DESIGN OF A 107–TON CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING AND

VENTILATION SYSTEM FOR THE SENIOR CITIZEN BUILDING IN BRGY.

COGON-COMBADO, ORMOC CITY, LEYTE

An Air Conditioning and Ventilation Design

Submitted to the Faculty of the
Department of Mechanical Engineering
College Of Engineering and Technology
Visayas State University
Visca, Baybay City, Leyte

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Course
MEng 146 – Air Conditioning and Ventilation Systems

Gisto, Julius Rey S.

Calatrava, Clint Simon M.
Rebato, Arnulfo Jr. P.
Romina, Joshua B.
Salangsang, Angelica P.

FEBRUARY 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 4

1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................................. 4
1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................ 5
1.3 Objective of the Design Study .......................................................................... 5
1.4 Scope and Delimitation of the Design Study .................................................... 6
1.5 Significance of the Design Study ...................................................................... 7
1.6 Theoretical Concept ......................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER II – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................................ 15
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 15
2.2 Air-conditioning system .................................................................................. 16
2.3 Psychrometric Chart....................................................................................... 16
2.4 Air Handling Unit (AHU) ................................................................................. 18
CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY ........................................................................... 19
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 19
3.2 Building Design .............................................................................................. 20
3.3 Building Location............................................................................................ 20
3.4 Cooling Load Calculation ............................................................................... 20
3.4.1 Lighting Cooling Load Calculation ....................................................... 21
3.4.2 Occupants Cooling Load Calculation .................................................. 23
3.4.3 Air Infiltration Cooling Load Calculation ............................................. 27
3.4.4 Heat Transmission Cooling Load Calculation ..................................... 28
3.4.5 Miscellaneous Cooling Load Calculation ............................................ 33
3.4.6 Overall Design Cooling Load ................................................................ 35
3.5 Ducting Design............................................................................................... 39
3.5.1 Supply Duct ........................................................................................... 39
3.5.2 Return Duct ............................................................................................ 49
3.5.3 Exhaust .................................................................................................. 51
3.6 Refrigeration System Design.......................................................................... 53
3.6.1 Evaporator ............................................................................................. 54
3.6.2 Pump ...................................................................................................... 54
3.6.3 Condenser.............................................................................................. 55
3.6.4 Compressor ........................................................................................... 55
3.6.5 Cooling Tower........................................................................................ 57
3.6.6 Make-up Water ....................................................................................... 58
3.7 Piping Design ................................................................................................. 62

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CHAPTER IV – CONCLUSION ............................................................................... 71
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 73

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 CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Senior citizens are social demographic based on age, which usually refers to
elderly people, especially those who are retired and over sixty years of age. It is said
that elderly people living in urban cities are having a difficulty in experiencing a good
quality of air that they breathe. However, the main issue here is not bounded only to
those living in urban areas. It includes people living from far and different places who
are coming to the city for a certain transaction for instance. As we get older, regulating
our body’s core temperature is a challenge. This is also due to the increasing number
of population and rising of numerous infrastructures, in which good air quality is now a
dilemma.
Government office is one example of an establishment that should be designed
properly in order to meet the desired thermal comfort, especially when it is intended
for public utilization. Just like any other offices, this establishment that is to be designed
for a centralized air-conditioning possesses various thermal load variability because of
its purpose and overall capacity, which contains numerous spaces or rooms that varies
with its function. Moreover, in order for one to be effective and efficient, a designer
must also consider the size of the building to be air-conditioned, its geographical
location, the insulation and heat transmission from the roof down to the walls, the
building’s overall lighting to be utilized, the number of occupants, including the
appliances and electronic devices since the abovementioned contribute heat and may
distort the overall function and efficiency of the said air-conditioning systems. Since
again, such spaces have discrete number of lighting, occupancy, and electronic
devices or appliances used, including that of the activities done by the occupants of
the said building.
The number of lighting for a typical government office is somehow innumerable.
Considering its primary occupants, the need for a satisfactory amount of luminance is
quite necessary for some reasons. As the number of lightings increases, its heat loss
also increases. That is why in order to effectively minimize its effect, the utilization of
right lighting materials should be properly selected as to also balance both its efficiency
and cooling load factors.
Additionally, the number of appliances and other electronic devices as well as
various human activities contributes to the overall cooling load of the building. It is built
to accommodate numerous occupants all in certain periods, for instance. It contains

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rooms and offices that vary in size, in which it is believed to utilize several electronic
components that directly affect both the sensible and latent heat load of the building.
The main purpose of an air-conditioner is to provide cold air in an enclosed
space by literally eliminating the heat and humidity of said space. Cooling loads
composed of the abovementioned factors should actually be removed in order to
maintain a desirable temperature. In order achieve the sole purpose of air-conditioning,
proper calculations of the cooling loads should be done. Aside from the building’s
cooling load, the ducting pipe and air handling unit, which are one of the vital
components, must also be specified for a centralized air-conditioning systems.
Providing air-conditioning to offices make it more comfortable to the occupants, at the
same time ensuring a good air quality. All of these considerations are essential to
effectively design a centralized air-conditioning system for a three-storey senior citizen
and OCMS (Ormoc City Medical Society) office.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Providing elderly people all the necessities that they need is being regulated
by the government. Constructing an office intended for them is included in the said
republic act. It is in line as we are living in a tropic country where temperature is
expectedly uncomfortable, especially during summer. Relative to that, adding an air-
conditioning system minimizes the discomfort that the occupants perceive, most
especially that they are sensitive with the air quality that they respire.

1.3 Objective of the Design Study

The undertaking aims to design a central air-conditioning for a two-storey multi-

purpose building, in accordance and application of the theoretical concepts in air-
conditioning theory and design.

The study specifically aims to:

1. Design a Central Air-conditioning System that provides and maintains a desired

thermal comfort inside the multi-purpose building.
2. Estimate the desired number of occupants, its lightings and appliances or
electrical devices that are present in the said building.
3. Calculate the required refrigeration capacity based on the calculation of the
building’s cooling load by considering all the dissipated heat of the

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 abovementioned contributing factors, and including heat transmission from
outside.
4. Design a ducting system in accordance to the calculated cooling load of the
building.
5. Design a cooling system that would adhere to the cooling requirement of the
condenser of the refrigeration system.
6. Design a piping system that carries both water and refrigerant fluids starting
from the AHU to the refrigeration system, then to the cooling system, which
includes the make-up water system.
7. Determine the appropriate machinery and equipment required for each system
such as the refrigeration, cooling, piping, and ducting, ensuring that it would
suffice to the prescribed air-conditioning design specifications.

1.4 Scope and Delimitation of the Design Study

The design study is governed by the following scope and limitations as declared
below:

1. This study is mainly focused in the design of a summer-type central air-

conditioning system.
2. The design study only comprises the building’s floor, electrical, and ducting
plan.
3. The building is situated in Brgy. Cogon-Combado, Ormoc City, Leyte having a
coordinates of 11°0’49.18” N 124°36’16.94” E
4. The cooling load calculation includes only the following heat sources: lighting
and occupant load, electronic devices, heat transmission (sunlit and un-sunlit),
and air infiltration of both sensible and latent heat loads.
5. This design study utilizes the Cooling Load Temperature Differential or Cooling
Load Factor (CLTD/CLF) as its method for calculating cooling load.
6. The parameters and other constant values included in the design study,
specifically in the calculation of the cooling load, are all found in the American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
Fundamentals Handbook 1997, ASHRAE 2007, Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning by Stoecker and Jones, and the PSME code of the Philippines.
7. Only one type of lighting material is to be considered in the design study.
8. The refrigerant to be utilized in the refrigeration system is R-22.

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 9. The design study makes use of the standard vapor compression cycle for its
refrigeration system.
10. The design study does not anymore include insulation materials to be applied
to the building’s wall for simplicity.
11. The equipment and machine specifications to be utilized in the design such as
the AHU, cooling tower, evaporator, condenser, pump, diffuser, and etc.,
including that of the material specifications such as on the sheet metal, water
and refrigerant pipes, are all dependent upon its availability on the internet.
Moreover, all the materials and equipment are taken from online electronic
catalogues and brochures.

1.5 Significance of the Design Study

The steps and undertakings configured in this design study, in conjunction with
all the data and specifications intentionally created for a design of a centralized air-
conditioning system, are expected to benefit the following demographic;

Engineering Students – The design study is said to be beneficial to

engineering students as they are to be aware of the proper material selection,
specifications, and calculations, which are vital in appropriately design a centralized
air-conditioning system for a certain building relative to its desired space circumstance.
It would also provide the students an effective approach or techniques in designing a
centralized air-conditioning system.

Engineers – The outcome of this design study would also benefit engineers,
especially those who are in the field of air-conditioning, refrigeration, and the likes in
achieving and acquiring more knowledge particularly in the design and innovative
technologies relating to centralized air-conditioning system.

Manufacturers – The result of this design study could potentially provide an

opportunity to the manufacturers as to how much more they could improve the air-
conditioner’s efficiency and durability without compromising its cost and at the same
time provide and innovative idea for the creation of a new design of said air-
conditioning systems.

Consumers – The result of this design study would provide an idea to the
consumers with regards to the proper selection of air-conditioning systems appropriate

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for their desired space or room to be air-conditioned in view of its economy, efficiency,
and durability.

1.6 Theoretical Concept

1.6.1 Summer Air-conditioning System

Air-conditioning is a process such that it conditions the air in order to meet the
desired thermal comfort of the occupants in an indoor space. Its function is to maintain
a level of personal comfort by sustaining a certain temperature within that room for
instance. The process involves cooling and dehumidifying the re-circulated air entering
an enclosed space through the utilization of a cooling coil or an air washer. This
happens when the outside temperature and humidity increases especially during
summer time. The process observes the constant room sensible heat factor line
(RSHF), which represents the psychrometric process of the supply air within the
conditioned space and is the ratio of the room sensible heat (RSH) and room total heat
(RTL), which is also the sum of the RSH and the room latent heat (RLH) as represented
in the equation below.

𝑅𝑆𝐻 𝑅𝑆𝐻
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = =
𝑅𝑇𝐻 𝑅𝑆𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿𝐻

The RSHF line in the Psychrometric chart intersects with the saturation line
with the corresponding temperature as the air-conditioning system’s apparatus dew
point temperature 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 as can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Locus of Supply Air States for Cooling and Apparatus Dew Point

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 The locus of all possible supply air condition is represented by line i-S. Note
that these possible states do not deviate, either be higher or lower from the 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 that
would meet the given condition line.

1.6.2 Thermal Resistances

When designing an air conditioning system for a particular building, it is crucial

to comprehend how heat moves from the outside environment into the enclosed
design. The heat, which is transmitted from within, also determines the amount of
cooling load of that certain building.

Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid, which means that it occurs
when two objects directly have a contact with each other. It is the most straightforward
amongst the three heat transfer methods. Additionally, conduction is one of the
reasons for constructing walls with insulation. Meanwhile, unlike in conduction,
convection does not require any direct contact between objects. It occurs when a fluid,
either a vapor or liquid, creates a motion in which the fluid’s heat energy moves with it
at the same time. Say the heat energy that comes from the outside air passes through
a leaky window into a building is an example of heat transfer via convection. Radiation,
on the other hand, utilizes neither of the two that were in the abovementioned modes
of heat transfer. Instead, radiant heat transfer is said to occur through electromagnetic
waves in the air. Accordingly, if all the three types of heat namely, conduction,
convection, and radiation occur at the same time, the heat transfer calculation can be
simplified into a single equation below. (Stoecker and Jones’ Refrigeration and Air-
conditioning 2nd ed.)

