125 5
= ³ 2×2×2×5×5×5
2 1000
× ³ –(5 × 5 × 5)
2 500
= ³ –(23 × 53) × ³ –(5)3
2 250
= – (2 × 5) × (– 5)
5 125
= (– 10) × (–5) = 50
5 25
³ (–1000) × (–125) = 50
5
2 Evaluate the cube of:
3
(i)
8
Solution:
3 ³ 3 3 3
= × ×
8 8 8 8
3×3×3 27
= =
8×8×8 512
Thus, 3 ³ 27
=
8 512
5
(ii)
9
Solution:
5 ³ 5 5 5
= × ×
9 9 9 9
5×5×5 125
= =
9×9×9 729
Thus, 5 ³ 125
=
9 729
31
3
(iii) –
11
Solution:
3 ³ 3 3 3
– = – ×– ×–
11 11 11 11
(–3) × (–3) × (–3) –27
= =
11 × 11 × 11 1331
Thus, – 3 ³= – 27
11 1331
1
(iv)
7
Solution:
1 ³ 1 1 1
= × ×
7 7 7 7
1×1×1 1
= =
7×7×7 343
Thus, 1 ³ 1
=
7 343
(v) 0.1
Solution:
1
0.1 =
10
1 ³ 1 1 1
= × ×
10 10 10 10
1×1×1 1
= = = 0.001
10 × 10 × 10 1000
Thus, (0.1)³ = 0.001
32
(vi) 0.01
Solution:
1
0.01 =
100
1 ³ 1 1 1
= × ×
100 100 100 100
1×1×1 1
= = = 0.000001
100 × 100 × 100 1000000
Thus, (0.01)³ = 0.000001
(vii) 0.002
Solution:
2
0.002 =
1000
2 ³ 2 2 2
= × ×
1000 1000 1000 1000
8
= = 0.000000008
1000000000
Thus, (0.002)³ = 0.000000008
(viii) 0.004
Solution:
4
0.004 =
1000
4 ³ 4 4 4
= × ×
1000 1000 1000 1000
4×4×4
=
1000 × 1000 × 1000
64
= = 0.000000064
1000000000
Thus, (0.004)³ = 0.000000064
33
3 Find the cube root of:
(i) 0.001
Solution:
1 2 1000
0.001 =
1000 2 500
1 1 2 250
³ 1000 = ³ 2 × 2× 2 × 5 × 5 × 5
5 125
1 5 25
= ³ 23 × 53
5
1 1
= = = 0.1
2×5 10
= ³ 0.001 = 0.1
(ii) 0.027
Solution: 2 1000 3 27
27 2 500 3 9
0.027 =
1000 2 250 3
27 ³ 27
= 5 125
³ 1000 ³ 1000
5 25
³ 3×3×3
= 5
³ 2 × 2× 2 × 5 × 5 × 5
³ 3³ 3
= = = 0.3
³ 2³ × 5³ 10
91 2 216 5 125
(iii) 1
125 2 108 5 25
Solution:
91 216 2 54 5
1 =
125 125 3 27
216 ³ 2 × 2× 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 3 9
³ 125 = ³
5×5×5 3
34
³ 2³ × 3³ 2 × 3 6 1
= = = =1
³ 5³ 5 5 5
216 1
Thus, ³ =1
125 5
(iv) 1.728
Solution: 2 1000 2 1728
1728 2 500 2 864
1.728 =
1000 2 250 2 432
1728 5 125 2 216
³ 1000
5 25 2 108
³ 2×2×2×2×2×2×3×3×3 5 2 54
=
³ 2 × 2× 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 3 27
³ 2³ × 2³ × 3³ 3 9
=
³ 2³ × 5³ 3
2 × 2 × 3 12
= = = 1.2
2×5 10
Thus, 1.728 = 1.2
4 Which of the following numbers are cubes of rational
numbers:
27
(i)
125
Solution: 5 125 3 37
27 ³ 3×3×3 5 25
= 3 9
³ 125 ³ 5×5×5 5 3
³ 33 3
= 3 =
³ 5 5
27 3
Thus, is the cube of
125 5
35
125 5 125
(ii)
192 5 25
Solution:
5
125 ³ 5×5×5
³ 192 = 2 192
³ 2×2×2×2×2×2×3
2 96
³ 53
= 2 48
³ 23× 23× 3
2 24
125
Hence, is not a cube of any 2 12
192
rational numbers. 2 6
3
(iii) 0.08
Solution:
8
0.08 =
100
8 ³ 2×2×2
³ 100 = ³
2×2×5×5
³ 23
=
³ 22× 52
Hence, 0.08 is not a cube of any rational number.
(iv) 1.331
Solution: 2 1000 11 1331
1331 2 500 11 121
1331 =
1000
³ 11 × 11 × 11 2 250 11
1331
³ 1000 = ³ 5 125
2×2×2×5×5×5
³ 113 5 25
11
= = = 1.1 5
³ 23× 53 10
Hence, 1.331 is a cube of the rational number 1.1.
36
5 The volume of a cubical box is 46.656 cubic metres.
Find the length of a side of the box.
Solution:
Let the length of the side of cubical box is x. Then.
Volume of the box = 46.656m³
But, volume of the box = side × side × side
46.656 = x × x × x
46656
or, x³ =
1000
46656
³ x³ = ³
1000
³ 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3× 3 × 3× 3 × 3
x =
³2×2×2×5×5×5
3 3 3 3
2 ×2 ×3 ×3
=
23× 53
2 46656
2×2 ×3×3
= 2 23328
2×5
36 2 11664
= = 3.6
10 2 5832
Thus, the length of the side is 3.6 m. 2 2916
2 1458
3 729
3 243
3 81
3 27
3 9
3
37
6 Find the smallest number by which 2187 may be
multiplied to make it a perfect cube.
Solution: 3 2187
³ 2187 = ³ 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 3 729
3 243
= ³ 33 × 33 × 3
3 81
It can be seen that by multiplying
with 9 we can get the cube root. 3 27
Thus, the smallest number is 9. 3 9
3
7 Find the smallest number by which 2187 may be
divided to make it a perfect cube.
Solution:
³ 2187 = ³ 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
= ³ 33 × 33 × 3
If we divide 2187 by, we get a perfect cube.
2.6
1 How many digits are there in the square root of each
of the following.
(i) 12321 (ii) 962361
Solution: Solution:
Square root of 12321 Square root of 962361
will have three digits. will have three digits.
(iii) 1243225 (iv) 99800100
Solution: Solution:
Square root of 1243225 Square root of 99800100
will have four digits. will have three digits.
38
2 Using long division, find the square root of the
following:
(i) 12321 (ii) 962361
Solution: Solution:
111 981
1 12321 9 962361
1 81
21 23 188 1523
21 1504
221 221 196 1961
221 1961
0 0
Thus, 12321 = 111 Thus, 962361 = 981
(iii) 1243225 (iv) 99800100

Solution: Solution:
1115 9990
1 1243225 9 99800100
1 81
21 24 189 1880
21 1701
221 332 1989 17901
221 17901
2225 11125 0
11125
0
Thus, 1243225 = 1115 Thus, 99800100 = 9990
39
3 Find the square root of:
(i) 49284 (ii) 103041
Solution: Solution:
222 321
2 49284 3 103041
4 9
42 92 62 130
84 124
442 884 641 641
884 641
0 0
Thus, 49284 = 222 Thus, 103041 = 321
(iii) 97535376 (iv) 115600

Solution: Solution:
9876 340
9 97535376 3 115600
81 9
188 1653 64 256
1504 256
1967 14953 0
13769
19746 118476
118476
0
Thus, 97535376 = 9876 Thus, 115600 = 340
40
4 Find the least number which must be subtracted from
16650 to make it a perfect square.
Solution:
129
1 16650
Thus, 9 must be subtracted
1
from 16650 to make it a perfect
22 66
square. i .e;
16650 – 9 = 16641 44
16641 = 129 249 2250
2241
9
5 Find the least number which must be added to 16600
to make it a perfect square.
Solution:
129
1 16600
Thus, 41 must be added to
1
16600 to make it a perfect
22 66
square. i .e;
16600 + 41 = 16641 44
16641 = 129 229 2200
2241
–41
6 Find the least number of four digits which is a perfect
square.
Solution: 32
We know that the least number of 3 1000
four digit is 1000. 9
By adding 24 to 1000, we can get 62 100
the required number. 124
1000 + 24 = 1024 –24
41
7 Find the greatest number of fur digits which is a
perfect square.
Solution: 99
The greatest number of four digits 9 9999
is 9999.
81
By subtracting 198 from 9999, 189 1899
we can get the required number. 1701
9999 – 198 = 9801 198
9801 = 99
8 Find the least and the greatest number of six digits
which is a perfect.
Solution:
Least six digit number = 10000
Greatest six digit number = 999999
(a) (b)
317 999
3 100000 9 999999
9 81
61 100 189 1899
61 1701
627 3900 1989 19899
4398 17901
9 1998
By adding 489 to 100000, By subtracting 1998 from

we get the required 999999, we get the required
number. i.e; number. i.e;
100000 + 489 = 100489 999999 – 1998 = 998001
100489 = 317 998001 = 999
42
2.7
(i) 12.6736 (ii) 83.3569
Solution: Solution:
3.56 9.13
3 12.6736 9 83.3569
9 81
65 367 181 235
325 181
706 4236 1823 5469
4236 5469
0 0
Thus, 12.6736 = 3.56 Thus, 83.3569 = 9.13
(iii) 0.6889 (iv) 1.0404

Solution: Solution:
0.83 1.02
8 0.6889 1 1.0404
64 1
163 489 202 0404
489 404
0 0
Thus, 0.6889 = 0.83 Thus, 1.0404 = 1.02
43
(i) 0.015129 (ii) 0.000529
Solution: Solution:
0.123 0.023
1 0.015129 2 0.000529
01 4
22 51 43 129
44 129
243 729 0
729
0
Thus, 0.015129 = 0.123 Thus, 0.000529 = 0.023
(iii) 0.3249 (iv) 0.009409
Solution: Solution:
0.57 0.097
5 0.3249 9 0.009409
25 81
107 749 187 1309
749 1309
0 0
Thus, 0.3249 = 0.57 Thus, 0.009409 = 0.097
3 A decimal fraction is multiplied by itself. If the
product is 9.5481. find the decimal fraction.
Solution: 30.9
Let the decimal fraction is x. Then:
3 9.5481
x × x = 9.5481
9
x² = 9.5481 609 5481
x = 3.09 5481
Thus, the decimal fraction is 3.09. 0
44
4 The area of a square ground is 277.2225 square
metre.Find the length of the side of the ground.
Solution:
Let the length of the side is x. then: 16.65
Area of the square = 277.2225m² 1 277.2225
side × side = Area of the square 1
x × x = 277.2225 26 177
x² = 277.2225 156
x = 16.65 326 2122
1956
Thus, the length of the side of the
3325 16625
ground is 16.65m.
16625
0
5 If 309.76 = 17.6, find 30976 – 3.0976.
Solution:
If 309.76 = 17.6
then 30976 = 176
and 3.0976 = 1.76
So, 30976 – 3.0976
= 176 – 1.76 = 174.24
6 Evaluate 119716. Hence, using this value, evealuate
1197.16 + 11.9716. 346
Solution: 3 119716
If 119716 = 346 9
64 297
then 1197.16 = 34.6
256
and 11.9716 = 3.46 686 4116
So, 1197.16 + 11.9716 4116
= 34.6 + 3.46 = 38.06 0
45
2.8
1 Find the square root of the following numbers correct
up to three decimal places.
(i) 5555 (ii) 329
Solution: Solution:
74.531... 18.138...
7 55550000 1 329000000
49 1
144 655 28 229
576 224
1485 7900 361 500
7425 361
14903 47500 3623 13900
44709 10869
149061 279100 36268 303100
149061 290144
130039 12956
Thus, 5555 = 74.531... Thus, 329 = 18.138...
(iii) 1.08 (iv) 0.6
Solution: Solution:
1.039... 0.774
1 1.080000 7 0.600000
1 49
203 0800 147 1100
609 1029
2069 19100 1544 7100
18621 6176
479 924
Thus, 1.08 = 1.039... Thus, 0.6 = 0.774...
46
(v) 0.006 (vi) 0.008
Solution: Solution:
0.077 0.089
7 0.006000 8 0.008000
49 64
147 1100 169 1600
1029 1521
71 79
Thus, 0.006 = 0.077... Thus, 0.008 = 0.089
3
(vii) 0.428571
7 0.654
Solution: 7 30
28 6 0.428571
20 36
14 125 685
60
625
56
40 1304 6071
35 5261
50 855
49
10 3
7 Thus, = 0.654
7
3
5 0.4166 0.645
(viii) 1 2 50
12 6 0.416666
Solution: 48
20 36
12 124 566
80 496
72 1285 7066
5 80
Thus, 0.645... 6425
12 72
641
8
47
2 Find the square root of the following (using the long
Division Method):
(i) 4192 (ii) 5000
Solution: Solution:
64.74 70.71
6 41920000 7 50000000
36 49
124 592 1407 10000
406 9849
1287 9600 14141 15100
9009 14141
12944 59100 959
51776
7324
Thus, 4192 = 64.74... Thus, 5000 = 70.71...
(iii) 25725 (iv) 7.172
Solution: Solution:
160.39 2.67
1 2572500 2 7.1720
1 4
26 157 46 317
156 276
3203 12500 527 4120
9609 3689
32069 289100 431
288621
479
Thus, 25725 = 160.39... Thus, 7.172 = 2.67...

48
3 The area of a square plot of land is 350 square metre.
Find the perimeter of the plot.
Solution:
Let the length of the side is x. then: 18.708...
Area of the square plot = 350m² 1
35000
side × side = Area of the plot 1
x × x = 350 28250
x² = 350 224
x = 18.71 367 2600
Perimetre of the plot = 4 × x 2569
= 4 × 18.71 3 7 4 0 8 310000
= 74.84 299264
Thus, the perimetre of the plot is 74.84m. 10736
4 Find the approximate length of the side of a square

whose area is equal to the area of a rectangle with
side 18 metres by 15 metres.
Solution:
Area of the rectangle = length × breadth
= 18 × 15
= 270m²
16.43
Let the length of the side of square
1 27000
is x. Then:
Area of the rectangle = 1
Area of the square 26 170
270 = x × x 156
x² = 270 324 1400
x = 16.43 1296
3283 10400
Thus, the length of the side of a
9849
square is 16.43m.
551
49
5 64 tiles cover the area of a square -shaped room of a
area 51.84m². Find the length of the tile if the tile is
also square shaped.
Solution:
Number of tiles in the area of square = 64
Number of tiles in the side of square = 64
= 8 tiles
Area of the square = side × side
7.2
51.84 = side²
7 51.84
side = 51.84
49
= 7.2 142 284
Length of 8 tiles in a side = 7.2m
7.2 284
Length of 1 tiles in a side = m 0
8
= 0.9m
Thus, the length of side of each tile is 0.9m.
Review Exercise
1 Which of the following are rational numbers and
which are irrational?
Solution:
(i) 35 Irrational
(ii) 64 = 8 Rational
(iii) 21 Irrational
16
(iv) Rational
9
(v) 22 Rational
21
(vi) Rational
3
50
(i) 11025 (ii) 8649
Solution: Solution:
11025 = 105 8649 = 93
105 93
1 11025 9 8649
1 81
205 1025 183 549
1025 549
0 0
(iii) 5184 (iv) 15625
Solution: Solution:
5184 = 72 15625 = 125
72 125
7 5184 1 15625
49 1
142 284 22 56
284 44
245 1225
0
1225
0
3 Find the square root of the following:
92 13 131
(i) 101
169 1 169 1 17161
Solution:
92 17161 1 1
101 = 23 69 23 71
169 169
17161 131 1 69 69
= = 10 0 261 261
169 13 13
1 261
92
Thus, 101 = 10 0
169 13
51
67 11 34
(ii) 9
121 1 121 3 1156
Solution:
67 1156 1 9
9 = 21 21 64 256
121 121
21 256
1156 34 1
= =3 0 0
121 11 11
67 1
Thus, 9 =3
121 11
36 9 33
(iii) 13
81 9 81 3 1089
Solution:
81 9
36 1089 0
13 = 63 189
81 81
189
1089 33 6 0
= =3
81 9 9
36 6
Thus, 13 =3
81 9
1
(iv) 21
144
Solution:
12 55
1 3025
21 = 1 144 5 3025
144 144
1 25
3025 55 7 22 44 105 525
= =4
144 12 12 44 525
0 0
1 7
Thus, 21 =4
144 12
52
4 Find the square root of the following decimals:
(i) 0.024964 (ii) 31.561924
Solution: Solution:
0.02496 = 0.158 31.561924 = 5.618
0.158 5.618
1 0.024964 5 31.561924
1 25
25 149 106 656
125 636
1121 2019
308 2464
1121
2464 11228 89824
0 89824
0
(iii) 0.8836 0.94
Solution: 9 0.8836
0.8836 = 0.94 81
184 736
736
0
5 Find the cube root of each of the following.
(i) 1728 2 1728
Solution: 2 864
³ 1728 = ³ 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 2 432
= ³ 23 × 23 × 33 2 216
= 2×2×3 2 108
= 12 2 54
Thus, ³ 1728 = 12 3 27
3 9
3
53
(ii) 15625
Solution: 5 15625
³ 15625 = ³ 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 5 3125
= ³ 53 × 53 5 625
= 5×5 5 125
= 25 5 25
Thus, ³ 15625 = 25 5
(iii) 32768
Solution:
³ 32768 = ³ 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
2×2×2×2×2×2
2 32768
= ³ 23 × 23 × 23 × 23 × 23 2 16384
= 2×2×2×2×2 2 8192
= 32 2 4096
Thus, ³ 32768 = 32 2 2048
2 1024
2 512
2 256
2 128
2 64
2 32
2 16
2 8
2 4
2
54
(v) 2197
Solution: 13 2197
³ 2197 = 13 × 13 × 13 13 169
= 133 13
= 13
Thus, ³ 2197 = 13
6 How many digits are there in the square root of each
of the following.
Solution:
(i) Square root of 32121 will have three digits.
(ii) Square root of 696921 will have three digits.
(iii) Square root of 9876543 will have four digits.
(iv) Square root of 99000010 will have four digits.
55
03 Number Systems
3.1
1 Convert the following binary numbers to their
decimal equivalents.
(i) 1012
Solution:
= 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
=1×4+0×2+1×1
= 4 + 0 + = 510
(ii) 100111012
Solution:
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
= 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 2 +0×2 +1×2
= 1 × 128 + 0 × 64 + 0 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 1 × 4+0×2+1×1
= 128 + 0 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 15710
(iii) 10101112
Solution:
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
=1×2 +0×2 +1×2 +0×2 +1×2 +1×2 +1×2
= 1 × 64 + 0 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1
= 8710
(iv) 11000112
Solution:
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
=1×2 +1×2 +0×2 +0×2 +0×2 +1×2 +1×2
= 1 × 64 + 1 × 32 + 0 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 9910
56
(v) 1011002
Solution:
= 1 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20
= 1 × 32 + 0 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 1
= 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 0
= 4410
(vi) 10110102
Solution:
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
= 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 +0 × 2
= 1 × 64 + 0 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2
= 64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0
= 9010
(vii) 100001112
Solution:
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
= 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 +1×2 +1×2
= 1 × 128 + 0 × 64 + 0 × 32 + 0 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 1 × 4+1×2+1×1
= 128 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 2 +1
= 13510
(viii) 1011010102
Solution:
= 1 × 28 + 0 × 27 + 1 × 26 + 1 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 +
1 0
1×2 +1×2
= 1 × 256 + 0 × 128 + 1 × 64 + 1 × 32 + 0 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 0 × 4
+1×2+0×1
= 256 + 0 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0
= 36210
57
2 Convert the following decimal numbers to the binary
numbers and check your answer by converting back.
(i) 68 (ii) 805
Solution: Solution:
2 68 2 805
2 34 – 0 2 402 – 1
2 17 – 0 2 201 – 0
2 8–1 2 100 – 1
2 4–0 2 50 – 0
2 2–0 2 25 – 0
1–0 2 12 – 1
6810 = 10001002 2 6–0
2 3–0
1–1
80510 = 11001001012
(iii) 700 (iv) 36
Solution: 2 700 Solution:
2 350 – 0
2 36
2 175 – 0
2 18 – 0
2 87 – 1
2 9–0
2 43 – 1
2 4–1
2 21 – 1
2 2–0
2 10 – 1
1–0
2 5–0
1 2–1
3610 = 1001002
1–1
70010 = 10101111002
58
(v) 598 (vi) 31
Solution: 2 598 Solution:
2 299 – 0
2 31
2 149 – 1
2 15 – 1
2 74 – 1
2 7–1
2 37 – 0
2 3–1
2 18 – 1
1–1
2 9–0
2 4–1
2 2–0
1–0
59810 = 10010101102 3110 = 111112
(vii) 44 2 44 (viii) 110 2 110
Solution: Solution:
2 22 – 0 2 55 – 0
2 11 – 0 2 27 – 1
2 5–1 2 13 – 1
2 2–1 2 6–1
1–0 2 3–0
4410 = 1011002 1–1
11010 = 11011102
3.2
1 Add the following binary numbers:
(i) 112 + 102 (ii) 110112 + 1112
Solution: 112 Solution: 110112
+ 102 + 1112
1012 1000102
112 + 102 = 1012 110112 + 1112 = 1000102
59
(iii) 1112 + 1012 (iv) 10112 + 1112
Solution: Solution:
1112 10112
+ 1012 + 1112
11002 100102
1112 + 1012 = 11002 10112 + 1112 = 100102
(v) 1110112 + 101102 (vi) 111102 + 100012
Solution: Solution:
1110112 111102
+ 101102 + 100012
10100012 1011112
1110112+101102=10100012 111102 + 100012 = 1011112
(vii) 101110012 + 11000112 (viii) 1001112 + 112
Solution: Solution:
101110012 1001112
+ 11000112 + 112
1000111002 1010102
101110012+11000112 1001112 + 112 = 1010102
=1000111002
2 Subtract the second binary number from the first.
(i) 1102 – 112 12 (ii) 1012 – 112 2
– 112 – 112
1102 – 112 = 112 112 1012 – 112 = 102 102
(iii) 11002 – 10102 02 (iv) 10012 – 1112 12
– 10102 – 1112
102 102
11002 – 10102 = 102 10012 – 1112 = 102
60
(v) 100012 – 11102 (vi) 111012 – 10112
Solution: 11 2 Solution: 02
100012 111012
– 11102 – 10112
112 100102
100012 – 11102=112 111012 – 10112 = 100102
(vii) 1102 – 1012 (viii) 101110002 – 1000112
Solution: 02 Solution: 0 11 2
1102 101110002
– 1012 – 1000112
12 100101012
1102 – 1012=12 101110002 – 1000112
= 100101012
3 Find the product of the following binary numbers:
(i) 10002 × 1012 (ii) 11012 × 10102
Solution: Solution:
10002 11012
× 1012 × 10102
1000 0000
0000× 1101×
1000×× 0000××
1010002 1101×××
100000102
(iii) 110112 × 1012 (iv) 11102 × 112
× 1012 × 112
11011 1110
00000× 1110×
11011×× 1010102
100001112
61
(v) 1112 ×112 (vi) 10012 × 1102
× 112 × 1102
111 0000
111× 1001×
101012 1001××
1101102
(vii) 1101110102 × 11012 (viii) 11111100002 × 10002

