Lesson1 1 3 Handout

1.1.3: What are the parts of an electrochemical cell?
Electrochemical versus lithium-ion cells
key on: initialize

meas. voltage estimate estimate balance compute
current state of state of power
In this lesson, you will learn the primary functional temperature charge (SOC) health (SOH) cells limits
loop once each measurement interval while pack is active
components of an electrochemical cell

I will make a distinction in this specialization between standard (traditional)
electrochemical cells and lithium-ion cells, since they work a little differently
The focus of the specialization is on managing lithium-ion cells; however, you will
need a foundational understanding of standard electrochemical cells to do so
Lithium-ion cells have all the component parts introduced here as well
Next week, we our focus will shift to understanding lithium-ion cells in specific
Dr. Gregory L. Plett University of Colorado Colorado Springs Introduction to Battery Management Systems | Battery Boot Camp 1 of 8
Functional components of an electrochemical cell
key on: initialize

The drawing below shows a schematic cross-section of an temperature charge (SOC) health (SOH) cells limits
electrochemical cell (the structure of a lithium-ion cell is

shown, but electrochemical cells have the same components):
Negative electrode Positive electrode
Negative electrode
Current collector
Current collector
Positive electrode
Separator
Electrolyte
Separator
Current collectors
We will talk about these components in the next slides
The function of the negative electrode

key on: initialize

In an electrochemical cell, the negative electrode is often a temperature charge (SOC) health (SOH) cells limits
metal or an alloy or hydrogen (lead metal or paste for PbA)

During discharge, it gives up electrons Negative electrode
Electron movement:
to external circuit, is oxidized (OIL:
on discharge
“Oxidation is Loss (of electrons)”)
Separator
During charge, accepts electrons from

external circuit, is reduced (RIG:
on charge
“Reduction is Gain (of electrons)”)
During discharge, it is the anode
Technically, during charge it is the cathode, but most people still call it the anode
The function of the positive electrode
key on: initialize

In an electrochemical cell, the positive electrode is often a temperature charge (SOC) health (SOH) cells limits
metallic oxide, sulfide, or oxygen (lead oxide for PbA)

Positive electrode
Electron movement:
During discharge, accepts on discharge
electrons from circuit, is reduced
Separator
During charge, gives up electrons
to external circuit, is oxidized
on charge
During discharge, it is the cathode

Technically, during charge it is the anode, but most people still call it the cathode
The function of the electrolyte
key on: initialize

As electrons move in the external circuit, compensating ions

temperature charge (SOC) health (SOH) cells limits
must move internal to the cell

Cations are ions with net positive charge: during discharge

they move through the electrolyte toward the positive electrode Electrolyte
Anions are ions with net negative charge: during discharge they
move through the electrolyte toward the negative electrode
The electrolyte provides the medium for internal ion charge
transfer between the electrodes (sulfuric acid for PbA)
The electrolyte is typically a solvent containing dissolved
chemicals—an acid, base, or salt—providing ionic conductivity
It must be an electronic insulator to avoid self discharge
The functions of the separator & current collectors

key on: initialize

The separator electrically isolates the positive and negative temperature charge (SOC) health (SOH) cells limits
electrodes to avoid short circuit and self discharge of the cell

Often made from glass mat or fiber, or polyethylene, or a polymer
Negative electrode Positive electrode
Current collector
Current collector
Separator
Since electrodes are often made from powders, current collectors are metal foils—to
which electrodes are adhered—that conduct electrical current to cell terminals
Some example electrochemical cells
key on: initialize

The table below shows components for commonly used temperature charge (SOC) health (SOH) cells limits
electrochemical cells:
Electrochemistry Negative Positive Electrolyte Nominal

electrode electrode voltage
Lead acid Pb PbO2 H2 SO4 2 1V
Dry cell Zn MnO2 ZnCl2 1 6V
Alkaline Zn MnO2 KOH 1 5V
Nickel cadmium Cd NiOOH KOH 1 35 V
Nickel zinc Zn NiOOH KOH 1 73 V
Zinc air Zn O2 KOH 1 65 V
Summary
key on: initialize

The major functional components of an electrochemical cell temperature charge (SOC) health (SOH) cells limits
are: the negative and positive electrodes, the electrolyte, the

separator, and the current collectors
The negative electrode sources electrons on discharge; sinks electrons on charge
The positive electrode sinks electrons on discharge; sources electrons on charge
The electrolyte provides a medium for ion transport internal to the cell
The separator prevents internal short circuit
The current collectors conduct electronic current to the cell terminals
As an example: a lead-acid cell has a lead negative electrode, lead oxide positive
electrode, sulfuric acid electrolyte, and often a glass mat separator

Lesson1 1 3 Handout

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1.1.3: What are the parts of an electrochemical cell?

Electrochemical versus lithium-ion cells

key on: initialize

loop once each measurement interval while pack is active

components of an electrochemical cell

1.1.3: What are the parts of an electrochemical cell?

Functional components of an electrochemical cell

key on: initialize

loop once each measurement interval while pack is active

electrochemical cell (the structure of a lithium-ion cell is

1.1.3: What are the parts of an electrochemical cell?

The function of the negative electrode

meas. voltage estimate estimate balance compute

loop once each measurement interval while pack is active

metal or an alloy or hydrogen (lead metal or paste for PbA)

During charge, accepts electrons from

The function of the positive electrode

key on: initialize

loop once each measurement interval while pack is active

metallic oxide, sulfide, or oxygen (lead oxide for PbA)

During discharge, it is the cathode

1.1.3: What are the parts of an electrochemical cell?

The function of the electrolyte

key on: initialize

As electrons move in the external circuit, compensating ions

must move internal to the cell

Cations are ions with net positive charge: during discharge

1.1.3: What are the parts of an electrochemical cell?

The functions of the separator & current collectors

meas. voltage estimate estimate balance compute

loop once each measurement interval while pack is active

electrodes to avoid short circuit and self discharge of the cell

Some example electrochemical cells

key on: initialize

loop once each measurement interval while pack is active

Electrochemistry Negative Positive Electrolyte Nominal

1.1.3: What are the parts of an electrochemical cell?

key on: initialize

loop once each measurement interval while pack is active

are: the negative and positive electrodes, the electrolyte, the

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