𝑞 = ℎ𝐴∆𝑡

Where,

q = the heat transfer rate in kW

h = the heat transfer coefficient in W/m2-K

∆𝑡 = the temperature difference in K

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given that the h for radiation is expressed as

𝜎𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝐴 (𝑇14 − 𝑇24 )

ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝑇1 − 𝑇2

Where:

ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 = the heat coefficient for radiation in W/m2-K

𝜎 = the Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.667 x 10-8 W/m2-K4

𝐹𝑒 𝐹𝐴 = the radiant energy exchange factors

𝑇 = the absolute temperature in K

Shown in Figure 1.2a is the linearized form of equations for the three modes of
heat transfer, which is utilized to calculate the thermal resistance. The thermal
resistance, on the other hand, is derived using the concept of Ohm’s Law taking into
consideration q as the current, ∆𝑡 as the potential difference, and 𝑅𝑇 as the resistance
as shown in Figure 2.

b
a

Figure 2. (a) Linearized Heat Transfer Rate Equation, (b) Thermal Resistance, and (c) Heat Transfer
from One Room to Another

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1.6.3 Standard Vapor Compression Cycle

Standard Vapor Compression Cycle, as shown in Figure 3, explicates the

processes that transpire in the refrigeration system – the system utilized as the unit
that would provide cooling water to the AHU.

As elaborated in Stoecker and Jones’ Refrigeration and Air-conditioning 2nd

ed., the processes that are involve in the standard vapor compression cycle are:

1–2 Reversible and adiabatic compression from saturated vapor to the

condenser pressure

2–3 Reversible rejection of heat at constant pressure, causing de-superheating

and condensation of the refrigerant

3–4 Irreversible expansion at constant enthalpy from saturated liquid to the

evaporator pressure

4–1 Reversible addition of heat at constant pressure causing evaporation to

saturated vapor

Figure 3. The Standard Vapor Compression Cycle

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1.6.4 Bernoulli Principle

Bernoulli equation implies that when the velocity of a fluid increases, its
pressure decreases. Basically, it is estimation between pressure, velocity, and
elevation, which is valid only to stable and consistent regions having negligible
frictional effect as shown in Figure 4. By employing the concept of the conservation of
linear momentum, the resulting Bernoulli equation is expressed as

𝑃 𝑣2
+ + 𝑔𝑍 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌 2

where:

P = pressure of the fluid in Pa

𝜌 = fluid density in kg/m3

v = velocity of the fluid in m/s

Z = fluid elevation with respect to a datum line in m

g = the acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2

Figure 4. Validity of the Bernoulli Equation

This equation considerably aids to the ducting design computation since the
ducts permit the air fluid to move within with considerable pressure, temperature,
elevation, viscosity and compressibility. It is also a method for figuring out how big the
ducts should be and how much air should flow through each room or space.

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1.6.5 Pressure Drop in Rectangular Ducts

The most popular ducting style is rectangular since it requires less installation
area. Because none of the ducts were manufactured with an absolute surface polish,
they all had a significant amount of surface roughness, which increased frictional
resistance and head losses. It is said that a rectangular duct loses pressure at a rate
that is noticeably higher than a round one of the same volume. In rectangular systems,
the pressure loss increases with increasing aspect ratio. It is also challenging to
measure the turbulent friction factor accurately in such ducts. The pressure drop takes
into account the inverse relationship with conduit diameter as well as the proportional
relationships with frictional coefficient, fluid velocity, and fluid density for a particular
rectangular duct. It is expressed,

𝐿 𝑣2
∆𝑝 = 𝑓 ( ) (𝜌)
𝐷𝑒𝑞 2

where:

∆𝑝 = the pressure drop across the conduit in Pa

𝑓 = the frictional coefficient and is dependent upon the material

𝐿 = length of the conduit in m

𝑣 = velocity of the fluid in m/s

𝐷𝑒𝑞 = equivalent diameter of the rectangular duct in m

2𝑎𝑏
= 𝑎+𝑏 , where a and b are the width and length of the inside duct

Figure 5. Pressure Drop in Rectangular Ducts

1.6.6 Equal Friction Method

The equal friction approach as shown in Figure 6, is one of the techniques used
to scale up ducts for multi-branch duct systems. By creating a constant pressure loss

13
per unit of duct length, this generates a preliminary estimate for duct sizing. Due to the
smaller duct and lower cost, this approach gives a better design than the others. The
steps in this design method are as follows:

1. Decide what pressure drop will be available.

2. Compute the equivalent length of all runs (the sum of the length of straight duct
plus the equivalent length of fittings).
3. Divide the available pressure drop by the equivalent length of the run having
the longest equivalent length.
4. With the pressure gradient from step 3 and the flow rate in each section of the
longest run, select the duct size of all those sections.
5. For the remaining sections, select the size to use the available pressure drop
but stay within velocities appropriate for noise restrictions.

Figure 6. Multi-Duct System

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 CHAPTER II – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

The purpose of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems is to

deliver 'conditioned air' to the people who work or live inside of buildings so that they
can have an environment that is comfortable and safe for them. When someone refers
to the air as having "conditioned air," they indicate that the air should not only be free
of contaminants, but also that the air's temperature, humidity, and velocity should fall
within specific acceptable comfort levels. Thermal comfort was first defined by the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) in 1966 as "that state of mind which indicates happiness with the thermal
environment." The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE) has developed guidelines that describe the conditions of interior
comfort that must be met for at least 80 percent of a building's occupants to find them
thermally acceptable. These comfortable circumstances, also referred to as the
"comfort zone," are typically between 20 and 24 degrees Celsius in the winter and
between 23 and 26 degrees Celsius in the summer (Gwerder, 2013) (Halawa E. et. al.,
2012) (Holopainen R. et. al., 2014).

In recent years, climate regulation in buildings has garnered a great deal of

attention in both academic circles and the business world. In point of fact, heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems account for more than half of the total
energy consumption in the building sector in both the United States and Europe (Fong
K.F. et. al., 2010) (Chua. et al., 2013) (Perez. et al, 2011). It is therefore natural for
many research groups to have the goal of reducing costs associated with HVAC
systems as one of their objectives. These groups are working toward the development
of economically competitive solutions that are able to reduce the amount of external
energy demand required to maintain comfortable conditions. The percentages that
were mentioned above are highly dependent on a variety of factors, including the
geographic location (solar irradiance and temperature), the type of building, the
building design and the quality of the envelope, the profiles in terms of electricity
consumption, and the effectiveness of the HVAC equipment.

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2.2 Air-conditioning system

Air Conditioning as defined by American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and

Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), is “The process of treating air so as to control
simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the
requirements of the conditioned space”. While there are many different HVAC system
designs and operational approaches to achieving proper system functionality, every
building is unique in its design and operation. The geographical location of the building,
ambient conditions, indoor requirements, building materials, dimensional parameters,
aesthetic requirements, noise and environment issues need different treatment
(Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). There are several choices for the type of air
conditioning systems, each satisfying the HVAC objectives with different degrees of
success. Broadly the air conditioning system can be classified in two broad categories:
Centralized air conditioning systems and Decentralized systems. Recently,
centralized AC systems have also appeared in residential buildings, and they are
approved and supported by specific government policies (Zhang, 2017). Centralized
AC systems reflect advanced and efficient energy usage. They consume less energy
with better service; therefore, the development of future indoor environment control in
residential buildings should take centralized AC systems into consideration (Niccolò
A., 2013) One of the main advantages of centralized AC systems is that they can
satisfy the cooling requirements for multiple buildings at the same time (Chow et al.,
2001) In addition, they use refrigeration equipment with large capacity and high
efficiency. Centralized AC systems also require lower power compared with split AC
systems (Chow et al., 2001) (Soederman, 2007) (Shimoda et al., 2008) (Jordi et. al.,
2013).

Moreover, for the usage of renewable energy sources, such as underground

water or seawater, influenced by the type of cooling source, centralized cooling
systems are simpler and less expensive (Li & Y., 2009).From an energy usage point
of view and considering urban landscape, centralized AC systems are effective and
should be promoted.

2.3 Psychrometric Chart

The study of the thermodynamic properties of moist air is the subject of the
scientific discipline known as psychometrics. When designing air conditioning systems,
the first challenge is to understand the components that affect the building's heat gain
or heat loss; this process is called heating or cooling load estimation. Once this is

16
complete, the next challenge is to design air conditioning systems that meet the
requirements of the building. The reactive challenge consists of "designing" controlled
processes in order to keep the intended condition or state-point within the occupied
space. These controlled processes are typically referred to as the system processes
that use psychometrics.

The psychrometric analysis of an air-conditioning system serves two primary

purposes: the first is to estimate the volume flow rates of air that will be forced into the
ducting system, and the second is to determine the sizes of the principal system
(Bhatia A., 2007).Psychrometry is a tool that is used by HVAC engineers to convert
the amount of heating or cooling loads, which are measured in kW or tons, into the
volume flow rates, which are measured in m3 /s or CFM, for the air that will be pumped
into the duct system. The volume flow rate is used to calculate the appropriate
dimensions for components such as fans, grills, outlets, air-handling units, and
packaged units. It is the single most essential component in conceiving the space
requirements for mechanical rooms as well as the air-distribution ducts. This, in turn,
influences the physical size (foot print) of air handling units and package units.

A graphic representation of the status or condition of the air at any given time
is provided by the Psychrometric Chart. It illustrates the characteristics of air, including
dry bulb temperature (shown by vertical lines), wet bulb temperature (represented by
lines that slope gently downhill to the right), dew point temperature (represented by
horizontal lines), and relative humidity (represented by circles) (the curves on the
chart). Using the chart, you can discover the other two of these characteristics if you
have any two of them already. The usefulness of the chart extends beyond the simple
representation of these fundamental properties; it also describes the moisture content
(scale on the far right), energy content (scale on the outer diagonal on the upper left),
specific volume (lines sloping sharply downward to the right), and specific volume
(lines sloping sharply downward to the right), among other aspects of the air. A
psychrometric chart is helpful in calculating and analyzing the amount of effort and
energy that is transferred during the many processes that are involved in air
conditioning. When it comes to real-world applications, the psychrometric analysis
performed by HVAC contractors that is performed most frequently entails monitoring
the dry and wet bulb temperatures of air that is coming into and going out of a cooling
coil. If these temperatures as well as the volumetric air flow rate (CFM) through the coil
of an appliance are known, it is possible to verify the appliance's cooling capacity. It is
possible to locate two spots on a psych chart and read the corresponding enthalpy

17
values for them by making use of the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb
temperature information.

2.4 Air Handling Unit (AHU)

An air handling unit, often known as an AHU, is a piece of HVAC equipment

used to control and distribute air in a room. Normally, air handlers are connected to a
ventilation system through ductwork. This technology recycles conditioned air back to
the unit after distributing it throughout a building. Even though the air handling unit
(AHU) is a significant component of the HVAC system in a building, the entire system
needs to be taken into consideration before the design can be considered complete
(Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). The application, performance, maintenance
requirements, related size and building location, overall cost to purchase and install,
and energy efficiency are just some of the considerations that go into the design,
selection, and arrangement of an AHU for a project.

AHU appurtenances, on the other hand, are pieces of equipment or

components that can be attached to an air handling unit for a variety of reasons,
including but not limited to control, isolation, safety, static pressure regain, and wear.
Appurtenances such as coils, filters, energy recovery devices, dampers, air-mixers,
spray assemblies, eliminators, discharge plenums, and intake plenums are examples
of common appurtenances (SCHRECENGOST R., 2019). As a component of an
HVAC system, air handling units (AHUs) are, by definition, employed to condition
and/or circulate the air.

Regarding the design of HVAC systems, there are many papers and
evaluations available. Chapter 4 of the 2016 ASHRAE Handbook on HVAC Systems
and Equipment contains some of the relevant material. This chapter is titled "Air
Handling and Distribution." According to ASHRAE, the fundamental concept of an all-
air system is to supply air to a room at conditions such that the sensible and latent heat
gains in the space, when absorbed by supply air flowing through the space, will bring
the air to the desired room conditions. This is accomplished by supplying air at
conditions such that the air flows through the space.