Solution: 110111010 Solution:
2 11111100002
× 11012 × 10002
110111010 0000000000
000000000× 0000000000×
110111010×× 0000000000××
1000101000102 1111110000×××
11111100000002
3.3
1 Change the following into decimal system.
(i) (304)5
Solution:
= 3 × 52 + 0 × 51 + 4 × 50
= 3 × 25 + 0 × 5 + 4 × 1
= 75 + 0 + 4 = 7910
(ii) (1434)5
Solution:
3 2 1 0
=1×5 +4×5 +3×5 +4×5
= 1 × 125 + 4 × 25 + 3 × 5 + 4 × 1
= 125 + 100 + 15 + 4 = 24410
62
(iii) (1042)5
Solution:
= 1 × 53 + 0 × 52 + 4 × 51 + 2 × 50
= 1 × 125 + 0 × 25 + 4 × 5 + 2 × 1
= 125 + 0 + 20 + 2 = 14710
(iv) (21312)5
Solution:
4 3 2 1 0
=2×5 +1×5 +3×5 +1×5 +2×5
= 2 × 625 + 1 × 125 + 3 × 25 + 1 × 5 + 2 × 1
= 1250 + 125 + 75 + 5 + 2 = 145710
(v) (13212)5
Solution:
= 1 × 54 + 3 × 53 + 2 × 52 + 1 × 51 + 2 × 50
= 1 × 625 + 3 × 125 + 2 × 25 + 1 × 5 + 2 × 1
= 625 + 375 + 50 + 5 + 2 = 105710
(vi) (20301)5
Solution:
4 3 2 1 0
=2×5 +0×5 +3×5 +0×5 +1×5
= 2 × 625 + 0 × 125 + 3 × 25 + 0 × 5 + 1 × 1
= 1250 + 0 + 75 + 0 + 1
= 132610
(vii)(1312124)5
Solution:
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
=1×5 +3×5 +1×5 +2×5 +1×5 +2×5 +4×5
= 1 × 15625 + 3 × 3125 + 1 × 625 + 2 × 125 + 1 × 25 + 2 × 5
+4×1
= 15625 + 9375 + 625 + 250 + 25 + 10 + 4
= 2591410
63
(viii) (200424)5
Solution:
= 2 × 55 + 0 × 54 + 0 × 53 + 4 × 52 + 2 × 51 + 4 × 50
= 2 × 3125 + 0 × 625 + 0 × 125 + 4 × 25 + 2 × 5 + 4 × 1
= 6250 + 0 + 0 + 100 + 10 + 4
= 636410
2 Change the following into base 5 and verify.
(i) 42
Solution:
4210 = 1325 5 42
Verification: 5 8–2
2 1
1325 = 1 × 5 + 3 × 5 + 2 × 5
0 1–3
= 1 × 25 + 3 × 5 + 2 × 1
= 25 + 15 + 2 = 4210
(ii) 32
Solution:
3210 = 1125 5 32
1125 = 1 × 52 + 1 × 51 + 2 × 50 1–1
= 1 × 25 + 1 × 5 + 2 × 1
= 25 + 5 + 2 = 3210
(iii) 932
Solution:
93110 = 122125 5 932
Verification: 5 186 – 2
122125 = 1 × 54 + 2 × 53 + 2 × 52 + 1 × 51 + 2 × 50 5 37 – 1
= 1 × 625 + 2 × 125 + 2 × 25+1×5+2×1 5 7 – 2
= 625 + 250 + 50 + 5 + 2 = 93210 1–2
64
(iv) 126
Solution: 5 126
12610 = 10015 5 25 – 1
3 2 1 0
10015 = 1 × 5 + 0 × 5 + 0 × 5 + 1 × 5 1–0
= 1 × 125 + 0 × 25 + 0 × 5 + 1 × 1
= 125 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 12610
(v) 401
Solution:
40110 = 31015 5 401
31015 = 3 × 53 + 1 × 52 + 0 × 51 + 1 × 50 5 16 – 0
= 3 × 125 + 1 × 25 + 0 × 5 + 1 × 1 3–1
= 375 + 25 + 0 + 1 = 40110
(vi) 808
Solution:
80810 = 112135 5 808
112135 = 1 × 5 + 1 × 5 + 2 × 5 + 1 × 5 + 3 × 5 5 32 – 1
4 3 2 1 0
= 1 × 625 + 1 × 125 + 2 × 25+1×5+3×1 5 6 – 2

= 625 + 125 + 50 + 5 + 3 = 80810 1–1
(vii)2148
5 2148
Solution:
214810 = 320435 5 429 – 3
320435 = 3 × 54 + 2 × 53 + 0 × 52 + 4 × 51 + 3 × 50 5 17 – 0
= 3 × 625 + 2 × 125 + 0 × 25 + 4×5 + 3×1 3 – 2
= 1875 + 250 + 0 + 20 + 3 = 214810
65
(viii)52065
5 52065
Solution:
5206510 = 31312305 5 10413 – 0
31312305 = 3 × 56 + 1 × 55 + 3 × 54 + 1 × 53 5 416 – 2
2
+2×5 + 3×5 +0×5
1 0 5 83 – 1
= 3 × 15625 + 1 × 3125 + 3 × 625 5 16 – 3
+ 1 × 125 + 2 × 25 + 3 × 5 + 0 × 1 3–1
= 46875 + 3125 + 1875 + 125
+ 50 + 15 + 0 = 5206510
3.4
1 Add:
(i) 245 + 325 (ii) 335 + 275
245 335
+ 325 + 215
1115 1045
(iii) 345 + 225 (iv) 2045 + 1445
345 2045
+ 225 + 1445
1115 4035
(v) 34225 + 44115 (vi) 4141005 + 3131225

34225 4141005
+ 44115 + 3131225
133335 12322225
66
(vii) 10034125 + 24103215
Solution: 1
10034125
+ 24103215
34142335
2 Subtract:
(i) 415 – 245 (ii) 335 – 145
Solution: 3
Solution: 25
415 335
– 245 – 145
1255 145
(iii) 4315 – 1445 (iv) 222225 – 33335
Solution: Solution:
34 5 144 44
4315 222225
– 1445 – 33335
2325 133345
(v) 3210245 – 1421425 (vi) 232345 – 104145

Solution: Solution:
2 44 4 5 5
3210245 232345
– 1421425 – 104145
1233325 123205
(viii) 11335 – 10445

Solution: 0 45
11335
– 10445
345
67
3 Multiply the following.
(i) 435 × 245 5 12 5 18
Solution:
435 2–2 3–3
× 245
332 5 5 5 9
141× 1–1 1–4
2242
(ii) 315 × 425
Solution:
425
5 6 5 13
× 315
1–1 1–3
42
231×
24025
(iii) 301355 × 22335 5 15 5 12
Solution:
301355 3–0 2–2
× 22335 5 9 5 10
141020
1–4 2–0
141020×
110330×× 5 8 5 11
110330×××
1–3 2–1
1240142205
(iv) 34015 × 4255 5 19 5 20
Solution:
34015 3–4 4–0
× 4255 5 8 5 7
34005
1–3 12
12302×
30104××
32224255
68
(v) 32045 × 2345
Solution: 5 18 5 16
32045
1–3 3–1
× 2345 5 13 5 12
23331 2–3 2–2
20122× 5 9 5 6
11413××
1–4 1–1
14214015
5 7
1–2
(vi) 321325 × 23045
Solution:
321325 5 13 5 8
× 23045 2–3 1–3
234133 5 6 5 9
00000× 1–1 1–4
202001×× 5 10 5 7
114314×××
2–0 1–2
1403032335
(vii) 4413445 × 33435

Solution:
4413445
× 33435
2430142
3422041× 5 11 5 14
2430142×× 2–1 2–4
2430142×××
5 12 5 13
33204123025
2–2 2–3
5 16 5 19
3–1 3–4
69
3.5
1 Add:
(i) (645)8 + (753)8 (ii) (540)8 + (177)8
6458 5408
+ 7538 + 1778
16208 7378
(iii) (4455)8 + (7766)8 (iv) (21746)8 + (52103)5
Solution: 1 11 Solution: 1 1
44558 217468
+ 77668 + 521038
144438 740518
(v) (764321)8 + (7654321)8 (vi) (6536467)8 + (3535255)8

Solution: 1 1 Solution: 1 1 11
7643218 65364678
+ 76543218 + 35352558
106406428 122737448
(vii) (656)8 + (235)8

Solution:
6568
+ 2358
11138
2 Subtract:
(i) (86)8 – (34)8 (ii) (340)8 – (113)8
768 3408
– 348 – 1138
428 2258
70
(iii) (398)8 – (137)8 (iv) (1111)8 – (1011)8
Solution: 68 Solution:
3988 11118
– 1378 – 10118
2618 1008
(v) (2345)8 – (1024)8 (vi) (12054)8 – (2037)8
Solution: Solution:
23458 120548
– 10278 – 20378
13218 100158
3 Multiply:
(i) (26)8 × (41)8
268 8 24
Solution:
× 418 3–0
26
8 11
130×
13268 1–3
(ii) (104)8 × (21)8

Solution: 1048 8 8
× 218 1–0
104
210×
22048
(iii) (117)8 × (25)8

Solution: 1178 8 35 8 9
× 258 4–3 1–4
613 8 14
236×
1–6
31738
71
(iv) (2629)8 × (145)8
Solution: 8 25 8 35 8 10
26278 3–1 4–3 1–2
× 1458 8 14 8 18 8 31
15763 1–6 2–2 3–7
13134×
8 13 8 28 8 11
2627××
4322238 1–5 3–4 1–3
3.6
1 Solve the following sums, Write your answer in the
base indicated in the brackets.
(i) (1425)8 – (4210)8 + (1000101)2 (base 5)
Solution:
3 2 1 0
14258 =1×8 +4×8 +2×8 +5×8
= 1 × 512 + 4 × 64 + 2 × 8 + 5 × 1
= 512 + 256 + 16 + 5 = 78910
3 2 1 0
42108 =4×8 +2×8 +1×8 +0×8
= 1 × 512 + 2 × 64 + 1 × 8 + 0 × 1
= 2048 + 128 + 8 + 0 = 218410
6 5 4 3
5 2904
10001018 = 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 2
2 1 0
5 580 – 4
+1×2 +0×2 +1×2
5 116 – 0
= 1 × 64 + 0 × 32 + 0 × 16 + 0 × 8 +
5 23 – 1
1×4+0×2+1×1
4–3
= 64 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 6910
14258+ 42108 – 1001012

= 78910 + 218410 – 6910 = 290410
= 431045
72
(ii) (2013)8 + (1156)8 – (10000010)2 (base 8)
Solution:
3 2 1 0
20135 =2×5 +0×5 +1×5 +3×5
= 1 × 125 + 0 × 25 + 1 × 5 + 3 × 1
= 250 + 0 + 5 + 3 = 25810
3 2 1 0
11568 =1×8 +1×8 +5×8 +6×8
= 1 × 512 + 1 × 64 + 5 × 8 + 6 × 1
= 512 + 64 + 40 + 6 = 62210
7 6 5 4
8 750
100000102 = 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 2
3 2 1 0
8 93 – 6
+0×2 +0×2 +1×2 +0×2
8 11 – 5
= 1 × 128 + 0 × 64 + 0 × 16
1–3
+0×8+0×4+1×2+0×1
= 128 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0
= 13010
= (2013)5+ (1156)8 – (10000010)2
= 25810+ 62210 – 13010
= 75010 = 13568
(iii) 653 + {(2067)8 – (3124)5 – (1110)2} (base 8)
Solution:
20678 = 2 × 83 + 0 × 82 + 6 × 81 + 7 × 80
= 2 × 512 + 0 × 64 + 6 × 8 + 7 × 1
= 1024 + 0 + 48 + 7 = 107910
3 2 1 0
31245 =3×5 +1×5 +2×5 +4×5
= 3 × 125 + 1 × 25 + 2 × 5 + 4 × 1
= 375 + 25 + 10 + 4 = 41410
3 2 1 0
11102 =1×2 +1×2 +1×2 +0×2
=1×8+1×4+1×2+0×1
73
= 8 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 1410 8 1304
= 65310+ {(2067)8 – (3124)5– (1110)2} 8 163 – 0
= 65310+ {(1079)10 – (414)10– (14)10} 8 20 – 3
= 65310+ 65110 = 130410
2–4
= 24308
(iv) (1010100)2 × (403)5 + (516)8 × (111111) (base 2)
Solution:
6 5 4 3
10101002 = 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 0 × 2
2 1 0
+1×2 +0×2 +0×2
2 29694
= 1 × 64 + 0 × 32 + 0 × 16
2 14847 – 0
+0×8+1×4+0×2+0×1
2 7423 – 1
= 64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0
2 3711 – 1
= 8410
2 1 4 2 1855 – 1
4035 =4×5 +0×5 +3×5
2 927 – 1
= 4 × 25 + 0 × 5 + 3 × 1
2 463 – 1
= 100 + 0 + 3 = 10310
5168
2
=5×8 +1×8 +6×8
1 0 2 231 – 1
= 5 × 64 + 1 × 8 + 6 × 1 2 115 – 1
= 320 + 8 + 6 = 33410 2 57 – 1
5 4 3 2
1111112 =1×2 +1×2 +1×2 +1×2 2 28 – 1
1 0
+1×2 +1×2 2 14 – 0
= 1 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 1 × 8 2 7 –0
+1×4+1×2+1×1 2 3 –1
= 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 1–1
= 6310
= (1010100)2 × (403)5 + (516)8 × (111111)2
= 84 + 103 + 334 × 63
= 8652 + 21042 = 2969410
74
(v) {(4175)8 – (42434)5+ (307)10 } –(1011010111)2 (base 5)
Solution:
41758 = 4 × 83 + 1 × 82 + 7 × 81 + 5 × 80
= 4 × 512 + 1 × 64 + 7 × 8 + 5 × 1
= 2048 + 64 + 56 + 5 = 217310
4 3 2 1 0
424345 =4×5 +2×5 +4×5 +3×5 +4×5
= 4 × 625 + 2 × 125 + 4 × 25
+3×5+4×1
= 2500 + 250 + 100 + 15 + 4
= 286910
9 8 7 6
10110101112 = 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 2
5 4 3 2 1
+0×2 +1×2 +0×2 +1×2 +1×2 +
0
1×2
= 1 × 512 + 0 × 256 + 1 × 128
+ 1 × 64 + 0 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 1 × 4 +
1×2+1×1
= 512 + 0 + 128 + 64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1
= 72710
= {(4175)8 + (42434)5+ (307)10} – (1011010111)10

= {217310 + 286910 + 30710} – 72710
= 534910 + 72710 = 462210 5 4622
= 1214425 5 924 – 2
5 184 – 4
5 36 – 4
5 7–1
1–2
75
(vi) {(1526)8 + (11001)2} – {(298)10 +(3144)5} (base 2)
Solution:
3 2 1 0
15268 =1×8 +5×8 +2×8 +6×8
= 1 × 512 + 5 × 64 + 2 × 8 + 6 × 1
= 512 + 320 + 16 + 6 = 85410
4 3 2 1 0
110012 =1×2 +1×2 +0×2 +0×2 +1×2
= 1 × 16 + 1 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 2510 2 157
3 2 1 0
31445 =3×5 +1×5 +4×5 +4×5 2 78 – 1
= 3 × 125 + 1 × 25 + 4 × 5 + 4 × 1 2 39 – 0
= 375 + 25 + 20 + 4 = 42410 2 19 – 1
= {(1526)8 + (11001)2} – {(298)10 + (3144)5} 2 9–1
= {(854)10 + (25)10} – {(298)10 + (424)10} 2 4–1
= 87910 – 72210 = 15710 2 2–0
= 100111012 1–0
Review Exercise
1 Convert the following into base 2:
(i) 3056 2 3056 (ii) 2198 2 2198
Solution: 2 1528 – 0 Solution: 2 1099 – 0
2 764 – 0 2 549 – 1
2 382 – 0 2 274 – 1
2 191 – 0 2 137 – 0
2 95 – 1 2 68 – 0
2 47 – 1 2 34 – 1
2 23 – 1 2 17 – 0
2 11 – 1 2 8–1
Thus, 2 5–1 Thus, 2 4–0
305610 = 2 2–1 219810 = 2 2–0
101111110002 1–0 1000100101102 1–0
76
(iii) 365 2 365
Solution:
2 182 – 1
2 91 – 0
Thus, 2 19 – 1
36510 = 1011011012 2 45 – 1
2 22 – 1
2 11 – 0
2 5–1
2 2–1
1–0
(i) 1024 (ii) 6394
Solution: Solution:
5 1024 5 6394
5 204 – 4 5 1278 – 4
5 40 – 4 5 255 – 3
5 8–0 5 51 – 0
1–3 5 10 – 1
Thus, Thus, 2–0
102410 = 130445 639410 = 2010345
(iii) 4059 5 4059
Solution:
5 811 – 4
5 162 – 1
Thus, 5 32 – 2
405910 = 112145
5 6–2
1–1
77
(i) 5716 (ii) 34172
Solution: Solution:
8 5716 8 34172
8 714 – 4 8 4271 – 4
8 89 – 2 8 533 – 7
8 11 – 1 8 66 – 5
1–3 8 8–2
1–0
571610 = 131248 3417210 = 1025748
(iii) 46007 8 46007
Solution: 8 5750 – 7
8 718 – 6
8 89 – 6
4600710 = 1316678 8 11 – 1
1–3
(i) (131242)5
Solution:
5 4 3 2 1 0
1312425 = 1 × 5 + 3 × 5 + 1 × 5 + 2 × 5 + 4 × 5 + 2 × 5
= 1 × 3125 + 3 × 625 + 1 × 125 + 2 × 25 + 4 × 5
+2×1
= 3125 + 1875 + 125 + 50 + 20 + 2
= 519710
(ii) (110001101)2
Solution:
1100011012 = 1 × 28 + 1 × 27 + 0 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23
1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
78
= 1 × 256 + 1 × 128 + 0 × 64 + 0 × 32 + 0 × 16 + 1 × 8
+1×4+0×2+1×1
= 256 + 128 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 39710
(iii) (3067)8
Solution:
3 2 1 0
30678 =3×8 +0×8 +6×8 +7×8
= 3 × 512 + 0 × 64 + 6 × 8 + 7 × 1
= 1536 + 0 + 48 + 7
= 159110
4 Evaluate:
(i) (67054)2 × (235)2
8 35 8 27 8 20
Solution:
670548 4–3 3–4 2–4
× 2358 8 21 8 16 8 12
423344 2–5 2–0 1–4
245204×
8 34 8 15 8 13
156130××
207104048 4–3 1–7 1–5
8 14 8 11
1–6 1–3
(ii) 705 + (1342)5 + (100111)2 (base 2)
Solution:
3 2 1 0
13425 =1×5 +3×5 +4×5 +2×5
= 1 × 125 + 3 × 25 + 4 × 5 + 2 × 1
= 125 + 75 + 20 + 2 = 22210
5 4 3 2 1 0
1001112 = 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 2
= 1 × 32 + 0 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 1 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 +2 + 1 = 3910
79
= 70510 + (1342)5 + (100111)2
= 70510 + 22210 + 3910 = 96610
(iii) (1423)5 × (110011)2 – (243)8 (base 8)
Solution:
14235 = 1 × 53 + 4 × 52 + 3 × 5
= 1 × 125 + 4 × 25 + 3 × 5
= 125 + 100 + 15
= 24010
5 4 3 2 1 0
1100112 =1×2 +1×2 +0×2 +0×2 +1×2 +1×2
= 1 × 32 + 1 × 16 + 0 × 8 + 0 × 4 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1
= 32 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 5110 8 12077
2 1 0
2438 =2×8 +4×8 +3×8 8 1509 – 5
= 2 × 64 + 4 × 8 + 3 × 1 8 188 – 5
= 128 + 32 + 3 8 23 – 4
= 16310 2–7
= (1423)5 × (110011)2 – (243)8
= 240 × 51 – 163
= 12240 – 163 = 1207710
= 274558
80
04 Financial Arithmetic
4.1
1 If it takes 2 days for 5 builders to construct 100m of wall,
how many meters of wall will 7 builders construct in 3
days?
Solution:
Length Builders Days
100 5 2
x 7 3
x 7 3
= ×
100 5 2
10
7 × 3 × 100
x = = 210 m
5×2
2 A team of 4 people plant 1,152 pine trees in 3 days. How
many pine trees will a team of 6 people plant in 2 days?
Solution:
Trees Days People
1152 3 4
x 2 6
x 2 6
= ×
1152 3 4
2 × 6 × 1152
x = = 1152 pine trees
3×4
3 Four workers can build a house in 90 days working 7 hours
in a day. How many days will the 6 workers take to build
the house working 8 hours in a day?
Solution:
Works Hours Days
4 7 96
6 8 x
81
4 7 x
× =
6 8 96
4 × 7 × 96
x = = 56 days
6×8
4 A group of 25 people write 20 volumes of an encyclopedia
in 8 months. If we add 4 more volumes to the encyclopedia
and the number of people who write is now 32, how much
time will they spend writing the encyclopedia?
Solution:
Months Volumes People
8 20 25
x 24 32
x 24 25
= ×
8 20 32
24 × 25 × 8
x = = 7.5 months
20 × 32
5 A cargo company charges Rs.700 for 90 kg of load to carry
up to the distance of 13 km, how much the cargo
company will charge for 70 kg of load for a distance of
20 km?
Solution:
Rupees Weight Distance
700 90 13
x 70 20
x 70 20
= ×
700 90 13
70 × 20 × 700
x = = 837.60 rupees
90 × 13
6 If 30 machines can knit 2,700 socks in 12 hrs, then how
many machines are required to knit 8,100 socks in 9 hours?
Solution:
Machines Socks Hours
30 2700 12
x 8100 9
82
x 8100 12
= ×
30 2700 9
3 4 10
8100 × 12 × 30
x = = 120 machines
2700 × 93
7 If 80 labourers construct a 200 meter long road in 25 days.
In how many days, 100 labourers will construct a 150
meter long road?
Solution:
Days Labourers Meters
25 80 200
x 100 150
x 80 150
= ×
25 100 200
80 × 150 × 25
x = = 15 days
100 × 200 25
8 If 10 workers harvest a crop of 5 acres in 8 days, then in
how many days 16 workers can harvest the crop of 4
acres?
Solution:
Days Workers Acres
8 10 5
x 16 4
x 16 4
= ×
8 16 5
2 2
10 × 4 × 8
x = = 4 days
216 × 5
9 If 250 workers make 400 toys in 8 hours, then how many

toys will 200 workers make in 10 hours?
Solution:
Toys Workers Hours
400 250 8
x 200 10
83
x 200 10
= ×
400 250 8 2
16
200 × 10 × 400
x = = 400 toys
250 × 8
10 1440 men had sufficient food for 32 days. How many men
may leave so that the same food be sufficient for 40 days
when the ration is increased by 1 1/2 times?
Solution:
Men Days Food
1440 32 1
x 40 1.5
x 32 1
= ×
1440 40 1.5
32 × 1 × 1440
x = = 768 men
40 × 1.5
Men may leave = 1440 men – 768 men
= 672 men
4.2
1 Imran and Aslam started a business initially with Rs.14,200
and Rs.15,600 respectively. If the total profit of the year is
Rs. 74,500 then what is the profit share of each?
Solution:
Imran Aslam
Capital ratio = 14200 : 15600
71 : 78
Profit = Rs. 74,500
Sum of ratios = 71 + 78 = 149
71
Imran’s profit = × 74500 = Rs. 35,500
149
78
Aslam’s profit = × 74500 = Rs. 39,000
149
84
2 Kamal and Jamal started a business with investment in
the ratios 2:3. After a year they suffered a loss of
Rs.15,000. How much did the each partner lose?
Solution:
Kamal Jamal
Ratio = 2 : 3
Loss = Rs. 15000
Sum of ratios = 2 + 3 = 5
2
Kamal’s loss = × 15000 = Rs. 6000
5
3
Jamal’s loss = × 15000 = Rs. 9000
5
3 Zeeshan, Abdullah and Haseeb started a business with
investment in the ratio 2:3 :4 respectively. If Zeeshan
took his money back after 9 months then calculate the
share of each in the profit of Rs. 35,000 at the end of
the year.
Solution:
Zeeshan Abdullah Haseeb
Ratio = 2 × 8 : 3 × 12 : 4 × 12
16 : 36 : 48
4 : 9 : 12
Sum of ratios = 4 + 9 + 12 = 25
4
Zeeshan’s profit = × 35000 = Rs. 5600
25
9
Abdullah’s profit = × 35000 = Rs. 12600
25
12
Haseeb’s profit = × 35000 = Rs. 16800
25
4 Usman and Sadiq shared Rs. 50,000 for a business. Sadiq
took his money back after 7 months, if the account is
closed after 3 months after that and a profit of Rs. 5,000
is calculated. What will be the share of each in profit?
85
Solution:
Sadiq Usman
Ratio = 7 : 10
7
Sadiq’s profit = × 5000 = Rs. 2058.82
17
10
Usman’s profit = × 5000 = Rs. 2941.18
17
5 Manzoor and Arshad started a business by investing
Rs.12,000, Rs.18,000 respectively. Manzoor got of total
profit for working inaddition to his share of profit
according to his investment. Find the share of each from
the profit of Rs. 4,823.
Solution:
1
Manzoor got an extra share = × 4823 = Rs. 689
7
Actual profit = Rs. 4823 – Rs. 689
= Rs. 4134
Manzoor Arshad
Ratio = 12000 : 18000
2 : 3
2
Manzoor’s profit = × 4134 = Rs. 1653.60
5 + Rs. 689
Rs. 2342.60
3
Arshad’s profit = × 4134 = Rs. 2480.40
5
6 Mubeen, Shahid and Afridi started a business with
capitals Rs.12,000, Rs.15,000 and Rs.18,000 respectively.
At the end of the year, they incurred a loss of Rs.12,200.
Find the share of each in the Loss.
Solution: Mubeen Shahid Afridi
Ratio = 12000 : 15000 : 18000
4 : 5 : 6
86
Sum of ratios = 4 + 5 + 6 = 15
Loss = Rs. 12,200
4
Mubeen’s profit = × 12200 = Rs. 3253.33
15
5
Shahid’s profit = × 12200 = Rs. 4066.67
15
6
Afridi’s profit = × 12200 = Rs. 4880
15
7 Qasim starts a business with Rs.16,800 as capital. Six
months later, Aslam joins Qasim with the capital of
Rs.14,400. One month after that, Sufyan joins them with
the capital of Rs. 32,000. At the end of the first year, the
profit is Rs. 18,000. How much do Qasim, Aslam and
Sufyan get if their shares are in proportion to their
investments?
Solution:
Qasim Aslam Sufyan
Ratio = 16800 × 12 : 14400 × 6 : 32000 × 5
201600 : 86400 : 160000
63 : 27 : 50
Sum of ratios = 63 + 27 + 50 = 140

