GUYANA SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE

ENTOMOLOGY ASSIGNMENT ON I.P.M

CROP: CITRUS
DIPLOMA IN AGRICULTURE YEAR TWO (2)

Group Members: Leonard Decosta, Antwan Softleigh, Tyandre

Winter, Brenton Atkinson, Yohance Williamson, Angelique
DeJonge
Lecturer: Mr. E. Charles
Date: 03/22/2023
 WHITEFLY
SCIENTIFIC NAME: ALEYRODIDAE
 
Hemipterans known as whiteflies typically eat the undersides of plant leaves. They make up t
he only family in the superfamily Aleyrodoidea, the family Aleyrodidae.
 
Citrus whiteflies, are tiny, wingless insects that resemble moths. The citrus whitefly female c
an partially bury up to 125 eggs beneath the lower leaf surface.
 
How it affect 
Whiteflies damage leaves by inserting a piercing, sucking mouthpart into the plant tissue. If
populations are large, feeding damage could cause leaves to wilt and fall. The whiteflies also
exude large amounts of honeydew, a delicious sugary substance.
 
 
Control  
 The whitefly's life cycle can be broken by hanging yellow sticky phermone traps in the tree.
Spray with Horticultural oils 
 
 
 ANTS
SCIENTIFIC NAME: FORMICIDAE
 
When aphids or scale bugs are present in your citrus tree, ants are more likely to appear. Ants
consume the honeydew that these sap-sucking bugs create, which is delicious. The ants value
this food source so highly that they would "herd" the aphids from leaf to leaf while defending
them from predators.
 
How it affect 
Ants are a significant pest of citrus trees and, when combined with the Asian citrus psyllid  a
citrus disease that is lethal and incurable and is spread by citrus psyllids, can destroy citrus tre
es inadvertently.
 
Control  
You must eliminate the bug pests attracting the ants if you want to get rid of them. If you can
see any, look for raised bumps on the stem and underside of the leaves; these are scale insects,
which can be killed with an insecticide spray containing pyrethrum or a plant spraying oil.
 

 
 APHIDS
SCIENTIFIC NAME: APHIDOIDEA
 
Generally speaking, aphids are not an issue on citrus, with the exception of immature trees or
continuously flushing kinds (varieties that perpetually produce new leaves). This is because a
phids' numbers drop as the foliage hardens off and natural enemies are quite successful at sup
pressing them.
 
 
How it affect 
Aphids consume sap, which results in vigor loss and, occasionally, yellowing, stunting, or def
ormation of plant parts. The insects' wasted sap, known as honeydew, can result in the growth
of sooty mold on leaves.
 
Control
In most cases, insecticidal soaps and oils are the best options if pesticides are required. Hortic
ultural oils made from petroleum or oils obtained from plants like neem or canola are exampl
es of oils. Since the main method of killing for these treatments is to suffocate the aphid, cont
aminated leaves must be well covered.
 
 
 
 SOUTHERN GREEN STINK BUG
SCIENTIFIC NAME: NEZARA VIRIDULA
 
Citrus has been shown to be consumed by a variety of species, however the southern green sti
nk bug is the one that does it most frequently. Fields close to citrus groves are where stink bu
gs hatch.
 
How it affect 
Pests go into citrus orchards as these plants dry up and attack the developing fruit there. Stink
bugs pierce the fruit's skin with their jaws in order to extract the juice.
 
Control
 
Keep in mind that these insects' spray can irritate your skin and eyes. After that, go outside to
your citrus tree with the bucket of soapy water. To get rid of the stink bugs, either shake the b
ranches into the bucket or submerge each branch in the bucket.

MEALYBUGS
Mealybugs are insects in the family Pseudococcidae, unarmored scale insects found in moist,
warm habitats. They are insects that feed on plant juices and are also vectors for diseases.
Control
They can be controlled biologically by introducing ladybugs, spiders and parasitic wasps and
chemically by products containing the systemic insecticide dinotefuran.
 SCALE- AONIDIELLA AURANTII

Citrus scale pests are tiny insects that suck sap from the citrus tree and then produce honeyde
w. The female adult scale is wingless and often has no legs while the adult male has one pair
of wings and notable leg development.

