Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education

Region V

BICOL UNIVERSITY GUINOBATAN

Guinobatan, Albay

IPM-Integrated Pest
Management

ESPERANZA CAÑA MAGDASOC, LPT.

Instructor
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Identify basics of insect, pest and its
categories;
2. Discuss the abundance, diversity,
classification and causes of pest outbreaks;
and
3. Perform surveillance and sampling of pest
in the field.
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Let’s take a pre-test!

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 CHAPTER 2
Basics of insect, pest and its categories

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Lesson Outline
Lesson 1: What is an insect?
Lesson 2: Insect abundance and diversity
Lesson 3: Insect classification based on economic
importance
Lesson 4: Pest, causes of outbreaks and categories
Lesson 5: Pest surveillance and methods of sampling
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 LESSON 3
Insect Classification Based on Economic
Importance

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 ECONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF
INSECTS

Insect of no economic Insect of economic

importance importance

1. Injurious insects
2. Beneficial insects
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 Insects of no economic
importance

These are the insects found in forests, and agricultural lands

which neither cause harm nor benefit us.

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 Insects of economic importance
A. Injurious insects Pest that attack crops on the
field are called FIELD/CROP
PEST.

Pest that attack the agricultural

produce during its storage is
called STORAGE PEST.
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 Insects of economic importance
A. Injurious insects HOUSEHOLD AND DISEASE
CARRYING INSECTS

PEST ATTACKING CATTLE

AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS Your Logo or Name Here 10
 Insects of economic importance
B. Beneficial insects
PRODUCTIVE INSECTS HELPFUL INSECTS

Tomato hornworm with parasitoid wasp pupae

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 Insects of economic importance
B. Beneficial insects
PRODUCTIVE INSECTS

These are the insects which can

be used in researches and making
new products.

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 Insects of economic importance
B. Beneficial insects
HELPFUL INSECTS
• Parasitoids
• Predators
• Pollinators
• Weed killers
• Soil builder
• Scavengers
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 Insects of economic importance
B. Beneficial insects
HELPFUL INSECTS

PARASITOIDS
Small insects which feed and live
on harmful insects by completing
their life cycle in a host and kill the
host insect.
Eg.Egg, larval and
Tomato hornworm with parasitoid wasp pupae pupal parasitoids Your Logo or Name Here 14
Trichogramma wasps seek out caterpillar eggs A fully grown wasp emerges from a parasitized stinkbug egg
and are usually less than a millimeter in length. Your Logo or Name Here 15
An adult wasps lays its eggs in an aphid Your Logo or Name Here 16
 Insects of economic importance
B. Beneficial insects
HELPFUL INSECTS

PREDATORS
These are large insects which
capture and devour harmful
insects.
Eg.Coccinellids, preying mantids.

A lady beetle eating aphids.

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A praying mantis eating a locust. Your Logo or Name Here 18
 Insects of economic importance
B. Beneficial insects
HELPFUL INSECTS

WEED KILLERS
Insect feeding on weeds.
Eg. Parthenium beetle eats on
parthenium. Cochineal insect
feeds in Opuntia dillenii (spiny
pest pear).
Parthenium beetle feeding on parthenium.
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Parthenium weeds
Cochineal on prickly pear cactus.

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 Insects of economic importance
B. Beneficial insects
HELPFUL INSECTS

SOIL BUILDERS
Soil insects such as ants, beetles,
larval of cutworms, crickets, collum
bola, make tunnels in soil and
facilitate aeration in soil. They
become good manure after death
and enrich soil. Your Logo or Name Here 21
 Insects of economic importance
B. Beneficial insects
HELPFUL INSECTS

SCAVENGERS
Insects which feed on dead and
decaying matter are called scavengers.
They important for maintaining
hygiene in the surroundings.
Eg. Carrion bettles, Rove beetles feed
Carrion beetle feeding on dead animal. on dead animals and plants.
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 LESSON 4
Pest, Causes of Outbreaks and
Categories

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DEFINITION OF PEST
 Derived from French word ‘Peste’ and Latin term
‘Pestis’ meaning plague or contagious disease.
 Any animal which is noxious, destructive or
troublesome to man or his interests.
 A pest is any organism which occurs in large
numbers and conflict with man’s welfare,
convenience and profit.
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DEFINITION OF PEST
 A pest is an organism which harms man or his
property significantly or is likely to do so (Woods,
1976)
 Insects are pests when they are sufficiently
numerous to cause economic damage (Debacli,
1964)

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PEST are…
Organisms which impose burdens on human
population by causing:
○ Injury to crop plants, forests and animals;
○ Annoyance, injury and death to humans and
domesticated animals; and
○ Destruction or value depreciation of stored
products.