Loss = Rs. 18000
63
Qasim’s profit = × 18000 = Rs. 8100
140
27
Aslam’s profit = × 18000 = Rs. 3471.43
140
50
Sufyan’s profit= × 18000 = Rs. 6428.57
140
87
4.3
1 Mr. Musharaf Left a property worth Rs. 55,000. He had to
pay Rs.10,000 as debt. The rest of money was divided
among his 2 sons and 2 daughters in the ratio 2:1. How
much did each child get?
Solution:
Property’ Worth = Rs. 55000
Debt = Rs. 10,000
Remaining Inheritance = Rs. 55000 – Rs. 10,000
= Rs. 45000
Son Daughter
Ratio = 2 : 1
2 sons + 2 daughter
Sum of ratios = 2 × 2 + 2 × 1
= 4+2+6
2
Son’s share = × 45000 = Rs. 15000
6
1
Daughter’s share = × 45000 = Rs. 7,500
6
2 Akbar left an inheritance of Rs. 81,000. Two-third of total
inheritance is distributed among his three daughters
equally. Find the share of each.
Solution:
Inheritance = Rs. 81000
2
Two-third of inheritance = × 81000
3
= Rs. 54000
Share of 3 daughters = Rs. 54000
24000
Share of each daughter = = Rs. 18000
3
88
3 Gul Ahmad left goods worth Rs.150,000. A debt of
Rs.8,000 was due upon him and Rs. 2,000 was spent on
burial. 18 of remaining amount was given to the widow and
the rest was distributed among 2 sons and 3 daughters in
the ratio 2 :1. How much each got?
Solution:
Goods’ worth = Rs. 150,000
Debt = Rs. 8000
Burial Expense = Rs. 2000
Inheritance = Goods’ worth – Debt – Burial Expense
= Rs. 150000 – Rs. 8000 – Rs. 2000
= Rs. 140,000
1
Widow’s share = of the inheritance
8
1
= × 140,000
8
= Rs. 17500
Actual Inheritance = Rs. 140,000 – Rs. 17500
= Rs. 122,500
Son Daughter
Ratio = 2 : 1
Sum of ratios = 2 × 2 + 3 × 1
= 4+3+7
2
Son’s share = × 122,500 = Rs. 35000
7
1
Dauther’s share = × 122,500 = Rs. 17500
7
89
4 A man Left Rs. 80,000. His inheritance was distributed such
that 14 was given to an under construction mosque and
remaining was distributed equally among his two widows.
How much was given to mosque and his two widows?
Solution:
Man left = Rs. 80,000
1
Mosque;s construction = × 80,000 = Rs. 20,000
4
Share of Two widows = Rs. 80000 – Rs. 20000
= Rs. 60000
60000
Share of each widow = Rs. = Rs. 30000
2
5 Bashir left an inheritance of amount Rs.180,000. His heirs
are six daughters and two sons. If the shares of daughter to
son is in the ratio 1 : 2. Find the share of each.
Solution:
Inhertiance = Rs. 18000
Daughter son
Ratio = 1 : 2
Sum of ratios = 1 × 6 + 2 × 2
= 6 + 4 + 10
1
Daughter’s share = × 180000 = Rs. 18000
10
7
Son’s share = × 180000 = Rs. 36000
10
6 A man Left savings of Rs.66,000 in the bank. One-eighth
was given to his widow and remaining was distributed
among his son and a daughter. If the shares of son and
daughter are in the ratio 2:1. Find the share of each.
Solution:
Inhertiance = Rs. 66,000
1
Widow’s share = × 66,000 = Rs. 8250
8
90
Remaining Amount = Rs. 66000 – Rs. 8250
= Rs. 57750
Son Daughter
Ratio = 2 : 1
2
Son’s share = × 57,750 = Rs. 38500
3
1
Daughter’s share = × 57,750 = Rs. 19,250
3
4.4
1 Convert 350 US Dollar into Pak Rupee.
Solution:
350 US dellars converted into Pak rupees
1 $ = Rs. 99.75
350 $ = Rs. (99.75 × 350)
= Rs. 34,912.50
2 On one day, the rate of exchange between American
dollars ($) and British Pounds(£] was $1.45 = £1. Asad
changed £300 into American dollars. Calculate how many
dollars he received?
Solution:
Asad exchanged 300 pounds into US dollars
1 £ = 1.45$
300 £ = (1.45 × 300)$
= 435 $ (US Dollars)
3 The rate of exchange between pounds (£] and euros (€]
during a particular day was €1= £1.21. Anum changes £850
into euros. Calculate how many euros she receives?
Solution:
Anum exchange 850 pounds into Euros
91
1.21 £ = 1. €
1
1£ = €
1.21
850 £ = 850 €
1.21
= 702.48 €
4 Convert the following foreign currencies to Pakistani
rupees using table (buying rate]
(a) US$ 860
Solution:
1US Dollar = 99.75 rupees
860 US $ = (860 × 99.75) rupees
= Rs. 85,785
(b) 1,900 Ringgit
Solution:
1 Ringgit = 32.45 rupees
1900 Ringgit = (32.45 × 1900) rupees
= Rs. 61,655
(c) NZ $ 381
Solution:
1 NZ $ = 83.5 rupees
381 NS $ = (381 × 83.5) rupees
= 31813.50 rupees
(d) 7,000 JapaneseYen
Solution:
1 Japanese yen = 1.01 rupees
7000 Japanese Yen = (1.01 × 7000) rupees
= 7070 rupees
(e) UK 1,200 Pounds
Solution:
1 pound = 153.5 rupees
1200 pounds = (1200 × 153.5) rupees
= 184,200 rupees
92
(f) 1,800 Saudi Riyal
Solution:
1 Saudi Riyal = 26.25 rupees
1800 Saudi Riyal = (1800 × 26.25) rupees
= Rs. 47,250
4.5
1 Copy and complete the following table.
Rs. 16000 Rs. 20480
Rs. 2970 Rs. 980 Rs. 3950
2.8% Rs. 2016 Rs. 20016
Rs. 4500 50% Rs. 4500
Rs. 16941 15 months Rs. 18741
Rs. 13800 Rs. 1208 Rs. 15008
4.6 years Rs. 2576 Rs. 9576
Rs. 6000 27 months Rs. 3510 Rs. 9510
(i) Solution:
Principal (P) = Rs. 16,000
Markup rate (R) = 7%
Time period (T) = 4 years
(Mark up) I = P×R×T
7
= 16000 × × 4 = 4480 rupees
100
Amount = Principal + Mark up
= Rs. 16000 + Rs. 4480
= Rs. 20,480
(ii) Solution:
Markup rate (R) = 11 %
Mark up (I) = Rs. 980
11
980 = P × ×3
100
980 × 100
P= = Rs. 2970
11 × 3
93
= Rs. 2970 + Rs. 980
= Rs. 3950
(iii) Solution:
Principal (P) = Rs. 18000
Markup rate (I) = Rs. 2000
2000 = 18000 × R × 4
2000
% Rate = × 100% = 2.8%
18000 × 4
(iv) Solution:
4500 = 4500 × R × 2
4500
% Rate = × 100% = 50%
4500 × 2
= Rs. 4500 + Rs. 4500
= Rs. 9000
(v) Solution:
Markup rate (R) = 8.5%
Time period (T) = 15 months
15
or years
12
Markup rate (I) = 1800 rupees
(Mark up) I = P × R × T
8.5 15
1800 = P × ×
100 12
94
1800 × 100 × 12
P= = Rs. 16941
8.5 × 15
= Rs. 16941 + Rs. 1800
= Rs. 18741
(vi) Solution:
Time period (T) = 3.5 years
1200 = 13800 × R × 3.5
1200
Rate = × 100% = 2.5%
13800 × 3.5
= Rs. 13800 + Rs. 1200
= Rs. 15000
(vii) Solution:
Rate (R) = 8%
8
2580 = 7000 × ×T
100
2580 × 100
Time period (T) = = 4.6 years
7000 × 8
= Rs. 7000 + Rs. 2580
= Rs. 9580
(viii) Solution:
Amount = Rs. 9500
27
Time period (T) = 27 months = years
12
95
Principal (P)
= Rs. 6000
Rs. 9500 = Rs. 6000 + Mark up
Mark up = Rs. 9500 – Rs. 6000
= Rs. 3500
27
3500 = 6000 × R ×
12
3500 × 12
Rate = × 100% = 26%
6000 × 27
2 Mr. Arsalan wrote a cheque of Rs.19,800 to pay off a loan,
which was given to him at a markup rate of 5% for 3 years.
How much money did he borrow originally?
Solution:
Amount = Rs. 19800
Rate = 5%
(Mark up) = 3 × 5% = 15%
Amount = (100% + 15%) of the principal
115% of principal = Rs. 19800
100
Principal = Rs. 19800 ×
115
= Rs. 17217
3 A bank charges 3.25% per month markup on personal
loans. If Ali borrows Rs.50,000 for a period of 2 years 1
month, find the total markup he has to pay.
Solution:
Mark up = 3.25% per month
Principal = Rs. 50,000
Time period = 2 years 1 months
= 25 months
96
3.25
= 50000 × × 25
100
= Rs. 40625
4 How long would Rs.1550 have to be deposited at a markup
rate of 6% per year to gainRs.650 markup?
Solution:
Rate (R) = 6%
Mark up = Rs. 650
Time period (T) = ?
P×R×T
I =
100
6 × 1550
650 = ×T
100
650 × 100
T = = 7 years
6 × 1550
5 A credit card company charges 2.5% markup per month on
accounts not paid in previous months. If Ahmad pays Rs.
250 of his June account of Rs. 1,950, find the markup
charges which will be debited to his July account.
Solution:
Rate = 2.5 % per months
Principal for July = Rs. 1950 – Rs. 250
= Rs. 1700
Time period (T) = 1 month
Mark up = ?
P×R×T
I =
100
2.5 × 1700 × 1 = Rs. 42.50
=
100
97
= Rs. 1700 + Rs. 42.50
= Rs. 1742.50
6 Usama bought new tires for Rs. 3,500 using a credit card.
His card has a markup rate of 1.5%. If he has no other
charges on his card and does not pay off his balance at the
end of the month, how much amount will he owe after one
month?
Solution:
Principal = Rs. 3500
Rate = 2.5 %
Time period = 1 month
Amount = ?
P×R×T
I =
100
1.5 × 3500 × 1 = Rs. 52.50
=
100
= Rs. 3500 + Rs. 52.50
= Rs. 3552.50
7 A washing machine is priced at Rs. 24,000. For leasing
the machine, he has to pay 12% down payment and
remaining amount on simple markup of 17% p.a for a
period of 2 years on monthly instalments.
Find (i) Monthly instalments (ii) Total amount paid
Solution:
Price of the Machine = Rs. 24,000
Down Payment = 12% of price
12
= × 24000 = Rs. 2880
100
= Rs. 21,120
98
Mark up on Rs. 21,120 for 2 years
17
= 21120 × × 2 = Rs. 7180
100
Amount to be paid in 2 years.
= Rs. 21120 + Rs. 7180 = Rs. 28300
(i) Monthly Instalment = 28300 ÷ 24
= Rs. 1179
(ii) Total amount paid = Down payment + Principal
= Rs. 2880 + Rs. 28300
= Rs. 31180
8 Arif buys a window air-conditioner at Rs.35000. He pays
15% deposit and the outstanding balance plus interest in
48 months. Markup on the balance is charged at 10%. Find
the monthly instalment.
Solution:
A.C’s price = Rs. 35000
Deposit = 15% of Rs. 35000
= Rs. 5250
= Rs. 29750
Mark up to be paid in 4 years
10
= 29750 × × 4 = Rs. 11900
100
Amount to be paid in 4 years = Principal + Mark up
= Rs. 29750 + Rs. 11900
= Rs. 41650
Monthly Instalments = Rs. 41650 ÷ 48
= Rs. 868
99
4.6
1 A fruit seller buys a box of 100 dozen apples for Rs.5,500
and a box of oranges for Rs.3,800. He sells all the apples
and oranges, at Rs.60 and Rs. 45 per dozen. Find his profit
percent.
Solution:
Cost price of fruit = Rs. 5500 + Rs. 3800 = Rs. 9300
Selling price for 100 dozen apple = 100 × 60
= Rs. 6000
Selling price for 100 dozen orange = 100 × 45
= Rs.4500
Selling price of fruit = Rs. 6000 + Rs. 4500
= Rs. 10500
Profit = Rs. 10,500 – Rs. 9300
= Rs. 1200
profit
Profit = × 100
cost price
1200
= × 100 = 12.9%
9300
2 A man purchased a dozen pens for Rs.22 each, and a half
dozen erasers for Rs.4 each. If he sells the pens at Rs. 240
and erasers at Rs.30. Find the
(a) Profit I loss (b) Profit I loss %
Solution:
Cost price of 12 pens = 12 × Rs. 22 = Rs. 264
Cost price of 6 erasers = 6 × Rs. 4 = Rs. 24
Total cost price = Rs. 264 + Rs. 24
= Rs. 288
Selling price of pen and erasers = Rs. 240 + Rs. 30
= Rs. 270
Loss = Cost price – Selling price
= Rs. 288 – Rs. 270 = Rs. 18
100
loss
% loss = × 100
cost price
18
= × 100 = 6.25%
288
3 Hina purchased some stationary items from a shop. She
buys a calculator costs Rs.750 Maths book costs Rs.125,
geometry box costs 75. If she got a discount of Rs.15, on all
the items. Find the percentage discount.
Solution:
Cost price of Calculator = Rs. 750
Cost price of Math box = Rs. 125
Cost price of geometry box = Rs. 75
Total cost of price = Rs. 950
Discount = Rs. 15
Discount
% Discount = × 100
cost price
15
= × 100 = 1.6%
950
4 A supermarket gives a 15% discount on the market prices
of all the items during a sale. Given below are market
prices of some items, (a) Rs. 760 (b) Rs. 1,875
Find (i) the amount of discount (ii) the sale price
Solution:
Discount % = 15%
(a) Market price = 760
(i) Discount = 15% of Rs. 760
15
= × 760 = Rs. 114
100
(ii) Sale price = Market price – Discount
= Rs. 760 – Rs. 114 = Rs. 646
(b) Market price = Rs. 1875
(i) Discount = 15% of Rs. 1875
101
15
= × 1875 = Rs. 281.25
100
(ii) Sale price = Market price – Discount
= Rs. 1875 – Rs. 281.25 = Rs. 1593.75
5 A gold chain is sold for Rs.76,500 at a gain of 25%. Find the
profit.
Solution:
Selling price = Rs. 76500
Gain % = 25%
125% of cost price = Rs. 76500
76500
1% of cost price = Rs.
125
76500
100% of cost price = Rs. × 100 = Rs. 61200
125
profit = Rs. 76500 – Rs. 61200
= Rs. 15300
6 A man buys eggs at Rs.96 per dozen and sells them at
Rs.120 per score. What is the percentage gain/loss?
(a score = 20)
Solution:
Cost price of per dozen eggs = Rs. 96
Selling price for per score eggs = Rs. 120
120
Selling price of per score 1 egg = rupees
20
120
Selling price of per score 12 egg = × 12 rupees
20
= Rs. 72
Loss = Cost price – Selling price
= Rs. 96 – Rs. 72 = Rs. 24
loss
% loss = × 100
cost price
24
= × 100 = 25%
96
102
7 A wholesaler purchases 40 kg bag of flour with Rs.1,400,
20 kg bag of sugar worth Rs.1,100, 5 tins of ghee each costs
Rs.190. He sells 10 kg of flour at Rs. 300, 12 kg sugar at Rs.
720 and 2 tins of ghee costs Rs. 500. Find for each the
percentage profit and percentage loss.
Solution:
1400
Cost price of flour = = Rs. 35/kg
40
1100
Cost price of sugar = = Rs. 55/kg
20
Cost price of Gheetin = Rs. 190/tin
300
Selling price of flour = = Rs. 30/kg
10
720
Selling price of sugar = = Rs. 60/kg
12
500
Selling price of Ghee tin = = Rs. 250 tin
2
(i) Loss in flour = Rs. 35 – Rs. 30 = Rs. 5
5
% Loss in flour = × 100 = Rs. 16.7%
30
(ii) Profit in Sugar = Rs. 60 – Rs. 55 = Rs. 5
5
% profit in Sugar = × 100 = Rs. 9.1%
55
(iii) Profit in Ghee tin = Rs. 250 – Rs. 190 = Rs. 60
60
% profit in Ghee tin = × 100 = Rs. 31.58%
190
8 Mr. Ahsan bought 10 kg chicken at the rate of 125/kg.6
kg mutton at the rate of 580/kg and 1 kg beef at the rate
of 375/kg. If he got a discount of Rs.30 on chicken, Rs.50
on mutton and Rs.20 on beef. Find for each the
(a) market price (b) % discount
103
Solution:
(i) Market price of 10 kg chicken = Rs. 125 × 10
= Rs. 1250
(ii) Market price of 6 kg mutton = Rs. 580 × 6
= Rs. 3480
(iii) Market price of 1 kg beef = Rs. 375 × 1
= Rs. 375
(b) % Discout
(i) % Discount of chicken = 30

