DC MACHINES

Fall 2023
Dr. Atif Iqbal
Note: Some parts of the Lecture are adopted from Prof. Adel Gastli

1 ELEC 312 11/5/23

CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

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Introduction
Ø Most of the electrical machine in service are AC type.
Ø However, DC machines are of considerable industrial
importance.
Ø DC machines are mainly used as DC motors and the DC
generators are nowadays rarely used.
Ø DC motors provide a fine control of the speed which
cannot be attained by AC motors.
Ø DC motors can develop rated torque at all speeds from
standstill to rated speed.
Ø Developed torque at standstill is many times greater
than the torque developed by an AC motor of equal
power and speed rating.

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Introduction
Ø Application of DC Machines:
Ø Large DC motors are used in machine tools,
printing presses, fans, pumps, cranes, paper
mill, traction, textile mills and so forth.
Ø Small DC machines (fractional horsepower
rating) are used primarily as control device-
such as tachogenerators for speed sensing
and servomotors for positioning and
tracking.

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Introduction
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• High starting torque • Needs regular
• Rapid acceleration and maintenance (Brushes +
deceleration. Commutator).
• Speed can be easily • Cannot be used in
controlled over wide speed explosive area.
range. • High cost (because of
• Used in tough jobs (traction their complex armature
motors, electric trains, construction).
electric cars,….). • Larger in size for the
• Built in wide range of sizes. same output

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Introduction
Electric Machine

Mechanical Electrical Electrical Motor Mechanical

Generator
Input Output Input Output

Electromechanical Energy Conversion

i
+ Ideal w T Mechanical system
Electrical system v Electric Machine
_
Motor Power Relation
Energy Flow
Generator v i=T w
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CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

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Construction
} Machine has two major parts: Stator and Rotor
} Rotor: The rotating part of the machine. Rotor is usually
made of laminated magnetic steel.
} Stator: The stationary part of the machine. Stator is
made of cast magnetic steel.
} Only the pole shoes are made of laminated magnetic Rotor
steel.

Stator
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} Armature winding:
In generating mode is the winding when move w.r.t. the
magnetic field, a voltage is induced across it.
In motoring mode is the winding that carries current and
in the presence of a magnetic field a force is exerted on it.
} Field Winding: is the winding responsible to produce
magnetic field when current passing through it.

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Parts of a DC Machine

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4-Pole DC machine

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 DC Machines
Ø Field Winding (Concentrated type) –on stator
Ø Armature Winding (Distributed type) – on rotor
Ø A dc current is passed through the field winding to produce
flux in the machine.
Ø Voltage induced in the armature winding is AC.
Ø A mechanical commutator and a brush assembly function as
a rectifier, making the armature terminal voltage
unidirectional.

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 Commutator
} Commutator is a mechanical rectifier, which converts
the alternating voltage generated in the armature
winding into direct voltage across the brush. It is
made of copper segments insulated from each other
by mica and mounted on the shaft of the machine.
The armature windings are connected to the
commutator segments.
Commutator

Bearing

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Construction: Brush
} The purpose of the brush is to ensure electrical
connections between the rotating commutator and
stationary external load circuit. It is made of carbon
and rest on the commutator.

Commutator and Brushes

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DC Machine

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Armature Winding
} Turn: consists of two conductors connected by an
end-turn.
} Coil: consists of a number of turns connected in series.
} Winding: consists of several coils connected in series (or
parallel)

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Construction: Armature Winding
Bottom Top
coil sides coil sides

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Construction: Armature Winding
a b c d e
Lap Winding a b c d e

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

N S N S

f g h f g h

19 20 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
- + - +

+ + Ia +
- + +
+
- - -
Icoil
A= P
// paths poles
+ -
18 - ELEC
- 312 11/5/23
 Construction: Armature Winding
Wave Winding
a b c d e a b c d e

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

N S N S

i j k f g h
h
g
f
i j k
17 18 19 20 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
- + - +

+ Ia +
+ + - +
+

Icoil A=2
- - Nb. of // paths
19
- -
ELEC 312 11/5/23
-
 Armature winding-Summary
There are 2 types of winding
Lap and Wave winding
Lap winding Wave winding
Ø A=P Ø A=2
Ø The armature Ø Itis used in low
windings are current output
divided into no. of sections and high voltage.
equal to the no. of poles
Ø Used in High Current Low
Voltage machines

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CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

