西南交通大学学报

第 55 卷 第 6 期 Vol. 55 No. 6
JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY Dec. 2020
2020 年 12 月

ISSN: 0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/issn.0258-2724.55.6.30

Research article

Economics

NATIONAL RESPONSES AND ECONOMIC STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS

COVID-19 IN SAUDI ARABIA

沙特阿拉伯应对 19 号冠状病毒病的国家回应和经济策略

Mohammad Nurunnabi a, *, Hisham Mohammed Alhawal b, Reema Yousef Abdulla Al Bassam a

a
Prince Sultan University
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, mnurunnabi@psu.edu.sa; 216410116@psu.edu.sa
b
Independent Researcher
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, hhawal@monshaat.gov.sa

Received: November 30, 2020 ▪ Review: December 10, 2020 ▪ Accepted: December 20, 2020

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

Abstract
This study aims to explore national responses and strategies to address the challenges to Saudi Arabia
during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study utilized various government documents, newspapers and
local and international reports. This research finds that the Saudi government of thoroughly evaluated the
circumstances and has announced a set of urgent moves amounting to 142 initiatives targeting
individuals, private sector enterprises and investors, with a value exceeding SR 214 billion. The
government has made significant efforts to keep employment and markets stable. This is one of the very
first studies of the Saudi government’s response to the impact of COVID-19 on the private sector and the
overall economy. The Kingdom seeks to support the private sector in order to achieve the goals that Saudi
Arabia seeks in its economic transformation and in line with its Vision 2030.

Keywords: Coronavirus, Economic Growth, Private Sectors, Saudi Arabia

摘要 这项研究旨在探讨在新冠肺炎大流行期间应对沙特阿拉伯挑战的国家对策和战略。该研究利
用了各种政府文件，报纸以及本地和国际报告。这项研究发现，沙特政府已对情况进行了全面评
估，并宣布了一系列紧急行动，涉及针对个人，私营企业和投资者的 142 项举措，总值超过 2140
亿里亚尔。政府为保持就业和市场稳定做出了巨大努力。这是沙特政府应对新冠肺炎对私营部门
和整体经济的影响的最早研究之一。沙特王国寻求支持私营部门，以实现沙特阿拉伯在其经济转
型和 2030 年愿景中寻求的目标。

关键词: 冠状病毒，经济增长，私营部门，沙特阿拉伯
 2 Nurunnabi et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol.55 No.6 Dec. 2020

I. INTRODUCTION the authorities announced strict company

The COVID-19 epidemic in early 2020 not guidelines, including temporary housing
only resulted in the global health crisis, but also accommodation for expatriate workers to help
wreaked havoc with the global economy on a control the spread of the virus, and on April 22 a
scale not seen since at least the Great Depression repatriation program called “Auda” (or return)
[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]. Globally, as of was launched online to facilitate the return of
December 5, 2020, there had been 65,257,767 expatriates. On May 12, the government
confirmed cases of COVID-19, including announced the building of two makeshift
1,513,179 deaths in 220 countries, reported to the hospitals in Makkah to accommodate any
WHO [20]. It is important to understand these potential surge in COVID-19 cases. High
impacts and analyse their significance for Saudi frequency indicators such as the PMI show a
Arabia, along with the response by the sharp slowing of activity in March-April and
government plays. This study focused upon Saudi some recovery thereafter [23].
Arabia because Saudi Arabia is part of the G20
countries [21]. According to the Organization of
the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) [22],
Saudi Arabia possesses around 17 per cent of the
world’s proven petroleum reserves. The oil and
gas sector accounts for about 50 per cent of gross
domestic product, and about 70 per cent of export
earnings.
The study is organized into five sections. The
next section explains the background of COVID-
19 in Saudi Arabia. The third section contains the
methodology and the fourth section explores the
government responses to COVID-19. The final
section contains conclusions and policy Figure 1. Daily confirmed new COVID-19 cases (Authors’
implications. compilation of data)