18
 CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

Yielding the design essentially necessitates several processes and tasks to be

undertaken. Each serves a vital part in the overall comprehensiveness and
successfulness of the design. Moreover, each step basically takes into account all the
relevant theories, concepts, realistic design constraints, and standards.
Primarily, the building and its location where the system is intended to be
implemented needs to be determined. With such, the weather, ambient, and other
design conditions prevailing in the specific location can be recognized and taken into
account. This also provides context as to how the design of the building interacts with
its environment and how heat and energy is circulated. With this, the specific cooling
loads for all possible sources involved are determined, which essentially dictates the
required refrigerating capacity of the system.
Given the necessitated design conditions, the various subsystems and
elements involved can be determined. The exact performance specifications of each
individual component or device are identified and examined if they meet the required
design conditions and if they are appropriate to be joined with the rest of the
components in the system. Moreover, the layout of how the system is implemented
throughout the building is established. With all these, the overall air-conditioning and
ventilation system is fully designed.

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3.2 Building Design

The building is constructed to serve as a senior citizen center. The building is

two stories high, which houses different offices and facilities to accommodate guests
and clients. It also features a separate parking building for vehicles.
The building has roughly 300 square meters of area in each floor. Each wall is
essentially made of substantially thick concrete. The building also features several
large glass window panes made as full-height windows and partitions. Each storey is
3.6 m high, which suffices for its purpose of accommodating numerous people, as well
as installing the ducting and air vents of the air-conditioning system.

3.3 Building Location

As this paper is being made, the building is being constructed at Brgy. Cogon-
Combado, Ormoc City, Leyte. Specifically, it is located at these coordinates:
11.024014 N, 124.5998996 E. The area is generally urbanized as it lies within the city
capital. It is surrounded by several other commercial buildings such as the city DRRMO
and the city hall, but is still surrounded with considerable vegetation scattered over the
general area.
According to data from World Weather Online, the maximum temperatures at
each month of each year from 2009 to September 2022 vary drastically. Throughout
this time period, the location has a maximum registered temperature of around 35 °C,
which occurred on the month of May in 2019. Similar temperature conditions were
observed throughout several days of the same month, but a relative humidity of around
82% was observed during such days on the 15th. Particularly, such conditions were
registered at around 9:00 +GMT8 (World Weather Online, n.d.). Essentially, these are
taken as the external conditions that are considered in determining the overall cooling
load to be dealt with by the system.

3.4 Cooling Load Calculation

Determining the cooling load of a building can be accomplished by employing

one of several methods. Each varies from the intricacy of the process and the
comprehensiveness and accuracy of the results. For this design, the Cooling Load
Temperature Differential/Cooling Load Factors method shall be employed. With this,
the calculation process would considerably be simplified to an extent by simply dealing

20
with tabulated data, as well as being substantially accurate and sufficient for the
purposes of the design.
Here, the process essentially involves determining the external cooling loads,
such as the air infiltration and heat transmission from various sources, especially solar
radiation. Along with these are the internal cooling loads that prevail within the building.
These encompass the heat emitted from lighting, the occupants, and other sources
like electrical equipment. All these essentially comprise the overall cooling load that
the system shall deal with.
As the primary design requirement, the ambient conditions regulated within the
building is determined. According to a study from De La Salle University, the ASHRAE
55 general standard temperature for optimal thermal comfort is around 25 °C.
However, in the same study, it was observed that the preferred temperature in different
office buildings involved a range of values that were lower than the expected standard.
Such values could all be approximated to be more or less 24 °C, in general (Benjamin
A. et. al., 2017). This would be reasonable as the PSME Code also specifies that a
desirable indoor temperature for substantially high outdoor temperatures would be
around 23 to 28 °C. With such, the desired temperature to be maintained inside the
building is set as 24 °C. Moreover, still basing on ASHRAE 55, such temperature
condition is associated with 50% relative humidity (Canadian Centre for Occupational
Health & Safety, 2023).
On the other hand, as established, the outside conditions are based on the
extreme recorded ambient conditions of the location. The set values are essentially
assumed to occur at 9:00 AM, at the time when the peak load might happen.
Specifically, the temperature is 35 °C, with a relative humidity of 82%. All
aforementioned information is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Design Conditions

Area/Building Multi-Purpose Building (Senior Citizen Building)

Inside Design Conditions Dry Bulb Temperature 24 Relative Humidity 50%
Outside Conditions Dry Bulb Temperature 35 Relative Humidity 82%
Brgy.
Cogon-
Location Combado, Latitude 11.024014 N Month May Time 9:00 AM
Ormoc City,
Leyte

3.4.1 Lighting Cooling Load Calculation

The building is primarily set to employ double troffer-type lighting with

aluminum louvres, with each bulb rated at 40 watts. With such, this shall be

21
 counted as two light sources with such power rating in the calculation.
Meanwhile, 14-watt square recessed slim downlights are utilized in other,
generally smaller, rooms or spaces, while surface mounted pinlights are utilized
outside. However, as such have less wattage, they are deemed negligible for
the calculations. With that said, the design cooling load is given by,
𝑄 = 3.41(𝑁)(𝑊)(𝐹𝑢𝑙 )(𝐹𝑠𝑎 )(𝐶𝐿𝐹)
where
𝑁 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑊 − 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝐹𝑢𝑙 − 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐹𝑠𝑎 − 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐶𝐿𝐹 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑏𝑦 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑠𝑒
Here, the special ballast factor would be 𝐹𝑠𝑎 = 1.18 for each of the 40-
watt lamp fixtures, while 𝐹𝑢𝑙 = 1, as prescribed in ASHRAE 1997 for
commercial applications.
The senior citizen center is set to generally operate at typical office
hours—from 8 AM to 5 PM. However, employees and clients may still occupy
the building beyond such schedules due to other reasons; thus, some
allowance of around 4 hours is considered to account for such circumstances.
With this, the building is assumed to be occupied for 12 hours throughout the
day. Considering the involvement of large windows in the building’s design, the
lights would normally be turned off throughout the morning. However, to
maximize the system’s capacity, as well as to account for other possible
circumstances, it is assumed that all lighting fixtures are turned on and used
throughout the 12 hours of occupancy. Based on Chapter 28 Table 38 of
ASHRAE 1997, the cooling load factor (CLF) of Zone Type C for a full 12 hours
of continuous operation is CLF = 0.95. This is employed together with the other
parameters to obtain the estimated design cooling load for each room. The
overall cooling loads of each floor corresponding to lighting usage are detailed
in Table 2.

Table 2. Lighting Cooling Load

Instantaneous Cooling Load Design Cooling

No. of Rating Hours in Load Factor Load
Room/Space
Lamps (Watts) Operation
SH LH SH LH SH LH
First Floor
Dept. Head Office 1 4 40 12 643.81 N/A 0.95 N/A 611.62 N/A
Dept. Head Office 2 8 40 12 1287.62 N/A 0.95 N/A 1223.24 N/A
Office 1 16 40 12 2575.23 N/A 0.95 N/A 2446.47 N/A

22
Office 2 4 40 12 643.81 N/A 0.95 N/A 611.62 N/A
Social Pension Office 8 40 12 1287.62 N/A 0.95 N/A 1223.24 N/A
OSCA Office Lobby 8 40 12 1287.62 N/A 0.95 N/A 1223.24 N/A
OCMS Office Lobby 10 40 12 1609.52 N/A 0.95 N/A 1529.04 N/A
OCMS Office 4 40 12 643.81 N/A 0.95 N/A 611.62 N/A
TOTAL 9480 N/A
Second Floor
Conference Room 16 40 12 2575.23 N/A 0.95 N/A 2446.47 N/A
Function Room 1 24 40 12 3862.85 N/A 0.95 N/A 3669.71 N/A
Function Room 2 24 40 12 3862.85 N/A 0.95 N/A 3669.71 N/A
Clinic 12 40 12 1931.42 N/A 0.95 N/A 1834.85 N/A
Waiting Area and
14 40 12 2253.33 N/A 0.95 N/A 2140.66 N/A
Lobby
TOTAL 13761 N/A

3.4.2 Occupants Cooling Load Calculation

The actual number of people occupying the building certainly varies

considerably from different points in time. To get a general value to use in the
calculation, the average highest number of people that could possibly occupy
the space is determined. This shall primarily be based on the general area that
any individual requires when inside typical buildings or rooms. Such values are
detailed in Table 3 (The Engineering Toolbox, n.d.). With this, the number of
people—the clients and employees—inside the building at a time can be
approximated. However, other rooms shall simply be dealt with base on its
exact capacity.

Table 3. Average Area per Person

23
 The building is predominantly an office building, where clients can
transact with personnel and where its officials and other relevant groups can
congregate. It also includes lavatories, a clinic to provide healthcare services,
and function rooms where meetings and seminars can be held. The variation
is mainly observable at its different floors. The first floor primarily functions as
an office where services are rendered, while the second floor offers spaces that
accommodate other relevant activities.

24
 With that, the first floor is essentially identified as an office space.
Moreover, each room is intended for different purposes; thus, further involves
a varying number of people. Based on the Table 3, it is advised to allocate at
least 10 m2 per person in single offices and 1.5 m2 in others, on average. With
this, the number of occupants can be determined simply by dividing the
corresponding values for the total area of every room and the minimum area
per person of such room.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 =
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛
However, as a design decision, the actual capacity of the room
determined from this is not directly taken as the average number of occupants
at a time. Some allowances are applied to account for circumstances where
more people are operating in the building or in any room than usual. The default
capacity is taken as 60% of the assumed maximum number of occupants of
any room. Thus, the obtained values are still adjusted according to this
condition. With this, the system can still successfully handle a greater—but
rather unlikely—number of occupants in the building.
Then, approximating the number of occupants in the second floor
essentially follows a similar thought-process. It is constituted of meeting and
function rooms and a clinic. Based on the table, it is generally advised to allot
1.5 m2 per person in conference rooms, 0.6 m2 in congregation or assembly
rooms such as the function rooms, and 5 m2 in clinics.
However, some of the rooms already have a set capacity that still has a
tolerance to accommodate slightly more people. Based on such, some of the
values obtained from the calculations are somewhat inaccurate to the actual
conditions of the aforementioned rooms, especially the function rooms and
offices of the department heads. With this, the number of occupants of such
rooms are based on their actual exact capacity instead; nonetheless, the
aforementioned allowances are still applied for good measure.
Now, those occupants are essentially utilizing such rooms and doing
certain activities. In this building, they could simply be doing sedentary or
average activities. With such, heat is gained in the respective rooms according
to the type of activity and the number of hours such is done by the occupants
in the space. Determining the heat gained is based upon the ASHRAE 1997
Chapter 28 Table 3 and 37. With such data, the sensible and latent design
cooling loads can be determined, which is given by,

25
 𝑄𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑁(𝑄𝑆)(𝐶𝐿𝐹)
𝑄𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑁(𝑄𝐿)(𝐶𝐿𝐹)
where
𝑁 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑄𝑆 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑄𝐿 − 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝐶𝐿𝐹 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑏𝑦 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦
As established earlier, the senior citizen center is assumed to be
occupied for 12 hours throughout the day. Based on Chapter 28 Table 37 of
ASHRAE 1997, the cooling load factor of Zone Type C for a full 12 hours of
continuous occupancy is CLF = 0.96. This is employed together with the other
parameters to obtain the estimated design cooling load for each room. The
overall cooling loads of each floor corresponding to each activity of the
occupants are detailed in Table 4.