Control
Spray horticultural oil
Conserve natural predators such as ladybirds and Green lacewings by planting attractive flow
ering plants.

CITRUS LEAF MINER - PHYLLOCNISTIS CITRELLA

The larvae of this insect burrow in the leaves of the citrus plants producing the characteristic t
racings on the leaf often referred to as “Chinese Writing. Without control, the leaves display
curling and eventually abscise, finally leaving a defoliated seedling that soon dies.

Control
In the Plant Nurseries, control is currently achieved by the use of the insecticide Admire (Imi
dacloprid) applied to the foliage or soil.
 CITRUS BUTTERFLY
SCIENTIFIC NAME: PAPILIO DEMOLEUS
Young leaves are eaten inwards from the edges. Leaves can be totally consumed with conseq
uent defoliation of twigs. The small and large citrus butterfly can strip citrus trees of their lea
ves and produce a strong foul odor when disturbed.
Chemical Control
Spray with Fenithrothion or Fenthion 2-3 times at 15-day intervals. 

Organic Control
Citrus butterfly eggs are attacked by a number of parasitoid species of Ooencyrtus and larvae
are parasitised by Apantelespallidocinctus Gahan. The pupal stage is also attacked by the para
sitoid Pteromalus puparum L.

LEAF-FOOTED PLANT BUG

SCIENTIFIC NAME: LEPTOGLOSSUS PHYLLOPUS (LINNAEUS)

Adults have scent glands and when they are disturbed can emit a distinctive, sharp odor. Most
often, it is the adults that attack ripening fruit.
 It has been reported as a major pest in citrus groves, where its feeding on ripening fruit cause
s premature color break and fruit drop. Serious infestations do not occur often, but a large pro
portion of the crop may be lost when they do.

Control
Remove weed because they are a source of food. Insecticides are rarely needed for leaf-foote
d bug control. Leaf-footed bug predators include birds, spiders, and assassin bugs. Handpick
and crush the bugs or brush them off plants into soapy water.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

White Fly
 Inspect new plants for whiteflies before bringing them into your garden.
 Prune out isolated infested leaves when you first detect them.
 Hose adults off plants with a strong stream of water.
 Hang store bought, sticky-coated yellow traps or make your own. Use one trap fo
r every medium-size vegetable plant.
 Promptly destroy infested annuals when the flowering or fruiting ends.

Use reflective mulch to protect young plants.

 Use shiny metallic-coated construction paper or reflective plastic mulch products.

These mulches repel whiteflies while plants are small.
 Lay the product on bare soil, bury its edges with soil, and insert seedlings or seed
s into holes in the mulch.
 Plastic mulches require drip irrigation underneath them; paper mulches may be s
prinkle or furrow irrigated.
 Remove mulches when plants get large and temperatures get hot.

Protect other insects that help reduce whitefly numbers.

 Many beneficial or “natural enemies” such as lacewings and lady beetles help co
ntrol whiteflies.
 Look for signs of parasitization by mini-wasps, such as circular holes in nymphs
or a change in color.
 Prevent dusty conditions since dust disrupts beneficials.
 Keep ants, which protect whiteflies from natural enemies, out of plants.
 Avoid using pesticides such as pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbaryl, or neoni
cotinoids.

Ants

Regularly inspecting your home for ants or ant entry points is an important part of an IPM pr
ogram. Monitor for ants near attractive food sources or moist areas. Ants may invade kitchens,
bathrooms, offices, or bedrooms. Inspect under sinks, in cupboards, and along pipes and elec
trical wires. Look for large trails of ants or for just a few stragglers. Straggling ants are scouts
randomly searching for food or nesting sites. When you spot ant trails, try to follow the ants t
o where they are entering the building and to the nest if possible. Look indoors and outdoors f
or holes or cracks in foundations or walls that provide entry points to buildings.

Aphids
Mechanical Control

A good effective method for eliminating aphids is to simply rinse them off the leaves of affec
ted plants. A water hose and nozzle with adequate pressure is enough to knock the aphids fro
m the foliage, but not to damage the plant.