II. BACKGROUND OF COVID-19 IN

SAUDI ARABIA
Saudi Arabia has been hit by two shocks—the
spread of COVID-19 and the sharp decline in oil
prices. In Saudi Arabia, between Mar 2 and
December 5, 2020 (as of 3:02 pm CEST), there
have been 358,336 confirmed cases of COVID-
19, with 5,940 deaths. The first confirmed cases
in Saudi Arabia were on March 2, 2020 [9].
Figure 1 shows the daily confirmed new COVID-
19 cases. Figure 2 shows daily confirmed new
COVID-19 deaths, while Figure 3 illustrates
daily confirmed new COVID-19 recoveries.
Figure 2. Daily confirmed new COVID-19 deaths (Authors’
Government policy is responding to both of compilation of data)
these developments. The authorities have
implemented a range of measures to limit the
spread of the virus, including: curfews; travel
restrictions (including on international flights and
internal public transportation and taxis);
suspending prayers at mosques; closing all
schools, universities, and shopping malls;
suspending employee attendance at government
and private workplaces (except for critical staff);
and increasing testing. Further, early in April, the
Ministry of Hajj called on countries to delay their
bookings for the 2020 Hajj season. In mid-April,

Figure 3. Daily confirmed new COVID-19 recoveries
(Authors’ compilation of data)
Testing is very crucial to understanding the
spread of the pandemic and responding
appropriately. Roser et al. argue that some
countries, like Australia, South Korea, and many
European countries have a positive rate of less
than 1% – they do hundreds, or even thousands
of tests for each case they find [10]. Others, such
as Mexico, several South American countries,
and Nigeria, only do a handful of tests – five or
fewer – for every confirmed case. Countries that
do very few tests per confirmed case are unlikely
to be testing widely enough to find all cases. The
WHO has also suggested a positive rate lower
than 10% – but hopefully lower than 3% – as a
general benchmark of adequate testing [10].
Figure 4 shows daily tests per thousand people in
Saudi Arabia. The WHO has suggested around
10-30 tests per confirmed case as a general
benchmark of adequate testing. In Saudi Arabia,
the daily tests per confirmed cases have increased
and above the benchmark (for example, on July
28, the daily tests per confirmed cases was 32.18
(Figure 5).
Figure 4. Daily tests per thousand people (Authors’
compilation of data)
3
Figure 5. Daily tests per confirmed cases (Authors’
compilation of data)
III. METHOD
The study adopted a document analysis
(qualitative analysis). According to Frey [11],
“document analysis is another type of qualitative
research, which requires repeated review,
examination, and interpretation of the data.”
Bowen argues that documents may include text
(words) and images that have been recorded
without the intervention of the researchers [12],
[13].
To achieve the objective of this study, we
focus on documents including:
 Government announcements
 Reports from the ministry and various
government agencies
 Newspapers [29-47],
 Policy papers from international
organizations
 Reports from the IMF
 Reports from the ILO
 Reports from the World Bank
 Research papers
Some announcements and reports were in
Arabic and, therefore, such documents were
translated into English through the use of official
translators.
IV. GOVERNMENT RESPONSES TO
COVID-19 IN PRIVATE SECTORS
The kingdom introduced in March measures
such as exemptions and postponements of some
government fees and taxes for a period of three
months. Mulligan argues that the essential
workers, such as those in the health sector, who
are crucial in fighting the COVID-19 virus, have
a low risk of unemployment in Saudi Arabia
during the pandemic [14]. Nurunnabi, Alhawal,
and Al-Yousef find that the number of Small and
Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) have
increased from February to March by 2,483 [15].
The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King
Salman ordered the government to pay the Saudi
employees’ salaries for a period of three months
 4 Nurunnabi et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol.55 No.6 Dec. 2020
amounting up to SR 9 billion ($2.39 billion).
Many businesses—mainly small businesses—are
getting the support from the stimulus package of
the government of Saudi Arabia [16]. Nurunnabi,
Alhawal, and Hoque find that chief executive
officers (CEOs) of small businesses are