Table 4. Occupants Cooling Load

Instantaneous Cooling Load Design Cooling

Adjusted Load Factor Load
Area per Number of
Room/Space Area Type
Person Occupants
No. of Activity
Occupants SH LH SH LH SH LH

First Floor
Seated,
Dept. Head 12.75
Single
10 2 4 very light 70 50 0.96 0.96 254.80 182.00
Office 1 Office
work
Seated,
Dept. Head 16.00
Single
10 2 4 very light 70 50 0.96 0.96 254.80 182.00
Office 2 Office
work
Office
Office 1 65.25 Office 10 7 8
work
70 60 0.96 0.96 548.10 469.80
Office Seated,
Office 2 12.00 Meeting 1.5 8 10 very light 70 50 0.96 0.96 672.00 480.00
Room work
Social
Office
Pension 21.00 Office 4.65 5 6
work
70 60 0.96 0.96 379.35 325.16
Office
OSCA Office 48.45 Office 4.65 10 13
Seated at
67 33 0.96 0.96 837.72 412.61
Lobby rest
OCMS 53.45 Office 4.65 11 14
Seated at
67 33 0.96 0.96 924.17 455.19
Office Lobby rest
OCMS 9.61
Single
10 1 2
Seated at
67 33 0.96 0.96 103.04 50.75
Office Office rest

TOTAL 3974 2558

Second Floor
Seated,
Conference 29.23
Meeting
1.5 19 24 very light 70 50 0.96 0.96 1636.88 1169.20
Room Room
work
Function —
Lecture
— 60 75
Seated at
67 33 0.96 0.96 4824.00 2376.00
Room 1 Room rest
Function —
Lecture
— 60 75
Seated at
67 33 0.96 0.96 4824.00 2376.00
Room 2 Room rest
Moderate
Clinic — Clinic — 5 6 80 80 0.96 0.96 480.00 480.00
work
Waiting Area 67.20 Office 4.65 14 18
Seated at
67 33 0.96 0.96 1161.91 572.28
and Lobby rest

TOTAL 12927 6973

26
3.4.3 Air Infiltration Cooling Load Calculation

The premise here essentially involves air infiltrating the building, which
basically introduces heat from the outside and into the volume of the rooms.
With this, the calculation deals with the rooms that bound and enclose the
inside environment. This basically only considers those rooms wherein one or
two of its walls, boundaries, or surfaces are in direct contact with the air from
the outside environment and can essentially serve as potential passages for its
infiltration.
With the inside conditions, as established, the temperature is set as
24°C with a relative humidity of 50%. With this, the humidity ratio is w = 0.0093.
On the other hand, while the outside conditions are 35°C with a relative
humidity of 82%, the humidity ratio is thus, w = 0.02968.
The sensible and latent design cooling loads are determined by,
𝑉
𝑄𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑁 ( ) (𝑐𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 )(𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖 )(𝐶𝐿𝐹)
𝑣
𝑉
𝑄𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑁 ( ) (ℎ𝑓𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 )(𝑤𝑜 − 𝑤𝑖 )(𝐶𝐿𝐹)
𝑣
where
𝑁 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑉 − 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑣 − 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑤𝑜 − ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑤𝑖 − ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟
Here, 𝑐𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1, ℎ𝑓𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 2444.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, and 𝑣 = 0.91 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 for the
outside conditions. Then, based on ASHRAE 1997, CLF = 1 in this case,
whether sensible or latent, for a commercial building. Meanwhile, the number
of air changes per hour is given by,
𝑁 = 𝑎 + 𝑏(𝑉𝑒𝑙) + 𝑐(𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖 )
where
𝑉𝑒𝑙 − 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
According to the PSME code, the wind velocity shall not exceed
0.254m/min. To maximize the conditions, Vel = 0.254 m/min or around
0.004233 m/s. Then, the coefficients a, b, and c are experimentally determined
constants. Exact values for such are based on the typical values presented in

27
 Table 4-5 in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by Stoecker and Jones. The
senior citizen center generally has a tight construction; thus, a = 0.15, b = 0.010,
and c = 0.007. The overall cooling loads are detailed in Table 5.

Table 5. Air Infiltration Cooling Load

No. of Wall Dimensions Instantaneous Cooling Design Cooling

Room/Space change (meters) Load Load Factor Load
per hour L W H SH LH SH LH SH LH
First Floor
Dept. Head
0.2295 4.25 3.00 3.60 127.36 576.85 1 1 127.36 576.85
Office 1
Dept. Head
0.2295 4.00 4.00 3.60 159.82 723.88 1 1 159.82 723.88
Office 2
Office 1 0.2295 7.50 6.00 3.60 501.94 2316.43 1 1 501.94 2316.43

Office 2 0.2295 4.00 3.00 3.60 119.87 542.91 1 1 119.87 542.91

Social Pension
0.2295 5.00 4.20 3.60 209.76 950.10 1 1 209.76 950.10
Office
OSCA Office &
0.2295 9.50 3.90 3.60 511.43 2316.43 1 1 511.43 2316.43
Lobby
OCMS Office 0.2295 3.60 2.60 3.60 93.49 423.47 1 1 93.49 423.47
OCMS Office
0.2295 9.10 4.40 3.60 529.41 2397.87 1 1 529.41 2397.87
Lobby
TOTAL 2253 10248
Second Floor
Conference
0.2295 8.00 3.95 3.60 315.65 1429.67 1 1 315.65 1429.67
Room
Function Room 1 0.2295 12.00 6.00 3.60 719.19 3257.48 1 1 719.19 3257.48
Function Room 2 0.2295 11.20 5.00 3.60 559.37 2533.60 1 1 559.37 2533.60
Clinic 0.2295 7.00 4.00 3.60 279.69 1266.80 1 1 279.69 1266.80
Stairway 0.2295 4.00 4.30 9.00 429.52 1945.44 1 1 429.52 1945.44
Waiting Area
0.2295 11.70 3.05 3.60 647.87 2934.45 1 1 647.87 2934.45
and Lobby
TOTAL 2951 13367

3.4.4 Heat Transmission Cooling Load Calculation

Naturally, substantial heat is gained as the building simply exists amidst

the presence of heat and solar radiation throughout the environment.
Nonetheless, this generally does not equally influence the entirety of the
building. The extent of heat transmitted varies on areas that are not directly
exposed to the sunlight with those that are.
With this, the process involves determining the particular areas of the
building that are and are not directly exposed to sunlight during the specified
conditions at 9:00 AM. The specific positioning of the sun at the specified
location and hour on May 2019, is determined through online data, see Figure
7 (Suncalc, 2015). Meanwhile, a visualization of the sun’s position is illustrated
in Figure 8.

28
 Figure 7. Sun Position

The sun, at the time, was generally positioned on the northeast

direction. Figure 8 illustrates the specific areas and features of the building
that would be hidden away from direct sunlight from the north east. With such,
the un-sunlit and sunlit areas are identified.

Figure 8. Sunlit and Un-sunlit Areas

Realistically, given the organization of the city and the features of that
particular area, the orientation of the building itself deviates away from facing
north. Its supposed front side and essentially its main entrances face towards
the southwest direction. With that and with the sunlight coming from the
northeast, two un-sunlit areas can be observed—the front side and left side of
the building, wherein the left side faces NW and the front faces SW. On the
other hand, the sunlit areas include the rear side, right side, and the roof,
wherein the rear faces towards NE and the right faces SE.

29
 Here, the cooling loads would vary with the extent of exposure to
sunlight and with the type of material of the walls or boundaries that are
involved. The building features various glass doors and windows at the front
and rear. These are simply regular single horizontal sheets of glass. The walls
are around 150-mm-thick concrete slabs.

3.4.4.1 Un-sunlit Areas Calculation

Given that solar radiation is negligible here, transmission of heat

from the surrounding air through the un-sunlit areas essentially follows
the default heat transfer equation. Thus, the design cooling load for this
case is given by,
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡𝑖 )(𝐶𝐿𝐹)
where
𝑈 − 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
Here, the heat-transfer coefficient for a 150-mm concrete slab is
around 3.9 W/m2-K. Meanwhile, that for the horizontal single glass
windows is 7.9 W/m2-K (The Engineering Toolbox, n.d.). Once again,
as prescribed in ASHRAE1997, CLF = 1 for a commercial building. The
overall cooling loads of each floor corresponding to each un-sunlit
surface are detailed in Table 6.

Table 6. Heat Transmission through Un-sunlit Areas Cooling Load

Wall
Un-sunlit Heat Instantaneous Cooling Design Cooling
Material of Dimensions
Area Transfer Load Load Factor Load
Unexposed Area Wall (meters) ∆T
(sq. Coefficient
or Surface
L H meter) (W/m2-K) SH LH SH LH SH LH

First Floor
OSCA Office &
glass 7.00 2.40 16.80 7.9 11.00 1459.92 N/A 1 N/A 1459.92 N/A
Lobby
Front
OCMS Office glass 3.60 2.40 8.64 7.9 11.00 750.82 N/A 1 N/A 750.82 N/A
Side
OCMS Office
glass 4.40 2.40 10.56 7.9 11.00 917.66 N/A 1 N/A 917.66 N/A
Lobby
Dept. Head
concrete 4.25 3.60 15.30 3.9 11.00 656.37 N/A 1 N/A 656.37 N/A
Office 1
Office 1 concrete 1.75 3.60 6.30 3.9 11.00 270.27 N/A 1 N/A 270.27 N/A
Left
Side
OCMS Office concrete 2.64 3.60 9.50 3.9 11.00 407.72 N/A 2 N/A 815.44 N/A
OCMS Office
concrete 2.38 3.60 8.57 3.9 11.00 367.57 N/A 1 N/A 367.57 N/A
Lobby
TOTAL 3027 N/A

Second Floor
Conference
glass 7.45 2.40 17.88 7.9 11.00 1553.77 N/A 1 N/A 1553.77 N/A
Front Room
Side
Function Room 2 glass 5.00 2.50 12.50 7.9 11.00 1086.25 N/A 1 N/A 1086.25 N/A

30
 Waiting Area and
glass 4.50 2.50 11.25 7.9 11.00 977.63 N/A 1 N/A 977.63 N/A
Lobby
Stairway concrete 4.00 9.00 36.00 3.9 11.00 1544.40 N/A 1 N/A 1544.40 N/A
Conference
concrete 3.95 3.60 14.22 3.9 11.00 610.04 N/A 1 N/A 610.04 N/A
Left Room
Side
Function Room 1 concrete 6.00 3.60 21.60 3.9 11.00 926.64 N/A 1 N/A 926.64 N/A

TOTAL 6699 N/A

3.4.4.2 Sunlit Areas Calculation

Given that solar radiation is substantial here, there are some

specific considerations with the heat transmission through the windows.
Addressing these specifications is all based on chapter 4 of
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by Stoecker and Jones. Moreover,
such for the glass doors, windows, and the concrete walls incorporates
the heat from the surrounding air and that from solar radiation.
The design cooling load through sunlit concrete surfaces is
simply given by,
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(𝐸𝑇𝐷)(𝐶𝐿𝐹)
where
𝐴 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐸𝑇𝐷 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
On the other hand, the design cooling load through sunlit glass
surfaces is given by,
𝑄 = 𝐴(𝑆𝐶)(𝑆𝐶𝐿)
where
𝐴 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑆𝐶 − 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑆𝐶𝐿 − 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
From Table 4-11, SC = 0.25 for single glass windows with light
roller shades. Unfortunately, there is insufficient data for the SCL and
ETD. With regards to the ETD, it is simply approximated to be twice of
the temperature difference from the un-sunlit calculations. The available
method in obtaining a more accurate and relevant value of the ETD is
through a computer software which would substantially complicate the
process. Thus, this alternative is opted for simplicity while retaining
considerable accuracy.
Meanwhile, the system is intended to be implemented at around
11° north latitude with summer conditions in the month of May.
However, available direct data for the SCL is based at 40° north latitude

31
 with summer conditions in the month of July, which is substantially unfit
for this design. An alternative is available—at 32° north latitude in May—
which evidently still has significant deviation; nonetheless, the data
based on this is the closest that is available. Essentially, the design
cooling load involving sunlit glass surfaces is assumed at 32° latitude.
From there, another issue arises. Values for SCL that are based
at 32° latitude are technically also not available. What are available are
other relevant values that are employed in a slightly different process,
which still yields the design cooling load at sunlit glass surfaces. The
alternative equation involves the use of the solar heat gain factor
(SHGF) and a different cooling load factor. This was previously the
default process to be employed in estimating the design cooling load at
sunlit areas, but due to some intricacy, the ASHRAE replaced it with the
SCL method to streamline the process. Overall, this alternative is given
by,
𝑄 = 𝐴(𝑆𝐶)(𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹)(𝐶𝐿𝐹)
where
𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹 − 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
From Table 4-10, in the month of May and at 32° north latitude,
SHGF = 530 W/m2 for glass facing NE/NW and SHGF = 480 W/m2 for
glass facing SE/SW. Then, from Table 4-12, for glass with interior
shading, at north latitudes, and at 0900 h solar time, CLF = 0.58 for
glass facing NE and CLF = 0.81 for glass facing SE. The overall cooling
loads of each floor corresponding to each sunlit surface are detailed in
Table 7.