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CATEGORIES OF PEST
Pest are categorized based on the following:
i. Occurrence;
ii. Level of infestation or Intensity of infestation; and
iii. Damage potential

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CATEGORIES OF PEST
i. Based on Occurrence
a. Regular pests
b. Occasional pests
c. Seasonal pests
d. Persistent pests
e. Sporadic pests
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CATEGORIES OF PEST
i. Based on Occurrence
a. Regular pests: Occur most frequently
(regularly) in a crop and have close association
with that particular crop. Eg: Chilli Thrips
Scirtothrips dorsalis , brinjal shoot and fruit
borer, Leucinodes orbonalis, Rice stem borer.
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CATEGORIES OF PEST
i. Based on Occurrence
b. Occasional pests: Here a close association
with a particular crop is absent and they occur
infrequently. Eg: Rice case worm, Nymphula
depuctalis castor slug caterpillar, Parasa lepida
, mango stem borer, Batocera rufamaculata
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CATEGORIES OF PEST
i. Based on Occurrence
c. Seasonal pests: Occur mostly during a
particular part of the year, and usually the
incidence is governed by climatic conditions.
Eg: Red hairy caterpillar on groundnut-June -
July, Rice grasshoppers –June-July
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CATEGORIES OF PEST
i. Based on Occurrence
d. Persistent pests: Occur on a crop almost
throughout the year. Eg. Thrips on chillies.
e. Sporadic pests: Pests, which occur in a few
isolated localities. Eg. Rice ear head bug.

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CATEGORIES OF PEST
ii. Based on level or intensity of
infestation
a. Epidemic pests
b. Endemic pests

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CATEGORIES OF PEST
ii. Based on level or intensity of
infestation
a. Epidemic pests: Occur in a severe form in a
region or locality at a particular season or time
only. Eg: Rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera, rice
leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis
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CATEGORIES OF PEST
ii. Based on level or intensity of
infestation
b. Endemic pests: Pests, which occur regularly
and confined to a particular area of locality.
Eg. Rice Gall midge in Madurai district and
rice stem borer cauvery delta.
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CATEGORIES OF PEST
iii. Based on damage potential
a. Key pests
b. Major pests
c. Minor pests
d. Potential pests
e. Sporadic pests
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CATEGORIES OF PEST
iii. Based on damage potential
a. Key pests
 Persistent pests (most severely damaging pests)
 GEP lies above EIL always
 Spray temporarily bring population below EIL
 The environment must be changed to bring GEP
below EIL
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CATEGORIES OF PEST
iii. Based on damage potential
b. Major pests
 GEP lies very close to EIL or coincides with EIL
 Economic damage can be prevented by timely
and repeated sprays e.g. Cotton jassid, Rice stem
borer

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CATEGORIES OF PEST
iii. Based on damage potential
c. Minor pest/Occasional pest
 GEP is below the EIL usually
 Rarely they cross EIL
 Can be controlled by spraying e.g. Cotton
stainers, Rice hispa, Ash weevils

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CATEGORIES OF PEST
iii. Based on damage potential
d. Sporadic pests
 GEP generally below EIL
 Sometimes it crosses EIL and cause severe loss in
some places/periods e.g. Sugarcane pyrilla, White
grub, Hairy caterpillar

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CATEGORIES OF PEST
iii. Based on damage potential
e. Potential pests
 They are not pests at present
 GEP always less than EIL
 If environment changed may cause economic loss
e.g. S. litura is potentia pest in North India

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What causes pests outbreak?

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Causes of Pest Outbreak
1. Deforestation and bringing under cultivation
2. Destruction of natural enemies
3. Intensive and Extensive cultivation
4. Introduction of new varieties and crops
5. Improved agronomic practices
6. Introduction of new pest in new environment
7. Accidental introduction of pests from foreign countries
8. Large scale storage of food grains
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 LESSON 5
Pest surveillance and method of
sampling

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What is pest monitoring?

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PEST MONITORING
Monitoring phytophagous insects and their natural enemies
is a fundamental tool in IPM - for taking management
decision.
1. It includes estimation of changes in insect distribution and
abundance
2. information about insects, life history
3. influence of biotic and abiotic factors on pest population

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 How is pest monitoring being
done?
Through pest survey and surveillance
which helps in forecasting the population
buildup of pest.
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PEST SURVEILLANCE
Refers to the constant watch on the population dynamics of
pests, its incidence and damage on each crop at fixed
intervals to forewarn the farmers to take up timely crop
protection measures.
Refers to an official process which collects and records data
on pest occurrence or absence by survey, monitoring or
other procedures.

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Why pest surveillance is
important?

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OBJECTIVES OF PEST SURVEILLANCE
1. To know existing and new pest species.
2. To assess pest population and damage at different
growth stage of crop.
3. To study the influence of weather parameters on
pest.
4. To study changing pest status (Minor to major).
5. To assess natural enemies and their influence on
pests.
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OBJECTIVES OF PEST SURVEILLANCE
6. Effect of new cropping pattern and varieties on
pest
7. To assess natural enemies population and their
influence in a particular cropping system and in
different season.
8. To monitor the development of biotypes,
resistance to insecticides, resurgence, etc.

