4.1.

6: Sensitivity of cell voltage to changes in equivalent series resistance (ESR)

Sensitivity of cell terminal voltage to ESR

key off: store data

key on: initialize
meas. voltage estimate estimate balance compute

 A common approach to estimating SOH is to compute

current state of state of power
temperature charge (SOC) health (SOH) cells limits

loop once each measurement interval while pack is active

estimates of equivalent-series resistance and total capacity

 Estimating ESR R0 turns out to be relatively simple because it is highly
“observable” from voltage measurements
 Consider vk D OCV.´k / C M hk
P
i Ri iRi ;k ik R0
 Define the sensitivity of the voltage measurement to a change in resistance as

SvRk0 D Rv 0 ddRvk D R0
vk k
i
k 0
 Since ik can be very large, absolute sensitivity is high

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4.1.6: Sensitivity of cell voltage to changes in equivalent series resistance (ESR)

Sensitivity of cell terminal voltage to ESR

key off: store data

key on: initialize
meas. voltage estimate estimate balance compute

 One approach to estimating R0 is to compare voltages at

current state of state of power
temperature charge (SOC) health (SOH) cells limits

loop once each measurement interval while pack is active

two adjacent time samples

P
vk D OCV.´k / C M hk i RP
i iRi ;k ik R0
vk 1 1D OCV.´k 1/ C M hk i Ri iRi ;k 1 ik 1 R0
vk 1 vk  R0 .ik 1 ik / ,
where SOC, vCi and hk change relatively slowly compared with rate of change of ik
 So, we can estimate
b0;k
R D vik vk
ik
1
.
k 1

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4.1.6: Sensitivity of cell voltage to changes in equivalent series resistance (ESR)

Issues (1–2)
key off: store data
key on: initialize

Can compute R
ISSUE I : b0;k only when ik ¤ 0. So, we skip meas. voltage
current
temperature
estimate
state of
charge (SOC)
estimate
state of
health (SOH)
balance
cells
compute
power
limits

updates when jik j is small (avoids amplifying noise, as well)

loop once each measurement interval while pack is active

Because ESC model has imperfect fidelity with respect to true cell, and
ISSUE II :
b0;k is quite noisy
because of inaccuracy introduced via specific approximations, R
 Might consider using total least squares approach (see later re. total capacity
estimation) but can also simply filter. For example (where 0  < 1)
bfilt0;k
R bfilt0;k 1 C .1
D R b0;k
/R
 Tends to work quite well

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4.1.6: Sensitivity of cell voltage to changes in equivalent series resistance (ESR)

Example filtered resistance

key off: store data

key on: initialize
meas. voltage estimate estimate balance compute
Cell current for resistance test Cell voltage for resistance test current
temperature
state of
charge (SOC)
state of
health (SOH) cells
power
limits

Terminal voltage (V)

loop once each measurement interval while pack is active
50 4.2

Current (A)
0 4
 Filtered resistance
−50
3.8 quite close to true
3.6 resistance
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
Time (min) Time (min)
R0 estimate (unfiltered) R0 estimate (unfiltered) R0 estimate (filtered)
4 4 4
R0 values (mOhm)

R0 values (mOhm)

R0 values (mOhm)
3 3 3

2 2 2

1 Estimate 1 Estimate 1 Estimate

Actual Actual Actual
0 0 0
0 100 200 300 400 80 100 120 140 160 0 100 200 300 400
Time (min) Time (min) Time (min)
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4.1.6: Sensitivity of cell voltage to changes in equivalent series resistance (ESR)

Issues (3–4)

key off: store data

key on: initialize
meas. voltage estimate estimate balance compute

ESR is SOC-dependent
ISSUE III :
current state of state of power
temperature charge (SOC) health (SOH) cells limits

 SOC dependence could be handled by adapting resistance loop once each measurement interval while pack is active

vectors rather than scalars

ISSUE IV: ESR is temperature-dependent
 Temperature dependence can be well modeled as
  
1 1
R0 D R0;ref exp ER0 ;ref
Tref T
but if pack dwells near one temperature for an extended period, results at other
temperatures may become biased
 Can also adapt matrix of resistances vs. SOC and temperature

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4.1.6: Sensitivity of cell voltage to changes in equivalent series resistance (ESR)

Summary
key off: store data
key on: initialize

meas. voltage estimate estimate compute

 An estimate of equivalent-series resistance R0

balance
current state of state of power
temperature charge (SOC) health (SOH) cells limits

is a component to most SOH estimates

loop once each measurement interval while pack is active

 The good news is that ESR is highly observable: R0 estimates compared

4
even simple methods can estimate its value well
R0 values (mOhm)

 You learned a simple—but noisy—approach, 3

based on differencing voltages and currents 2

 Filtering these results can produce good ESR
1
estimates Unfiltered
Filtered
 You also learned some ways to handle SOC- 0
0 100 200 300 400
and temperature-dependence Time (min)

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