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DC Motor Principle
} Based on the principle theory of electromechanical
systems, if a current-carrying conductor is placed in a
magnetic field, a force is exerted on the conductor.
} The force, F, is directly proportional to the current I and
magnetic field density B and the length of the
conductor l
} According to the Lorentz law, the force can be expressed
as follow,

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DC Generator
} Another fundamental theory of electromechanical
systems says, if a conductor moves with speed v inside
a magnetic field with density B, a voltage E will be
induced across the conductor which is expressed as,

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DC Motor Principle of Operation
Field Current
Current-carrying
wire in magnetic direction
field is subject
to force F F S
(Lorentz Force)
B

N I
Force
F=IBL Left Hand Rule or Motor
Rule
The generated force F:
F = BIL, Newtons(N)
B = magnetic flux density, T
L = conductor length in the field, m
I: current in the conductor, A
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DC Motor Principle of Operation
Production of Unidirectional Torque
w w

F F
N a S N S
+ +b
1 2 b F 1 2 a
F
I I
1 2 1 2
Position of conductor a under N-pole Position of conductor a under S-pole
B
I

With this configuration the torque is

F unidirectional and independent of
Left-hand rule conductor position
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Simple AC Generator

26
Commutator Action-DC Machine

27
Higher Commutator Segment Number

28
 DC Motor Principle of Operation
S S
B
I
I B

N I N
I
Field I Current
direction

F Sparks
I
B Force
I
N
I F
Commutator I
Brushes

29
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xC2-kQENRXM ELEC 312 11/5/23
 Multi-Pole Machines

If P is the number of poles, then P/2 cycles of variation of the flux are
encountered every complete mechanical rotation.
o
360 md
One pole pitch = 180o ed = q
P
B(q) N
Pole pitch

N N q qed S S
P p
q ed = q md S 2p 3p S 4p

2 qmd N
p 2p
4-pole machine

qed : electrical degrees or angular measure in cycles

qmd : mechanical degrees or angular measure in space
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 Principle of Operation: Back EMF
As the armature Flux / Re v. = PF = PFN
rotates in the magnetic Emf conductor =
field produced by the time / Re v. ( 60 / N ) 60
stator poles, voltage is
induced in the Emf conductor ´ Number of conductors
armature, called back
EmfTotal =
Number of parallel paths
emf.

æ PFN ö æ Z ö PFZN
EmfTotal = ç ÷´ç ÷ =
where è 60 ø è A ø 60 A
P = number of poles
F = flux per pole (Weber)
N = speed of the motor in the revolutions per minute (rpm)
Time of one revolution = 60/Nm (sec)
Z = total number of armature conductors
A = number of parallel paths, 2 for wave winding and P for lap winding.
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Principle of Operation: Back EMF
1rev=2p

2pN m wm 60
Let wm = (rad/sec) ÞN=
60 2p
1min=60sec

wm= speed of the motor in radians per second

PFZ wm 60 PZ
EmfTotal = ´ = F wm
60 A 2p 2p A

EmfTotal = K a Fwm Ka: armature constant K a =

PZ
2p A

Total Back emf

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Developed (or Electromagnetic) Torque
Consider the turn shown in the following Figure.
2prl
Area per pole A »
p
A
F pF
Flux density B= =
A 2prl
Ic
Ia
Current / conductor is I c =
a
Ia
The force on a conductor is f c = B l
a
F pI
The torque developed by a conductor Tc = f c r = B l I a r = a

is a 2p a

ZpFI a E I
The total torque developed is Te = = K a FI a = a a
2pa wm
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Example 1: A lap wound armature is used in a 6-pole dc machine and 72
coils on the armature each containing 12 turns. The flux per pole in the
machine is 0.039 Wb and the machine rotates at 400 rpm; (a) How many
current paths are there in the machine, (b) What is its induced voltage (c)
Find the emf per conductor

Solution (a):
A=P=6

(b) Number of conductors Z = 2x No. of Coils x No. of

Turns per coil
= 2 x 72 x 12 = 1728
conductors

nPfZ 400 x6 x0.039 x1728

Ec = = = 449.28V
60 A 60 x6
Conductor per parallel path= 1728/6 = 288
Emf per conductor = 449.28/288 = 1.56 V
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Example 2: A 12 pole dc generator has a wave wound armature containing 144 coils of
10 turns each. The resistance of each turn is 0.011 ohm. Its flux per pole is 0.05 Wb.,
and it is running at a speed of 200 rpm.
(a) How many current paths are there in the machine?
(b) What is the induced emf?
(c) What is the effective armature resistance of this machine?
(d) If a 1 kohm resistor is connected to the terminals of this generator, what is the
resulting induced torque?