× 100 = 2.4%
1250
50
(ii) % Discount of mutton = × 100 = 1.4%
3480
20
(iii) % Discount of beef = × 100 = 5.3%
375
9 The price of a Maths book is Rs.150, but Haris has only
Rs.115 with him. If he gets a discount of 20%, how much
money does he need to borrow from a friend so that he can
buy the book?
Solution:
Market price = Rs. 150
Discount = 20 % of Rs. 150
= Rs. 30
Discounted price = Rs. 150 – Rs. 30 = Rs. 120
Haris needs to borrow = Rs. 120 – Rs. 115 = Rs. 5
10 Ali buys some food items from a superstore. A special
discount of 20% is offered in fruit items and a discount of
15% on all other items. If he purchases bananas, apples
and apricots worth Rs.150, Rs.230, Rs.210 and other items
worth Rs.510 respectively. Find the:
(a) amount of discount (b) sale price
104
Solution:
(i) Market price of fruit = Rs. 150 + Rs. 230 + Rs. 210
= Rs. 590
20
= × 590 = Rs. 118
100
Sale price = Market price – Discount
= Rs. 590 – Rs. 118
= Rs. 472
(ii) Other items worth = Rs. 510
15
= × 510 = Rs. 76.50
100
Sale price = Market price – Discount
= Rs. 510 – Rs. 76.50
= Rs. 433.50
(a) Total Discount = Rs. 118 + Rs. 76.50
= Rs. 194.50
(b) Total Sale price = Rs. 472 + Rs. 433.50
= Rs. 905.50
11 Mr. Yousaf purchased some games for his children. He
buys Super Mario, Spiderman and Barbie each worth
Rs.2,800, Rs.2,700 andRs. 2,650. If a discount of 15% is
given in all the games. Find for ech the amount of discount
and the sale price.
Solution:
(i) Market price of super Mario = Rs. 2800
15
= × 2800 = Rs. 420
100
Sale price = Rs. 2800 – Rs. 420 = Rs. 2380
105
(ii) Market price of spiderman = Rs. 2700
15
= × 2700 = Rs. 405
100
Sale price = Rs. 2700 – Rs. 405 = Rs. 2295
(iii) Market price of Barbie = Rs. 2650
15
= × 2650 = Rs. 397.50
100
Sale price = Rs. 2650 – Rs. 397.50 = Rs. 2252.50
4.7
1 if
• Annual premium is 4.8% of the amount of the policy.
• Half yearly premium is 56% of the annual premium
• Quarterly premium is 24% of the annual premium
• Monthly premium is 12% of the annual premium
Then calculate and write the premium in the following
table.
Solution:
1. Amount of policy = Rs. 40,000
Annual Perineum = 4.8 % of Rs. 40,000
4.8
= × 40,000 = Rs. 1920
100
Half yearly Perineum = 56 % of Rs. 1920
56
= × 1920 = Rs. 1075.20
100
106
Quarterly Perineum = 24 % of Rs. 1920
24
= × 1920 = Rs. 460.80
100
Monthly Perineum = 12 % of Rs. 1920
12
= × 1920 = Rs. 230.40
100
4.8
= × 60,000 = Rs. 2880
100
56
= × 2880 = Rs. 1612.80
100
24
= × 2880 = Rs. 691.20
100
12
= × 2880 = Rs. 345.60
100
4.8
= × 80,000 = Rs. 3840
100
56
= × 3840 = Rs. 2150.40
100
24
= × 3840 = Rs. 921.60
100
12
= × 3840 = Rs. 460.80
100
107
4.8
= × 100,000 = Rs. 4800
100
56
= × 4800 = Rs. 2688
100
24
= × 4800 = Rs. 1152
100
12
= × 4800 = Rs. 576
100
4.8
= × 125,000 = Rs. 6000
100
56
= × 6000 = Rs. 3360
100
24
= × 6000 = Rs. 1440
100
12
= × 6000 = Rs. 720
100
2 Waleed got a Life insurance policy of Rs.1,60,000. Find the
1st premium that Waleed has to pay. The rate of annual
premium is 5.2 % and policy fee 0.2%.
Solution:
Amount of policy = Rs. 160,000
Policy Fee = 0.2 % of Rs. 160,000
0.2
= × 160,000 = Rs. 320
100
108
Annual Preminum = 5.2% of Rs. 160,000
5.2
= × 160,000 = Rs. 8320
100
1st Premium = Annual Premium + Policy Fee
= Rs. 8320 + Rs. 320
= Rs. 8640
3 The monthly premium of an insurance policy is Rs.18, 77,
which is the 8% of the annual premium and the annual
premium is 2.6% of the amount of policy. Calculate the
amount of policy.
Solution:
8% of annual Premium = Rs. 1877
1877
1% of annual Premium = Rs.
8
1877
100% of annual Premium = Rs. × 100
8
Annual Perineum= Rs. 23462.50
2.6 % of annual of policy = Rs. 23462.50
23462.50
1% of annual of policy = Rs.
2.6
23462.50
100% of annual of policy = Rs. × 100
2.6
Annual of Policy = Rs. 902404
4 Amir bought a car for Rs.7,50,000 and got it insured at 4.2%
annual premium for 2 years. Calculate how much premium
he paid in 2 years if depreciation rate is 10%.
Solution:
Price of the car = Rs. 7,50,000
Rate of premium = 4.2 %
Premium of 2 years = ?
1st premium = 4.2 % of Rs. 750,000
109
4.2
= × 750,000 = Rs. 31500
100
Depreciated Amount = 10 % of Rs. 750,000
= Rs. 75000
Depreciated Price = Rs. 750,000 – Rs. 75000
= Rs. 675,000
2nd premium = 4.2% of Rs. 675,000
4.2
= × 675,000 = Rs. 28350
100
Premium of 2 years = Rs. 31500 + Rs. 28350
= Rs. 59850
st
5 Nadeem paid Rs. 45,750 as a 1 premium for his car at the
rate of2.7%. Find the worth of his car where policy fee is
Rs. 250.
Solution:
1st Premium of the car = Rs. 45,750
Policy fee = Rs. 250
Worth of the car = ?
2.7% of the car = Rs. 45,750 – Rs. 250 = Rs. 45500
45500
1% of the car = Rs.
2.7
45500
100% of the car = Rs. × 100
2.7
= Rs. 1685185
6 Naveed bought a vehicle for Rs. 7,00,000 and got it insured
at the rate of 5.5% yearly for ten years. But after 2 years his
vehicle damaged completely in an accident. Calculate the
benefit of policy that Naveed got. The rate of depreciation
is 8%.
110
Solution:
Price of the Vehicle = Rs. 700,000
1st Premium = 5.5 % of Rs. 700,000
5.5
= × 700,000 = Rs. 38500
100
Depreciated Amount = 8% of Rs. 700,000
8
= × 700,000 = Rs. 56000
100
Depreciated Price = Rs. 700,000 – Rs. 56000
= Rs. 644000
2nd Premium = 5.5% of Rs. 644000
5.5
= × 644000 = Rs. 35420
100
Total Premium of 2 years = Rs. 38500 + Rs. 35420
= Rs. 73920
Benefit of policy = claimed Amount – paid premium
= Rs. 700,000 – Rs. 73920
= Rs. 626,080
7 Usama got a life insurance policy at the rate of 5.2%. He
paid an amount Rs. 12,550 as the 1st premium. Calculate
the amount of policy where policy fee is Rs. 350.
Solution:
1st premium = Rs. 12550
Policy free = Rs. 350
Amount of policy =?
5.2 % of the policy = Rs. 12550 – Rs. 350
= Rs. 12200
12200
1% of the policy = Rs.
5.2
111
12200
100% of the policy = Rs. × 100
5.2
= Rs. 234,615
8 Find the half yearly, quarterly and monthly premium at the
rate of 54%, 29% and 12% of the annual premium
respectively. Where the annual premium is Rs.26,500.
Solution:
Amount Perineum = Rs. 26,500
54
= × 26500 = Rs. 14310
100
29
= × 26500 = Rs. 7685
100
12
= × 26500 = Rs. 3180
100
9 Haris got an insurance of his bike worth Rs. 85,000 at the
rate of 3.2% for 3 years. Calculate the benefit of policy if
Haris had a claim of Rs. 15,000. The rate of depreciation is
10.
Solution:
Bike’s worth = Rs. 85000
Rate of Premium = 3.2%
Benefit of policy = ?
1st premium = 3.2% of Rs. 85000
3.2
= × 85000 = Rs. 2720
100
1st premium = 10 % of Rs. 85000
10
= × 85000 = Rs. 85000
100
112
Depreciated price of 1st years = Rs. 85000 – Rs. 8500
= Rs. 76500
2nd premium = 3.2% of Rs. 76500
3.2
= × 76500 = Rs. 2448
100
2nd Depreciated amount = 10% of Rs. 76500
10
= × 76500 = Rs. 7650
100
Depreciated price of 2nd years = Rs. 76500 – Rs. 7650
= Rs. 68850
3rd premium = 3.2 % of Rs. 68850
3.2
= × 68850 = Rs. 2203
100
Paid premium = Rs. 2720 + Rs. 2448 + Rs. 2203
= Rs. 7371
Benefit of policy = claimed amount – paid premium
= Rs. 15000 – Rs. 7371
= Rs. 7629
Review Exercise
1 If it takes 3 days for 6 builders to construct 200m of wall,
how many meters of wall will 8 builders construct in 4
days?
Solution:
Days Builders Meters
3 6 200
4 8 x
x 8 4
= ×
200 6 3
8 × 4 × 200
x = = 356 m
6×3
113
2 If 20 machines can knit 2,000 socks in 12 hrs, then how
many machines are required to knit 4,000 socks in 8
hours?
Solution:
Machines Socks Hours
20 2000 12
x 4000 9
x 4000 12
= ×
20 2000 9
4000 × 12 × 20
x = = 53 machines
2000 × 9
3 Manzoor and Imran started a business by investing
Rs.15,000, Rs.20,000 respectively. Manzoor got 1/7 of
total profit for working in addition to his share of profit
according to his investment. Find the share of each from
the profit of Rs. 4,823.
Solution:
Profit = Rs. 4823
1 1
of the profit = × 4823 = Rs. 689
7 7
Balance profit = Rs. 4823 – Rs. 689
= Rs. 4134
Manzoor Imran
Ratio = 15000 : 20000
3 : 4
4
Imran’s share = × 4134 = Rs. 2362
7
3
Manzoor’s share = × 4134 = Rs. 1772
7
= Rs. 1772 + Rs. 689
= Rs. 2461
114
4 A man left savings of Rs.50,000 in the bank. One-eight was
given to his widow and remaining was distributed among
his son and a daughter. If the shares of son and daughter
are in the ratio 2:1. Find the share of each.
Solution:
Inheritance = Rs. 50,000
1
Widow’s share = of Rs. 50,000
8
1
= × 50000 = Rs. 6250
8
Balanced Inheritance = Rs. 50000 – Rs. 6250
= Rs. 43750
Son Daughter
Ratio = 2 : 1
2
Son’s share = × 43750 = Rs. 29167
3
1
Daughter’s share = × 43750 = Rs. 14583
3
5 Convert 450 US Doller into Pak Rupee.
Solution:
One US Dollar = Rs. 99.75
450 US $ = Rs. (99.75 × 450)
= Rs. 44887.50
5 Aamir buys a window air-conditioner at Rs.45000. He pays
15% deposit and the outstanding balance plus interest in
48 months. Markup on the balance is charged at 15%. Find
the monthly instalment.
Solution:
Price of Window A.C = Rs. 45000
Deposit = 15% of Rs. 45000
115
15
= × 45000 = Rs. 6750
100
Balance Amount = Rs. 45000 – Rs. 6750
= Rs. 38250
Mark up = R×P×T
15
= × 38250 × 4 = Rs. 22950
100
Amount to be paid in 48 months = Rs. 38250 + Rs. 22950
= Rs. 61200
Monthly Instalments = 61200 ÷ 48
= Rs. 1275 months
116
05 Polynomials
5.1
1 Which of the following expressions are polynomials?
Solution:
(i) x2 – 4x – 2 (Polynomials)
(ii) 5x3 + 3x2 – 2x – 1 (Not polynomials)
(iii) x3 + 7x2 + 5x + 6 (Polynomials)
(iv) 2x2 – 2x – 4 (Not polynomials)

(v) 2x3 + 4x2 + 3x – 2 (Polynomials)
2 Write the degree of each polynomial:
Solution:
(i) x – 4 (Degree 1)
(ii) x4 – 3x2 – 4x – 2 (Degree 4)
(iii) 7 (Degree 0)
(iv) x5 – x3 – 4x2 – 6 (Degree 5)

(v) x2 – 3x + 2 (Degree 2)
3 Add the following polynomials:
(i) 2a + 3b – 9c, 7a – 6b + 4c; 2a – 5b + 9c – 8
Solution:
2a + 3b – 9c
7a – 6b + 4c
+ 2a – 5b + 9c – 8
11a – 8b + 4c – 8
117
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii) 2a – 3b – 9c – 7, 6a –5b –8c +10;–6a – 3b +4c – 10
Solution:
2a2 + 3b2 – 9c2 – 7
2 2 2
6a – 5b – 8c + 10
2 2 2
– 6a – 3b + 4c – 10
2 2 2
2a – 11b – 13c – 7
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii) 4a b – 6a + 7ab – 8b ; 4a – 6a b – 9ab – 9ab – 3b ;
2 2 2 2
2a – 3b – 4a b – 6ab
Solution:
4a2b – 6a2+ 7ab2 – 8b2
2 2 2 2
– 6a b + 4a – 9ab – 3b
2 2 2 2
– 4a b + 2a – 6ab – 3b
– 6a2b + 0a2 – 8ab2 – 14b2
4 Subtract:
3 2 3 2
(i) 4x – x + 6x – 4 from x – 4x + 6x – 5
Solution:
x3 – 4x2 + 6x – 5
3 2
– 4x + x – 6x + 4
– 3x3 – 3x2 + 0x – 1
3 2 3 2
(ii) 12x – 4x –16x – 8 from 2x – 9x + 10x – 10
Solution:
3 2
2x – 9x + 10x – 10
3 2
– 12x + 4x + 16x + 8
– 10x3 – 5x2 + 26x – 2
(iii)7x3 – 3x2 – 4x – 2 from 1
Solution: 1
3 2
– 7x + 3x + 4x + 2
– 7x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 3
118
5 Multiply:
(i) 2xy by – xy (ii) (2a – 3b) by 2ab (iii)9xyz by 2 xy
3
Solution: Solution: Solution:
2xy 2a – 3b 9xyz
– xy 2ab 2 xy
3
– 2x2y2 4a2b – 6ab2 2 2
6x y z
(iv) 2(x2 – 2b) + 3x(x +6b)– 12(a – 3x)
Solution:
2
= 2(x – 2b) + 3x (x + 6b) – 12 (a – 3x)
2 2
= 2x – 4b + 3x + 18bx – 12a + 36x
2
= 5x + 36x + 18bx – 4b – 12a
5.2
1 Divide:
5 3 2
(i) x y by x y
Solution:
x5y3 5–2 3–1 3 2
2
= x y =xy
xy
10 12 8 6
(ii) – 96a b by – 12a b
Solution:
7 15
3ab b 30 7–2 15 – 8 5 7
2 8
= a b = 6a b
5a b 5
7 15 2 8
(iii)30a b by 5a b
Solution:
10 12
– 96a b – 96 10 – 8 12 – 6 2 6
8 6
= a b = 8a b
–12a b –12
3 2 5 2 2 2
(iv)60x y z by –12x y z
Solution:
3 2 2
60x y z –60 3 – 2 22 – 2 –5 – 2 3
2 2 2
= x y y = –5xy
–12x y z 12
119
2 Divide:
(i) – 8a4 – 6a3 + 4a by 2a
Solution:
– 8a4 – 6a3 + 4a
2a
4 3
8a 6a 4a
=– – +
2a 2a 2a
3 2
= – 4a – 3a + 2
(ii) 45a4b6 – 54a3b4 – 63a2b3 by 9a2b2
Solution:
4 6 3 4 2 3
45a b – 54a b – 63a b
2 2
9a b
45a2b6 54a3b4 63a2b3
= 2 2 – 2 2
– 2 2
9a b 9a b 9a b
4 2
= 5b – 6ab – 7b
4
(iii) a – 6a – 4 by a – 2
Solution:
a3 + 2a2 + 4a + 2
a – 2 a4 – 6a – 4
+– a4 +– 2a
3
– 6a – 4 + 2a3
3 2
+– 2a –+ 4a
2
– 6a – 4 + 4a
2
+– 8a +– 4a
2a – 4
–+ 2a –+ 4
×
120
3 2 4 3 2
(iv) 6x + x – 44x + 21 by (iv) 6x – 2x – 23x + 5x + 20
3x – 7 by 2x2 – 5
Solution: Solution:
2 2
2x + 5x – 3 3x – x – 4
2
3x – 7 6x3 + x2 – 44x + 21 2x – 5 6x4 – 2x3 – 23x2 + 5x + 20
+– 6x3 –+ 14x2 +– 6x4 2
+– 15x
15x2 – 44x + 21 –2x3 – 8x2 + 5x + 20
2 3
+– 15x +– 35x +–2x –+ 5x
2
– 9x + 21 – 8x + 20
2
–+ 9x +– 21 – 8x +– 20
+
× ×
3 Divide: 6 6
(i) 125x3 – 27y3 by 5x – 3y (iii)a – b by a – b
Solution: Solution:
2 2
25x + 9y + 15xy a5+a4b+a3b2+a2b3+ab4+b5
5x–3y 125x3 – 27y3 a – b a6 – b 6
2
+– 75x y
3
+– 125x 5
+– a6 +– a b
3 2
–27y + 75x y 5
ab–b
6
3 2
+–27y +– 45xy +a
5
b –+ a4b2
2 2
–
75x y – 45xy 4 2
ab –b
6
2 2 3 3
+– 75x y –+ 45xy 4 2
+– a b –+ a b
× a3b3 – b6
3
(ii) 27 – 64y by 3 – 4y 3 3
+– a b
2 4
–+ a b
Solution: 2 4 6
9 + 16y2 + 12y ab –b
2 4 5
3 – 4y 27 – 64y3 +– a b –+ ab
5 6
+– 27 –+ 36y ab – b
5 6
3
–64y + 36y +– ab +– b
3 2
+–64y +– 48y ×
2
36y – 48y
+– 36y – 48y2
+
×
121
3 Divide the following and if a remainder is left, write
the remainder also:
(i) 12a2 + 7ab – 12b3 by 3a + 4b
Solution:
4a – 3b
3a+4b 12a2 + 7ab – 12b2
+– 12a2 +– 16ab
2
– 9ab – 12b
2
+– 9ab +– 12b
×
(ii) 6x5 + 4x4 – 27x3 – 7x2
– 27x by 2x2 – 3
Solution:
3 2 1
3x + 2x – 9x –
2
2
2x +3 6x + 4x – 27x – 7x2 – 27x –6
5 4 3
+– 6x5 3
+– 9x
4 3 2
4x – 18x – 7x – 27x – 6
4 2
+– 4x –+ 6x
3 2
–18x – x – 27x – 6
3
–18x
+ –+ 27x
2
– x – 54x – 6
–+ x
2 3
+–
2
– 54x – 15
2
R = – 54x – 15
2
122
5 4 3 2 2
(iii)a – a + 3a + 4a – 3a – 3 by a + 1
Solution:
3 3
a – a + 2a + 5
2
a + 1 a5 – a4 + 3a3 + 4a2 – 3a – 3
5 3
+– a –+ a
– a4 + 2a3 + 4a2 – 3a – 3
4
–+ a –+ a
2
3 2
2a + 5a – 3a – 3
3
+– 2a + 2a
–
2
5a – 5a – 3
2
+– 5a +5
–
– 5a – 8
8 8 2 2
(ii) a – b by a – b
Solution:
6 4 2 2 4 6
a – ab +ab +b
2 2
a + b a8 – b 8
8 6 2
+– a +– a b
a6b2 – b8
6 2
+– a b +– a b
4 4
a4b4 – b8
4 4
+– a b +– a b
2 6
2 2 8
ab –b
2 2 8
+– a b +– b
×
123
Review Exercise
1 Add the following polynomials:
(i) 3a – 2b + 7c, 4a + 2b –9c, (ii) – 1a – 1b – 1c, 2a + 2b +
– 3a – 4b – 11c 2c, –3a – 3b – 3c
Solution: Solution:
3a – 2b + 7c –1a – 1b + 1c
4a + 2b – 9c 2a + 2b – 2c
– 3a – 4b – 11c – 3a – 3b – 3c
4a – 4b – 13c – 2a – 2b – 2c
(iii) – 6a + 9b – 6c, 2a + 1b + 9c, –3a – 6b – 9c
Solution:
– 6a + 9b – 6c
2a + 1b – 9c
– 3a – 6b – 9c
– 7a + 4b – 6c
2 Subtract:
3 3 3 2
(i) 4x + x – 2x from (ii) 7x + 6x – 9x + 2 from
3 2
5x + 2x – 3 – 1x + 2
Solution: Solution:
5x3 + 2x2 – 3 –x+2
3 2 3 2
+– 4 x +– x –+ 2 x +– 7 x +– 6 x +– 9 x –+ 2
3 2 3 2
x + x + 2x – 3 –7x – 6x + 8x
2 3
(iii) – 3b – 2b from 6b – 2b
Solution:
6b3 – 2b
3
–+ 6 b +– 2 b
3 2
6b + 3b
124
3 Subtract:
3 2 3 2
(i) 8x + 6x – 2x from 2x (ii) 8x + 3x – 9x + 2 from
Solution: – 1x + 2
4x2 + 3x – 1 Solution:
2x 8x3 + 6x2 – 2x 2
– 8x – 19x – 29
+– 8x3 –x + 2 8x3 + 3x2 – 9x + 2
2
6x – 2x +– 8x3 – 16x2
2 2
+– 6x 19x – 9x + 2
2
– 2x +– 19x +– 38x
29x + 2
+– 2x
× +– 29x +– 58
60
(iii) – 3x3 + 9x2 – 9x + 2 from 3x + 1
Solution:
– x + 10 x – 37
2
3 9
3x + 1 – 3x + 9x – 9x + 2
3 2
+– – 3x3 +– x2
2
10x – 9x + 2
2 10
+– 10x +– 3 x
– 37 x + 2
3
– 37 37
+ 3 x +– 9
55
9
125
3 2
(iv) 4x + 8x – 16x + 32 from 4x + 1
Solution:
2 17
4x + x – 4
4x + 1 4x3 + 8x2 – 16x + 32
+– 4x3 +– 4x2
4x2 – 16x + 32
2
+– 4x +– x
– 17x + 32
17
–+ 17x +–
4
145
4
3 2
(v) 10x + 5x – 1x + 2 from 2x + 1
Solution:
5x2
2x + 1 10x3 + 5x2 – x + 2
3 2
–+ 10x –+ 5x
–x+2
126
06 Factorization, Simulataneous
Equations
6.1
1 Find the square of the following:
(i) (6a + 15b)
Solution:
2
The square of 6a + 15b = (6a + 15b)
2 2
= (6a) + 2(6a) (15b) + (15b)
2 2
= 36a + 180 ab + 225
1
(ii) 3x –
5y
Solution:
1 1 ²
The square of 3x – 5y = 3x – 5y
1 1
= ( 3x )2 – 2( 3x ) ( ) + ( )²
5y 5y
2 3x 1
= 3x – + 2
5y 25y
(iii) (a – 3b)
Solution:
2 2
The square of (a – 3b) = (a – 3b)
2 2
= (a) – 2(a) (3b) + (3b)
2 2
= a – ab + 9b
(iv) 2x + 3
x
Solution:
3 3 ²
The square of 2x + x = 2x + x
3 3
= (2x )2 + 2(2x) ( ) + ( )²
x x
127
9
= 4x2 + 12 +
x2
(v) x – 1
x
Solution:
1 1 ²
The square of x – x = x– x
1 1
= (x)2 – 2(x) ( ) + ( )²
x x
2 1
= x –2+ 2
x
(vi) 107
Solution:
2
The square of 107 = (100 + 7)
2 2
= (100) + 2(100) (7) + (7)
= 1000 + 1400 + 49
= 11449
4
(vii) x – 3 y
Solution:
4 4 ²
The square of x + 3 y = x + 3 y
= (x)2 + 2(x) ( 4 ) + ( 4 y )²
3 3
8 16 2
= x2 + xy + y
3 9
(viii) 99
Solution:
The square of 99 = (100 – 1)2
2 2
= (100) – 2(1) (100) + (1)
= 1000 – 200 + 1
= 9801
128
1
(ix) 5x – 5x
Solution:
1 1 ²
The square of 5x – 5x = 5x – 5x
= (5x)2 – 2(5x) ( 1 ) + ( 1 )²
5x 5x
1
= 25x2 – 2 +
25x2
(x) 499
Solution:
2
The square of 499 = (500 – 1)
2 2
= (500) – 2(500) (1) + (1)
= 250000 – 1000 + 1
= 249001
1
2 If x –
x = 5, find
1 1
(i) x2 + 2 (ii) x4 + 4
x x
Solution: Solution:
2 1 2
2 2 1 2
2
x + 2 = (5) x + 2 = (27)
x x
(x) – 2(x) ( 1 ) + ( 1 )² = 25 (x ) + 2(x ) ( 12 ) + ( 12 )²= 729