optimistic in their recovery planning. Table 1
shows a sample of initiatives from the Saudi
Government during the COVID-19 [17].
A. Fiscal Policy
In terms of fiscal policy, the A SR 70 billion
[24] ($18.7 billion or 2.8% of GDP) private
sector support package was announced on March
20. The package includes the suspension of
government tax payments, fees, and other dues to
provide liquidity to the private sector and an
increase in available financing through the
National Development Fund (Table 1).
In addition, the government made budgetary
reallocations (47 billion SR) to increase the
resources available to the Ministry of Health to
fight the virus. The authorities announced
spending cuts in non-priority areas amounting to
50 billion SR (2% of GDP) to accommodate
some of these new initiatives within the budget
envelope. Further, on April 3, the government
authorized the use of the unemployment
insurance fund (SANED) to provide support for
wage benefits, within certain limits, to private
sector companies who retain their Saudi staff (9
billion SR, 0.4% of GDP) and eased restrictions
on expatriate labor mobility and their contractual
arrangements. On April 15, additional measures
to mitigate the impact on the private sector were
announced, including temporary electricity
subsidies to commercial, industrial, and
agricultural sectors (0.9 billion SR).
On May 10, the Ministry of Finance
announced [25] new fiscal measures to raise
more non-oil revenues, rationalize spending, and
maintain the budget envelope. These measures
consist of additional cuts and delays in capital
spending, removal of cost-of-living allowances
for public sector workers effective June 1, and
increasing the VAT from 5% to 15% effective
July 1. At the end of May, the Saudi customs
authority announced an increase in custom duties
for an extensive range of imported goods (around
3000 items), which came into effect on June 20.
On June 16, The Saudi Industrial Development
Fund (SIDF) announced initiatives totaling 3.7
billion SR to support 536 private sector industrial
enterprises impacted by the coronavirus
pandemic. A new tourism development fund was
also announced on June 21. On July 1, the
Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture
announced it will offer 94 agricultural investment
opportunities to the private sector in the near
term and, on July 2, the authorities announced the
extension of private sector (COVID-related)
support measures that would have expired at the
end of June, including continuing the payment of
wage benefits to Saudis working in the private
sector through SANED, and further delaying the
payment of some taxes and duties. On July 14,
the Ministry of Finance launched a 670 million
SR program to help businesses defer loan
payments due this year (Table 1).
Al Kathiri, Darandary and Alyamani [15]
state that the Fiscal Balance Program (FBP), one
of the key realization initiatives of Saudi Vision
2030, the country’s blueprint for economic
diversification, has made significant progress in
diversifying and stabilizing the government’s
revenues and improving its spending efficiency.
Since the FBP’s initiation in 2016, non-oil
revenues have increased from 186 billion Saudi
Arabian riyals (SR) to SR 332 billion in 2019.
This increase has allowed non-oil revenues to
account for a larger portion of the country’s total
revenues, and, in return, help stabilize its revenue
sources and reduce its fiscal deficit from SR 311
billion to SR 131 billion over the same period.
Saudi Arabia’s oil exports were also affected,
falling by 22% year-on-year in the first quarter of
2020 [18]. Figure 6 shows Saudi Arabia’s fiscal
balance. It is also evident that the government of
Saudi Arabia has implemented a series of fiscal
adjustments to finance the fiscal gap, including
the country’s planned borrowing in 2020 of SR
110 billion by an additional SR 100 billion, and
suspending the cost of living allowance. The
government has also increased the country’s
value-added tax (VAT) rate from 5% to 15% to
stabilize and diversify its revenue sources. In
addition, it has continued with exemptions from
VAT for a wide range of goods and services [18].
Figure 6. Saudi Arabia’s fiscal balance (SR in billion) [18]
(based on the SAMA’s yearly statistics)
 5

Amount
Table 1. Date (SR) Description
A sample of initiatives from the Saudi Government during 2020 Mosques Directs to Enable
the COVID-19 Citizens Abroad to Return Home