Biological control
Aphids have several natural enemies that can be attracted or released to help keep populations
in check. The most common one that gardeners are familiar with are lady beetles. Lady beetle
s and their larvae feed on many different types of aphids, and their presence in the garden sho
uld be encouraged by reducing the overall use of broad-spectrum insecticides.
Cultural control
There are some basic things home gardeners can do to prevent major outbreaks of aphids. Hig
h levels of nitrogen promote succulent, nutritious new growth, which is preferred by aphids a
nd can help boost aphid reproduction. Over fertilizing a plant can enhance aphid population g
rowth and make the problem worse. Using smaller amounts of fertilizer throughout the growi
ng season can help to reduce potential aphid outbreaks.

Mealybugs
Cultural practices

Regularly inspect mealybug-prone plant species in your landscape or indoor plantings for me
alybugs. If you find an infestation, physically remove the insects by handpicking or prune the
m out. Toss out older “grandmother” plants that may be a source of infestation for new plants.
Check pots, stakes, and other materials for mealybugs and their egg sacs and dispose of any i
nfested items. If mealybugs are somewhat exposed, it may be possible to reduce populations
on sturdy plants with a high-pressure or forcible spray of water. Repeat applications at severa
l-day intervals may be necessary. Avoid unnecessary applications of nitrogen fertilizer on pla
nts with mealybugs. High rates of nitrogen coupled with regular irrigation may stimulate tend
er new plant growth as well as mealybug egg production

Biological Control

Many natural enemies feed on and kill mealybugs on fruit trees and woody ornamental plants
in the landscape. These beneficial insects generally can be relied upon to keep numbers at tol
erable levels. Natural enemies include a number of species of parasitic wasps that lay their eg
gs in or on developing mealybugs. Common parasites (or "parasitoids") include species in the
genera Coccophagus, Leptomastix, Allotropa, Pseudaphycus, and Acerophagus.

Citrus leaf miner

Cultural Control

Citrus leaf miner moths are attracted to new flush of citrus trees. Avoid pruning live branches
more than once a year, so that the cycles of flushing are uniform and short. Once the leaves h
arden, the pest will not be able to mine the leaves. Do not prune off leaves damaged by citrus
leaf miner because undamaged areas of the leaves continue to produce food for the tree. Do n
ot apply nitrogen fertilizer at times of the year when leaf miner numbers are high and flush gr
owth will be severely damaged.

Vigorous shoots known as water sprouts often develop on branches and above the graft union
on the trunk of mature trees. These shoots grow rapidly and produce new leaves for a prolong
ed period of time. Where citrus leaf miner is a problem, remove water sprouts that might act a
s a site for the moths to lay eggs (ovipositional). Always remove suckers, the vigorous shoots
that grow from the trunk below the graft union, because they originate from the rootstock and
do not produce desirable fruit.

Leaf-footed plant bug

Biological Control

Egg parasites, Gryon spp., often keep populations of leaffooted bug below economically dam
aging levels. However, as egg parasites, they have no ability to control the overwintering adul
t leaffooted bugs that migrate into orchards in spring.

Monitoring and Treatment Decisions

Walk the orchard during the months of March and April to look for dropped nutlets (particula
rly on susceptible varieties), nuts with gummosis, and leaffooted bugs. Finding adult bugs is t
he best indication that a problem may arise, but the cryptic nature of these pests and their beh
avior of staying in the tops of trees make this difficult to do. A more practical approach is to l
ook for nuts with gummosis or egg masses on the sides of nuts. If gummosis exists, cut a cros
s-section across the damaged site to look for a puncture mark from the bug's mouthparts to co
nfirm that the gummosis is not due to physiological reasons. The easiest monitoring method i
s to look for aborted nuts on the ground. However, basing treatments on gummosis and nut dr
op also means that there can be a 7- to 10-day lag time between when feeding takes place and
when gummosis and nut drop occur, so the dispersing insects may have already moved.
Scales

To reduce problems, use an integrated program.