Table 7. Heat Transmission through Sunlit Areas Cooling Load

Dimensions Cooling Load Design Cooling

Sunlit Heat Instantaneous Load
Material of (meters) Factor Load
Area Transfer SHGF
Exposed Area Wall SC ETD
(sq. Coefficient (W/m2)
or Surface L H SH LH SH LH SH LH
meter) (W/m2-K)

First Floor

concrete 4.00 3.60 8.76 3.9 — — 22.00 751.61 N/A 1 N/A 751.61 N/A
Office 2
glass 2.35 2.40 5.64 7.9 480 0.25 22.00 1657.03 N/A 0.81 N/A 1342.20 N/A
Right
Side (SE) Social
concrete 4.20 3.60 15.12 3.9 — — 22.00 1297.30 N/A 1 N/A 1297.30 N/A
Pension
OSCA
Office & concrete 3.90 3.60 14.04 3.9 — — 22.00 1204.63 N/A 1 N/A 1204.63 N/A
Lobby
Dept. Head
concrete 3.00 3.60 10.80 3.9 — — 22.00 926.64 N/A 1 N/A 926.64 N/A
Office 1
Dept. Head
concrete 4.00 3.60 14.40 3.9 — — 22.00 1235.52 N/A 1 N/A 1235.52 N/A
Office 2
Back Side
concrete 7.50 3.60 20.25 3.9 — — 22.00 1737.45 N/A 1 N/A 1737.45 N/A
(NE)
Office 1
glass 4.50 1.50 6.75 7.9 530 0.25 22.00 2067.53 N/A 0.58 N/A 1199.16 N/A

Office 2 concrete 7.00 3.60 25.20 3.9 — — 22.00 2162.16 N/A 1 N/A 2162.16 N/A

32
 TOTAL 11857 N/A

Second Floor

Function
concrete 11.20 3.60 40.32 3.9 — — 22.00 3459.46 N/A 1 N/A 3459.46 N/A
Right Room 2
Side (SE)
Clinic concrete 2.00 3.60 7.20 3.9 — — 22.00 617.76 N/A 1 N/A 617.76 N/A

concrete 12.00 3.60 31.95 3.9 — — 22.00 2741.31 N/A 1 N/A 2741.31 N/A
Function
Room 1
glass 7.50 1.50 11.25 7.9 530 0.25 22.00 3445.88 N/A 1 N/A 3445.88 N/A
Back Side
(NE)
concrete 7.00 3.60 19.20 3.9 — — 22.00 1647.36 N/A 1 N/A 1647.36 N/A
Clinic
glass 4.00 1.50 6.00 7.9 530 0.25 22.00 1837.80 N/A 1 N/A 1837.80 N/A

Roof concrete 21.50 13.00 291.75 3.9 — — 22.00 25032.15 N/A 1 N/A 25032.15 N/A

TOTAL 13750 N/A

3.4.5 Miscellaneous Cooling Load Calculation

Miscellaneous cooling load is calculated based on the type and number

of appliances and heat producing equipment present in a certain space or
room.
The design cooling load is then calculated by,
𝑄 = 𝑁(𝑊)(𝐶𝐿𝐹)
where
𝑁 − 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠
𝑊 − ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐶𝐿𝐹 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

The heat gain rating is the energy emitted by the appliances (see
ASHRAE 1997 chapter 28 tables 5-9), and CLF is the cooling load factor by
hour of occupancy (see ASHRAE 1997 chapter 28 table 37 for unhooded and
39, for hooded equipment). For Zone Type C at 12 hours with unhooded
equipment, the CLF = 0.96, and at 8 hours, CLF = 0.91. For hooded equipment,
at 12 hours, CLF = 0.94, and at 8 hours, CLF = 0.87. The list of appliances and
equipment as well as their respective design cooling load are tabulated in Table
8 below.

Table 8. Miscellaneous Cooling Load

Heat Gain
Instantaneous Cooling Load Design Cooling Load
No. Rating No. of
Appliance/ Load (Watts) Factor (Watts)
Room of (Watts) Hours in
Equipment
Items Operation
SH LH SH LH SH LH SH LH

First Floor
Personal
DEPT. Computer 1 133 0 133 0 12 0.96 0.96 127.68 0
HEAD brand 1
OFFICE 1
Laser Printer 1 248 0 248 0 8 0.91 0.91 225.68 0

33
 Smart Phone* 3 200 0 600 0 12 0.96 0.96 576.00 0
paper
1 2420 0 2420 0 8 0.91 0.91 2202.20 0
shredder
Desktop
1 181 0 181 0 8 0.91 0.91 164.71 0
copier
Personal
Computer 6 133 0 798 0 12 0.96 0.96 766.08 0
Brand 1
Copier (Large)
30-60 2 6600 0 13200 0 8 0.91 0.91 12012.00 0
OFFICE 1 copies/min
paper
6 2420 0 14520 0 8 0.91 0.91 13213.20 0
shredder
Smart Phone 6 200 0 1200 0 12 0.96 0.96 1152.00 0

Laser Printer 2 248 0 496 0 8 0.91 0.91 451.36 0

Water cooler
1 1750 0 1750 0 12 0.96 0.96 1680.00 0
30L/ hr
45
OCMS Coffee maker 1 1050 450 1050 8 0.91 0.91 955.50 409.50
0
OFFICE
LOBBY Cold
1 960 0 960 0 12 0.96 0.96 921.60 0
food/beverage
Smart Phone* 11 200 0 2200 0 12 0.96 0.96 2112.00 0
Personal
Computer 1 133 0 133 0 12 0.96 0.96 127.68 0
brand 1
OCMS Desktop
1 181 0 181 0 8 0.91 0.91 164.71 0
copier
OFFICE
paper
1 2420 0 2420 0 8 0.91 0.91 2202.20 0
shredder
Smart Phone* 1 200 0 200 0 12 0.96 0.96 192.00 0
paper
4 2420 0 9680 0 8 0.91 0.91 8808.80 0
shredder
Personal
Computer 4 133 0 532 0 12 0.96 0.96 510.72 0
SOCIAL brand 1
PENSION Copier (Large)
OFFICE 30-60 2 6600 0 13200 0 8 0.91 0.91 12012.00 0
copies/min
Smart Phone* 5 200 0 1000 0 12 0.96 0.96 960.00 0

Laser Printer 2 248 0 496 0 8 0.91 0.91 451.36 0

Personal
Computer 2 133 0 266 0 12 0.96 0.96 255.36 0
brand 1
DEPT. paper
HEAD 1 2420 0 2420 0 8 0.91 0.91 2202.20 0
shredder
OFFICE 2
Smart Phone* 3 200 0 600 0 12 0.96 0.96 576.00 0
Desktop
1 181 0 181 0 8 0.91 0.91 164.71 0
copier
Projector* 1 120 0 120 0 8 0.91 0.91 109.20 0

OFFICE 2 Smart Phone* 9 200 0 1800 0 12 0.96 0.96 1728.00 0

Laptops* 9 200 0 1800 0 12 0.96 0.96 1728.00 0

45
Coffee maker 1 1050 450 1050 8 0.91 0.91 955.50 409.50
0
Water cooler
1 1750 0 1750 0 12 0.96 0.96 1680.00 0
OSCA 30 L/hr
OFFICE Vending
LOBBY machine: Cold 1 960 0 960 0 8 0.91 0.91 873.60 0
food/beverage
Smart Phone* 10 200 0 2000 0 12 0.96 0.96 1920.00 0

TOTAL 74182.05 819.00

SECOND FLOOR

Projectors* 2 120 0 240 0 8 0.91 0.91 218.40 0

Speakers* 4 100 0 400 0 8 0.91 0.91 364.00 0

FUNCTION
ROOM 1 Smart Phone* 75 200 0 15000 0 12 0.96 0.96 14400.00 0
Personal
Computer 2 133 0 266 0 12 0.96 0.96 255.36 0
brand 1
Projectors* 2 120 0 240 0 8 0.91 0.91 218.40 0

34
 Speakers* 4 100 0 400 0 8 0.91 0.91 364.00 0
FUNCTION Smart Phone* 75 200 0 15000 0 12 0.96 0.96 14400.00 0
ROOM 2
Personal
Computer 2 133 0 266 0 12 0.96 0.96 255.36 0
brand 1
Projector* 1 120 0 120 0 8 0.91 0.91 109.20 0
CONFERE
NCE 45
Coffee Maker 1 1050 450 1050 8 0.91 0.91 955.50 409.50
ROOM 0
Water cooler
1 1750 0 1750 0 12 0.96 0.96 1680.00 0
30L/ hr
Blood
Pressure 2 33 0 66 0 8 0.91 0.91 60.06 0
Meter
Blanket
1 504 0 504 0 12 0.96 0.96 483.84 0
Warmer
CLINIC Pulse
2 21 0 42 0 8 0.91 0.91 38.22 0
Oximeter
Water cooler
1 1750 0 1750 0 12 0.96 0.96 1680.00 0
30L/ hr
Refrigerator
1 690 0 690 0 12 0.96 0.96 662.40 0
(Small)
TOTAL 36144.74 409.50

3.4.6 Overall Design Cooling Load

The overall cooling load the system is intended to address is simply the
sum of the individual design cooling loads from the various external and internal
sources in each floor. Now, considering the variable extent of usage on the
various equipment and lighting fixtures in the building, there could be
circumstances wherein the actual heat gains from these sources exceed the
initial estimation and assumptions. Some adjustments are made, wherein a 5%
allowance is applied on the initial design cooling load of the aforementioned
sources, to account for such possibility. Meanwhile, the rest are simply
retained. With that said, the results of the cooling load calculations are
tabulated in table. Figure 9 illustrates the proportions of the cooling loads
prevalent in the building.