2 2 2 2
x x x x
2 1 4 1
x – 2 + 2 = 25 x + 2 + 4 = 729
x x
Thus, Thus,
2 1 4 1
x + = 25 + 2 = 27 x + 4 = 729 – 2 = 727
x2 x
129
1
3 Calculate x4 + 4 When
x
1 1
(i) x + =4 (ii) x – = 19
x x
Solution: Solution:
1 2 2 1 2 2
x+ = (4) x– = (19)
x x
2 1 2 1
x + 2 + 2 = 16 x + 2 – 2 = 361
x x
2 1 2 1
x + 2 = 16 – 2 x + 2 = 361 + 2
x x
2 1 2 = (14)2 2 1 2 = (363)2
x + 2 x + 2
x x
1 1
x4 + 4 + 2 = 196 x4 + 4 + 2 = 131769
x x
1 1
Thus, x4 + 4 = 196 – 2 Thus, x4 + 4 = 131769 – 2
x x
= 194 = 131767
1 1
4 Calculate x – When (ii) x4 + 4 = 727
x x
1 Solution:
(i) x2 + 2 = 27 1
x 4
x + 4 + 2 = 727 + 2
Solution: x
4 1 2 = 729
1 x + 4
x2 + 2 – 2 = 27 – 2 x
x 1
1 2 = 25 x + 2 = 27
2
x– x
x 1
x + 2 – 2 = 27 – 2
2
2 x
1 = 25 1 2 = 25
x– x–
x x
1 =5 1 2 = 25
x– x–
x x
1 =5
x–
x
130
5 Simplify:
(i) 236 × 236 – 2 × 236 × 86 + 86 × 86
Solution:
2 2
(236) – 2(236) (86) + (86)
Suppose, 236 = a 86 = b
2 2
a – 2ab + b = (a – b)²
= (236 – 86)²
= (150)² = 22500
(ii) 391 × 391 – 291 × 291
Solution:
(391)2 – 2(291)2
Suppose, 391 = a 291 = b
2 2
a – b = (a + b) (a – b)
= (391 + 291) (391 – 291)
= (682) (100) = 68200
276 × 276 – 24 × 24
(iii)
276 – 24
Solution:
Suppose, 276 = a 24 = b
2 2
a – b = (a – b) (a + b)
(a – b) (a – b)
= a + b = 276 + 24 = 300
2.5 × 2.5 – 1.5 × 1.5
(iv)
2.5 – 1.5
Solution:
Suppose, 2.5 = a 1.5 = b
(2.5) – (1.5)2
2
2.5 – 1.5
a – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)
2
a–b (a – b)
= a + b = 2.5 + 1.5 = 4
131
(v) 2.34 × 2.34 – 1.66 × 1.66
2.34 × 1.66
Solution:
Suppose, 2.34 = a 1.66 = b
(2.34)2 – (1.66)2
2.34 – 1.66
a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)
a–b (a – b)
= a+b
= 2.34 + 1.66 = 4
6.2
1 Find the cube of:
(i) (a + 3b)
Solution:
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a +b)
3 3
a + 3b = (a) + (3b) + 3(a) (3b) (a + 3b)
3 3
= a + 27b + 9ab (a + 3b)
4
(ii) 2x + x
Solution:
3 3 3
(a + b) = a + b + 3ab (a +b)
= (2x) + ( 4 ) + 3(2x) ( 4 ) (2x + 4 )
3 3
x x x
= 8x + 643 + 24 2x + 4
3
x x
(iii) 1 a + 2 b
3 3
Solution:
3 3 3
(a + b) = a + b + 3ab (a +b)
= ( 1 a ) + ( 2 b ) + 3 ( 1 a) ( 2 b) 1 a + 2 b
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
132
= 1 a + 2 b + 2 ab 1 a + 2 b
3 3
27 3 3 3 3
(iv) (x + 4)
Solution:
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
3 3
= (x) + (4) + 3(x) (4) (x + 4)
3
= x + 64 + 12x (x + 4)
(v) (8x + 3y)
Solution:
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
3 3
= (8x) + (3y) + 3(8x) (3y) [8x + 3y]
3 3
= 512x + 27y + 72xy (8x + 3y)
(vi) (2x – 3y)
Solution:
3 3 3
(a – b) = a – b – 3ab (a – b)
3 3
= (2x) – (3y) – 3(2x) (3y) [2x – 3y]
3 3
= 8x – 27y – 18xy (2x – 3y)
1
(vii) x – 4
Solution:
3 3 3
(a – b) = a – b – 3ab (a – b)
= (x) – ( 1 ) – 3(x) ( 1
)(x– 1 )
3 3
4 4 4
=x – 1 – 3 x x– 1
3
64 4 4
(viii)(5x – 2y)
Solution:
3 3 3
(a – b) = a – b – 3ab (a – b)
= (5x)3 – (2y)3 – 3(5x) (2y) [5x – 2y]
3 3
= 125x – 8y – 30xy (5x – 2y)
133
2 If a + b + 9 = and ab = 16, find the value of a + b3.
3
Solution:
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
3 3 3
(9) = a + b + 3 × 16 (9)
3 3
729 = a + b + 432
a3 + b3 = 729 – 432 = 297
3 If 3x + 4y = 11 and x = 2, find the value of 27x3 + 64y3.
Solution:
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
3 3 3
(3x + 4y) = (3x) + (4y) + 3(3x)(4y) (3x + 4y)
3 3 3
(3x + 4y) = 27x + 64y + 36xy (3x + 4y)
3 3 3
(11) = 27x + 64y + 36 (2) (11)
3 3
1331 = 27x + 64y + 792
27x3 + 64y3 = 1331 – 792
= 539
4 Find the value of 27x3 + 8y3, if
3 3 3
(3x + 2y) = 27x + 8y + 3(3x) (2y) [3x + 2y]
3 3 3
(3x + 2y) = 27x + 8y + 18xy (3x + 2y)
(i) 3x + 2y = 14 and x = 8
Solution:
3 3 3
(14) = 27x + 8y + 18 (8) (14)
3 3
2744 = 27x + 8y + 2016
3 3
27x + 8y = 2744 – 2016 = 728
14
(ii) 3x + 2y = 20 and xy = 9
Solution:
2 14
(20)3 = 27x3 + 8y3 + 18 × 9 (20)
8000 = 27x3 + 8y3 + 560
3 3
= 27x + 8y = 7440
134
3 3
5 Find the value of x + y , when x + y = 8 and xy = 4.
Solution:
3 3
x + y = 8 , xy = 4 , x + y = ?
3 3 3
(x + y) = x + y + 3xy (x + y)
3 3 3
(8) = x + y + 3 (4) (8)
3 3
512 = x + y + 96
x3 + y3 = 512 – 96 = 416
6 Find the value of x3 – y3, when x – y = 2 and xy = 2.
Solution:
3 3
x – y = 2 , xy = 2 , x – y = ?
3 3 3
(x – y) = x – y – 3xy (x – y)
3 3 3
(2) = x – y – 3 (2) (2)
3 3
8 = x – y – 12
x3 – y3 = 12 + 8 = 20
1 1
7 If x + = 5 and x – =7
x x
3 1 3 1
(i) x + 3 = ? (ii) x – 3 = ?
x x
Solution: Solution:
3 3
x + 1 = x3 + 13 + 3 x + 1 x – 1 = x3 – 13 + 3 x – 1
x x x x x x
(5)3 = x3 + 13 + 3 (7)3 = x3 – 13 – 3 (7)

x x
125 = x + 13 + 3
3
343 = x – 13 – 21
3
x x
3 1
x + 3 = 125 – 3 3
x – 3 1 = 343 + 21
x x
= 122 = 364
135
6.3
1 Factorise the following.
(i) 3x + 12 (ii) 7x + 49
Solution: Solution:
= 3 (x + 4) = 7 (x + 7)
(iii) 56 + 7x (iv) 98 + 49x
Solution: Solution:
= 7 (8 + x) = 49 (2 + x)
(v) 4x – 16 (vi) 8x – 48
Solution: Solution:
= 4 (x – 4) = 8 (x – 6)
(vii) 16 – 8x (viii) 12 – 48x
Solution: Solution:
= 8 (2 – x) = 12 (1 – 4x)
(ix) 6x + 21y (x) 4m + 6n
Solution: Solution:
= 3 (2x + 7y) = 2 (2m + 3n)
2
(i) a + ab (ii) c – cd
Solution: Solution:
= a (1 + b) = c (c – d)
(iii) 3e² + 6ef (iv) 4g² – 6gh
Solution: Solution:
= 3e (e + 2f) = 2g (2g – 3h)
(v) mn + mn² (vi) p²q – pq²
Solution: Solution:
= mn (1 + n) = pq (p – q)
(vii) x² + 4x (viii) y² – 4y
Solution: Solution:
= x (x + 4) = y (y – 4)
136
(ix) 15y + 10y² (x) 8a + 12a²
Solution: Solution:
= 5y (3 + 2y) = 4a (2 + 3a)
(i) x(x + 1) + 2 (x + 1) (ii) m(m + 1) + 4(m + 1)
Solution: Solution:
= (x + 1) (x + 2) = (m + 1) (m + 4)
(iii) t(t – 2) + 2 (t – 2) (iv) y(y – 5) + 5 (y – 5)
Solution: Solution:
= (t – 2) (t + 2) = (y – 5) (y + 5)
(v) b (4b – 3) – 3 (4b – 3) (vi) x (1 – 3x) + 2 (1 – 3x)
Solution: Solution:
= (4b – 3) (b – 3) = (1 – 3x) (x + 2)
(vii) y (y + 1) + 1 (y + 1) (viii) q (q – 4) – 4 (q – 4)
Solution: Solution:
= (y + 1) (y + 1) = (q – 4) (q – 4)
6.4
2 2
(i) z + 3z + 2 (ii) y + 4y + 3
Solution: Solution:
2 2
= z + 2z + z + 2 = y + 3y + y + 3
= z (z + 2) + 1 (z + 2) = y (y + 3) + 1 (y + 3)
= (z + 2) (z + 1) = (y + 3) (y + 1)
2 2
(iii) x + 7x + 6 (iv) w + 6w + 5
Solution: Solution:
2 2
= x + 6x + x + 6 = w + 3w + w + 5
= x (x + 6) + 1 (x + 6) = w (w + 5) + 1 (w + 5)
= (x + 6) (x + 1) = (w + 5) (w + 1)
137
2 2
(v) v + 12v + 36 (vi) u + 18u + 81
Solution: Solution:
2 2
= v + 6v + 6v + 36 = u + 9u + 9u + 81
= v (v + 6) + 6 (v + 6) = u (u + 9) + 9 (u + 9)
= (v + 6) (v + 6) = (u + 9) (u + 9)
2 2
(vii) s + 10s + 21 (viii) n – 8n + 16
Solution: Solution:
2 2
= s + 7s + 3s + 21 = n – 4n – 4n + 16
= s (s + 7) + 3 (s + 7) = n (n – 4) – 4 (n – 4)
= (s + 7) (s + 3) = (n – 4) (n – 4)
2
(ix) h + h – 12 (x) a2 – a – 12
Solution: Solution:
2 2
= h + 4h – 3h – 12 = a – 4a + 3a – 12
= h (h + 4) – 3 (h + 4) = a (a – 4) + 3 (a – 4)
= (h + 6) (h – 3) = (a – 4) (a + 3)
6.5
1 Factorize the following using the special result
2 2 2 2 2 2
a + 2ab + b = (a + b) or a – 2ab + b = (a – b) .
(i) a2 + 4a + 4 (ii) m2 + 10m + 25
Solution: Solution:
It can be written as; It can be written as;
2 2
= (a) + 2 (a) (2) + (2) = (m)2 + 2 (5) (m) + (5)2
2 2
= (a + 2) = (m + 5)
= (a + 2) (a + 2) = (m + 5) (m + 5)
(iii) b2 – 2b + 1 (iv) w2– 8w + 16
Solution: Solution:
2 2
= (b) – 2 (1) (b) + (1) = (w)2 + 2 (4) (w) + (4)2
2 2
= (b – 1) = (w – 4)
= (b – 1) (b – 1) = (w – 4) (w – 4)
138
2 2
(v) 75x + 90x + 27 (vi) 3b – 30b + 75
Solution: Solution:
2 2
= 3 (25x + 30x + 9) = 3 (b – 10b + 25)
2 2 2 2
= 3 [(5x) + 2 (5x) (3) + (3) ] = 3 [(b) – 2 (5) (3) + (5) ]
2 2
= 3(5x + 3) = 3(b + 5)
= 3 (5x + 3) (5x + 3) = 3 (b + 5) (b + 5)
2 2
(vii) 72x – 96x + 32 (viii) 4c + 12c + 9
Solution: Solution:
2
= 2 (36x – 48x + 16) = (2c)2 + 2 (2c) (3) + (3)2
2 2 2
= 2 [(6x) – 2 (6x) (4) + (4) ] = (2c + 3)
= 2 (6x – 4) (6x – 4) = (2c + 3) (2c + 3)
2 2 2 2
(ix) 9x + 30xy + 25y (x) 25h – 30hk + 9k
Solution: Solution:
= (3x)2 + 2 (3x) (5y) + (5y)2 = (5h) –2 (5h) (3k) + (3k)2
2 2
= (3x + 5y) = (5h – 3k)
= (3x + 5y) (3x + 5y) = (5h – 3k) (5h – 3k)
6.6
1 Factorize the following using the identity.
(i) a2 – 49 (ii) b2 – 25
Solution: Solution:
2 2 2 2
= (a) – (7) = (b) – (5)
= (a – 7) (a + 7) = (b – 5) (b + 5)
2 2
(iii) 144 – d (iv) 100 – g
Solution: Solution:
2 2 2 2
= (12) – (d) = (10) – (g)
= (12 – d) (12 + d) = (10 – g) (10 + g)
139
2 2
(v) 25m – 1 (vi) 4z – 81
Solution: Solution:
2 2 2 2
= (5m) – (1) = (2z) – (9)
= (5m – 1) (5m + 1) = (2z – 9) (2z + 9)
2 2 2
(vii) 25f – u (viii) 108 – 3y
Solution: Solution:
= (5f)2 – (u)2 2
= 3(36 – y )
2 2
= (5f – u) (5f + u) = 3 [(6) – (y) ]
= 3 (6 – y) (6 + y)
2 2
(ix) 16g – 25t (x) 25f2 – u2
Solution: Solution:
= (4g)2 – (5t)2 2
= (5f) – (u)
2
= (4g – 5t) (4g + 5t) = (5f – u) (5f + u)
6.7
1 Use the method of elimina" on and verify your
solu" ons. Explain which variable you are elimina" ng
and why.
(i) 7x + 6y = – 22
x + 8y = – 42
Solution:
7x + 6y = – 22 (i)
x + 8y = – 42 (ii)
multiply (ii) by 7 and subtract (i)from (iii)
7x + 56y = – 28
+– 7x +– 6y = +– 22 3
50y = – 6 y = – 6 or –3
5025 25
Place the value of y in (ii) to find the value of x.
140
–3
x+8 =–4
25
x–
24
=–4 x = 24 – 4
25 25
24 – 100 – 76
= =
25 25
–76 –3
Thus, x= and y =
25 25
or, –76 , –3
25 25
(ii) 4x – 2y = 14
2x + 4y = 22
Solution:
4x – 2y = 14 (i)
2x + 4y = 22 (ii)
multiply (ii) by 2 and subtract (i)
2 (2x + 4y = 22)
4x + 8y = 44
+– 4x +– 2y =+14 3
–
10y = 30 y = 30 = 3
10
Place the value of y in (i) or (ii) .
4x – 2 (3) = 14
4x – 6 = 14 Þ 4x = 14 + 6
4x = 20
5
x = 20 = 5
4
Thus, x = 5 and y = 3
or, (5, 3)
141
(iii)2x – 3y = 10
3x – y = 1
Solution:
2x – 3y = 10 (i)
3x – y = 1 (ii)
multiply (ii) by 3 and subtract from (i)
2x – 3y = 10
+– 9x +– 3y =+ 3
–
– 7x =7 x=–1
Place the value of x in (i) or (ii) .
3 (–1) – y = 1
–3–y=1 Þ y=–3–1
=–4
Thus, x = – 1 and y = – 4
(– 1, – 4)
(iv)5x – 4y = – 22
3x + 8y = 18
Solution:
5x – 4y = – 22 (i)
3x + 8y = 18 (ii)
Multiply (i) by 2 and and into (ii)
10x – 8y = – 44
3x + 8y = 18 2
13x = – 26 x = –26 = – 2
13
Place the value of x in (i) or (ii) .
3(–2) + 8y = 18
– 6 + 8y = 18 Þ 8y = 24
3
y = 24 = 3
Thus, x = – 2 and y = 3 8
(–2, 3)
142
2 Solve.
(i) 5x + 3y = – 31
3x – 5y = – 29
Solution:
5x + 3y = 31 (i)
3x – 5y = – 29 (ii)
multiply (i) by 5 and (ii) by 3
5 (5x + 3y = 31) 25x + 15y = 155
3 (3x – 5y = – 29) 9x – 15y = – 87
34x = 68
2
x = 68 = 2
34
Place the value of x in (i) or (ii).
3 (2) – 5y = – 29
6 – 5y = – 29
5y = 29 + 6 Þ 5y = 35
7
y = 35 = 7
Thus, x = 2 and y = 7 5
(2, 7)
(ii) 7x + 5y = 3
3x – 2y = – 11
Solution:
7x + 5y = 3 (i)
3x – 2y = – 11 (ii)
multiply (i) by 2 and (ii) by 5.
2 (7x + 5y = 31) 14x + 10y = 6
5 (3x – 2y = – 11) 15x – 10y = – 55
29x = – 49
x = –49
29
143
3 – 49 – 2y = – 11
29
–147 – 2y = – 11
29
2y = 11 – 147 Þ 2y = 319 – 147
29 29
y = 172 = 86
29 × 2 29
49 86
Thus, x = – and y =
29 29
– 49 , 86
29 29
(iii) 3x – 2y = 4
2x + 3y = 7
Solution:
3x – 2y = 4 (i)
2x + 3y = 7 (ii)
Multiply (i) by 3 and (ii) by 5. Then add.
3 (3x – 2y = 4) 9x – 6y = 12
2 (2x + 3y = 7) 4x + 6y = 14
13x = 26
2
x = 26 = 2
13
3 (2) – 2y = 4 Þ 6 – 2y = 4
2y = 6 – 4
y = 2/2 = 1
(2,1)
(iv) 4x + 3y = 3
3x – 2y = – 19
Solution:
4x + 3y = 3 (i)
3x – 2y = – 19 (ii)
144
Multiply (i) by 2 and (ii) by 3. Then add.
2 (4x + 3y = 3) 8x + 6y = 6
3 (3x – 2y = – 19) 9x – 6y = – 57
17x = – 51
3
x = – 51 = – 3
17
4 (– 3) + 3y = 3
– 12 + 3y = 3 Þ 3y = 12 + 3
5
y = 15 = 5
3
Thus, x = – 3 and y = 5
(– 3, 5)
6.8
1 Solve the using the method of comparison. Verify
your answer.
(i) x + 2y = 3
2x + 6y = 8
Solution:
x + 2y = 3 (i)
2x + 6y = 8 (ii)
From equation (i) : x = 3 – 2y (iii)
8 – 6y
From equation (ii) : x = (iv)
2
8 – 6y
3 – 2y =
2
6 – 4y = 8 – 6y
6y – 4y = 8 – 6y
2y = 2 or y = 1
Place the value of y in equation (iii) or (iv).
145
x = 3 – 2 (1)
=3–2=1
(1,1)
(ii) 3x – y = 9
2x – 2y = 2
Solution:
3x – y = 9 (i)
2x – 2y = 2 (ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
y = 3x – 9 (iii)
2x – 2
x= or x – 1 (iv)
2
Compare the equation (iii) and (iv) as;
3x – 9 = x – 1
3x – x = 9 – 1
2x = 8 or x = 4
Put the value of x in (iii) or (iv)
y =4–1 y=3
(4,3)
(iii) 4x + y = 0
6x – 5y = – 13
Solution:
4x + y = 0 (i)
6x – 5y = – 13 (ii)
y = – 4x (iii)
6x + 13
y= or x – 1 (iv)
5
Compare the equation (iii) and (iv) as;
146
6x + 13
– 4x =
5
–20x = 6x + 13
20x + 6x = – 13
13
26x = – 13 or x = – =– 1
26 2 2
2 1
y = – 4 – 2 or y = 2
Thus, x = – 1 and y = 2
2
or – 1 , 2
2
(iv) 3x – 6y = 4
5x + 4y = 2
Solution:
3x – 6y = 4 (i)
5x + 4y = 2 (ii)
6y + 4
3x = 6y + 4 x= (iii)
3
2 – 4y
5x = 2 – 4y x= (iv)
5
6y + 4 2 – 4y
=
3 4
5 (6y + 4) = 3 (2 – 4y)
30y + 20 = 6 – 12y
30y + 12y = 6 – 20 1
14
42y = – 14 y = – 42
3
1
=– 3
Put the value of y in (iii) and (iv)
147
–1
6 3 +4 –2+4 2
x= = =
3 3 3
2 1
Thus, x = and y = –
3 3
2 ,– 1
3 3
2 Solve using the method of comparison. Verify your
answers.
(i) x + y = 4
2x + y = 8
Solution:
x+y=4 (i)
2x + y = 8 (ii)
From equation (i) and (ii), we get:
y = 4x (iii) y = 8 – 2x (iv)
4 – x = 8 – 2x
2x – x = 8 – 4
x =4
y=4–4=0
or, (4, 0)
(ii) 3x – 2y = 8
x + 3y = – 1
Solution:
3x – 2y = 8 (i)
x + 3y = – 1 (ii)
8 + 2y (iii) x = – 1 – 3y
y=
3
148
8 + 2y
= – 1 – 3y
3
8 + 2y = – 3 – 9y
9y + 2y = – 3 – 8
11y = – 11 y = – 11
x = – 1 – 3 (– 1) x = –1 + 3 x=2
Thus, x = 2 and y = – 1
or, (2, – 1)
(iii) 7x + 4y = – 17
4x + 3y = – 19
Solution:
7x + 4y = – 17 (i)
4x + 3y = – 19 (ii)
– 17 + 7x (iii)
4y = – 17 – 7x y=
4
– 9 – 4x (iv)
3y = – 9 – 4x y=
3
– 9 – 4x – 17 – 7x
=
3 4
4 (–9 – 4x) = 3 (–17 – 7x)
– 36 – 16x = – 51 – 21x
21x – 16x = – 51 + 36
5x = – 15
3
x = 15 = – 3
5
– 9 – 4 (–3) – 9 + 12 3
y= = = =1
3 3 3
Thus, x = – 3 and y = 1
or, (– 3, 1)
149
(iv) – 2x – 4y = 18
4x – y = – 9
Solution:
– 2x – 4y = 18 (i)
4x – y = – 9 (ii)
– 18 – 2x (iii)
4y = – 18 – 2x y=
4
y = 4x + 9 (iv)
– 18 – 2x
4x + 9 =
4
4(4x + 9) = – 18 – 2x
16x + 36 = – 18 – 2x
16x + 2x = – 18 – 36
18x = – 54
3
54
x=– =–3
18
y = 4 (– 3) + 9 y = – 12 + 9 = – 3
Thus, x = – 3 and y = – 3
or, (–3, – 3)
Review Exercise
1 Find the square of the following:
(i) 2a + 3b
Solution:
The square of 2a + 3b = (2a + 3b)2
2 2
= (2a) + 2(2a) (3b) + (3b)
2 2
= 4a + 12ab + 9b
150
(ii) – 7a – 3b
Solution:
The square of – 7a – 3b = (–7a – 3b)2
2 2
= (– 7a) + 2(–7a) (–3b) + (–3b)
2 2
= 49a + 42ab + 9b
(iii)– 2a + 9b
Solution:
The square of – 2a + 9b = (–2a + 9b)2
2 2
= (–2a) + 2(–2a) (9b) + (9b)
2 2
= 4a – 36ab + 81b
2 Find the cube of:
(i) –3x – 2y
Solution:
The cube of – 3x – 2y = (– 3x – 2y)3
3 3
= (– 3x) + (–2y) + 3(–3x) (–2y) (–3x–2y)
3 3
= –27x – 8y + 18xy (– 3x – 2y)
3 3
= –27x – 8y – 18xy (3x + 2y)
3 3 2 2
= –27x – 8y – 54x y – 36xy
(ii) –9a + 11b
Solution:
(– 9a + 11b)3 = (– 9a)3 + (11b)3 + 3(–9a) (11b) (–9a + 11b)
3 3
= –729a + 1331b – 297ab (– 9a + 11b)
3 3 2 2
= –729a + 1331b + 2673a b – 3267ab
(iii) x – 3y
Solution:
(x – 3y)3 = (x)3 – (3y)3 – 3(x) (3y) (x – 3y)
3 3
= x – 27y – 9xy (x – 3y)
3 3 2 2
= x – 27y – 9x y + 27xy
151
3 Solve the following equations by any method:
(i) a – b = 2
2a + 3b = 5
Solution:
a–b=2 (i)
2a + 3b = 5 (ii)
Multiply equation (i) by 3 and add.
3a – 3b = 6
2a + 3b = 5
5a = 11 a = 11 = 1
5 5
Place the value of y in (i).
11 11
5 –b=2 b= 5 –2
11 – 10 1
= 5 = 5
Thus, a = 11 and = 1
5 5
or, 11 , 1
5 5
(ii) –3a + 7b = – 1
2a + 6b = – 1
Solution:
–3a + 7b = – 1 (i)
2a + 6b = – 1 (ii)
3a – 1 (iii)
7b = 3a – 1 b=
7
– 2a – 1 (iv)
6b = – 2a – 1 b=
6
3a – 1 – 2a – 1
=
7 6
152
4 (3a – 1) = 7 (–2a – 1)
18a – 6 = – 14a – 7
18a + 14a = 6 – 7
1
32a = – 1 a=–
32
Put the value of a in (iii) or (iv)
1 –3
3 – –1 – 1 – 3 – 32
32 32
b= = =
7 7 32 × 7
5
– 35 –5
= =
32 × 7 32
Thus, a = – 1 and b = – 5
32 32
– 1 ,– 5
32 32
(iii) 2a + 6b = 14
4a + 8b = 20
Solution:
2a + 6b = 14 (i)
4a + 8b = 20 (ii)
Multiply equation (i) by (ii) and subtraction.
4a + 12b = 28
– 4a +– 8b = 20
4b = 8 b= 8 =b=2
4
Put in 1
2a + 6 (2) = 14
2a + 12 = 14
2a = 14 – 12
2a = 2
a= 2 =1
2
153
(iv) – 2x – y = 0
– 3x + y = 1
Solution:
– 2x – y = 0 (i)
– 3x + y = 1 (ii)
Multiply equation (i) by 3 and add.
– 2x – y = 0
– 3x + y = 1
– 5x = 1 x = –1
5
– 2 –1 – y = 0
5
2
5 –y=0
2
y= 5
154
07 Fundamentals of Geometry
7.1
1 From the diagram on the right, list
(i) three pairs of corresponding angles,
Solution:
d = y (corresponding angles)
h = s (corresponding angles)
c = p (corresponding angles)
(ii) three pairs of alternate angles.