Amount launching a new program to

Date (SR) Description 06 April 3000 per support the Saudis working to
14 2020 month deliver applications - It included
March 50 SAMA prepaid a program with providing 3000 riyals support per
2020 billion amount of 50 Billion SR with an month
objective to support and enable 07 April 47 47 billion riyals is what has been
the private sector 2020 billion allocated to the Ministry of
20 Health since the beginning of the
March Corona pandemic until now
2020 Mitigating the financial and 07 April Social Development Bank -
economic impact on the private 2020 2 billion Inaugurating the healthcare
sector initiatives portfolio with 2 billion riyals, to
20 finance 1,000 health facilities
March Ministry of Municipal and Rural Royal decree suspending
2020 Affairs-delay the collection of execution of judicial rulings
services' fees that are due on the relating to imprisonment of
private sector 07 April debtor for private rights cases
20 2020 and suspending implementation
March Ministry of Human Resources of judicial rulings of seeing and
2020 and Social Development - visiting cases
Announcing 7 initiatives to Exemption of the small
mitigate the private sector businesses - of which the total
21 Ministry of Energy - announces number of employees is 9
March decisions and procedures that 07 April workers or less, including its
2020 enable Modon's partners to 2020 owner - from the payment of the
overcome the resulting economic Expat dependent levy on non-
challenges from COVID-19 Saudi workers
22 09 April 25 The Kingdom’s government
March Saudi Banks - Postponing 3- 2020 million announces its support to Yemen
2020 month instalments to all with $ 25 million to tackle the
government and private health Corona virus
workers Insurance sector companies
26 Extraordinary G20 Leaders' 11 April 67 support the Ministry of Health's
March Summit Chaired by the 2020 million efforts to tackle the new Corona
2020 Custodian of the Two Holy virus with more than 67 million
Mosques Issues Statement on riyals
Corona Virus (Covid-19) Ministry of Human Resources
27 12 April and Social Development -
March 160.7 2020 announced the initiative "our one
2020 million food" to support families affected
30 Custodian of the Two Holy by the Corona crisis
March Mosques orders free treatment 15 April $7 The G20 group decide to pump
2020 from Coronavirus for all citizens, 2020 trilliona $7 trillion into the global
residents, and violators of economy, to combat the effects
residency regulation in all health of the Coronavirus
facilities 16 April $500 The government of Saudi Arabia
31 2020 milliona announces the allocation of $ 500
March Economic Cities and Special million to support international
2020 Zones Authority: ECZA - efforts to tackle the pandemic
announces number of urgent The government of Saudi Arabia
initiatives to support investors 16 April announces the allocation of 2
01 April 500 Ministry of Human Resources 2020 2 billion billion riyals to finance the
2020 million and Social Development – import of agricultural products to
announces. The social fund with support food security
a capital of 500 million riyals 22 April Ministry of Interior - Saudi
01 April 500 2020 Arabia Allows All Nationalities
2020 million Energy companies support the To Register To Travel Back
health endowment fund with Home through "Return initiative"
more than half a billion riyals Saudi Industrial Development
03 April 22 April Fund announces the Launching
2020 King Salman Announces That 2020 for three new initiatives to
Saudi Government Will Cover support the industrial private
60% Of Private Sector Salaries sector.
05 April The Custodian of the Two Holy 24 April SAMA launch the "Guaranteed
 6 Nurunnabi et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol.55 No.6 Dec. 2020
Amount
Date (SR) Description
2020 financing program" at 95% in
cooperation with "Kafala"