Answers: (a) 2, (b) 2880 (c) Ra = 3.96 Ohm (d) 396 Nm

nFPZ 200 * 0.05 *12 * 2880

(b) E = = = 2880V
60a 60 * 2
(c) There are two parallel paths; each one consisting of Z/2 = 1440 conductors
or 1440/2 = 720 turn. Therefore, the resistance per parallel path = 720 * 0.011
= 7.92 ohms and hence the effective resistance is parallel equivalent = 7.92/2
= 3.96 ohm 2880
(d ) I a = = 2.8686 A
1000 + 3.96
E * I a 2880 * 2.8686
T= = = 396 Nm
35 w 2 * p * 200 / 60 ELEC 312 11/5/23
 EXAMPLE 3
A four-pole dc machine has an armature of radius 12.5 cm and an
effective length of 25 cm. The poles cover 75% of the armature
periphery. The armature winding consists of 33 coils, each coil having
seven turns. The coils are accommodated in 33 slots. The average flux
density under each pole is 0.75T.
1) If the armature is lap-wound,
a) Determine the armature constant Ka.
b) Determine the induced armature voltage when the armature
rotates at 1000 rpm.
c) Determine the current in the coil and the electromagnetic
torque developed when the armature current is 400 A.
d) Determine the power developed by the armature.
2) If the armature is wave-wound, repeat parts (a) to (d) above. The
current rating of the coils remains the same as in the lap-wound
armature.

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 Solution
1. Lap-wound dc machine a a=p=4
Z = 2 ´ (Number of Coils )´ (Number of turns/coil )
= 2 ´ 33 ´ 7
= 462

Zp 462 ´ 4
(a) Ka = = = 73.53
2pa 2p ´ 4
(b) Pole area:
2prl 2p ´ 0.125 ´ 0.25 ´ 0.75
Ap = ´ 75% = = 36.8 ´10 -3 m 2
p 4
F = BAp = 0.75 ´ 36.8 ´10 -3 = 0.0276 Wb
1000 ´ 2p
Ea = K a Fwm = 73.53 ´ 0.0276 ´ = 212.5V
60
37 ELEC 312 11/5/23
 I a 400
(c) I coil = = = 100 A
a 4
T = K a FI a = 73.53 ´ 0.0276 ´ 400 = 811.8 Nm

(d) Pa = Ea I a = 212.5 ´ 400 = 85.0 kW

or
1000
Pa = Twm = 811.8 ´ ´ 2p = 85.0 kW
60
2. Wave-wound dc machine a p=4, a=2, Z=462
Zp 462 ´ 4
(a) Ka = = = 147.06
2pa 2p ´ 2
1000 ´ 2p
wm = = 104.67 rad/sec
60
38 ELEC 312 11/5/23
 (b) Ea = K a Fwm = 147.06 ´ 0.0276 ´104.67 = 425V

(c) Coil current is the same: I coil = 100 A

I a = aI coil = 2 ´100 = 200 A
T = K a FI a = 147.06 ´ 0.0276 ´ 200 = 811.8 Nm

(d) Pa = Ea I a = 425 ´ 200 = 85.0 kW

Notice that for the same coil current, both the lap- and
wave-wound machines produce the same torque and power

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CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

40 ELEC 312 11/5/23

Classification of DC Machines

Separately
excited Shunt Long Short
Shunt Shunt

DC Machine Self-excited
Series
Cumulative Differential

Permanent
magnet Compound

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Separately Excited DC Generator

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DC Shunt Generator

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Equivelent Circuit

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Short Shunt compound Generator

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Short Shunt Equivalent circuit

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Long Shunt Compound Generator

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Equivalent Circuit Long Shunt

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 Classification of DC Machines
Field Armature Field Field
Armature Armature

Separately excited Shunt Series

A1 A1
ff fs ff fs
S1 S2 F2 S1 S2
F1 F2 F1

A2 A2

Long-shunt
Short-shunt
Shunt across Motor operation Shunt across supply
armature Generator operation
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Power Flow in DC Generator

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Separately Excited DC Generator

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DC Series Generator Example

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DC Shunt Generator Example

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Feild Windings
} Shunt Winding-Connected in parallel with the armature.
} Shunt winding has large number of turns (high voltage
winding, because it is connected in parallel with the
armature)
} The current through the shunt windings is about 5% of
the rated armature current. (thin wires)
} Series Windings-Connected in series with the armature.
} Series windings has small number of turns (carries high
current, thick wires)

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Short Shunt
Ø In short shunt connection the shunt field is connected
directly across the armature terminals.
Ø In this instance the load current flows through the series
field winding so that the load current and series field
current are one and same.