Solution:
x = c, q = h, p = g
2 Refer to the diagram in Question. 1 if a = 63° and
e = 109°, find the values of q, r, s, x and y.
Solution:
a = 63°
e = 109°
p = e = 109° (corr <’s)
q = 180° = p
= 180° – 109° = 71°
r = e = 109° (alternative <’s)
s = q = 71° (alternative <’s)
x = a = 63° (corr,<’s)
y = 180° – x
= 180° – 63° = 117°
155
3 Calculate the unknown angles in the following
diagrams.
(i) (ii)
Solution: Solution:
a = 31° c = 45°
b = 35° + 31° = 66° d = 60°
(iii) (iv)
Solution: Solution:
e = 69° + 37° a = 50°
= 106° b = 180° – 45° = 135°
(v) (vi)
Solution: Solution:
e = 180° – (43° + 85°) s = 140° – (120° – 65°)
= 108° – 128° = 52° = 140° – 55° = 85°
156
4 Find the value of the unknown angles in each of the
following.
(i) Solution:
3e° + 4e° + 5e° = 180°
12e° = 180°
f° = 4e° = 4 × 15° = 60°
180°
e° = = 15°
12°
(ii) Solution:
g° + 72° + 131° + 90° = 360°
g° + 293° = 360°
g° = 360° – 293° = 67°
(iii) Solution:
I° = 180° – 118° = 62°
h° = i° = 62°
7.2
1 Calculate the sum of the interior angles of the
following polygons.
(i) a 12 – gon
Solution:
n = 12
Sum of interior angles of a 12 – gon = (2n – 4) × 90°
= (2 × 12 – 4) × 90°
157
= (24 – 4) × 90°
= 20 × 90°
= 1800°
(ii) a 10 – gon
Solution:
n = 10
= (2 × 10 – 4) × 90°
= (20 – 4) × 90°
= 16 × 90°
= 1440°
(iii) a 15 – gon
Solution:
n = 15
= (2 × 15 – 4) × 90°
= 30 – 4 × 90°
= 26 × 90°
= 2340°
2 Find the size of each interior angles of a regular
polygon with:
(i) 20 sides
Solution:
Sum of interior angles = (2 × 20 – 4) × 90°
= (40 – 4) × 90°
= 36 × 90° = 3240°
3240
Size of each angle = = 162°
20
(ii) 5 sides
Solution:
= (10 – 4) × 90°
158
= 6 × 90° = 540°
540
5
(iii) 24 sides
Solution:
= (48 – 4) × 90°
= 44 × 90° = 3960°
3960
24
3 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon with
an interior angle of:
(i) 162°
Solution:
Interior angles = 162°
Exterior angles = 180° – 162° = 18°
n × 18° = 360°
360°
n= = 20
18°
Thus, the polygon has 20 sides.
(ii) 170°
Solution:
n × 10° = 360°
360°
n= = 36
10°
(iii) 140°
Solution:
159
n × 40° = 360°
360°
n= =9
40°
(iv) 160°
Solution:
n × 20° = 360°
360°
n= = 18
20°
4 Find the number of sides of a regular polygon with
an exterior angle of:
(i) 45° (ii) 36°
Solution: Solution:
Exterior angles = 45° Exterior angles = 36°
n × 45° = 360° n × 36° = 360°
360° 360°
n= =8 n= = 10
45° 36°
Thus, the polygon has 8 sides. Thus, the polygon has 10 sides.
(iii) 30° (iv) 12°
Solution: Solution:
Exterior angles = 30° Exterior angles = 12°
n × 30° = 360° n × 12° = 360°
360° 360°
n= = 12 n= = 30
30° 12°
Thus, the polygon has 12 sides. Thus, the polygon has 30 sides.
160
7.3
1 Observe the given figure 2 Observe the given figure
and sort out the following: and write minor and major
Solution: arcs.
Tangent Solution:
Secants Major arc
Diameter
Chord
Minor
arc
Review Exercise
1 Find the value of the unknown angles in each of the
following.
(i) Solution:
e = 87° – 33°
= 54°
(ii) Solution:
2e° + 3e° + 80° = 180°
5e° = 180° – 80°
5e° = 100°
100°
e° = = 20°
5°
f° = 2e°
f° = 2 × 20° = 40°
(iii) Solution:
e2 = 38° (alt Ðs)
e1
e1 = 62° (alt Ðs)
e = e1 + e2 = 38° + 62° e2
e = 100°
161
08 Practical Geometry
8.1
1 Construct a square ABCD, each of whose diagonals
is 7.3cm.
Solution: X
We know that the diagonals of a square
bisect each other at right angles. So, we B
proceed according to the following
steps.
Steps of Construction: 7.3 cm
A O C
(i) Draw AC = 7.3cm.
(ii) Draw the right bisector XY of AC,
meeting AC at 0.
D
(iii) From O set off OB = 12 × (7.3) = 3.65 cm Y
along OY and OD = 3.65cm along OX.
(iv) Join AB, BC, CD and DA.
(v) Then, ABCD is the required square.
2 Construct a square PQRS, each of whose diagonals
is 4.8 cm.
Solution: X
We know that the diagonals of a square Q
bisect each other at right angles. So, we
steps.
4.8 cm
Steps of Construction: P O R
(i) Draw PR = 4.8 cm.
(ii) Draw the right bisector XY of PR,
meeting PR at 0.
S
(iii) From O set off OQ = 12 × (4.8) = 2.4 cm Y
162
along OY and OS = 2.4 cm along OX.
(iv) Join PQ,QR, RS and SP.
(v) Then, PQRS is the required square.
8.2
1 Construct a rectangle ABCD when AB = 4.4 cm,AD = 2.6
cm. Find the lengths of AC. E
Solution: 4.4 cm
D C
Steps of Construction:
Step 1: Draw a line segment
2.6 cm
AB of length 4.4 cm.
Step 2: At A, draw AEÂB.
Step 3: With A as centre position A 4.4 cm B
and radius 2.6 cm draw an arc
cutting AE at D.
Step 4: With B as centre position and radius 2.6cm, draw an arc.
Step 5: With D as centre position and radius 4.4 cm, draws
another arc cutting the previous arc at C.
Step 6: Join BC and CD. Then, ABCD is the required rectangle.
2 Construct a rectangle PQRS when PQ = 9.9 cm and
QR = 5.5cm.Draw the diagonal PR and measure it.
Solution: E
Steps of Construction: S 9.9 cm R
Step 1:Draw a line segment
PQ of length 9.9 cm. 5.5 cm
Step 2: At Q, draw QE^PQ.
Step 3: With Q as centre
position and radius P 9.9 cm Q
5.5 cm draw an arc cutting QE at R.
Step 4:With P as centre position and radius 5.5cm, draw an arc.
Step 5:With R as centre position and radius 9.9 cm, draw
another arc cutting the previous arc at S.
Step 6: Join PS and RS. Then, PQRS is the required rectangle.
163
3 Construct a rectangle WXYZ when XZ = 9.3 cm and
WX = 6.2cm.Find length of XY, then calculate the
perimeter of the rectangle.
Solution: E
Steps of Construction: Z 6.2 cm Y
WX of length 6.2 cm. 9.3
cm
Step 2: At W, draw WE^WX.
Step 3: With X as centre
position and radius 9.3 cm W 6.2 cm X
draw an arc cutting XZ at Z.
Step 4: With centre W and radius equal to XZ = 9.3cm, draw
an arc.
Step 5: With centre position Z and radius equal to WX=6.2cm,
another arc, cutting the previous arc at Y.
Step 6: Join XY and YZ. Then, WXYZ is the required rectangle.
4 Construct a rectangle ABCD when AB = 5.2 cm and
AC = 7.1 cm. Find the length of BC.
E
Solution:
D 5.2 cm C
Step 1:Draw a line segment
cm
AB of length 5.2 cm. 7.1
Step 2:At B, draw BEÂB.
Step 3:With B as centre A 5.2 cm B
position and radius 5.2 cm draw an arc cutting BE
at C.
Step 4:With A as centre position and radius 5.2cm, draw
an arc.
Step 5:With C as centre position and radius 7.1cm, draw
another arc cutting the previous arc at D.
Step 6: Join AD and CD. Then, ABCD is the required
rectangle.
164
8.3
1 Construct a rhombus PQRS when PQ=5.4cm, ÐQ = 75°.
Measure the length of the diagonal.
Solution: X
R
S
PQ = 5.4 cm
Step 2: Construct Angle PQR = 75°. 75°
Step 3: With Q as the centre and P 5.4 cm Q
radius equal to 5.4 cm, draw
an arc on ray QX.
Step 4: Mark the point of intersection as R.
Step 5: With R as the centre and radius equal to 5.4cm,
draw an arc.
Step 6: With P as the centre and the same radius, draw another
arc such that it intersects the previous arc at S.
Step 7: Join points S, P and points S, R. PQRS is the required
rhombus.
2 Construct a rhombus EFGH in which EF = 4.6 cm and
EG = 6cm.
H
Solution: G
Step 1: Draw a line segment EF=4.6 cm. m
6c
Step 2: With F as the centre and
radius equal to 4.6cm, draw
an arc. E 4.6cm
F
Step 3: With E as the centre and radius
equal to 6 cm, draw another arc such that it
intersects the previous arc at G.
Step 4: Join points F,G and point E,G.
Step 5: With E as the centre and radius equal to 4.6 cm,
draw an arc.
165
Step 6: With G as the centre and the same radius, draw
another arc such that it intersects the previous arc
at H.
Step 7: Join points H,E and points H,G. EFGH is the required
rhomubs.
3 Construct a rhombus ABCD when AB = 5.3cmÐB = 45°.
Solution:
X
Steps of Construction: C
D
AB = 5.3 cm
Step 2: Construct Angle ABC = 45°.
Step 3: With B as the centre and 45°
radius equal to 5.3 cm, draw A 5.3 cm B
an arc on ray BX.
Step 4: Mark the point of intersection as C.
Step 5: With C as the centre and radius equal to 5.3cm,
draw an arc.
Step 6: With A as the centre and the same radius, draw another
arc such that it intersects the previous arc at D.
Step 7: Join points D, A and points D, C. ABCD is the required
rhombus.
8.4 X
S
1 Construct a parallelogram PQRS in
which PR (diagonal) = 7cm ,
QS (diagonal) = 5.2 cm and the angle
between them is 60°. 60°
Solution: P 0 R
We know that the diagonals of a
parallelogram bisect each other. So,
we may proceed according to the Q
steps given below.
Y
166
(i) Draw PR = 7 cm.
(ii) Bisect PR at O.
(iii)Make ÐROX = 60° and produce XO to Y.
(iv)Set off OQ = 1/2 (5.2) = 2.6 cm and OS = 1/2 (5.2) = 2.6 cm
as shown.
(v) Join PQ, QR, RS and SP.
Then, PQRS is the required parallelogram.
2 Construct a parallelogram in which lengths of its
diagonals are 5.3cm and 5.4cm and the angle between
them is 75°.
X
Solution:
We know that the diagonals of a D
parallelogram bisect each other. So, we may
proceed according to the steps given
below.
Steps of Construction: 75°
A 0 C
(i) Draw AC = 5.3 cm.
(ii) Bisect AC at O.
(iii)Make ÐCOX = 75° and produce XO to Y.
(iv)Set off OB = 1/2 (5.4) = 2.7 cm and B
OD = 1/2 (5.4) = 2.7 cm as shown. Y
(v) Join AB, BC, CD and DA.
Then, ABCD is the required parallelogram.
3 Construct a parallelogram given AB=5.1cm,BC = 3.5cm
and AC = 5.5cm.
D 5.1cm C
Solution:
3.5 cm
3.5 cm
(i) Draw AB = 5.1cm. 5.5 cm

(ii) With A as center and radius 5.5 cm,
draw an arc.
A 5.1cm B
(iii)With B as center and radius 3.5 cm,
draw another arc, cutting the previous arc at C.
167
(iv)Join BC and AC.
(v) With A as center and radius 3.5 cm, draw an arc.
(vi)With C as center and radius 5.1cm, draw another arc,
cutting the previously drawn arc at D.
(vii)Join DA and DC. Then, ABCD is the required parallelogram.
4 Construct a parallelogram given AB = 6.2cm with
diagonals BD = 8cm and AC = 7.2cm.
Solution: D C
(i) Draw AB = 6.2cm.
(ii) With A as center and radius 0
3.6 cm, draw an arc.
B
(iii)With B as center and radius 4cm A 6.2cm
draw another arc, cutting the previous arc at 0.
(iv) Join OA and OB.
(v) Product AO to C such that OC = AO and produce BO to D
such that OD = OB. (vi) Join AD, BC and CD.
Then ABCD is the required parallelogram.
5 Construct a kite LMNP where LM = 4cm, MN = 5.4cm
and LN = 6cm.
Solution: N
(i) Draw mLM = 4cm.
cm
(ii) Draw an arc with center at M and 5.4
radius 5.4cm.
P
(iii)Draw an arc with centre at L and 6cm 5.4cm
4cm
radius 6cm. It intersect the

previous arc at point N.
(iv)Draw an arc with centre L and L
4cm M
radius 4cm above L.
(v) Draw an arc with centre at N and Radius 5.4 cm with
intersects the arc drawn from L at P.
(vi)Join N with M and P and L with P.
Hence, LMNP is the required kite.
168
8.5
1 Construct a regular pentagon ABCDE, where mAB = 3.2cm.
Solution: D
(i) Draw mAB = 3.2cm. C
(ii) Construct mÐA = mÐB = 108°. E
(iii) Draw an arc with centre at A and
radius 3.2 cm which intersects
AX at E. 108° 108°
(iv) Draw an arc with centre at B and A 3.2cm B

radius 3.2 cm which intersects BY at C.
(v) Draw an arc with centre at C and Radius 3.2cm.
(vi) Draw an arc with centre at E and radius 3.2 cm. It
intersects the arc drawn from point C at the points D.
(viii) Joint C with D and E with D.
Hence, ABCDE is the required regular pentagon.
2 Construct a regular hexagon STUVWX, where mST = 3cm.
Solution: W V
(i) Draw a cricle of radius 3cm with
center at 0. X 0
U
(ii) Take a point S on the cricle, draw
an arc on the circle with centre S
3cm
and radius 3cm label it as T. S T
(iii) Take T as the center and radius 3cm dra an arc on the
circle, mark it as U.
(iv) Take U as the center and radius 3cm dra an arc on the
circle, mark it as V.
(v) Take V as the center and radius 3cm dra an arc on the
circle, mark it as W.
(vi) Take W as the center and radius 3cm dra an arc on the
circle, mark it as X.
Hence, STUVWX is the required regular hexagon.
169
8.6
1 Construct following right angled triangles when:
a. Hypotenuse = 8.5cm and length of a side is 6cm.
Solution: X
(i) Draw mAB = 6cm. C
(ii) Construct mÐB = 90°. Draw BX.
(iii) Take A as the center and radius
8.5cm. Draw an arc intersecting BX
at C. 8.5cm
(iv) Join A with C.
Hence, ABC is the required
right angled triangle. B 6cm A
b. Hypotenuse = 6cm and length of a side is 3cm.
Solution:
(i) Draw mAB = 3cm. X
C
6cm. Draw an arc intersecting BX at C.
6cm
(iv) Join A with C.
Hence, ABC is the required right
angled triangle. B 3cm A
c. Hypotenuse = 5cm and length of a side is 2.5cm.
Solution: X
(i) Draw mAB = 2.5cm. C

5cm
5cm. Draw an arc intersecting BX at C.
(iv) Join A with C.
Hence, ABC is the required right angled B 2.5cm A
triangle.
170
2 Construct a right angled triangle ABC, when mAB
= 4.5cm, mBC = 5.5cm and mÐB = 90°.
Solution: X
C
(i) Draw mAB = 4.5cm.
5.5cm. Draw an arc intersecting BX at C. 5.5cm
(iv) Join A with C.
Hence, ABC is the required right
angled triangle. B 4.5cm A
3 Construct a right angled triangle PQR, when mQR
= 8cm, mPQ = 5cm and mÐQ = 90°. X
Solution: R
(i) Draw mPQ = 5cm.
(ii) Construct mÐQ = 90°. Draw QX.
(iii) Take P as the center and radius
8cm. Draw an arc intersecting QX at R. 8cm
(iv) Join P with R.
Hence, PQR is the required right
angled triangle. Q 5cm P
4 Construct a right angled triangle LMN, when
hypotenuse mMN = 8cm, and perpendicular from
vertex L to MN = 3.5cm .
Solution: L L
(i) Draw mMN = 8cm. X Y
3.5cm
(ii) Bisect the MN at point 0 with

the help of compass.
(iii) Draw a semi circle taking 0
M 8cm N
point 0 as centre.
(iv) Draw two arcs of radius 3.5cm taking
point M and N as center above MN.
(v) Draw XY touching the two arcs which intersects the semi
circle at point L and L’.
(vi) Join L with M and N.
DLMN is the required right angled triangle.
171
Review Exercise
1 Construct a square ABCD, each of whose diagonals is
6.5cm.
Solution: X
We know that the diagonals of a square
B
bisect each other at right angles. So, we
steps.
6.5 cm
Steps of Construction: A O C
(i) Draw AC = 6.5 cm.
(ii) Draw the right bisector XY of AC,
meeting AC at 0. D
(iii) From O set off OB = 12 × (6.5) = 3.25 cm Y
along OY and OD = 3.25cm along OX.
(iv) Join AB, BC, CD and DA.
(v) Then, ABCD is the required square.
2 Construct a rectangle ABCD when AB=5.2cm, AD =
3.1cm. Find the lengths of AC.
E
Solution: 5.5 cm
D C
3.1 cm
AB of length 5.2 cm.
Step 2: At A, draw AEÂB.
Step 3: With A as centre position A 5.2 cm B
and radius 3.1 cm draw an arc
cutting AE at D.
Step 4: With B as centre position and radius 3.1cm, draw an arc.
Step 5: With D as centre position and radius 5.2 cm, draws
another arc cutting the previous arc at C.
Step 6: Join BC and CD. Then, ABCD is the required rectangle.
172
3 Construct a rhombus ABCD when AB = 5.5cm,ÐB = 45°.
Solution:
X
Steps of Construction: C
D
AB = 5.5 cm
Step 2: Construct Angle ABC = 45°.
Step 3: With B as the centre and 45°
radius equal to 5.5 cm, draw A 5.5 cm B
an arc on ray BX.
Step 4: Mark the point of intersection as C.
Step 5: With C as the centre and radius equal to 5.5cm,
draw an arc.
Step 6: With A as the centre and the same radius, draw another
arc such that it intersects the previous arc at D.
Step 7: Join points D, A and points D, C.
ABCD is the required rhombus.
4 Construct a kite ABCD when AC = 8cm, AB = 4.2cm and
BC = 6.3cm. 4.2cm C
D
Solution:
Steps of Construction: 6.3 cm
6.3 cm
8 cm
(i) Draw AB = 4.2cm.
(ii) With A as center and radius 6.3 cm,
draw an arc. A 4.2cm B
(iii) With B as center and radius 6.3 cm,
draw another arc, cutting the previous arc at C.
(iv)Join BC and AC.
(v) With A as center and radius 6.5 cm, draw an arc.
(vi)With C as center and radius 8 cm, draw another arc,
cutting the previously drawn arc at D.
(vii)Join DA and DC. Then, ABCD is the required parallelogram.
173
09 Area and Volume

