POWER CAPACITORS S.A.C.

SELECCION DE CELDAS DE
MEDIA TENSION

TRANSFORMADORES DE
INSTRUMENTOS
Ingeniería de Aplicaciones – Consorcio Minero Horizonte S.A / Mayo 2015

Power Capacitors SAC August 22, 2015 | Slide 7

 Why Instrument Transformers?

 To transform the current and voltages to

standardized levels for control equipment as
relays and meters in high voltage
transmission lines and switchgears during
normal and fault conditions.
 Adapt to standardized secondary currents
and voltages
 Ex 1 or 5 A, 100 or 110 V
 To insulate secondary circuits from the primary
 U  I net.
 The instrument transformer must, at every
moment be able to correctly sense and transmit
the currents and voltages of the network!
 The relays are deaf and blind!

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 2
 Application
General purpose of protection system
 Detect all electrical faults and some
abnormal operating conditions.
 Protect human beings and properties
around the power network.
 Protect equipment, power lines etc from
unnecessary damage.
 Disconnect minimum possible part of the
power network.
 Restore normal operation

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 3
Application
Different types of protection
 Line protection
 Bay protection
 Bus bar protection
 Transformer protection

132/20 kV

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 4
Current Transformers

IP IS

EP NP NS ES

IP NS
 Transformer in short circuit 
IS NP

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 5
Current Transformers

 Factors influencing the induced voltage

NP
 IP
B Tesla


 IS NS
Z

H0

2
E = NS  A B  f Volt
2
ΙP
ΝS   ΝP
ΙS

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 6
Current Transformers
Core Material
B 
(Tesla)

 2

 oriented steel

 1

 my-metal

 I0 (mA)

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 7
Current Transformers

 Factors influencing the magnetizing current

B Tesla
E Volt

H0At/m
I0 Ampere

 Lj
Lj r
I0 =
H0
Ns
Ns

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 8
Current Transformers
Principales variables para caracterizar el CT

Power Capacitors SAC August 22, 2015 | Slide 7

Power Capacitors SAC August 22, 2015 | Slide 7
Power Capacitors SAC August 22, 2015 | Slide 7
Power Capacitors SAC August 22, 2015 | Slide 7
Power Capacitors SAC August 22, 2015 | Slide 7
Current Transformers
IEC Standards
IEC standards related to Instrument Transformers

IEC 60044 – 1 Current transformers

IEC 60044 – 2 Voltage transformers

IEC 60044 – 3 Combined transformers

IEC 60044 – 5 Capacitor voltage transformers

IEC 60044 – 6 Requirements for protective current transformers for transient performance

IEC 60060 – 1 High Voltage test technique

IEC 60071 – 1 Insulation coordination

IEC 60071 – 2 Insulation coordination

IEC 62155 Hollow ceramic insulators

IEC 60270 Partial discharge measurement

IEC 60815 Guide for selection of insulators under polluted conditions

IEC 61869 – 1 General requirements

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 14
Current Transformers
Specification
Definition of a Current Transformer

Standard IEC 60044-1

Highest system voltage 245 kV

Insulation level 460 – 1050 kV

Short circuit current Ith = 40 kA/1s Idyn = 100 kA

Ratio 1000/1A

Rating factor 1.2

Rated frequency 50 Hz

Accuracy class metering 0.2

Accuracy class protection 5P

Rated burden metering 15 VA

Rated burden protection 30 VA

Over current factor metering FS5

Over current factor protection ALF20

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 15
Current Transformers
IEC 60044 – 1 Metering Accuracy Requirements
Class  Percentage ratio error at percent of rated current Phase displacement at percent of rated current (minutes)

5 20 100 120 5 20 100 120
0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 15 8 5 5
0.2 0.75 0.35 0.2 0.2 30 15 10 10
0.5 1.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 90 45 30 30
1.0 3.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 180 90 60 60

Current transformers for special applications

 Percentage ratio error Phase displacement
at percent of rated current at percent of rated current (minutes)
Class
1 5 20 100 120 1 5 20 100 120