29 April 100
2020 million Saudi banks support the
Community Fund to combat
Corona by 100 million riyals
King Salman Humanitarian Aid
03 May $66.2 and Relief Center provide $ 66.2
2020 milliona million to support the
Palestinians in the West Bank
and Gaza to combat the virus
08 May
2020 SAMA Extends the personal
vehicle insurance policies for a
period of two months
Saudi Arabia Activates the
remote trial in 35 courts and 46
14 May prisons in the Kingdom prisons
2020 in the Kingdom, with the aim of
expediting the consideration of
prisoners' cases and facilitating
litigation procedures
01 June 50
2020 billion SAMA boosts the liquidity of the
banking sector by (50) billion
riyals
70 SR 70 billion) to provide
billion liquidity to the private sector to
enable it to manage continuity of
its economic activities
Individual support initiatives [26]
Social development bank -
Increased funding portfolio
support for families with limited
income by 4 billion riyals,
4 billion through which 100 thousand
families are funded during the
year 2020.
Saudi Human Resources
Development Fund - Allocating
an amount of 2 billion riyals to
support 100 thousand
beneficiaries of job seekers in the
private sector, as well as offering
2 billion and activating remote work tools
as options available and
alternative to regular work.
Saudi Human Resources
800 Development Fund - Allocate an
million amount of 800 million riyals to
support 100 thousand
beneficiaries.
Saudi Human Resources
Development Fund - One billion
riyals is allocated to support
private sector employees who
have been employed since the
beginning of July 1, 2019, who
1 billion have not previously been
supported by the fund's support
and employment programs.
5.1 The allocation of the amount of
billion 5.1 billion riyals to join 100
thousand new researchers for
work in the program.
Amount
Date (SR) Description
Sanad - The allocation of the
amount of 9 billion riyals to
compensate more than 2.1
million citizens working in the
9 billion establishments affected by the
corona's consequences through
the Sanad system
Companies support initiatives
Ministry of Finance - Exemption
from monetary compensation for
expatriates whose residency
expired from 18 March 2020 to
30 June 2020, by extending their
residency period for a period of
three months without
compensation.
Ministry of Finance - Enabling
employers to recover the issued
work visa fees that were not used
during the entry and exit ban
period, even if they were
stamped in the passport, or
extended for a period of three
months without compensation.
Ministry of Finance - Enable
employers to extend exit and re-
entry visas that were not used
during the entry and exit ban
period for a period of three
months without charge.
Ministry of Finance - Lift the
suspension of wage protection
during the current period.
Social Development Bank -
Increasing the allocation of a
support bill for MSMEs by a
value of 2 billion riyals, through
2 billion which 6,000 entrepreneurs from
the financial support are
empowered to start their
development projects.
Social Development Bank - The
portfolio of financing portfolios
has also been supported through
intermediaries, at an additional
value of 2 billion riyals, through
2 billion which funding will be provided
to 50,000 small enterprises to
support local content in all
regions of the Kingdom.
Social Development Bank -
Medical sector support A new
2 billion portfolio is allocated to support
the medical sector, providing
financial support to 1,000 small
and medium health facilities
SAMA - Supporting the fees for
all stores and private sector
facilities for a period of 3
800 months, with a total value
million exceeding (800) million riyals,
through the “establishment”
bearing these fees for the benefit
of the providers of the services
involved in the system.
150 Agricultural Development Fund
million of Saudi Arabia - Operating