70 ELEC 312 11/5/23

Long Shunt
Ø In long shunt connection the voltage across the shunt
field is the same as the terminal voltage of the generator
and current in the armature will be the current in the
series field.
Ø The armature current equals the shunt field current plus
the load current.

71 ELEC 312 11/5/23

 Brushed are placed
on the magnetic
Armature Reaction Neutral Axis

No Load condition, only field

is excited

Net Armature
Arm. Flux and Main Flux Flux
Oppose each other

Load condition, Armature

current produces its own field

Arm. Flux and Main Flux aid

72 each other ELEC 312 11/5/23
Hence overall impact is the reduction
in the field , called demagnetizing
effect
q-axis, Net
Armature Flux/Field
field

D-axis,
Main field
Shift in the magnetic Neutral Axis,
Called Cross Magnetizing Effect
Reduction in Flux is more than the
increase (due to saturation)

73 ELEC 312 11/5/23

 High Reluctance

Note that in the interpolar region (i.e.,

near the q-axis), this curve shows a dip.
This is due to the large magnetic
reluctance in this region.

• Near one tip of a pole, the net flux density

shows saturation effects (dashed portion).

• The zero flux density region moves from the

q-axis when armature current flows.
• If saturation occurs, the flux per pole
decreases. This demagnetizing effect of
armature current increases as the armature
current increases.

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 • The net effect of armature reaction can
therefore be considered as a reduction in the
field current.

• The difference between the actual field current

and effective field current can be considered as
armature reaction in equivalent field current. Hence,

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Compensating Winding

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Magnetization (or Saturation) Curve
q-axis The mmf ’s produced by the field circuit
d-axis and the armature circuit are in quadrature.

Field
Armature

q-axis
d-axis

Armature mmf
Field mmf

fa Armature mmf F Saturation

Field mmf Linear

ff Flux-mmf relation in
a dc machine

Fp
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Magnetization (or Saturation)
Ea
Curve
Magnetization curve
F
Speed wm
Saturation
Ea = K a F w m
Linear
0.5 wm
Flux-mmf relation in
a dc machine

If Nf If

The magnetizing curve is obtained experimentally by

rotating the dc machine at a given speed and measuring the
open-circuit armature terminal voltage as the current in the
field winding is changed.

Magnetization Represents the saturation level in the

Curve magnetic system of the dc machine for
various values of excitation mmf .
78 ELEC 312 11/5/23
79 ELEC 312 11/5/23
(i)
If (eff) = If (act) –IAR
Fig. 2.24
= 1-0.06 = 0.94 A
Corresponding Ea = 98 V from Curve
Vt = Ea – Ia Ra = 98 – 120 X 0.1 = 86 V

(ii) Vt = 100 V, Ea = ?, If = ?
Ea = 100 + 120 X 0.1 = 112 V
From Fig. If (eff) = 1.4 A
If (actual) = If (eff) + Iar = 1.4 + 0.06 = 1.46 A

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Self Excited Shunt Generator-Voltage
Buildup

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 Commutation and Interpoles
The purpose of commutators and brushes in a dc machine is to reverse the current in a
conductor when it goes from one pole to the next.

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} Commutation is the reversal of current when coil moves
from one to the other pole.

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84 ELEC 312 11/5/23
85 ELEC 312 11/5/23
} Note that the brushes are stationary and the coils
and commutator slabs (which are located on the
rotor) are rotating.
} When the ‘coil under commutation‘ is short-circuited
by the brush, the induced voltage in the coil should be
zero (or at least minimum).
} To minimize the induced voltage in the ‘coil under
commutation’ while short-circuited, the sides of the coil
need to be located at the neutral axis (between the
stator poles where the magnetic flux is very low).

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 Ideal Commutation Ideal Commutation

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Current commutation in a dc machine is not linear, for two reasons.
Coil inductance. The coil undergoing commutation has inductance, which will
delay current change.

Reactance voltage. The coil undergoing commutation is in the interpolar region. The
armature winding mmf acts along the q-axis and therefore produces flux in the
interpolar region. Consequently, when the coil moves in this region, a voltage,
called a reactance voltage, is induced in the coil. This reactance voltage delays current
change in the coil.