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THREE BASIC COMPONENTS OF PEST
SURVEILLANCE
Determination of…
a. the level of incidence of the pest species
b. the loss caused by the incidence
c. the economic benefits, the control will provide

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 STEPS IN PEST SURVEILLANCE
1. Identification of Pest
2. Determination of Pest Population
3. Estimation of Abundance of Natural Enemies
4. Estimation of Yield Loss

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PEST SURVEY
An official procedure conducted over a defined
period of time to determine the characteristics of a
pest population or to determine which species occur
in an area.

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Pest surveys can be grouped into following
categories…
1. Qualitative Survey - It is generally aimed at
pest detection and provides list of pest
species present along with reference to
density like common, abundant, and rare.

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Pest surveys can be grouped into following
categories…
2. Quantitative Survey - This survey defines
numerally the abundance of pest population
in time and space. It provides information
on the damaging potential of a species and
data can be used to predict future
population trends.
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It can also be classified as fixed and roving

Roving Survey Fixed Lot Survey

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It can also be classified as fixed and roving
3. Roving Survey
• Assessment of pest
population/damage from randomly
selected spots representing larger
area
• Large area surveyed in short period
- Provides information on pest level
over large area

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It can also be classified as fixed and roving
4. Fixed Lot Survey
• Assessment of pest
population/damage from a fixed
plots of a region.
• The data on pest
population/damage recorded
periodic from sowing till harvest.

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SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. Absolute sampling - To count all the pests occurring in
a plot
2. Relative sampling - To measure pest in terms of some
values which can be compared over time and space
e.g. Light trap catch, Pheromone trap

Light Trap Yellow Sticky Trap Pheromone TrapYour Logo or Name Here
METHODS OF SAMPLING
a. In situ counts - Visual observation on number of insects on
plant canopy (either entire plot or randomly selected plot)
b.Knock down - Collecting insects from an area by removing from
crop and (Sudden trap) counting (Jarring)
c. Netting - Use of sweep net for hoppers, odonates, grasshopper
d.Narcotized collection - Quick moving insects anaesthesised and
counter

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METHODS OF SAMPLING
e. Trapping

Light Trap Yellow Sticky Trap Pheromone Trap

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Fogging canopy with insecticides Pitfall traps Suction sampler

METHODS OF SAMPLING
e. Trapping

Trap for insects emerging Netting larvae and naiads Your Logo or Name Here
from water
METHODS OF SAMPLING
e. Trapping - Light trap - Phototropic insects
a. Pheromone trap - Species specific
b.Sticky trap - Sucking insects
c. Bait trap - Sorghum shootfly - Fishmeal trap
d.Emergence trap - For soil insects
f. Crop samples – Affected plant parts are counted e.g.
Bollworms

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STAGE OF SAMPLING
• Usually most injurious stage counted.
• Sometimes egg masses counted.
• Practical considerations.
• Hoppers - Nymphs and adult counted.

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SAMPLE SIZE
• Differs with nature of pest and crop.
• Proper sample size gives accurate results.

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PEST FORECASTING
It is the prediction of severity of pest population
which can cause economic damage to the crop.

Uses
1. Predicting pest outbreak which needs control
measure
2. Suitable stage at which control measure gives
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Several studies are required to generate the basic information,
which is required to develop forecasting models. Some of them are
described below:
1. Quantitative Seasonal Studies
• Pest abundance must be studied over several years
along with seasonal range, variability in number and
distribution.
• The seasonal counts in relation to climate and
topography need to be provided.

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Several studies are required to generate the basic information,
which is required to develop forecasting models. Some of them are
described below:
2. Life-History Studies
• bio-ecology of pest under a range of temperature,
humidity, etc. should be known.
• The duration of different instars, number of generations,
survival rate, amount of food eaten, overwintering, host
range, number of eggs laid, etc. and other parameters
can be studied in laboratory.
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Several studies are required to generate the basic information,
which is required to develop forecasting models. Some of them are
described below:
3. Ecological Studies
• Predicting population dynamics of the pest
• Life-table studies of pest is used to understand the pest
population build-up, natural mortality factors, intrinsic
growth rate, etc

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Several studies are required to generate the basic information,
which is required to develop forecasting models. Some of them are
described below:
4. Field Studies
• Natural enemy abundance under a range of
temperature and humidity should be studied.
• The other cultural practices like fertilizer application,
irrigation, plant spacing, etc., affect the crop phenology
which directly influences the population build-up of a
pest.
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TYPES FORECASTING
a. Short term forecasting - Based on 1 or 2 seasons
b. Long term forecasting - Based on affect of
weather parameters on pest and cover a large
area

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REFERENCES
• University of Minnesota Extension,. (n.d.). Parasitoid wasps. Retrieved from
https://extension.umn.edu/beneficial-insects/parasitoid-wasps

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Thank You
+1 23 987 6554
kalle@email.com
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