Amount
Date (SR) Description
loans, direct or indirect, through
commercial banks, about 150
million riyals.
Agricultural Development Fund
150 of Saudi Arabia - Postponing the
million instalments of project loans for
the SME sector for a period of 6
months, amounting to SR 150
million.
a coronavirus
The value is in US $ (1 US $ = 3.75 SR)
B. Monetary and Macro-Financial Policy
According to the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) [23], the Saudi Arabian Monetary
Authority (SAMA), the central bank of Saudi
Arabia, reduced its policy rates twice in March,
lowering its reverse repo and repo rates by a
combined 1.25 pp to 0.5% and 1% respectively.
SAMA also announced that it would supply the
liquidity if needed. In addition, it [27] also
launched a SR 50 billion ($13.3 billion, 2% of
GDP) package to support the private sector,
particularly SMEs, by providing funding to banks
to allow them to defer payments on existing loans
and increase lending to businesses.
Furthermore, SAMA will cover fees for
private sector stores and entities for point-of-sale
and e-commerce transactions for three months. It
has also instructed banks to delay payments of
loans extended to all Saudi employees by three
months without extra fees, to provide the
necessary financing for customers who lose their
jobs and to exempt customers from various
banking fees. On June 1st, SAMA announced the
injection of SR 50 billion into the banking sector
through deposit placements to support banking
liquidity and private sector credit.
C. Continued Assessment of the Impact of
COVID-19
Since the beginning of the coronavirus
pandemic (COVID-19), Saudi Arabia’s
government has declared a set of urgent
initiatives (a total of 142 as of July 2nd) to support
individuals, private sector enterprises, and
investors, with a value exceeding SR 214 billion
[19].
A number of ministerial committees were
formed across a variety of sectors and regions.
The aim is to study the impact and challenges of
the coronavirus crisis and to support the sectors
or regions through the extension of the
government initiatives. The extended initiatives
focus on supporting Saudi employees,
suspending the imposition of fines, and
postponing the payment of some government
7
services fees. This step resulted from an
extension of urgent government measures that
help support individuals, investors, and private
sector enterprises, as well as enhancing their
roles as partners in developing the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia’s economy [19]. The extended
initiatives include:
- Supporting Saudi employees in private
sector enterprises affected by the impact of the
through implementing
unemployment insurance (SANED).
- Suspending fines related to recruitment.
- Lifting the temporary suspension of
private sector facilities to correct activity status.
- Calculating the employment of Saudis in
the Nitaqat Program immediately for all
enterprises.
- Lifting the suspension of wages
protection during the pandemic.
- The continuous provision of services for
elite enterprises around the clock.
- Postponing the collection of customs
duties on imports for a period of thirty days
against the submission of a bank guarantee.
- Accepting instalment requests without
applying the condition of advance payment.
- Postponing the payment of VAT.
- Accelerating the payment of VAT refund
requests.
- Partial exemption from financial
compensation for expiring residence visas and an
extension of the period permitting exit and re-
entry visas for one month, with an additional
month if needed.
- Enabling business owners, for a period of
two months, to postpone the payment of VAT,
excise tax, income tax, and the submission of
Zakat declarations during the coronavirus
pandemic.
The Saudi government initiatives that support
private sector financing to mitigate the impact of
the coronavirus outbreak have exceeded SR 51
billion ($13.60 billion) [28].
V. CONCLUSION
The effects of the coronavirus pandemic on