Table 9. Summary of Loads

Design Cooling Load Adjusted Design Cooling Total per

Sources Floor (Watts) Allowance Load Floor
SH LH SH LH (Watts)
1 9480.07 0 1.05 9954.08 0.00 9954.08
Lighting
2 13761.40 0 1.05 14449.47 0.00 14449.47
1 3491.41 2364.78 1 3491.41 2364.78 5856.19
Occupants
2 12926.79 6973.48 1 12926.79 6973.48 19900.27
1 2228.55 10136.43 1 2228.55 10136.43 12364.98
Air Infiltration
2 2919.17 13221.98 1 2919.17 13221.98 16141.15
Heat 1 3027.31 0 1 3027.31 0.00 3027.31
Transmission
(Un-sunlit) 2 6698.73 0 1 6698.73 0.00 6698.73
Heat 1 11856.67 0 1 11856.67 0.00 11856.67
Transmission
(Sunlit) 2 13749.56 0 1 13749.56 0.00 13749.56

35
 1 44552.45 819.00 1.05 46780.07 859.95 47640.02
Miscellaneous
2 36144.74 409.50 1.05 37951.98 429.98 38381.95
Total 166033.78 33986.60 200020.38

Total Design Cooling Load

14% 12%
Lighting
13%
Occupants
13%
Miscellaneous
Heat Transmission (Sunlit)
43% Heat Transmission (Un-sunlit)
Air Infiltration

Figure 9. Distribution of Total Cooling Load

3.4.7 Refrigeration Capacity

In determining the required refrigeration capacity to meet the design

conditions, the sensible heat factor (SHF) for the cooling and dehumidifying
process is first obtained. It is given by,
𝑄𝑆
𝑆𝐻𝐹 =
𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝐿
where
𝑆𝐻𝐹 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑄𝑆 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑄𝐿 − 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
Accounting all possible sources of cooling loads and including some
allowances for particular extreme circumstances, the total sensible heat load is
estimated to be 166.03 kW, while the total latent heat load is around 33.99 kW.
166.03
𝑆𝐻𝐹 = = 0.85
166.03 + 33.99

36
 Figure 10. The Air-conditioning Process

Figure 10 essentially illustrates the whole air-conditioning process that

is realized by the system. Point 4 represents the outside environment with its
established conditions. Air is drawn from here and supplied into the system.
Point 5 represents the air handling unit (AHU). Here, the air is mixed with
another mass of air that has been returned and recirculated from the building
from point 3. This air mixture is supplied to cool the room.
The air is essentially conditioned and released by the AHU at point 6.
The temperature is set to be around 16 °C. From there, it passes through the
fans and ducts in the system. This process is assumed to incur a 2-degree
increase in temperature; thus, at point 1, the temperature is about 18 °C as it
is supplied to the interior of the building.
As established, the sensible heat factor is 0.85 and point 2 represents
the desired conditions of the building. Projecting a line based on the SHF yields
a dew point temperature of 11 °C. Towards the return duct at point 3, it is
assumed to incur a 1-degree increase in temperature; thus, the temperature is
25 °C. Point 5 is essentially pinpointed by projecting from the dew point
temperature, passing through point 6 and intersecting the line 3 to 4.

Determining the refrigeration capacity proceeds as follows.

a) mass flow rate of the air supply
𝑄𝑆 = 𝑚𝑠 𝐶𝑝 (𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )
𝑄𝑆
𝑚𝑠 =
𝐶𝑝 (𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )

37
 166.03
𝑚𝑠 =
1.006(24 − 18)
𝑚𝑠 = 27.51 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
b) specific enthalpy at point 1
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 2: 𝐷𝐵𝑇 = 24 ℃ ; 𝑅𝐻 = 50%
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: ℎ = 47.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: 𝑤 = 0.0093
𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚𝑠 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝐿
ℎ1 = ℎ2 −
𝑚𝑠
195.38 + 33.99
ℎ1 = 47.8 −
32.46
ℎ4 = 40.70 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
c) other properties of other points (via Psychrometric Chart)
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 1: 𝐷𝐵𝑇 = 18 ℃ ; 𝑤 = 0.0088
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: 𝑣 = 0.835 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 3: 𝐷𝐵𝑇 = 25 ℃ ; 𝑤 = 0.0093
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: ℎ = 49 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: 𝑣 = 0.858 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 4: 𝐷𝐵𝑇 = 35 ℃ ; 𝑅𝐻 = 82%
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: ℎ = 111.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: 𝑤 = 0.0297
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: 𝑣 = 0.914 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: 𝐷𝐵𝑇 = 25.3 ℃ ; 𝑅𝐻 = 50%
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: ℎ = 51.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: 𝑤 = 0.0102
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: 𝑣 = 0.86 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 6: 𝐷𝐵𝑇 = 16 ℃ ; 𝑤 = 0.0088
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: ℎ = 38 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 5: 𝑣 = 0.83 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
d) mass flow rate of ventilating air 𝑚0 and recycled air 𝑚𝑅
𝑚0 ℎ4 + 𝑚𝑅 ℎ3 = 𝑚𝑠 ℎ5
𝑚0 ℎ4 + (𝑚𝑠 − 𝑚0 )ℎ3 = 𝑚𝑠 ℎ5
𝑚𝑠 (ℎ5 − ℎ3 ) 𝑚𝑅 = 𝑚𝑠 − 𝑚0
𝑚0 =
ℎ4 − ℎ3 𝑚𝑅 = 27.51 − 1.19
27.51(51.7 − 49) 𝑚𝑅 = 26.32 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑚0 = = 1.19 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
111.3 − 49

38
 e) refrigeration capacity
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑚𝑠 (ℎ5 − ℎ6 )
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 27.51 (51.7 − 38)
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝟑𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑾 ≈ 𝟐𝟏, 𝟒𝟑𝟐. 𝟖 𝑩𝑻𝑼/𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≈ 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟏𝟗 𝑻𝑹

Therefore, the required refrigeration capacity for this centralized air-

conditioning system is around 376.88 kW or 107.19 tons of refrigeration. The
air handling unit is selected based on the available models from the Carrier
39G series, following the quick selection chart in APPENDIX G. Here, for
optimal cost-efficiency, the 2230 unit is opted. It has a cooling coil capacity of
approximately 450 kW, which is more than adequate and includes considerable
allowance for extreme circumstances. Thus, one unit is necessary for the whole
system.

3.5 Ducting Design

Here, the equal friction method is employed. Such method is generally adopted
for the ducting design of commercial buildings, wherein it simply assumes uniform
friction losses throughout the system. The design friction loss factor for such is typically
0.1 to 0.2 inch of column of water (W.C.) per 100-foot length of the duct.

3.5.1 Supply Duct

First, the total sensible heat load for every room is considered. This is employed
in determining the required mass flow rate of the air. This is given by,
𝑄𝑆
𝑚𝑆 =
𝐶𝑝 (𝑡𝑆 − 𝑡𝑅 )
where
𝑄𝑆 − 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑡𝑆 − 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑡𝑅 − 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
Both the sensible heat load and the mass flow rate of supply air are employed
in determining the required volume flow rate of the air that is supplied into the room,
which would realize the refrigerating effect. This is given by,
𝑚𝑆
𝑉=
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟

39
 Applying such analyses on every room, the individual mass and volume flow
rate required for each room are detailed in Table 10.

Table 10. Air Flow Rate per Room

Total Volume Flow Rate

Mass
Sensible
Room ∆T Flow Rate
Heat Load
(kg/s) m3/s cfm
(kW)
First Floor
Dept. Head Office 1 5.95 6 0.99 0.8191 1734.30
Dept. Head Office 2 6.15 6 1.02 0.8464 1792.05
Office 1 17.23 6 2.85 2.3711 5020.18
Office 2 10.07 6 1.67 1.3856 2933.67
Social Pension
13.31 6 2.20 1.8310 3876.63
Office
OSCA Office &
10.34 6 1.71 1.4231 3013.06
Lobby
OCMS Office 5.06 6 0.84 0.6963 1474.17
OCMS Office Lobby 9.58 6 1.59 1.3182 2791.02
TOTAL 12.87 10.69 22635.07
Second Floor
Conference Room 9.30 6 1.54 1.2803 2710.63
Function Room 1 31.56 6 5.23 4.3423 9193.65
Function Room 2 28.83 6 4.78 3.9671 8399.41
Clinic 9.62 6 1.59 1.3236 2802.36
Stairway 1.97 6 0.33 0.2710 573.72
Waiting Area and
5.35 6 0.89 0.7356 1557.45
Lobby
TOTAL 14.35 11.92 25237.22

With that, the specifications of the ducting system shall base on the established
required flow rate for each room. The lengths of the main and branching ducts simply
depend on the organization of the rooms and the structure of the interior of the building.
The ducting layouts are detailed in the following figures. The main line starts from the
AHU and leads towards the second floor then to the first floor. The various branching
ducts lead to the individual diffusers of each room.

40
 Main Duct Return Duct

Branch Duct Exhaust

(a)

(b)

Figure 11. First Floor Plan with Supply Ducting

41
 (a)

(b)

Figure 12. Second Floor Plan with Supply Ducting

Regarding the various fittings involved, assumptions were employed for their
equivalent lengths in some index runs. The reducer at the main line was set as 8 feet
(2.44 meters), while that of the branch lines was set as 4 feet (1.22 meters). Meanwhile,
Figure 13 was referred to for the other duct fittings. From which, elbow No. 16 was
chosen for the main lines, which has an equivalent length 40 feet (12.19 m), elbow No.

42
14 for the branch lines with 10 feet (3.05m), and the elbow No. 23 for the duct entrance
with 10 feet (3.05 m).

Figure 13. Equivalent Lengths for Duct Fittings

The required air flow rate per duct section simply depends on the required air
flow rate to be supplied for each room, which is detailed in Table 10. With that, these
are employed in determining the velocity of the airflow at each duct section and the
required dimension of the duct through the use of the friction loss chart. As established,
the friction loss factor is typically 0.1 – 0.2. For the design, the value is simply set as
0.15 inch of water/100 ft. This essentially assumes that the all the materials and
equipment are considerably imperfect; thus, the system is set to overcome such
potential losses. When the actual installations turn out to actually be desirable and
impose minimal losses, the system then has the capacity to slightly overperform to
account for more extreme operating conditions.
The parameters are plotted in the chart, wherein the intersections indicate the
approximate airflow velocity at a certain duct section in feet per minute (fpm). In the

43
same plot, the required diameter of the duct section is also indicated. This was done
for each flow rate towards a distinct diffuser.

Figure 14. Friction Loss Chart; at(a)

a friction loss of 0.15 in H2O/100 ft

To achieve a more accurate diameter for the ducts, the following is employed
instead.

4(𝐶𝐹𝑀)
𝐷=√ × 12
𝜋(𝑓𝑝𝑚)

where
𝐷 − 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝐹𝑀 − 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑓𝑝𝑚 − 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
The obtained dimension specifies a diameter for a perfectly circular duct. To
optimize the figure in its consumption of space, this diameter is converted into
equivalent dimensions for a rectangular figure. The corresponding rectangular figure
assumes the same performance as with that of a circular figure, but may not consume
as much vertical space. This is achieved by employing the following relation.

1.3(𝑎𝑏)0.625
𝐷𝑒 =
(𝑎 + 𝑏)0.25

44
 where
𝐷𝑒 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑎 − 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑏 − 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Alternatively, a table can also be referred to for quick selection of typical or
preferred dimensions (see Figure 15). The chart is taken from the ASHRAE Handbook,
Fundamentals 1989, which lists various diameters for ducts and their equivalent

Figure 15. Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts

dimensions for a rectangular figure. As established, the resulting figure essentially

incurs similar frictional losses as with the round duct. Table 11 presents the equivalent
lengths, airflow rate, airflow velocity, and corresponding length and height for each
duct section of the network in each room.