0.2S 0.75 0.35 0.2 0.2 0.2 30 15 10 10 10

0.5S 1.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5 90 45 30 30 30

Burden range: 25 – 100% of rated burden

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 16
Current Transformers
IEC 60044 – 1 Metering Accuracy Requirements
 Ratio error %

+0.75 Class 0.2

Class
0.2S
+0.35

+0.2

-0.2

-0.35

-0.75
 5 20 Rated current % 100 120
© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 17
Current Transformers
IEC 60044 – 1 Protection Accuracy Requirements

Ratio error Phase displacement
Class Composite error %
at rated current

5P 1% 60 min 5%

10P 3% No demand 10%

Burden range: only rated burden

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 18
Current Transformers
Saturation Factor – Over-Current Factor
 ALF: Accuracy Limit Factor
Used for protection cores, 5P20, 10P10
Standard values according to IEC: 5 – 10 – 15 – 20 – 30
Standard value according to IEEE: 20

Defined as:
 Ratio between rated over-current and rated primary current
 Valid at rated burden

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 19
Current Transformers
Reconnection
 Primary reconnection
 

Made on primary side in relations 2 : 1 or 4 : 2: 1

Ex: 500 – 1000 / 5 A.
 Series connection (2 x 500 A)

C1 C2

P1
P2

S1 S2

 Parallel connection (1 X 1000 A)

C1 C2

P1
P2

S1 S2

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 20
Current Transformers
Reconnection
 Secondary reconnection

Can be made in any suitable combination of ratios
P1

S1

500 /5A
S2

1000 /5A
S3

P2

 Advantage: Short-circuit current the same for all ratios

Reconnection on secondary side.

 Disadvantage: Reduced load at lower ratios

Big cores for low ratios

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 21
Current Transformers
Reconnection

  Combination of primary and secondary reconnection

C1 C2

P1
P2

 S1  S2  S3
250-500 / 5A
500-1000 /5A

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 22
 Voltage Transformers
© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 23
Voltage Transformers


 Inductive  Capacitive

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 24
Voltage Transformers


IP IS

EP NP NS ES

 Transformer at no load

EP NP
=
ES NS

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 25
Voltage Transformers
Ratio Error
  Rated ratio
UP
kn 
US

 True ratio
(U P  U )
kd 
US

 Ratio error
k nU S  U P
(%)  100
UP
© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 26
Voltage Transformers
Specification

Highest system voltage 145 kv

Standard IEC 60044 – 2

Insulation level 275 – 650 kV

Rated frequency 50 Hz

Rated primary voltage 132 000 / 3 V

Rated secondary voltage

Metering winding a – n 110 / 3 V

Earth fault winding da – dn 110 / 3 V

Voltage factor/duration 1.5 / 30 s

Accuracy

Metering winding a – n 0.2

Earth fault winding da – dn 3P

Rated burden

Metering winding a – n 30 VA

Earth fault winding da – dn 50 VA

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 27
Voltage Transformers
IEC 60044 – 2 requirements
 Error limits

Class Ratio error Phase displacement

%  minutes  centiradians

0.1 0.1 5 0.15

0.2 0.2 10 0.3

0.5 0.5 20 0.6

1.0 1.0 40 1.2

3.0 3.0 No demand No demand

 Burden range 25% - 100% of rated burden

 Voltage range 80% - 120% of rated voltage

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 28
Voltage Transformers
IEC 60044 – 2 requirements
 Error limits

Class Ratio error Phase displacement

%  minutes  centiradians

3P 3 120 3.5

6P 6 240 7.0

 Burden range 25% - 100% of rated burden

 Voltage range 5% Vf x rated voltage

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 29
Voltage Transformers
Measuring Errors
Example: Ratio error % 80% of rated voltage

Error curves for
class 0.2 +0,2

0

-0,2

25 120% of rated voltage 100%

Rated burden
Phase angle error

+10’

+5’

0

-5’

-10’
Use correct burden to
25 100% achieve best accuracy
Rated burden

© ABB Group
March 16, 2017 | Slide 30
 Contactos:
ventas1@power-capacitors.com
edwin.campos@power-capacitors.com

Power Capacitors SAC August 22, 2015 | Slide 7