9.1
1 Find the lengths of the hypotenuses of the following
right-angled triangles.
Solution:
2 2 2
(a) c = 4 + 10
2
c = 16 + 100 = 116
c = 116 = 10.8cm
Solution:
2 2 2
(b) c = 6 + 8
2
c = 36 + 64 = 100
c = 100 = 10cm
Solution:
2 2 2
(c ) c = 4 + 8
2
c = 16 + 64 = 80
c = 80 = 8.94cm
Solution:
(d) c2 = 42 + 152
2
c = 16 + 225 = 241
c = 241 = 15.5cm
174
2 The width and diagonal of rectangular basketball
court are 8m and 25m respectively.
(i) Find the length of the courts. Areeba wants to run
one round around the court.
Solution:
Let “l” be the length of the court.
l2 = 252 – 8
2
l = 625 – 64 = 561
l = 561 = 23.7 m
Length of the court is 23.7 m.
(ii) Find the distance she runs.
Solution:
Distance = 2 (length + width)
= 2 (23.7m + 8m)
= 2 (31.7m) = 6.34 m
She runs 63.4m long distance.
3 (i) Find the height of an equilateral triangle of side
6cm.
Solution:
Let “h” be the height of equilateral triangle
2 2 2
(h) = 6 – 3
2
h = 36 – 9 = 27
h = 27 = 5.2 cm
(ii) Hence, find the area of the equilateral triangle.
Solution:
1
Area of the triangle = (height × base)
2
1 31.2
= (5.2 × 6) =
2 2
Area = 15.6cm
175
4 Every morning, Hina walks 100 m north from her
home, then 200 m east to reach her school. After
School, she walks 100 m south, and then 200 m west
to go home.
(a) Find the total distance she walks every day.
Solution:
Distance = 2 (length + width)
= 2 (200 + 100)
= 2 (300) = 600 m
(b) A new straight path is built diagonally from her home
to school. Calculate p, the shortest distance that the
has to walk from home to school.
Solution:
P2 = 2002 + 1002
2
P = 40000 + 10000 = 50000
P = 50000 = 223.6m or 224 m
9.2
1 Find the area of the triangle with the help of the given
elements.
(i) a = 6cm b = 8cm c = 12cm
Solution:
a + b + c 6 + 8 + 12 26
S= = = = 13cm
2 2 2
Use Hero’s formula.
Area of the triangle = S (S – a) (S – b) (S – c)
= 12(13 –6) (13–8) (13–12)
= 13 × 7 × 5 × 1
2
= 455 = 21.3cm
176
(ii) a = 4cm b = 5cm s = 8cm
Solution:
a+b+c 4+5+c
S= =8
2 2
16 = 9 + c
c = 16 – 9 = 7cm
Area of the triangle = 8 (8 – 4) (8 – 5) (8 – 7)
= 8×4×3×1
2
= 96 = 9.8cm
(iii) b = 10cm c = 4cm s = 12cm
Solution:
a+b+c
S= = a = 2s – (b + c)
2 = 2 × 12 – (10 + 4)
= 24 – 14 = 10cm
= 12(12 – 10) (12–10) (12–4)
= 12 × 2 × 2 × 8
2
= 384 = 19.6cm
(iv) a = 20cm c = 30cm s = 45cm
Solution:
a+b+c
S= or b = 2s – (a + c)
2
= 2 × 45 – (20 + 30)
= 90 – 50 = 40cm
= 45(45 – 20) (45–40) (45–30)
= 45 × 25 × 5 ×15
2
= 84375 = 290.5cm
177
2 Find the area of the triangle ABC whose sides are
13cm, 14cm and 15cm long respectively.
Solution:
AB = a = 13cm, BC = b = 14cm, CA = c = 15cm
a + b + c 13 + 14 + 15 45
S= = = = 21cm
2 2 2
= 21(21 – 13) (21–14) (21–15)
= 21 × 8 × 7 × 6
2
= 7056 = 84cm
2
Thus, the area of the DABC is 84cm .
3 Three sides of a triangle are 2.5cm and 5cm long
respectively. Find the area of the triangle.
Solution:
Side 1 = a, 2.5cm, Side 2 = b = 3.5cm, Side 3 = c = 5cm
a + b + c 2.5 + 3.5 + 5 11
S= = = = 5.5cm
2 2 2
= 5.5(5.5 – 2.5) (5.5–3.5) (5.5–5)
= 5.5 × 3 × 2 × 0.5
2
= 16.5 = 4.06cm
4 Find the area of a quadrilateral ABCD whose sides are
AB = 18cm, BC = 10cm, CD = 15cm and AD = 17cm.
Where the diagonal of the quadrilateral is AC =20cm.
Solution:
AB = a = 18cm , BC = b = 10cm
178
CD = c = 15cm , AD = d = 17cm, AC = e = 20cm
B b = 10cm C
a = 18cm
c = 15cm
m
20c
e=
A d = 17cm D
a + b + e 18 + 10 + 20 c + d + e 15 + 17 + 20
S1 = = S2 = =
2 2 2 2
48 52
= = 24cm = = 26cm
2 2
Area ofDABC Area ofACD =
= S1 (S1 – a) (S1 – b) (S1 – c) = S2 (S2 – c) (S2 – d) (S2 – e)
= 24(24–18)(24–10)(24–20) = 26(26–15) (26–17) (26–20)
= 24 × 6 × 14 × 4 = 26 × 11 × 9 × 6
2 2
= 8064 = 89.8 cm = 15444 = 124.3 cm
Area of Quadrilateral = Area of DABC + Area of DACD
2 2 2
= 89.8 cm + 124.3 cm = 214.1 cm
5 The lengths of the sides of a quadrilateral PQRS are
PQ =11cm, QR=13cm, RS=16cm and SP =20cm. Where
the diagonal is PR =22cm. Find the area of the
quadrilateral.
Solution: P a = 11cm Q
PQ = a = 11 cm
d = 20cm
b = 13cm
e=
QR = b = 13 cm 22c
m
SR = c = 16 cm
PS = d = 20 cm
S c = 16cm R
PR = e = 22 cm
a + b + e 11 + 13 + 22 46
S1 = = = = 23 cm
2 2 2
179
c + d + e 16 + 20 + 22 58
S2 = = = = 29 cm
2 2 2
Area of DABC = S1 (S1 – a) (S1 – b) (S1 – c)
= 23(23 – 11) (23 – 13) (23 – 22)
= 23 × 12 × 10 × 1
2
= 2760 = 52.5 cm
Area of DSPR = S2 (S2 – c) (S2 – d) (S2 – e)
= 29(29 – 16) (29 – 20) (29 – 22)
= 29 × 13 × 9 × 7
2
= 23751 = 154.1 cm
Area of Quadrilateral PQRS = Area of DPQR + Area of DSPR
2 2
= 52.5 cm + 154.1 cm
2
= 206.6 cm
6 Calculate the area of a quadrilateral ABCD whose
sides are AB=3cm, BC=4cm, CD=3.5cm and
AD=2.5cm. Where AC=5cm is the diagonal to the
quadrilateral.
Solution: A a = 3 cm B
AB = a = 3 cm
d = 2.5cm
b = 4cm
e=
BC = b = 4 cm 5cm
AC = e = 5 cm
AD = d = 2.5 cm
D c = 3.5cm C
DC = c = 3.5 cm
a+b+e 3+4+5 12
S1 = = = = 6 cm
2 2 2
c + d + e 3.5 + 2.5 + 5 11
S2 = = = = 5.5 cm
2 2 2
Area of DABC = S1 (S1 – a) (S1 – b) (S1 – e)
180
= 6(6 – 3) (6 – 4) (6 – 5)
= 6×3×2×1
= 36 = 6 cm2
Area of DACD = S2 (S2 – c) (S2 – d) (S2 – e)
= 5.5(5.5 – 3.5) (5.5 – 2.5) (5.5 – 5)
= 5.5 × 2 × 3 × 0.5
2
= 16.5 = 4.4 cm
Area of Quadrilateral ABCD = Area of DABC + Area of DACD
2 2
= 6 cm + 4.1 cm
2
= 10.1 cm
9.3
1 Taking p= 22 , find the curved surface area of each of
7
the following cones with:
(a) radius = 7cm, slant height = 7.4cm,
Solution:
Radius = 7cm = r Slant height = 7.4cm = l
Area of curved surface = prl
22
= × 7 × 7.4
7
= 162.8 cm3
(b) diameter = 8.4cm, slant height = 5.8cm,
Solution:
Diameter 8.4
Radius = = = 4.2cm = r
2 2
Slant height = 5.8cm = l
22 2
= × 4.2 × 5.8 = 76.56cm
7
181
(c) radius = 7m, slant height = 25m.
Solution:
Radius = 7m = r Slant height = 25m = l
22
= × 7 × 25
7
= 550 cm3
2 Taking p = 3.142, find the total surface areas of the
following solid cones, giving your answer correct to
3 significant figures.
(a) radius = 4cm, slant height = 5 cm,
Solution:
Radius = r = 4cm Slant height = l = 5cm
Total surface Area of the cone = pr(l + r)
= 3.142 × 4 (5 + 4)
= 3 .142 × 4 (9)
= 3 .142 × 36
= 113.112 cm2
(b) diameter = 4cm, slant height = 13cm,

Solution:
Diameter 10
Radius = = = 5cm = r
2 2
Slant height = l = 13cm
= 3.142 × 5 (13 + 5)
= 3.142 × 5 (18)
= 3.142 × 90
= 282.78 cm2
182
(c) radius = 4m, slant height = 4.1m.
Solution:
Radius = 4m = r Slant height = 4.1m = l
= 3.142 × 4 (4.1 + 4)
= 3.142 × 4 (8.1)
= 3.142 × 32.4
2
= 101.8 m
3 Find the slant height of a cone of curved surface area
3
471.3cm and base radius 10cm. (Take p = 3.142)
Solution:
Curved surface Area = 471.3cm2
radius = 10cm
Slant height = ?
Curved surface Area = prl
471.3 = 3.142 × 10 (l)
471.3 = 31.42 (l)
471.3
l = = 15 cm
31.42
4 Find the base area of a cone of curved surface area
2
157.1cm and slant height 10cm. (Take p = 3.142)
Solution:
2
Curved surface Area = 157.1cm
Slant height = 10cm
Curved surface Area = prl
157.1 = 3.142 × r × 10
r = 157.1 = 5 cm
3.142 × 10
183
Base Area of the cone = pr²
= 3.142 × (5)²
= 78.55 cm2
5 Calculate the missing values in the table below for
each of the following cones (a) to (h) with slant heigh l
and base radius r.
Solution:
(a) (i) Curved Surface area = prl
= 3.142 × 4.2 × 7
2
= 92.4 cm
(ii) base area = pr²
22
= × (4.2)2
7
= 55.44 cm2
(b) l = 11.2 m r = 10.5m
(i) Base area of cone = pr²
22 2
= × (10.5)
7
22 × 110.25 2
= = 346.5 m
7
(ii) Curved Surface Area = prl
22
= × 10.5 × 11.2
7
2
= 369.6 m
184
2
(c ) Curved Surface Area = 550 m r = 7m
(i) Base area of cone = pr²
22 2
= × (7)
7
2
= 154 m
22
550 = × 7 × (l)
7
550
l= = 25 m
22
(d) r = 35cm Curved Surface Area = 4070cm²
(i) Base area = pr²
22 2
= × (35)
7
22 × 1225 2
= = 3850 cm
7
22
4070 = × 35 × l
7
4070 × 7
l= = 37 cm
22 × 35
(e) l = 29cm Curved Surface Area = 1914 m²
(i) Curved Surface Area = prl
22
1914 = × r × 29
7
1914 × 7
r = = 21 m
22 × 29
(ii) Base area = pr²
22 2
= × (21)
7
22 × 441 2
= = 1386 m
7
185
(f) l = 3.5m Curved Surface Area = 30.8 m²
(i) Curved Surface Area = prl
22
30.8 = × r × 3.5
7
30.8 × 7
r = = 2.8 m
22 × 3.5
(ii) Base area = pr²
22 2
= × (2.8)
7
22 × 7.84 2
= = 24.64 m
7
(g) l = 14.8 m Base area = 616 m²
22 2
616 = ×r
7
2 616 × 7
r = = 196
22
r = 196 = 14m
22
= × 14 × 14.8
7
2
= 651.2 m
(h) l = 12.5 m Base area = 38.5 m²

22 2
38.5 = ×r
7
2 7 × 38.5
r = = 12.25
22
r = 12.25 = 3.5 cm
186
22
= × 3.5 × 12.5
7
2
= 137.5 cm
9.4
1 Taking p= 22 , calculate the volume of each of the

7
following solid cones with:
(a) radius = 12cm, height = 35cm,
Solution:
radius = r = 12 cm height = h = 35 cm
1
Volume of the cone = pr²h
3
1 22 2
= × × (12) × 35
3 7
22 × 144 × 35
=
3×7
3
= 5280 cm
(b) radius = 4cm, height = 4.2cm,
Solution:
radius = r = 4 cm height = h = 4.2 cm
1
3
1 22 2
= × × (4) × 4.2
3 7
22 × 16 × 4.2
=
3×7
3
= 70.4 cm
187
(c) diametr = 7m, height = 1.2m.
Solution:
7
radius diameter = = 3.5 m height = h = 1.2 m
2
1
3
1 22 2
= × × (3.5) × 1.2
3 7
22 × 12.25 × 1.2
=
3×7
3
= 15.4 cm
2 Find the height of the each of the following cones
with:
(a) radius = 7m, volume = 392pm3,
Solution:
3
radius = r = 7 m volume = 392p m
Volume = 1 pr²h
3
1 2
392p = p (7) h
3
h = 392p× 3 = 24 m
49p
3
(b) radius = 4.2cm, volume = 23.53pcm ,
Solution:
3
radius = r = 4.2 cm volume = 23.52p cm
Volume = 1 pr²h
3
23.52 p = 1 p (4.2)2 h
3
h = 23.52p× 3 = 4 cm
17.64 p
188
3
(c) diameter = 4m, volume = 2.8pm .
Solution:
diameter 4
radius = =2m volume = 2.8p m3
2 2
Volume = 1 pr²h
3
1 2
2.8p = p (2) h
3
h = 2.8p× 3 = 2.1 m
4p
3 Taking p = 3.412, calculate the height of each of the
following cones with:
(a) radius = 4cm, volume = 50.24 cm3,
Solution:
3
radius = r = 4 cm volume = 50.24 cm
Volume = 1 pr²h
3
h = volume2 × 3
pr
50.24 × 3 × 7 3 cm
= 2 =
22 × (4)
3
(b) radius = 2.5 m, volume = 78.5 m ,
Solution:
3
radius = r = 2.5 m volume = 78.5 cm
Volume = 1 pr²h
3
h = volume2 × 3
pr
78.5 × 3 × 7
= 2 = 12 m
22 × (2.5)
189
3
(c) diameter = 10cm, volume = 314cm .
Solution:
10
radius = r = diameter = = 5cm
2 2
Volume = 314cm3
Volume = 1 pr²h
3
h = volume2 × 3
pr
314 × 3 × 7
= 2 = 12 cm
22 × (5)
4 Find the base area of each of the following cones with:
3
(a) volume = 100m , height = 10m,
Solution:
3
volume = 100 m height = h = 10m
Base area =?
Volume = 1 pr²h
3
Base area = pr² = × volume
3
h
3 × 100 30 m2
= =
10
Base area = 30m2
3
(b) volume = 12.3cm , height = 3cm,
Solution:
volume = 12.3 cm3 height = h = 3cm
Base area = pr² 3 × volume
=
h
3 × 12.3 12.3 cm2
= =
3
190
3
(c) volume = 45.6m , height = 1.2 m.
Solution:
volume = 45.6 m3 height = h = 1.2 m
Base area = pr² = 3 × volume
h
3 × 45.6 114 m2
= =
1.2
5 Taking p = 3.412, find the radius of each of the
following cones:
3
(a) volume = 1078cm , height = 21cm,
Solution:
Volume = 1078 cm3 height = h = 21 cm
1
Volume = pr²h
3
1 22 2
1078 = × × r × 21
3 7
2 1078 × 3 × 7
r = = 49
22 × 21
r = 49 = 7 cm
3
(b) volume = 528m , height = 14m,
Solution:
Volume = 528 m3 height = h = 14 m
Volume = 1 pr²h
3
1 22 2
528 = × × r × 14
3 7
2 528 × 3 × 7
r = = 36
22 × 14
r = 35
= 6 cm
191
3
(c) volume = 6.6cm , height = 0.7 cm.
Solution:
Volume = 6.6 cm3 height = 0.7 cm
Volume = 1
pr²h
3
6.6 1 22 2
= × × r × 0.7
3 7
r
2 6.6 × 3 × 7
= =9
22 × 0.7
r = 9 = 3 cm
6 A cone has a base radius of 7.7cm, a vertical height
of 26.4 cm and a slant height of 27.5cm.
(a) the area of the base,
Solution:
radius = r = 7.7 cm
height = h = 26.4 cm
Base area = pr²
22
= × (7.7)2
7
22 × 59.29
=
7
2
= 186.34 cm
(b) the volume of the cone.
1 pr²h
Volume of the cone =
3
1 22 2
= × × (7.7) × 26.4
3 7
22 × 59.29 × 26.4
=
3×7
2
= 1640 cm
192
9.5
1 Taking p= 3.142, calculate:
(i) the surface area, and
(ii) the volume of the each of the following spheres with
(a) radius 1cm,
Solution:
4 3
(i) Surface area = 4pr
2
(ii) Volume = pr
2
3
= 4 × (3.142) × (1) 4
= 12.6 cm
2 = × 3.142 × (1)3
3
3
= 4.19 cm
(b) radius 14cm, 4 3
(ii) Volume = pr
Solution: 3
2
(i) Surface area = 4pr 4 3
2 = × 3.142 × (14)
= 4 × 3.142 × (14) 3
= 4 × 3.142 × 196 4
= × 3.142 × 2744
= 2463 cm
2 3
3
= 11500 cm
(c) diameter 14cm,

Solution:
14
diameter = 14cm radius = =7cm
2
4 3
2
(ii) Volume = pr
3
2
= 4 × 3.142 × (7) 4 3
= 4 × 3.142 × 49 = × 3.142 × (7)
3
2
= 616 cm 4
= × 3.142 × 343
3
3
= 1437 cm
193
(d) diameter 2.5cm.
Solution:
2.5
diameter = 2.5 cm radius = =1.25 cm
2
4 3
2
(ii) Volume = pr
3
= 4 × 3.142 × (1.25)2 4
= 4 × 3.142 × 1.5625 = × 3.142 × (1.25)3
2
3
= 19.6 cm 4
= × 3.142 × 1.953
3
3
= 8.18 cm
2 Find:
(i) The radius, and
(ii) The surface area in terms of pof each of the following
spheres with
3 3
(a) Volume 288pcm (b) Volume 36pcm .
Solution: Solution:
(i) Volume = 288 pcm3 4 3
(i) Volume = pr
3
4 3
Volume = pr 4 3
3 36p = pr
4 3 3
288p = pr 9
3 3 3 × 36p
72 r = = 27
3 4p
r3 = × 288p
4p 3 3
3 3
r = (3) Þ r = 3
r = 216 Þ r = (6)
3
= 6cm
(ii) Surface area = 4pr2 (ii) Surface area = 4pr2
= 4 p(6)
2
= 4 × (3)2 × p
= (4 × 36) p =4×9×p
2 2
= 144 pcm = 36 pcm
194
3 Find:
(i) The radius, and
(ii) the outer surface area in terms of p of each of the
following hemispheres with:
1 3
(a) Volume 83 pcm
3
Solution:
250
(i) Volume of the hemisphere = pcm3
3
1 4 3 250
× pr = p
2 3 3
225
3 250 3
r = × ×2
3 4p 2
3
r = 225
3
r = 3 (5) Þ r=5
1 2
(ii) outer surface area of hemisphere = × 4pr
2
1 2
= × 4p× (5)
2
2
= 50 pcm
1 3
(b) Volume 5 pcm .
3
Solution:
16
(i) Volume of the hemisphere = pcm3
3
1 4 3 16p
× pr =
2 3 3
4 2
3 16p 6
r = ×
3 4p
3
r = 8
r = 3 (2)3 Þ r = 2 cm
195
1 2
(ii) outer surface area = 4pr
2
1 2
= × 4p× (2)
2
= 8 pcm2
4 Find:
(i) The radius, and
(ii) the volume of each of the following spheres with
2 2
(a) surface area = 616 cm , (b) surface area = 154 cm .
Solution: Solution:
2 2
(i) Surface area = 616 cm (i) Surface area = 154 cm
2 2 2
4pr = 616 cm 4pr = 154
22 2 22 2
4× r = 616 4× r = 154
7 7
2 616 × 7 2 154 × 7
r = = 49 r =
4 × 22 4 × 22
r = 49 = 12.25 cm
radius = 7 r = 12.25
radius = 3.5
4 3 4 3
(ii) Volume = pr (ii) Volume = pr
3 3
4 22 3 4 22 3
= × × (7) = × × (3.5)
3 7 3 7
49 3
4 × 22 × 343 = 180 cm
=
3×7
3
= 1437 cm
196
5 A spherical lead ball of radius 6cm is remolded into
216 identical spherical lead shots.
(a) Calculate the volume of the lead ball in term of p .
(b) Find the radius of each lead shot.
Solution:
(a) 4 3
Volume = pr
3
4 3
= p(6)
3
4 × 216
= p
3
= 288 pcm3
(b) Volume of 216 lead shots = 288 p
288
Volume of 1 lead shots = p
216
4
p r3 = 288p
3 216
r = 288p × 3
3
216 4p
= 1
3
r= 1 = 1cm
6 A dome is in the shape of a hemisphere of diameter
21m. Calculate the area of coloured glass required
to cover the curved surface of the dome.
Solution:
Diameter = 21m
Diameter 21
radius = = = 10.5 m
2 2
1 2
Surface Area of hemisphere = × 4pr
2
197
22 2
= 2× × (10.5)
7
2 × 22 × 110.25
=
7
2
= 693 m
Review Exercise
1 Find the lengths of the hypotenuses of the following
right-angled triangles.
Solution:
(a) c2 = (9)2 + (3)2
= 81 + 9
2
c = 90
c = 90 = 9.5 cm
Solution:
(b) c2 = (7)2 + (4)2
= 49 + 16
= 65
c = 65 = 8.1 cm
Solution:
(c) c2 = (5)2 + (9)2
= 25 + 81
= 106
c = 106 = 10.3 cm
Solution:
2 2 2
(d) c = (10) + (3)
= 100 + 9
= 109
c = 109 = 10.4 cm
198
2 The lengths of the sides of a quadrilateral PQRS are
PQ=14cm, QR=15cm, RS=17cm and SP=22cm.
Where the diagonal is PR = 24cm. Find the area of the
quadrilateral.
Solution:
Area of the quadrilateral PQRS = Area of DPRS+Area of PQR
S 22cm P
17cm
14cm
m
24c
R 15cm Q
(i) Area of PRS = ?

