İNGİLİZCE EDEBİYAT ÇALIŞMA NOTLARI :

1- OLD ENGLISH

- scop : soylular içn sarkı şiir yazıp okumak gibi bir görevleri var.

- religious,traditional,anonymous,oral

- christianity= GENESİS A/B, exodus,Daniel

- comitatus =loyalty krala olan bağlılık

- Comitatus: (loyalty): savaşçıların en iyi savaşçıya olan bağlılıgı

- Most of Old English literature is Religious

- litotes : çok demek yerine az değil'' der gibi bir fikri olumsuz şekilde ifade etmek

- kenning= dolaylama ex: bone house = body

- beowulf: depicts king of Danes and his conflict with monster Grendel and its mother

- caesura : şiirde ara werme ya da duraklamalar

- alliteration : sessiz harflerin tekrarıdır ex: (r)ound (r)ocks

- Although Cædmon is the first English poet whose words survive at all, the first known
English poet is ALDHELM

- Caedmon = the first english poet but Aldhelm = the first known english poet
most of old english poetry is contained in just for manuscripts

- wyrd: fate or destiny

- mead halls=savaşçıların bir araya geldikleri yiyip içtikleri hikayelerin anlatıldığı hediyelerin
verildiği yer..

- Most of Old English poetry is contained in just four manuscripts: • The Junius manuscript •
The Exeter Book • The Vercelli Book • The Nowell Codex

- the nowell codex also know as beowulf

- Caesura: is pause or break in a line of poetry. A caesura is usually indicated by the symbol //.,

- in Caedmon’s “Hymn”, there are a lot of compound words or kennings.

- Compounding: Old English poetry makes extensive use of compounding, the combining of
two words to make a new word.
An example is feorhseoc, literally "life-sick" (feorh =life, seoc = sick), which can be translated
as mortally wounded. A more common example can be found in the first line of Beowulf: Gar-
Dena, literally "Spear-Danes" (gar = spear, Dena = Danes)
compunding örn : data+base, over+take gibi kelimeler arkadaşlar . Türkçe deki ak+baba,
ak+ciğer , kahve+altı gibi düşünelim

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- elegy :is a song or poem which expereses sorrow and usually praise for one WHO is dead.
(agıt yakılıan şiir sarkı)
Elegy:Ölen birini yüceltmek ve üzüntüyü ifade eden şarkı veya şiirdir.

- Cynewulf: An unknown cleric of the 9th century is the only Old English poet to sign his
poems.

- Caedmon’s Hymn : en eski ve günümüze kadar ulaşan İngilizce metin

beowulf gnümüze kadar ulaşmış en uzun epic eserdir.old english döneminin en önemli eseri
olarak kabul edilir. pekçok modern İngiliz edebiyatı eserine esin kaynağı olmuştur (tolkien_
yüzüklerin efendisi gibi)

" The Ecclesiastical History of the English People " eseri, Bede'ye "The Father of English
History” olarak anılmasını sağlamıştır

Variation: aynı anlama gelen sözcükleri faklı kelimelerle ifade etmektir. ex: Beowulf yerine
"the son of Ecgtheow" demek

beowulf dönemin diğer eserlerinin çoğunun olduğu gibi pagan kültüre aittir. Ancak İngilizler
hristianlığı kabul ettikten sonra beowulf da dahil diğer sözlü edebiyat ürünlerini yazıya geçirme
işi hristiyan rahipler tarafından yapılmıştır. Rahipler pagan kültüre ait bu eserleri yazıya
aktarırken Hristiyan elementler eklemişledir. bu durum özellikle Beowuf da hem pagan hemde
hristiyan elementlerin bir arada bulunmasına neden olmuştur.

kenning: instead of saying "warrior" using “feeders of eagle” . We can see many examples of
this in beowulf, too.

beowulf novel codex adıyla bilenen el yazması (manuscript) kitabın içindeki eserler biridir.

not :novel kafa karıştırmasın aman ha novel sonradan icat

prose(düz yazı) isnt much developed in this period.

litote is a figure of speech . For ex. ypu are not wrong=you are correct

Bede and King Alfred :the founders of Old English prose.

king alfred ve bede İgiliz edebiyatında düz yazının (prose) kurucuları kabul edilir. King alfred
tarafından yazdırılan Anglo-saxon chronicle sadece İngilterenin değiltümAvrupanın yerli dilde
yazılmış ilk hikaye tarzında düz yazısıdır (first narrative prose)

2- THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD

oral tradition continues in this period.also folk ballads ,mystery and miracle plays ,morality
plays are the genres.

Language :French was the language of the noble, Latin was the language of church and science
and English was spoken by common people. French became the official language but was never
adopted as the common language.
linguistic paradox led to the birth of middle eng.which could be considered as a mixture of
norman french and old english.

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 Chronological division of the Middle English period:
1066-1250: Period of Religious Record (for the common people, biblical, didactic)

1250-1350: Period of Religious and Secular Literature (mixture; moralistic as well as

romances, Havelok and Horn)

1350-1400: Period of Great Individual Writers or Alliterative Revival

1400-1500: Period of Imitation or Transition (the period of the followers of Chaucer)

Ballads : Ballads- poems that tell stories, often of folk origin- are found in great numbers.
Ballads were originally written to be sung. Most ballads treat tragic love, the pagan
supernatural, historical and semi-historical events

Geoffrey chaucer is known the father of eng.poetry.he wrote Canterbury Tales which depicts
the journey of pilgrims from London to Canterburry.It consists of 17000lines.There are 20
stories in it.

Geoffrey chaucer is known the father of eng.poetry.he wrote Canterbury Tales which depicts
the journey of pilgrims from London to Canterburry.It consists of 17000lines.There are 20
stories in it.

Allegory: A story with a second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal or visible
meaning. The characters in an allegory often represent abstract concepts, such as faith,
innocence, or evil. örn :The Owl and The Nightingale, Piers Plowman, Winner and the
Waster…

Exempla are moral anecdotes used to illustrate a point, tales told to exemplify good or evil
lives. örn :Robert Manning- Handling Sin

Metaphor: The comparison of two unlike things to illuminate a particular quality or aspect of
one of those things.
*A metaphor is distinct from, but related to a simile, which is also a comparison. The primary
difference is that a simile uses the word like or as to compare two things, while a metaphor
simply suggests that the dissimilar things are the same.
* A metaphor is an equation where a simile is an approximation.

Simile: A comparison of two unlike things through the use of “like” or “as.”

(Verbal) Irony: The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning; the words say
one thing, but mean another.

John Wycliffe , İncil'i İngilizceye çeviren ilk kişi olmuştur.

Mirroir de l'Omme (written in French), Vox Clamantis (Written in Latin) ve Confessio

Amanti : John Gower'in 3 önemli eseridir.

Chaucer's works helped the London dialect of English become a standard ..

William Caxton is the first English printer and a translator and importer of books into
England ..

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At those times, the poetry written in England was in French. English poets adopted the themes
and fashions of French literature ...

Hagiography: refers to the biographies of saints and ecclesiastical leaders

Sir Thomas Malory's Morte D'Arthur is considered to be the first novel in Eng.

Ballads were originally written to be sung...(ağıt gibi Old english denince beowulf, middle
english zamanında sadece chaucer cantenbury tales. bunu bilin yeter. biraz içeriğine bakın
pilgrimslerle ilgiliydi sanırım. 18- 19- 20 odern literature de belli başlı şair yazarlara onların
eserlerine bakın. mesela shakespeare ın butun eserlerını bilin)

The Book of Margery Kempe,is a work considered by some to be the first autobiography in the
English language...