Table 11. Duct Sizing

Length Pressure Rectangular Design

Index Run
Duct (feet) Q Loss Total Velocity Diameter Dimensions Equivalent
Description
Section Duct (cfm) (inH2O/ ∆P (fpm) (in) axb Diameter
Junction L Le
Section 100ft) (in) (in)
Second Floor
duct
Fan 10 25237.22 0.15 0.0150 2500 43.02 63 x 26 43.2
entrance
Fan - A main duct 3.28 25237.22 0.15 0.0049 2500 43.02 63 x 26 43.2
main
A 8 23137.36 0.15 0.0120 2400 42.04 60 x 26 42.3
reducer
A-B main duct 4.10 23137.36 0.15 0.0062 2400 42.04 60 x 26 42.3
main
B 40 7002.06 0.15 0.0600 1800 26.71 40 x 16 27.0
elbow
B-M main duct 8.20 7002.06 0.15 0.0123 1800 26.71 40 x 16 27.0
main
B 8 16135.30 0.15 0.0120 2200 36.67 54 x 22 36.8
reducer
B-C main duct 4.10 16135.30 0.15 0.0062 2200 36.67 54 x 22 36.8
main
C 8 14035.45 0.15 0.0120 2150 34.60 50 x 21 34.6
reducer

45
 C-D main duct 7.38 14035.45 0.15 0.0111 2150 34.60 50 x 21 34.6
main
D 8 13516.30 0.15 0.0120 2100 34.35 49 x 21 34.3
reducer
D-E main duct 4.10 13516.30 0.15 0.0062 2100 34.35 49 x 21 34.3
main
E 8 12997.15 0.15 0.0120 2080 33.85 48 x 21 34.0
reducer
E-F main duct 2.95 12997.15 0.15 0.0044 2080 33.85 48 x 21 34.0
main
F 8 12478.00 0.15 0.0120 2050 33.41 47 x 21 33.7
reducer
F-G main duct 10.25 12478.00 0.15 0.0154 2050 33.41 47 x 21 33.7
main
G 8 11904.28 0.15 0.0120 2000 33.03 46 x 21 33.3
reducer
G-H main duct 8.75 11904.28 0.15 0.0131 2000 33.03 46 x 21 33.3
main
H 8 9193.65 0.15 0.0120 1900 29.79 39 x 20 30.1
reducer
H-I main duct 5.94 9193.65 0.15 0.0089 1900 29.79 39 x 20 30.1
main
I 40 9193.65 0.15 0.0600 1900 29.79 39 x 20 30.1
elbow
I-J main duct 9.35 9193.65 0.15 0.0140 1900 29.79 39 x 20 30.1

branch
A-1 8.69 2099.85 0.15 0.0130 1350 16.89 19 x 13 17.1
duct
branch
A 10 2099.85 0.15 0.0150 1350 16.89 19 x 13 17.1
elbow
branch
M-2 4.10 2099.85 0.15 0.0062 1350 16.89 19 x 13 17.1
duct
branch
M 10 2099.85 0.15 0.0150 1350 16.89 19 x 13 17.1
elbow
branch
M-3 4.10 2099.85 0.15 0.0062 1350 16.89 19 x 13 17.1
duct
branch
M 10 2099.85 0.15 0.0150 1350 16.89 19 x 13 17.1
elbow
branch
C-4 8.69 2099.85 0.15 0.0130 1350 16.89 19 x 13 17.1
duct
branch
C 10 2099.85 0.15 0.0150 1350 16.89 19 x 13 17.1
elbow
branch
D-5 9.18 519.15 0.15 0.0138 950 10.01 15 x 6 10.1
duct
branch
D 10 519.15 0.15 0.0150 950 10.01 15 x 6 10.1
elbow
branch
E-6 11.48 519.15 0.15 0.0172 950 10.01 15 x 6 10.1
duct
branch
E 10 519.15 0.15 0.0150 950 10.01 15 x 6 10.1
elbow
branch
F-7 1.64 519.15 0.15 0.0025 950 10.01 15 x 6 10.1
duct
branch
F 10 519.15 0.15 0.0150 950 10.01 15 x 6 10.1
elbow
branch
G-8 2.46 573.72 0.15 0.0037 940 10.58 14 x 6 9.8
duct
branch
G 10 573.72 0.15 0.0150 940 10.58 14 x 6 9.8
elbow
branch
H-L 9.84 2710.63 0.15 0.0148 1450 18.51 28 x 11 18.7
duct
branch
H 10 2710.63 0.15 0.0150 1450 18.51 28 x 11 18.7
elbow
branch
L-9 11.00 2710.63 0.15 0.0165 1450 18.51 28 x 11 18.7
duct
branch
L 10 2710.63 0.15 0.0150 1450 18.51 28 x 11 18.7
elbow
branch
J-10 8.69 2298.41 0.15 0.0130 1350 17.67 28 x 10 17.7
duct
branch
J 10 2298.41 0.15 0.0150 1350 17.67 28 x 10 17.7
elbow
branch
J-11 8.69 2298.41 0.15 0.0130 1350 17.67 28 x 10 17.7
duct
branch
J 10 2298.41 0.15 0.0150 1350 17.67 28 x 10 17.7
elbow
branch
J-K 8.20 4596.83 0.15 0.0123 1650 22.60 32 x 14 22.7
duct
branch
J 8 4596.83 0.15 0.0120 1650 22.60 32 x 14 22.7
reducer
branch
K-12 8.69 2298.41 0.15 0.0130 1350 17.67 28 x 10 17.7
duct
branch
K 10 2298.41 0.15 0.0150 1350 17.67 28 x 10 17.7
elbow
branch
K-13 8.69 2298.41 0.15 0.0130 1350 17.67 28 x 10 17.7
duct

46
 branch
K 10 2298.41 0.15 0.0150 1350 17.67 28 x 10 17.7
elbow
branch
M-N 15.58 2802.36 0.15 0.0234 1450 18.82 26 x 12 19.0
duct
branch
M 8 2802.36 0.15 0.0120 1450 18.82 26 x 12 19.0
reducer
branch
N-14 2.46 2802.36 0.15 0.0037 1450 18.82 26 x 12 19.0
duct
branch
N 10 2802.36 0.15 0.0150 1450 18.82 26 x 12 19.0
elbow
First Floor
duct
Fan 10 22635.07 0.15 0.0150 2380 41.76 61 x 25 41.7
entrance
Fan - O main duct 7.71 22635.07 0.15 0.0116 2380 41.76 61 x 25 41.7
main
O 8 21630.71 0.15 0.0120 2350 41.08 59 x 25 41.1
reducer
O-P main duct 2.46 21630.71 0.15 0.0037 2350 41.08 59 x 25 41.1
main
P 8 13028.37 0.15 0.0120 2080 33.89 50 x 20 33.7
reducer
P-Q main duct 9.02 13028.37 0.15 0.0135 2080 33.89 50 x 20 33.7
main
P 40 8602.35 0.15 0.0600 1880 28.96 38 x 19 29.0
elbow
P-X main duct 10.50 8602.35 0.15 0.0157 1880 28.96 38 x 19 29.0
main
Q 8 12024.01 0.15 0.0120 2030 32.95 47 x 20 32.8
reducer
Q-R main duct 7.05 12024.01 0.15 0.0106 2030 32.95 47 x 20 32.8
main
R 8 11019.66 0.15 0.0120 2000 31.78 46 x 19 31.6
reducer
R-S main duct 19.35 11019.66 0.15 0.0290 2000 31.78 46 x 19 31.6
main
S 8 9545.50 0.15 0.0120 1950 29.96 41 x 19 30.0
reducer
S-T main duct 2.30 9545.50 0.15 0.0034 1950 29.96 41 x 19 30.0
main
T 40 6754.48 0.15 0.0600 1780 26.38 38 x 16 26.4
elbow
T-U main duct 13.12 6754.48 0.15 0.0197 1780 26.38 38 x 16 26.4

branch
O-1 2.13 1004.35 0.15 0.0032 1130 12.77 18 x 8 12.9
duct
branch
O 10 1004.35 0.15 0.0150 1130 12.77 18 x 8 12.9
elbow
branch
Q-2 9.18 1004.35 0.15 0.0138 1130 12.77 18 x 8 12.9
duct
branch
Q 10 1004.35 0.15 0.0150 1130 12.77 18 x 8 12.9
elbow
branch
R-3 1.64 1004.35 0.15 0.0025 1130 12.77 18 x 8 12.9
duct
branch
R 10 1004.35 0.15 0.0150 1130 12.77 18 x 8 12.9
elbow
branch
S-W 12.30 1474.17 0.15 0.0185 1230 14.82 25 x 8 14.9
duct
branch
S 10 1474.17 0.15 0.0150 1230 14.82 25 x 8 14.9
elbow
branch
W-4 3.28 1474.17 0.15 0.0049 1230 14.82 25 x 8 14.9
duct
branch
W 10 1474.17 0.15 0.0150 1230 14.82 25 x 8 14.9
elbow
branch
T-5 5.74 2791.02 0.15 0.0086 1450 18.79 32 x 10 18.8
duct
branch
T 10 2791.02 0.15 0.0150 1450 18.79 32 x 10 18.8
elbow
branch
U-6 5.41 2510.09 0.15 0.0081 1400 18.13 34 x 9 18.2
duct
branch
U 10 2510.09 0.15 0.0150 1400 18.13 34 x 9 18.2
elbow
branch
U-7 5.41 2510.09 0.15 0.0081 1400 18.13 34 x 9 18.2
duct
branch
U 10 2510.09 0.15 0.0150 1400 18.13 34 x 9 18.2
elbow
branch
U-V 6.40 1734.30 0.15 0.0096 1280 15.76 25 x 9 15.9
duct
branch
U 8 1734.30 0.15 0.0120 1280 15.76 25 x 9 15.9
reducer
branch
V-8 16.40 1734.30 0.15 0.0246 1280 15.76 25 x 9 15.9
duct
branch
V 10 1734.30 0.15 0.0150 1280 15.76 25 x 9 15.9
elbow
branch
X-9 3.28 3876.63 0.15 0.0049 1550 21.41 31 x 13 21.5
duct

47
 branch
X 10 3876.63 0.15 0.0150 1550 21.41 31 x 13 21.5
elbow
branch
X-Y 13.45 4725.72 0.15 0.0202 1630 23.06 37 x 13 23.2
duct
branch
X 8 4725.72 0.15 0.0120 1630 23.06 37 x 13 23.2
reducer
branch
Y-10 4.92 2933.67 0.15 0.0074 1450 19.26 34 x 10 19.3
duct
branch
Y 10 2933.67 0.15 0.0150 1450 19.26 34 x 10 19.3
elbow
branch
Y-11 4.92 1792.05 0.15 0.0074 1300 15.90 29 x 8 15.9
duct
branch
Y 10 1792.05 0.15 0.0150 1300 15.90 29 x 8 15.9
elbow

At each room, the cooling air is supplied via diffusers. To account for the
variability of the cooling load, different round ceiling diffusers are employed based on
the estimated required volume flow rate in the branch ducts that lead to the rooms. Full
information on the models is detailed in APPENDIX H, which outlines the full
specifications for a quick selection of the various diffusers manufactured by the
company SAFID.
The number of diffusers of each type was set to meet the required volume flow
rate for each room, while still providing considerable allowance for extreme
circumstances. This simply entails that the design flow rate is adequately greater than
with what was computed. With that, the number of diffusers employed and the effective
design flow rate are detailed in Table 12.

Table 12. Overall Design Volume Flow Rates

Volume Flow Rate Diffusers Design Flow Rate

Room
cfm m3/hr Flow Rate Quantity m3/hr cfm
First Floor
Dept. Head Office 1 1734.30 2948.85 3119 1 3119 1834.36
Dept. Head Office 2 1792.05 3047.05 3119 1 3119 1834.36
Office 1 5020.18 8535.90 4456 2 8912 5241.38
Office 2 2933.67 4988.17 5085 1 5085 2990.62
Social Pension
3876.63 6591.49 3390 2 6780 3987.49
Office
OSCA Office &
3013.06 5123.15 1752 3 5256 3091.19
Lobby
OCMS Office 1474.17 2506.55 2674 1 2674 1572.65
OCMS Office Lobby 2791.02 4745.61 4889 1 4889 2875.35
TOTAL 12 39902 23467.40
Second Floor
Conference Room 2710.63 4608.93 4889 1 4889 2875.35
Function Room 1 9193.65 15632.12 3955 4 15820 9304.15
Function Room 2 8399.41 14281.65 3955 4 15820 9304.15
Clinic 2802.36 4764.90 4889 1 4889 2875.35
Stairway 573.72 975.50 988 1 988 581.07
Waiting Area and
1557.45 2648.16 891 3 2673 1572.06
Lobby
TOTAL 14 45079 26512.13

48
 Finally, the material of the ducts themselves was opted to be made from gauge
9 galvanized steel. Such would sufficiently be thick, while not being too costly.
Moreover, the sheet metal would also ensure that the ducts would be rigid and strong,
while being resistant to rust and corrosion. Further specifications of the chosen
material are detailed in APPENDIX I.
Looking back to Table 10, all spaces or rooms in both floors of the whole
building would necessitate a total airflow rate of around 47,872.28 cfm or 22,593.20L/s,
The opted Carrier 39G2230 AHU has a rated airflow capacity that ranges from around
8,000 L/s – 25,000 L/s or 16,900 cfm – 52,900 cfm, as indicated on the quick selection
chart in APPENDIX G. Moreover, as established, the estimations thus far have also
been adjusted to be higher than the theoretical conditions to accommodate more
extreme conditions. Therefore, given the capacities of the chosen equipment, the
AHU’s singular fan would indeed suffice in realizing the required airflow for the air-
conditioning system. With this, only one AHU remains necessary for this design, since
its default operating range adequately fits the needs of the design.