PR = 24cm, RS = 17cm, PS = 22cm
24 + 17 + 22
S= = 31.2 cm
2
Area of PRS = 31.5 (31.5 – 24)(31.5 – 17)(31.5 – 22)
= 31.5 × 7.5 × 14.5 × 9.5

2
= 180.4 cm
(ii) Area of PQR = ?
PQ = 14cm, QR = 15cm, PR = 24cm
14 + 15 + 24
S= = 26.5 cm
2
Area of PQR = 26.5 (26.5 – 14)(26.5 – 15)(26.5 – 24)
= 26.5 × 12.5 × 11.5 × 2.5
2
= 97.6 cm
2 2
Area of the quadrilateral PQRS = 180.4cm + 976 cm
2
= 278cm
199
3 Find the slant height of a cone of curved surface
2
area 441.1cm and base radius 9cm. (Take p = 3.142)
Solution:
3
Curved surface Area = 441.1 cm
Base Radius = 9cm
Slant Height = ?
Curved Surface Area = prl
441.1 = (3.142) × 9 × l
441.1
l= = 15.6 cm
3.142 × 9
4 Find the base area of each of the following cones with:
3
(a) volume = 99m , height 9m,
Solution:
Volume = 99m3, Height = 9m
1
pr²h = Volume of the cone
3
pr² = 3 × volume
h
But, Base area of cone = p r²
3 × 99 2
Base area of cone = = 33 m
9
3
(b) volume = 11.3cm , height = 3cm
Solution:
3
Volume = 11.3 cm , Height = 3cm
3 × 11.3 11.3 cm2
Base area = =
3
3
(c) volume = 45.5m , height = 2m.
Solution:
3
Volume = 45.5 m , Height = 2m
3 × 45.5 68.25 m2
Base area = =
2
200
10 Data Handling
10.1
1 Study the following frequency distribution table and
answer the questions given below.
Frequency Distribution of Daily Income of 550 workers of
a factory
Class Interval Frequency
(Daily Income in Rupees) (Number of workers)
100 – 125 45
125 – 150 25
150 – 175 55
175 – 200 125
200 – 250 140
225 – 250 55
250 – 275 35
275 – 300 50
300 – 325 20
Total 550
(i) What is the size of the class intervals?
Class interval = 125 – 100 = 25
(ii) Which class has the highest frequency?
200 – 250
(iii) Which class has the lowest frequency?
300 – 325
(iv) What is the upper limit of the class interval 250 – 275?
275
(v) Which two classes have the same frequency?
150 – 175 and 225 – 250
201
2 Construct a frequency distribution table for the data
on weights (in kg) of 20 a class using intervals 30–35,
35-40 and so on.
40,38,33,48,60,53,31,46,34,36,49,41,55,49,65,42,44,
47,38,39.
Solution:
Groups Tally Marks Frequency
30 – 35 3
35 – 40 4
40 – 45 4
45 – 50 5
50 – 55 1
55 – 60 1
60 – 65 1
65 – 70 1
10.2
1 Observe the histogram and answer the questions
given below.
202
Solution:
(i) What information is being given by the histogram?
Histogram is giving information about the heights of girls
of class VIII Centimetres.
(ii) Which group contains maximum girls? 140 – 145
(iii) How many girls have a height of 145 cms and more?
4 girls
(iv) If we divide the girls into the following three categories,
how many would there be in each?
?????
Groups Group A Group B Group C
Girls 3 11 6
2 The weekly wages (in Rs) of 30 workers in a factory are.
830,835,890,810,835,836,869,845,898,890,820,860,
832,833,855,845,804,808,812,840,885,835,836,878,
840,868,890,806,840
Using tally marks make a frequency table with intervals
as 800–810, 810–820 and so on.
Solution:
Class Interval Tally Marks Frequency
800 – 810 3
810 – 820 2
820 – 830 1
830 – 840 9
840 – 850 5
850 – 860 1
860 – 870 3
870 – 880 1
880 – 890 1
890 – 900 4
203
3 A group of students took part in a Mathematics
competition. The histogram shows the time taken to
complete the problems in the competition.
Solution:
(a) Complete the frequency table below.
Time Taken
(x min) 30£x<60 60£x<90 90£x<120 120£x<150 150£x<180
Number of
Students 1 2 4 10 3
(Frequency)
(a) How many students took part in the competition?
1 + 2 + 4 + 10 + 3 = 20 students
(b) How many students took 90 minutes or more to complete
the problems? 4 + 10 + 3 = 17 students
10.3
1 Find the mean of the following sets of data.
(a) 11,11,12,15 and 16
Solution:
11 + 11 + 12 + 15 + 16 65
Mean = = = 13
5 5
204
(b) 24,17,25,14,8 and 6
Solution:
24 + 17 + 25 + 14 + 8 + 6 94
Mean = = = 15.7
6 6
(c ) 72,64,56 and 48
Solution:
72 + 64 + 56 + 48 240
Mean = = = 60
4 4
(d) 13,21,42,31,60,28 and 15
Solution:
13 + 21 + 42 + 31 + 60 + 28 + 15 210
Mean = = = 30
7 7
2 The mean score of 4 students for a test is 80.
(a) Find the total score of the students.
Solution:
Mean Score = 80
No. of Students = 4
Total Score = ?
Total Score
Mean Score =
No. of Students
Total Score = Mean Score × No. of Students
= 8 × 4 = 320
(b) A fifth student score 88. Find the mean score of the
five students.
Solution:
Total Score of 5 students = 320 + 68
= 408
408
Mean Score of 5 students =
5
= 81.6
205
3 The mean mass of 5 school bags is 6.2kg. When
another bag is added, the mean becomes 6 kg. What
is the mass of the sixth bag?
Solution:
Mean mass of 5 school bags = 6.2 kg
Total mass of 5 bags = Mean mass of 5 bags × No of bags
= 6.2 × 5 = 31 kg
Total mass of 6 bags = Mean mass of 6 bags × No of bags
= 6 × 6 = 36 kg
Mass of 6th bag = Mass of 6 bags × Mass of 5 bags
= 36kg – 31 kg = 5kg
4 The mean score of three students is 74. A fourth
students scored 58. What is the mean score of the
four students?
Solution:
Mean score of 3 students = 74
Total score of 3 students = 74 × 3
= 222
Total score of 4 students = 222 + 58
= 280
280
Mean score = = 70
4
5 The mean of six numbers is 8. Five of the numbers are
6,8,12,9 and 3. Find the sixth number.
Solution:
Let the 6th number is x . Then:
Mean of 6 numbers = 8
Sum of 6 numbers = 6 + 8 + 12 + 9 + 3 + x
= 38 + x
Sum of numbers
Mean =
Total numbers
206
38 + x
8=
6
38 + x = 48
x = 48 – 38 = 10
Thus, the 6th number is 10.
6 The marks obtained by a student in Math, Urdu, and
English were 95,76 and 70 respectively. Find the
weight mean if weight of 6,5 and 4 are assigned to
these subjects respectively.
Solution:
Subject Weight (w) Marks (x) WX
Maths 6 95 570
Urdu 5 76 380
English 4 70 280
15 1230
1230
Weighted Mean = = 82
15
10.4
1 The histogram shows the points awarded to
participants during a competition. Find the model(s).
207
Solution:
The tallest bars of points 2 and 5 represent the modes.
2 Find the model(s) of the following sets of data.
(a) 51,52,54,52,51,57,51 (b) 105,205,321,206,105,321
Solution:
(a) 51,52,54,52,51,57,51
Arrange the numbers in order.
51, 51, 51, 52,52,54,57
The number 51 occurs three times. So, the number 51 is
the mode.
(b) 105,205,321,206,105,321
Arrange the numbers in order.
105, 105, 205, 206, 321, 321
The numbers 105 and 321 occure twice. So, the modes
are 105 and 321.
10.5
1 Find the median of the following sets of numbers
3,3,8,8,9,7,7,4.
Solution:
Arrange the numbers in ascending order.
3, 3, 8, 8, 9, 7, 7, 4
7 + 7 14
Median = = =7
2 2
Thus, the median of the numbers is 7.
2 Find the median of the following sets of numbers.
(a) 21,18,24,9,12
Solution:
9, 12, 18, 21, 24
18 is at the middle position. So, Median = 18
208
(b) 64,56,58,54,54,60,72
Solution:
54, 54, 56, 58, 60, 64, 72
( c) 95,107,106,106,108,209m 104,110,206
Solution:
95, 104, 106, 106, 107, 108, 110, 206, 209
3 A survey was carried out on the sizes of households
in an apartment building. The histogram shows the
results of the survey. Find
(a) the mode, (b) the median.
Solution:
(a) The tallest bar is showing the number 7 So, Mode = 7
(b) Total number of values = 22
22
Middle value = = 11th position
2
The bar 3 contains the 11th value. So, the Median = 3
209
4 The histogram shows the scores of 50 students in a
Geography test. Find
Solution:
(a) The tallest bar is showing the number 14 So, Mode = 14
50
Middle value = = 25 + 1 = 26 the position
2
The bar 3 contains the 26th value. So, the Median = 3
5 The histogram shows the scores of 60 students who
sat for a multiple choice test. Find
Solution:
(a) The tallest bar is showing the
number 3 So, Mode = 3
60
Middle value =
2
= 30 + 1 = 31st position
The bar 3 contains the 31st
value. So, the Median = 3
210
Review Exercise
1 Construct a frequency distribution table for the data
on weight (in kg) of 20 a class using intervals 30 – 35,
35 – 40 and so on.45,39,32,40,65,55,30,34,41,49,59,
57,63,60
Solution:
Groups Tally Marks Frequency
30 – 35 3
35 – 40 1
40 – 45 2
45 – 50 2
50 – 55 0
55 – 60 3
60 – 65 2
65 – 70 1
2 The marks obtained by a student in Math, Urdu and
English were 94, 78 and 70 respectively. Find the
weight mean if weight of 6, 5 and 4 are assigned to
these subjects respectively.
Solution:
Subject Weight (w) Marks (x) WX
Maths 6 94 564
Urdu 5 78 390
English 4 70 280
15 1234
Weighted Mean = 1234 = 82.27

15
211
3 Find the mode(s) of the following sets of data.
(a) 50,51,53,55,57 (b) 102,1118,200,281,320
Solution:
(a) 50,51,53,55,57
All the numbers have same frequency. So, the mode does
not exit.
(b) 102,1118,200,281,320
The mode does not exist.
4 Find the median of the following sets of numbers.
(a) 20,25,10,19,6,8 (b) 64,55,48,44,66,49,72
99,110,120,175,201,288,101
(a) 20,25,10,19,6,8
Solution:
6, 8, 10, 19, 20, 25
19 + 19 29
Median = = = 14.5
2 2
(b) 64,55,48,44,66,49,72
Solution:
44, 48, 49, 55, 64, 66, 72
Middle number is 55. So, the Median = 55
(c) 99,110,120,175,201,288,101
Solution:
99, 101, 110, 120, 175, 201, 288
Middle number is 120. So, the Median = 120
212
Bluebell Step in Maths 8 Model Paper
Model Paper - 1
(1st Term)
Time Allowed: 2 Hours Marks: 75
(1) Given P = {a,b,c,d,e}, Q = {a,e,i,o,u} and R= {a,c,e,g}
verify the associative property of set intersection. (10)
(2) Find the square root of the each of the following. (5)
(i) 0.000081 (ii) 1.69
(3) Find the smallest number by which 2187 may be divided
to make it a perfect cube. (10)
(4) How many digits are there in the square root of each of
the following. (any one) (10)
(i) 99800100 (ii) 1243225
(5) Find the least numbers which must be subtracted from
16650 to make it a perfect square. (5)
(6) If 309.76 = 17.6, Find 30976 – 3.0976 (5)
(7) Find the product of the following binary numbers. (10)
(i) 11111100002 × 10002
(8) Change the following into decimal system. (10)
(i) (13212)5 (ii) (1434)5
(9) Change the following into base 5 and verity. (10)
(i) 52065
Model Paper - 2
(1st Term)
(1) Solve the following sums. Write your answer in the base
indicated in the bracket. (10)
(i) {[1526]8+[11001]2} – {[298]10 + [3144]5} base 2
(2) Convert the following into base 8. (10)
(i) 5716 (ii) 34172
(3) Multiply: (10)
(i) [119]8 × [25]8 (ii) [104]8 × [21]8
(4) Add: (10)
(i) [764321]8 + [7654321]8
213
(5) Subtract the second binary number fro the first. (10)
(i) 101110002 – 1000112
(6) Find the approximate length of the side of a square whose
area is equal to the area of the rectangle with side 18
meters by 15 meters. (10)
(7) Find the square root of the following numbers correct up
to three decimal places. (10)
(i) 5555 (ii) 5
12
(8) Find the cube root. (5)
(i) 343 × 512
Model Paper - 3
(1st Term)
(1) Find the cube root of each of the following. (10)
(i) 729 (ii) 27000
(2) The area of a square field is 234.09m2. find the length of
one side of the field. (10)
(3) The students of a class decided that each student will
contribute as many rupees to the National Relief Find as
there are students in the class. If the total fund collected
is Rs. 2601, Find the numbers of students and the amount
contributed by each student. (10)
(4) Find the square root of each of the following. (10)
(i) 998001 (ii) 8281
(5) If A = {4,6,7,8,9}, B = {2,4,6} and C = {1,2,3,4,5,6} then
find. (10)
(i) AU[BC]
(6) Find the cube root of following. (10)
(i) 0.001 (ii) 0.027
(7) Find the square root of the following (using the long
Division Method): (15)
(i) 5000 (ii) 7.172
214
Model Paper - 4
(1st Term)
(1) Convert the following binary numbers to their decimal
equivalents. (10)
(i) 11000112 (ii) 10110102
(2) Add the following binary numbes. (10)
(i) 101110012 + 11000112 (ii) 1001112 + 112
(3) Change the following into base 5 and verify. (10)
(i) 808 (ii) 401
(4) Add and subtract. (10)
(i) 3210245 – 1421425 (ii) 232345 + 104145
(5) Multiply the following. (10)
(i) [2629]8 × [145]8
(6) Solve the following sums. (10)
(i) 653 + {[2067]8 – [3124]5 – [1110]2} [base 8]
(7) Evaluate the followings. (15)
(i) [67054]2 × [235]2
(ii) 705 + [1342]5 + [100111]2 × [base 5]
(iii) [1423]5 × [110011]2 – [243]8 [base 8]
Model Paper - 1
(2nd Term)
(1) A term of 4 people plant 1,152 pine trees in 3 days. How
many pine trees will a term of 6 people plant in 2 days? (10)
(2) Amir buys a window air-conditioner at Rs. 45000. He pays
15% deposit and outstanding balance plus interest in 48
months Markup on the balance is charged at 15%. Find
the monthly instalment. (10)
(3) Add the following polynomials. (10)
(i) 2a + 3b – 9c, 7a – 6b + 4c ; 2a – 5b + 9c – 8
(4) 45a2b6 – 54a3b4 – 63a2b3 by 9a2b2 (10)
215
1
(5) If x – x = 5, find (10)
2 1 4 1
(i) x + 2 (ii) x + 4
x x
(6) Factorise the following. (5)
(i) m[m + 1] + 4 [m + 1]
(7) Calculate the sum of the interior angles of the following
polygons. (10)
(i) a 10 – gen
(8) Haris got an insurance of his bike worth Rs. 85,000 at the
rate of 3.2% for 3 years. Calculate the benefit of policy if
Haris had a claim of Rs. 15000. The rate of depreciation is 10.
(10)
Model Paper - 2
(2nd Term)
(1) Usman and Sadiq shared Rs. 50,000 for a business. Sadiq
took his money back after 7 months, if the account is
closed after 3 months after that and a profit of Rs. 5,000
is calculated. What will be the share of each in profit? (10)
(2) If 30 machines can knit 2,700 socks in 12 hrs, then how
many machines are required to knit 8,100 socks in 9 hours?
(10)
(3) Find the number of sides of a regular polygon with an
exterior angle of (10)
(i) 45° (ii) 36°
(4) Use the method of elimination and verify your solution.
Explain which variable you are eliminating and why. (10)
7x + 6y = – 22
x + 8y = – 4
(5) Factorise the following using the identity. (10)
2 2 2 2
(i) 16g – 25t (ii) 25f – u
1 1
(6) If x + x = 5, and x – x = 7 (10)
3 1 3 1
Find the value of x + 3 and x – 3
x x
216
(7) Find the cube of the following. (5)
(i) [2x – 3y]
(8) Divide it: (10)
(i) 125x3 – 27y3 by 5x – 3y
Model Paper - 3
(2nd Term)
(1) Hina purchased some stationary items from a shop. She

buys a calculator costs Rs.750 Maths book costs Rs.125,
geometry box costs 75. If she got a discount of Rs.15, on all
the items. Find the percentage discount. (10)
(2) The price of a Maths book is Rs.150, but Haris has only
Rs.115 with him. If he gets a discount of 20%, how much
money does he need to borrow from a friend so that he
can buy the book? (10)
(3) A bank charges 3.25% per month markup on personal
loans. If Ali borrows Rs.50,000 for a period of 2 years 1
month, find the total markup he has to pay. (10)
(4) Convert 500 US Dollar into Pak Rupees. (5)
(5) A man buys eggs at Rs.96 per dozen and sells them at
Rs.120 per score. What is the percentage gain/loss?
(a score = 20) (10)
(6) Add it: (10)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2a – 3b – 9c – 7; 6a – 5b – 8c + 10; –6a – 3b + 4c – 10
(7) Which of the following expressions are polynomials? (10)
3 2 3 2
(i) 5x + 3x – 2x – 1 (ii) 2x + 4x + 3x – 2
(8) Solve it: (10)
(i) 4x + 3y = 3 (ii) 7x + 5y = 3
3x – 2y = – 19 3x – 2y = – 11
217
Model Paper - 4
(2nd Term)
(1) Solve the using the method of comparison. verify your
answer. (10)
– 2x – 4y = 18
4x – y = – 9
(2) Find the square and cube of the following. (10)
(i) – 7a – 3b (square) (ii) – 9a + 11b (cube)
(3) Calculate the unknown angles in the following diagram.
(10)
(4) Find the size of each interior angle of a regular polygon

with 20 sides (10)
(5) Observe the given figure and write minor and major ares.
(10)
O
A B
(6) Solve the following equations by any method. (10)
3a + 6b = 9
4a + 8b = 12
(7) Factorize the following using the special result.
a2 + 2ab + b2 = [a + b]2 (10)
2 2
25h – 30hk + 9k
(8) Factorize the following. (5)
h2 + h – 12
218
Model Paper - 1
(3rd Term)
(1) Construct a rectangle ABCD when AB=4.4cm, AD = 2.6cm
Find the lengths of AC. (10)
(2) Find the mode [s] of the following set of data. (10)
(a) 50,51,53,55,57 (b) 102,1118,200,281,320
(3) Construct a rhombus EFGH in which EF = 4.6cm and (10)
EG = 6cm.
(4) Find the lengths of the right-angled triangles. (10)
(5) The length of the sides of a quadrilateral PQRS are (10)

PQ = 11cm, QR = 13cm, RS = 16cm and SP = 20cm.
Where the diagonal is PR = 22cm. Find the area of the
quadrilateral.
(6) Find the slant height of a cone of curved surface area (10)
471.3cm3 and base radius 10cm. (Take p= 3.142]
(7) The mean of six numbers is 8. Five of the numbers are
6,8,12,9 and 3. Find the sixth numbers. (10)
(8) The histogram shows the points awarded to participants
during a competition. Find the model(s). (5)
219
Model Paper - 2
(3rd Term)
(1) The mean mass of 5 school bags is 6.2kg. When another
bag is added, the mean becomes 6kg. What is the mass
of the sixth bag? (10)
(2) Find the base area of the cone with: (10)
3
Volume 99m , height 9m
(3) A dome is in the shape of a hemisphere of diameter 21m.
Calculate the area of colourd glass required to cover the
curved surface of the dome. (10)
(4) Find the base area of the following cone. (10)
3
(i) Volume 45.5m , height 2m
(5) Find the area of the triangle ABC whose sides are 13cm,
14cm, and 15cm long respectively. (10)
(6) Find the lengths of the hypotenuses of the following right
angled triangle. (10)
(7) Construct a right angled triangle ABC, when mAB =4.5cm

mBC = 5.5cm and mÐB = 90°. (15)
Model Paper - 3
(3rd Term)
(1) Construct a rectangle ABCD when AB = 4.5cm and
AC = 6.2cm Find the length of BC. (10)
(2) Construct a right angled triangle LMN, when hypotenuse
mMN = 8cm and perpendicular from vertex to MN is
3.5 cm. (10)
(3) Construct a kite ABCD where AC = 7cm, AB = 3.8cm and
BC = 5.9cm. (10)
220
(4) Find the area of a quadrilateral ABCD whose sides are
AB = 18cm, BC = 10cm, CD = 15cm and AD= 17cm where
the diagonal of the quadrilateral is AC = 20cm (10)
(5) Find the curved surface area of an ice-cream cone with
diameter 3.5cm and slant height 10cm. (10)
(6) Find: (15)
(i) The radius, and
(ii) The surface area in terms of p of each of the following
spheres with.
3 3
(a) Volume 288 p cm (b) Volume 36 p cm
(7) Find the slant height of a cone of curved surface rea (10)
3
441.1cm and base radius 9cm. [Take p = 3.142]
Model Paper - 4
(3rd Term)
(1) The mean score of 4 students for a test is 80. (10)
(a) Find the total score of the students.
(2) The marks obtained by a student in Math, Urdu and
English were 95,76 and 70 respectively. Find the weight
mean if weight of 6.5 and 4 are assigned to these subjects
respectively. (10)
(3) The length of the sides of a quadrilateral PQRS are = PQ
14cm, QR = 15cm, RS= 17cm and SP = 22cm. Where the
diagonal is PR = 24cm. Find the area of the quadrilateral.
(10)
(4) A spherical lead ball of radius 6cm is remolded into 216
identical spherical lead shots. (a) Calculate the volume of
the lead ball in term ofp. (10)
(5) Find the height of the cone with: (10)
diameter um, volume 2.8 pm³.
(6) Calculate the area of a quadrilateral ABCD whose sides
are AB = 3cm, BC = 4cm, CD = 3.5cm and AD = 2.5cm.
Where AC = 5cm is the diagonal of the quadrilateral. (10)
221
(7) Observe the histogram and answer the questions given
below. (15)
(i) What information is being given by the histogram?

(ii) Which group contains maximum girls?
(iii) How many girls have a height of 145 cms and more?
(iv) If we divide the girls into the following three categories,
how many would there be in each?
150cm and more – Group A
140 cm to less than 150 cm – Group B
Less than 140 cm – Group C
222
Bluebell Step in Maths 8 Scheme of Study
Scheme of Study
223
Note:Teachers may synchronize this “Scheme of study” without (Term Wise)

“Model Papers according to their specific needs.
224

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Key Book

All rights reserved with the publishers. No part of this

Project Directors : Abu Zar Ghaffari Gohar

2. Square Root and Cube Root of Real Numbers 16

6. Factorization, Simulataneous Equations 127

7. Fundamentals of Geometry 155

8. Practical Geometry 162

9. Area and Volume 174

10. Data Handling 201

Model Paper 213

Scheme of Study 223

02 Square Root and Cube Roots

2 Find the smallest number. by which 882 must be

Thus, 0.04 = 0.2

Thus, (0.1)³ = 0.001

Thus, 12321 = 111 Thus, 962361 = 981

(iii) 1243225 (iv) 99800100

Thus, 1243225 = 1115 Thus, 99800100 = 9990

Thus, 49284 = 222 Thus, 103041 = 321

(iii) 97535376 (iv) 115600

Thus, 97535376 = 9876 Thus, 115600 = 340

By adding 489 to 100000, By subtracting 1998 from

Thus, 12.6736 = 3.56 Thus, 83.3569 = 9.13

(iii) 0.6889 (iv) 1.0404

Thus, 0.6889 = 0.83 Thus, 1.0404 = 1.02

Thus, 25725 = 160.39... Thus, 7.172 = 2.67...

4 Find the approximate length of the side of a square

(ii) Square root of 696921 will have three digits.

(iii) Square root of 9876543 will have four digits.

(iv) Square root of 99000010 will have four digits.

(vii) 1101110102 × 11012 (viii) 11111100002 × 10002

= 1 × 625 + 1 × 125 + 2 × 25+1×5+3×1 5 6 – 2

(v) 34225 + 44115 (vi) 4141005 + 3131225

(v) 3210245 – 1421425 (vi) 232345 – 104145

(viii) 11335 – 10445

(vii) 4413445 × 33435

(v) (764321)8 + (7654321)8 (vi) (6536467)8 + (3535255)8

(vii) (656)8 + (235)8

(ii) (104)8 × (21)8

(iii) (117)8 × (25)8

14258+ 42108 – 1001012

= {(4175)8 + (42434)5+ (307)10} – (1011010111)10

9 If 250 workers make 400 toys in 8 hours, then how many

Sum of ratios = 63 + 27 + 50 = 140

(i) % Discount of chicken = 30

(ii) 5x3 + 3x2 – 2x – 1 (Not polynomials)

(iii) x3 + 7x2 + 5x + 6 (Polynomials)

(iv) 2x2 – 2x – 4 (Not polynomials)

(ii) x4 – 3x2 – 4x – 2 (Degree 4)

(iv) x5 – x3 – 4x2 – 6 (Degree 5)

(x) – 2(x) ( 1 ) + ( 1 )² = 25 (x ) + 2(x ) ( 12 ) + ( 12 )²= 729

(5)3 = x3 + 13 + 3 (7)3 = x3 – 13 – 3 (7)

= (4g – 5t) (4g + 5t) = (5f – u) (5f + u)

(ii) three pairs of alternate angles.

(i) Draw AB = 5.1cm. 5.5 cm

radius 6cm. It intersect the

(iv) Draw an arc with centre at B and A 3.2cm B

(ii) Construct mÐB = 90°. Draw BX.

(ii) Bisect the MN at point 0 with

09 Area and Volume

(b) diameter = 4cm, slant height = 13cm,

(h) l = 12.5 m Base area = 38.5 m²

1 Taking p= 22 , calculate the volume of each of the