the global economy has been undoubtedly
significant. The current study explores the
national responses and strategies that address the
challenges of the pandemic in Saudi Arabia.
Based on our analysis, we believe that the
national response was significant in terms of
stabilizing the market and reducing
unemployment. A policy response should be
drawn from these government initiatives: A
continuous assessment of the impact on the
economy is required and the economic measures
 8 Nurunnabi et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol.55 No.6 Dec. 2020
taken should be extended.
One of the limitations of this study is that it
relies upon documents, news reports, and articles.
Not all of the initiatives were discussed in detail
and only a sample of the initiatives have been
discussed. Nevertheless, the study is one of the
first to discuss the government initiatives that
have been implemented. It is recommended that
future studies might also focus on an in-depth
comparison of the government initiatives of G20
countries.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author gratefully acknowledges the
Global SME Policy Network (GSPN), the
sponsor of the initiative - Prince Sultan
University and the content partner, industry
partners, and knowledge partner. The authors
also acknowledge the support from Prince Sultan
University.
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 12 Nurunnabi et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol.55 No.6 Dec. 2020
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[19] 沙特新闻社（2020）两个神圣清真寺
的监护人发布命令，以扩大政府倡议以减
轻冠状病毒对经济活动的影响。[在线]可
从 以 下 网 站 获 得 ：
https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?la
ng=zh-CN&newsid=2105764 [ 访 问 时 间 ：
05/07/20]。
[20] 世界卫生组织（2020）冠状病毒病
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coronavirus-2019 [访问时间：05/07/20]。
[21] G20 意大利 2021 年（无记名）[在线]
可从以下网站获得：https://www.g20.org/
[访问时间：20/07/05]。
[22] 石油出口国组织（2020）沙特阿拉伯
的 事 实 和数据。[在线]可从以下网站 获
得 ：
https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us
/169.htm [访问时间 20/05/07]。
[23] 国际货币基金组织（2020）[在线]可
从 以 下 网 站 获 得 ：
https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-
covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19 [访
问时间 05/07 / 20]。
[24] 财政部（2020）的资金超过 1200 亿
里亚尔：沙特阿拉伯政府实施紧急措施，
以减轻冠状病毒对经济活动和私营部门的
影响。[在线]可从以下网站获得：
https://www.mof.gov.sa/en/MediaCenter/new
s/Pages/News_20032020.aspx [访问时间：
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[25] 财政部（2020）财政部：应对冠状病
毒大流行对金融和经济影响的其他措施。
[ 在 线 ] 可 从 以 下 网 站 获 得 ：
https://www.mof.gov.sa/en/MediaCenter/new
s/Pages/News_11052020.aspx [ 访 问 时 间
20/05/07]。
[26] 财政部（未注明日期）减轻对私营部
门的财务和经济影响，以应对冠状病毒
（新冠肺炎）倡议。[在线]可从以下网站
获 得 ：
https://www.mof.gov.sa/Initiatives/Documen
ts/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%
D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA ％ 20 ％ D8 ％
A7％D9％84％D8％AF％D8％B9％D9％
85％20％D8％A7％D9％84％D8％AD％
D9％83％D9％88％D9％85％D9 ％8A％
D8％A9.pdf [访问时间：05/07/20]。
[27] 沙特中央银行（2020）萨玛的私营部
门融资支持计划。[在线]可从以下网站获
得 ： http://www.sama.gov.sa/en-
US/News/Pages/news-514.aspx [ 访 问 时 间
20/05/07]。
： [28] CHMAYTELLI，M.（2020）沙特阿
拉伯支持私营部门的举措超过了 136 亿美
元-中央银行。[在线] 扎亚。可从以下网址
获 得 ：
https://www.zawya.com/mena/zh/economy/st
ory/Saudi_initiatives_to_support_private_sec
tor_exceed_1360bln__central_bank-
TR20200705nD5N2CA011X2/ [ 已 访 问
20/05/07]。
[29] NEREIM，V.（2020）沙特阿拉伯推
出了 10 亿美元的工业支持计划。[在线]彭
博 社 。 可 从 以 下 网 址 获 得 ：
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/20
20-06-16/saudi-arabia-rolls-out-1-billion-
industrial-support-package [ 访 问 时 间
20/05/07]。
[30] 关于她（2020）沙特阿拉伯的新冠肺
炎回应成为全球头条新闻。[在线]可从以
下 网 站 获 得 ：
https://www.abouther.com/node/29641/peopl
e/features/saudi-arabias-covid-19-response-
makes-global-headlines [访问时间 20/05/07]。
[31] 沙特公报（2020）400,000 沙特阿拉
伯人通过桑德从工资支持计划中受益。
[ 在 线 ] 可 以 从 以 下 网 址 获 得 ：
https://www.saudigazette.com.sa/article/5940
60/SAUDI-ARABIA/400000-Saudis-benefit-
from-WageSupport-Initiative-through-
SANED [访问时间：05/07/20]。
[32] MALEK，C。（2020）：沙特阿拉伯
的航空运输业如何克服冠状病毒的挫折。