 Provide plants with proper cultural care, especially irrigation.
 Monitor plants to look for scale predators such as lady beetles or lacewings and parasite e
mergence holes in scale covers.
 Use sticky barriers or insecticide baits to selectively control scale-tending ants.
 Consider replacing problem-prone plants. Most scales are highly specific to certain plant
s.
 Insecticides are not necessary unless damage from scales is intolerable.
 Avoid insecticides that injure natural enemies.
 For fruit trees and smaller plants, make a well-timed and thorough spray using horticultur
al oil during the dormant season or when scale crawlers are active in the growing season.
 For intolerable soft scale problems, especially on large trees, consider soil-applied imidac
loprid. This material is not effective against some scales, including armored scales, and
may cause outbreaks of cottony cushion scale. Always read the label.
REFERENCE

Scales--UC IPM (ucanr.edu)

https://plantix.net/en/library/plant-diseases/600235/citrus-butterfly

https://hdoa.hawaii.gov/pi/files/2013/01/npa99-03_citrusbf.pdf

https://plantix.net/en/library/plant-diseases/600235/citrus-butterfly

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2016087971A1/en
 REPORT

The Diploma in Agriculture class visited the National Plant Protection Organization on Marc
h 8, 2023, under the direction of Mr. London, and we received extensive information about th
e South American Palm Weevil.

The South American Palm Weevil has been causing problems throughout seeral nations, as it
s name suggests. 
It carries the red nematodes, which is why it draws such disdain. Nematodes are commonly o
btained by weevils in one of two methods.

When a non- infected larva feeds on an infected plant. Insects like to place their offspring nea
r food so this is why larva would be infected in this case. When an infected weevil reproduces
and passes the nematodes to its offspring.

When feeding on plans the infected larva secrets nematodes, hence increasing the population
of the micro- organism. The larva that didn’t have the nematode can pick it up and remain in i
ts stomach while it’s an adult.
Over the years NPPO has invested a lot of money in controlling the pest. In this year they hav
e invested approximately 35mil just for the equipment to trap etc this year
Trapping is the most common environmentally friendly was to control the insect. NPPO goes
on every farm and one trap functions for 5 acres of land. The method they use is convenience
and strategy to put up the trap so there is no standard method.
Set up of trap.
To create the trap, they use:
1. 5-gallon bucket along with its cover
2. Soap powder
3. Water
4. Pheromone (Lure)
5. Food
6. Sand

1. To allow the bug to enter, a 2 inch wide air opening must be carved into the bucket around 
the bucket.
2. Sand is added to the bucket so that climbing inside will be simple.
3. Fill the bucket with water, making sure that the water is at least 4 inches away from the bu
g entry.
4. Mix the water and the soap powder solution thoroughly, about 1 cup at a time.
5. Firmly fasten the pheromone to the lid.
6. Put the food in the bucket and make sure it is completely submerged.
7. For quick identification, write a number on the bucket's lid. 
Labels normally include the following information: the region number, village, or area numbe
r.
8.Watch for the bug to approach the trap and fall into the solution.
9. After that, hang away from the palm trees. 
The weevil will enter the trap as well as land on the trees if it is set up close to trees.

Analysis
Depending on what is suitable for you, the trap can be left after setup for a few weeks to mon
ths. 
Put on gloves and pour the contents of the buckets through a sieve into a plastic container fill
ed with bleach. 
They think that moving the liquid from the bucket to the jug will kill the nematodes because t
he liquid from the bucket includes nematodes.
After being tallied, the weevils are put into a reusable sample container and taken to the lab to 
be examined for nematodes.
Acquire nematodes using any of two methods.

Process of nematode identification

Materials
1. Volumetric flask
2. Beaker
3. Petri dish
4. Water
5. Blade
6. Forceps
7. Funnel
8. Filter paper

Process
1. Place sample in a petri dish
2. Dissect the sample with the blade and gradually pour water as the sample is being diss
ected to get the weevil’s tissue.
3. Set up the volumetric flask with filter paper and pour the liquid through the filter pap
er and left for a while.
4. The body of the weevil is then placed into a bowl of bleach solution.
After the liquid is filtered, some are placed on a slide and viewed under a microscope.