When the coil is about to leave the brushes, the current reversal is not complete.
Therefore, the current has to jump to its full value almost instantaneously, and this
will cause sparking.

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To improve commutation, a small pole, called an interpole or commutation pole, is
created. Its winding carries the armature current in such a direction that its flux
opposes the q-axis flux produced by armature current flowing in the armature
winding. As a result, the net flux in the interpolar region is almost zero.

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Recall that the compensating winding on the pole face also provides flux in the q-axis.
However, it cannot completely remove fluxes from the interpolar region. Similarly, interpoles
cannot completely overcome the demagnetizing effects of armature reaction on the main
poles. Consequently, both pole face compensating windings and interpoles are essential for
improved performance of a dc machine. In almost all modern dc machines of large size, both
interpoles and compensating windings are used.

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CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

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Speed-Torque Characteristics
Separately excited & Shunt
motors
(f is independent of the load torque )
Ia

Vt = Ea + I a Ra Vt - I a Ra
wm =
Ea = K a F w m KaF

T = KaF I a
wm
Vt
KaF
Ra
Vt Ra Slope
Therefore , wm = - T ( K a F) 2
K a F ( K a F) 2

T
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Torque-Speed Characteristics
Series motors
Ea = K af wm

Neglecting saturation f = K1 I f = K1 I a
E a = K a K 1 I aw m = K s I aw m
Ea = Vt - I a ( Ra + Rs )
Vt Ra + Rs
wm = -
Ks Ia Ks
But T = K af I a = K a K1 I a2 = K s I a2

Vt 1 Ra + Rs
wm = -
Ks T Ks

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Torque-Speed Characteristics
Compound motors
Cumulative Compound

ATt = ATshunt ± ATseries

Differential Compound

ft = f shunt ± f series
Shunt motor

Vt Ra
wm = - T
K aft ( K aft ) 2

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Example 7: A 10hp, 115V Dc series motor takes 40A at its full load speed of
1800rpm. What is the torque at 30A?

Solution

2pN 2p (1800 ) T = K afI a = K a K1 I f I a

w= = = 188rad / s
60 60 I f = Ia
æ 746W ö
P = (10 hp )çç ÷÷ = 7.46 kW T = Ks Ia2
è hp ø
T 39.6
Ks = = = 0.025
P = Tw Ia 2
(40)
2

P 7.46kW
T= = = 39.6 N × m Tnew = K s I anew 2 = (0.025)(30)2 = 22.2 N × m
w 188rad / s

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Example 8-A 220V DC shunt motor draws 10A at 1800 rpm. The armature resistance
is 0.2W and field winding resistance is 440W.
(a) What is the torque?
Solution
VT 220V
IF = = = 0.5 A
RF 440W 2pn 2p (1800)
w= = = 188rad / s
60 60
I A = I L - I F = 10A - 0.5 A = 9.5 A P 2.07 kW
T= = = 11.0 N × m
w 188rad / s
E = VT - I A RA = 220V - (9.5 A)(0.2W) = 218V

P = EI A = (218V )(9.5 A) = 2.07kW

(b) What will be the speed and line current at a torque of 20 N-m (if field current is constant)?

Solution E = K Afw I L = I A + I F = 17.3A + 0.5 A = 17.8 A

E
K Af = =
218V
= 1.16 E = VT - I A RA = 220V - (17.3)(0.2W) = 217V
w 188rad / s
E 217V
T = K AfI A w= = = 187rad / s
K Af 1.16
T 20 N × m 60w
IA = = = 17.3 A N= = 1 .79 ´ 10 3
rpm
96 K Af 1.16 2pELEC 312 11/5/23
Speed Control of DC motors
} Looking at the speed relationship:
Vt Ra
wm = - T
K a F ( K a F) 2

} The speed can be varied by;

} Varying the terminal voltage (Vt)-Armature Voltage Control
} Varying the flux-Field Control
} By varying the armature resistance-Armature resistance control (Ra)
} Note: Base speed: Speed at rated voltage
} 0 to base speed (Voltage or ra control)-
} [constant Torque region]
} Above base speed field control [Constant
} Power region]

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Armature Voltage Control
} Ra and If is kept constant (at rated value), armature
terminal voltage Vt is varied to change the speed
w m = K1Vt - K 2T
1 Ra
K1 = ; K2 =
KaF (K a F )2

} The no-load speed changes

} Speed can be controlled from
0 to base speed smoothly
} Requires variable dc source (expensive)

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Field Control
} In this method Ra and the Vt remains fixed and the speed
is controlled by varying If of the field circuit.
} This is achieved by using a field rheostat.
} If linear relation is assumed, flux is proportional to If.
} If the field circuit breaks while machine V Ra
wm = t - T
Is running then speed will be dangerously K a F ( K a F) 2

high Vt Ra
= - T
KfIf (K f I f )2
For No load T » 0
Vt
wm »
KfIf

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 FIGURE 4.53 Field control.