[在线]阿拉伯新闻。可从以下网站获得：
https ： CN/business/story/Investors_in_Saudi_Arabi
//www.arabnews.com/node/1682736/saudi-
arabia [访问时间 20/05/07]。
[33] BASHRAHEEL，A.（2020）仅因为
统计数据而无法将新冠肺炎的死亡数字作
为依据：沙特能源部长。[在线]阿拉伯新
闻 。 可 从 以 下 网 站 获 得 ： https ：
//www.arabnews.com/node/1690366/saudi-
arabia [访问时间 20/05/07]。
[34] NASRALLAH ， T. （ 2020 ） 新 冠 肺
炎：沙特阿拉伯将从 6 月 21 日恢复国内
旅游。[在线]世界海湾。可从以下网址获
得 ：
https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/covid-
19-saudi-arabia-to-resume-domestic-tourism-
from-june-21-1.72138092 [ 访 问 时 间
20/05/07]。
[35] AL-ZAHRANI，F。（2020）沙特中
央银行注资 133.33 亿美元，以支持银行体
系的流动性。[在线]阿拉伯新闻。可从以
下 网 站 获 得 ： https ：
//www.arabnews.com/node/1683376/busines
s-economy [访问时间 20/05/07]。
[36] ALZAHRANI，F.（2020）沙特基金
启动了 10 亿美元的大流行刺激计划，以
帮助行业。[在线]阿拉伯新闻。可从以下
网 站 获 得 ： https ： ory/Economic_recovery_from_COVID19_in
//www.arabnews.com/node/1690901/busines
s-economy [访问时间 20/05/07]。
[37] RAHMAN，F.（2020）沙特阿拉伯推
出了 37 亿里亚尔的刺激计划，以支持各
行各业。[在线] N 业务。可从以下网址获
得 ： https ： 从 以 下 网 站 获 得 ： https ：
//www.thenational.ae/business/saudi-arabia-
unveils-3-7bn-riyals-stimulus-package-to-
support-industries-1.1034849 [ 访 问 时 间
20/05/07]。
[38] BHATIA ， N. （ 2020 ） 在 麦 纳 （ 梅
娜），新冠肺炎案高居 726,620 马克。[在
线 ] 梅 德 。 可从 以 下网 址 获 得 ： https ：
//www.meed.com/covid-19-cases-top-
726620-mark-in-mena [访问时间 20/05/07]。
[39] 扎维亚（2020）沙特阿拉伯的投资者
列出了新冠肺炎期间的主要商业挑战。
[ 在 线 ] 可 从 以 下 网 站 获 得 ：
13
https://www.zawya.com/mena/zh-
a_list_top_business_challenges_during_COV
ID19-ZAWYA20200527054632/ [ 已 访 问
20/05/07]。
[40] KANE，F。（2020）摩根大通预测，
沙特阿拉伯将在石油市场上“脱颖而出”。
[在线]阿拉伯新闻。可从以下网站获得：
https://www.arabnews.com/node/1688906/bu
siness-economy [访问时间 20/05/07]。
[41] BLOOMBERG（2020）沙特基金，向
500 多家小型工业公司提供 37 亿里亚尔。
[ 在线] 海湾新 闻。可从以下网址 获 得 ：
https ： //gulfnews.com/business/saudi-fund-
to-offer-sr37-billion-to-500-plus-small-
industrial-firms-1.1592301610534 [ 访 问 时
间 20/05/07]。
[42] ALSHAMMARI，H.（2020）沙特矿
业投资法，将为国内生产总值带来 640 亿
美元的增长。[在线]阿拉伯新闻。可从以
下 网 站 获 得 ： https ：
//www.arabnews.com/node/1687431/busines
s-economy [访问时间：05/07/20]。
[43] AL-OTHMAN，A.F.（2020）从沙特
的新冠肺炎经济复苏取决于中小企业和企
业家。[在线] 扎亚。可从以下网站获得：
https://www.zawya.com/mena/zh/economy/st
_Saudi_depends_on_SMEs_and_entrepreneu
rs-SNG_175839316/ [访问时间 20/05/07]。
[44] ALSHAMMARI，H.（2020）研究发
现，欧佩克+的努力将石油市场的波动率
降低了三分之二。[在线]阿拉伯新闻。可
//www.arabnews.com/node/1688296/busines
s-economy [访问时间 20/05/07]。
[45] 扎维亚（2020）沙特阿拉伯的 PIF 子
公司拨出 26.6 万美元与新冠肺炎作战。
[ 在 线 ] 可 从 以 下 网 站 获 得 ：
https://www.zawya.com/mena/zh/economy/st
ory/Saudis_PIF_subsidiary_doles_out_266K
_to_combat_COVID19-
ZAWYA20200531093102/ [ 已 访 问
20/05/07]。
[46] KAMEL，D.（2020）沙特阿拉伯承
诺提供 500 亿里亚尔刺激方案，以抵消冠
状病毒的影响。[在线] N 业务。 可从以下
 14 Nurunnabi et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol.55 No.6 Dec. 2020

网 址 获 得 ： https ： [47] KANE，F.（2020）随着外国投资的

//www.thenational.ae/business/economy/saud 增加，“沙特阿拉伯仍然开放营业”。[在
i-arabia-pledges-50bn-riyal-stimulus- 线]阿拉伯新闻。 可从以下网址 获得：
package-to-offset-coronavirus-impact-
https ：
1.992626 [访问时间 20/05/07]。 //www.arabnews.com/node/1677786/busines
s-economy [访问时间 20/05/07]。