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Armature Resistance Control

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Armature Resistance Control
} No load speed doe not change.

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EXAMPLE 9
A variable-speed drive system uses a dc motor that is supplied from
a variable-voltage source.
The torque and power profiles are shown in Fig. 4.53d (next slide).
The drive speed is varied from 0 to 1500 rpm (base speed) by
varying the terminal voltage from 0 to 500V with the field current
maintained constant.
a) Determine the motor armature current if the torque is held
constant at 300 N m up to the base speed.
b) The speed beyond the base speed is obtained by field weakening
while the armature voltage is held constant at 500 V. Determine
the torque available at a speed of 3000 rpm if the armature
current is held constant at the value obtained in part (a). Neglect
all losses.

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 Considering very small
armature resistance

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CHAPTER CONTENT
1 • Introduction
2 • Construction
3 • Principle of Operation
4 • Classification
5 • Magnetization Curve
6 • Equations
7 • Power Flow & Efficiency
8 • Torque-Speed Characteristics
9 • Starting

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 Starting of DC Machine
If a d.c. motor is directly connected to a
d.c. power supply, the starting current will
be dangerously high.
Vt - Ea at starting w = 0 ® Ea = 0
Ia =
Ra
Vt
\ Ia Starting =
Ra
Since Ra is small, the starting
current is very large.
The starting current can be
limited by the following methods:
1. Use a variable-voltage supply.
2. Insert an external resistance
at start, as shown in the
Figure.
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Manual Starter of Shunt Motor
Starting
3 resistor
2 4
1
Off 5
Holding
coil

L+ A F L-
starter

A1 F1

DC
Motor

A2 F2
Manual Starter for shunt motor
Source: Dr. Lazhar BEN-BRAHIM
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108 ELEC 312 11/5/23
 EXAMPLE 11

A 25hp 240V, 860rpm dc motor, has an armature

resistance of 0.8W and an efficiency of 89%.
Determine:
1. The starting current.
2. To reduce the starting current to 150% of
rated current a starter (a resistor) is added
to the armature what is the value of this
resistor.

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 Solution

1) The starting current is calculate as follows:

VL 240
I astarting = = = 300A
ra 0.8
2) To limit the starting current to 150% the rated current
we need to insert an additional resistance which is
determined as follows:

Pinrated Poutrated 25 ´ 746

I arated = = = = 87.3 A
VL ηVL 0.89 ´ 240
I astarting = 1.5 ´ I arated = 1.5 ´ 87.3 = 130.95 A

VL 240
Rstarter = - RA = - 0.8 = 1.03Ω
1.5 I arated 1.5 ´ 87.3
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 EXAMPLE 10
A 10 kW, 100 V, 1000 rpm dc machine has Ra =0.1 Ω
and is connected to a 100 V dc supply.
a) Determine the starting current if no starting
resistance is used in the armature circuit.
b) Determine the value of the starting resistance if
the starting current is limited to twice the rated
current.
c) This dc machine is to be run as a motor, using a
starter box. Determine the values of resistances
required in the starter box such that the
armature current Ia is constrained within 100 to
200% of its rated value (i.e., 1 to 2 pu) during
start-up.
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 (c) An arrangement of the
resistances in the starter box is
shown in Fig. E4.10a, where Rae1,
Rae2,... represent total resistances
of the box for positions 1, 2,...,
respectively. The handle will be
moved to a new position when Ia
decreases to 100 A (rated
armature current). The variation
of current Ia and speed n with
time is shown in Fig. E4.10b. Rae1.
From part (b) the total resistance
in starter box is:
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114 ELEC 312 11/5/23
 The negative value of Rae4 indicates that it is not required—
that is, Rae4 =0. At T =t+4 (i.e., after the handle is moved to
position 4), the armature current without any resistance in
the box will not exceed 200 A. In fact, the value of Ia when
the handle is moved to position 4 at t=t4 is:

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116 ELEC 312 11/5/23
END of DC Machine

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