3.5.2 Return Duct

From which, return duct lines are also necessitated to optimize the performance
of the overall system. These are just as crucial as the main supply vents. Here, the
majority of the air in the spaces are returned to the AHU to be recirculated and to
maintain or equalize the pressure of the building. As a general rule, the return ducts
should at least have the same size or be larger than the supply ducts (Summers &
Zim's, Inc., n.d.). Moreover, they shall not be as intricate as the supply ducting.
Generally, at least one return vent is necessary per room, wherein it could be extended
to two or more for substantially larger rooms (UpgradeHome, n.d.). The grilles—where
the air exits the room and flows back to the AHU—shall be established as not to
interfere with the effective delivery of conditioned air of the diffusers. Moreover, they
shall also not be positioned in areas where they are obstructed by furniture or other
elements. With such, the layouts for the return ducts are detailed in the following
figures.

49
 Figure 16. First Floor Plan with Return Ducting

Figure 16 depicts the layout in the first floor, while Figure 17 is that of the
second floor.

Figure 17. Second Floor Plan with Return Ducting

50
 3.5.3 Exhaust

Moreover, certain spaces do not need constant supply of cooled or de-

humidified air; rather, just ventilation. Here, harmful, hazardous, or irritating fumes or
substances that get suspended in the ambiance need to be removed away from the
space. These are particularly, substantial in rooms such as bathrooms, kitchens, and
garages. With such, the aforementioned spaces of the senior citizen building shall be
established with simple exhaust systems. Particularly, exhaust fans and vents shall be
employed for the building as it has a relatively large parking building and several
bathrooms. These are detailed in the following figures.

Figure 18. Main Building Exhaust

51
With such, the over ducting system in the main building is illustrated as follows.

(a)

(b)

Figure 19. Overall Ducting Layout; (a) First Floor; (b) Second Floor

52
 Figure 20. Parking Building Roof Exhaust

3.6 Refrigeration System Design

The refrigeration system concerns the actual arrangement of equipment that

accomplishes the refrigerating effect. This essentially operates in conjunction with the
air handling unit to condition the air that would be circulated in the building. This section
involves the proper selection of the evaporator, condenser, pumps, compressor,
piping, and cooling tower that comprises the whole functioning system. For simplicity,
such would be based on operating on a standard vapor compression cycle. Here, the
approach involves initially selecting the condenser and evaporator units base on the
required refrigeration capacity of the design. From there, the rest of the components

53
are designed and decided upon base on the opted heat exchangers and the other
requirements of fulfilling the refrigeration cycle.

3.6.1 Evaporator

A primary component to consider is the evaporator. Its performance is

directly involved in the cooling process since it is the component where the
actual refrigerating effect is realized. As established, the system necessitates
a refrigerating capacity of around 112.53 tons of refrigeration. With this, the
ACME DXT-1410-S-2P-2C evaporator was opted. According to its
specifications detailed in APPENDIX J, it operates with Refrigerant 22 on Ti =
54 °F or 12.2 °C, To = 44 °F or 6.67°C, and Tevap = 35 °F or 1.67 °C. Most
importantly, it has a nominal refrigerating capacity of 125 tons of refrigeration;
thus, only one unit of which is necessary to be utilized. Its specified capacity is
desirable as it is adequately over the required capacity of the system, which
allows for operating in more extreme conditions.

3.6.2 Pump

The performance of the pump needs to satisfy the needs of the

evaporator, so that it could function successfully. This is based on the mass
flow rate of water into the evaporator. Thus, this is determined as follows.
a) mass flow rate of water
𝑄𝐴𝐻𝑈 = 𝑚𝑤 𝐶(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 )
𝑄𝐴𝐻𝑈 376.88
𝑚𝑤 = =
𝐶(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 ) 4.187(12.22 − 6.67)
𝑚𝑤 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒈/𝒔 = 𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
b) pump capacity for evaporator
𝜈 = 𝜈𝑓 @ 𝑇 = 12.22 ℃
𝜈 = 1.00057 × 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

̇
𝑉𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝜈𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
̇
𝑉𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = (1.0057 × 10−3 )(16.22)
̇
𝑉𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟏 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 or 𝟐𝟓𝟖. 𝟓𝟐 𝒈𝒑𝒎
Therefore, the evaporator line of the AHU requires a pump with a
capacity of around 258.52 gpm to realize the refrigeration cycle. With this, the

54
Barmesa 911S-2x3-6 centrifugal pump was opted. This can operate near its
best efficiency point at around 270 gpm, as illustrated in APPENDIX M.
Essentially, only one unit of which is necessary to be utilized. Such operating
conditions are desirable as it is near its best efficiency point. Moreover, it is
adequately well over the required capacity of the system, which allows for
operating in more extreme conditions.

3.6.3 Condenser

This component also allows to interface the whole system with a cooling
tower system. The refrigerant is essentially cooled by rejecting the heat into the
cooling tower circuit. This is discussed on a later section. Here, one brand and
type were simply assumed and selected to base the rest of the design upon.
With this, an ACME AHX condenser was opted. It operates with Refrigerant 22
on Tcond = 105 °F or 40.56 °C, and with the refrigerant entering at T = 160 °F or
71.11 °C. The specific AHX model is established on the next section.

3.6.4 Compressor

The performance of the compressor needs to satisfy the operation of

the condenser, so that it could function successfully. Its work is based on the
mass flow rate of refrigerant in the processes. Thus, this is determined by

Figure 21. Refrigeration Cycle on R-22 P-h Diagram

55
employing the varying energy states throughout each unit in the refrigeration
system. Plotting the properties of R-22 on the P-h diagram proceeds as follows.

@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 1:
𝑇𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 1.67 ℃
ℎ = 405.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 2:
𝑇 = 71.11 ℃
ℎ ≈ 443 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 3:
𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 40.56 ℃
ℎ = 250.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 4:
ℎ = ℎ3
ℎ = 250.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
a) mass flow rate of R-22
𝑄𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑓 (ℎ1 − ℎ4 )
𝑄𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 376.88
𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑓 = =
(ℎ1 − ℎ4 ) (405.7 − 250.3)
𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
b) compressor power
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑓 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 2.43(443 − 405.7)
𝑊 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝑾
With this, the ZR380K – TW7 Copeland Scroll compressor was opted.
It runs at 380V, 60 Hz, 3 Phase. It operates with refrigerant 22 and has a rated
maximum power input of 32.7 kW. Further information is detailed in APPENDIX
L.
The number of compressors is determined by,
𝑊
𝑛=
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝
90.64
𝑛=
32.7
𝑛 = 2.77 ⟹ 𝟑 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
Therefore, the system essentially necessitates utilizing three (3) units
of such compressor.

56
 Going back to the condenser specifications, the mass flow rate of the
refrigerant is around 2.43 kg/s. With this, the actual condenser heat can be
determined. This proceeds as follows.
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑓 (ℎ2 − ℎ3 )
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 2.43(443 − 250.3)
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝟒𝟔𝟖. 𝟐𝟔 𝒌𝑾 𝑜𝑟 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔
Therefore, the system actually requires a condenser heat of around
133.18 tons to realize the refrigeration cycle. With this, the particular condenser
model was opted to be the ACME AHX-1208B-1 condenser, which has a
nominal capacity of 150 tons. Essentially, only one unit of which is necessary
to be utilized. Its specified capacity is desirable as it is adequately well over the
required capacity of the system, which allows for operating in more extreme
conditions. Further information is detailed in APPENDIX K.

3.6.5 Cooling Tower

After the heat from the various spaces/rooms of the building is extracted
by the cooling air, transferred to the refrigerant, and transferred to the cooling
water, it is finally rejected into the atmosphere. It is interfaced with the
condenser of the refrigerating system to cool the refrigerant down and to further
remove heat. This component ultimately extracts all that energy and directs it
away from the location via flowing water and atmospheric air.
Here, one brand and type were simply assumed and selected to base
the rest of the design upon. With this, a Cooling Tower Systems (CTS) tower
from its T-2 model line was opted. It operates by means of counter flow and
induced draft. Water is set to enter at Ti = 95 °F or 35 °C, leave at To = 85 °F or
29.44 °C, and with a wet bulb temperature of Twb = 75 °F or 23.89 °C. It also
specifies an evaporation loss of water flow of 0.93%. The specific T-2 model is
determined based on the necessary volume flow rate of water to extract the
heat from the condenser effectively. This proceeds as follows.
a) mass flow rate of water
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑚𝑤 𝐶(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 )
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝑚𝑤 =
𝐶(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 )
468.26
𝑚𝑤 =
4.187(35 − 29.44)
𝑚𝑤 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒈/𝒔

57
 b) volume flow rate of water
@ 𝑇𝑜 = 29.44℃
𝑣 = 1.004 × 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝑉𝑤̇ = 𝜈𝑚𝑤
𝑉𝑤̇ = (1.004 × 10−3 )(20.11)
𝑉𝑤̇ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 or 𝟑𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒈𝒑𝒎
Therefore, the system actually requires a flow rate of around 320.02gpm
to realize the refrigeration cycle. With this, the particular model was opted to
be the CTS Model T-2125 cooling tower. It has a rated water flow rate of
369gpm. Essentially, only one unit of which is necessary to be utilized. Its
specified capacity is desirable as it is adequately well over the requirements of
the system, which allows for operating in more extreme conditions. Further
information is detailed in APPENDIX N. Accordingly,
c) pump capacity for cooling tower
̇
𝑉𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑉𝑤̇
̇
𝑉𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒈𝒑𝒎
Therefore, the cooling tower circuit requires a pump with a capacity of
around 320.02 gpm. With this, the Barmesa 911M-3x4-10H A40 centrifugal
pump was opted. This can operate near its best efficiency point at around 340
gpm near a head of 10 m, as illustrated in APPENDIX M. Essentially, only one
unit of which is necessary to be utilized. Such operating conditions are
desirable as it is near its best efficiency point. Moreover, it is adequately well
over the required capacity of the system, which allows for operating in more
extreme conditions.

3.6.6 Make-up Water

From the processes involved in the cooling tower, a separate pump

circuit is necessary to realize the regulation of the required make-up water. This
is crucial since the water supply in the cooling tower is constantly lost to
evaporation, while it is circulated. The supply needs to be maintained to ensure
continuous and effective operation of the cooling tower and ultimately the entire
air-conditioning system.

58
 As established, the Model T-2125 cooling tower specifies losses of
water flow due to evaporation of around lossevap = 0.93%. Thus, the make-up
water for the cooling tower is simply determined by,
a) mass flow rate of make-up water
𝑚𝑚𝑢 = 𝑚𝑤 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝
𝑚𝑚𝑢 = (20.11)(0.0093)
𝑚𝑚𝑢 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒔

Accordingly,
b) pump capacity for make-up water
𝑚𝑚𝑢
̇
𝑉𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
𝜌
0.1870
̇
𝑉𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 =
1000
̇
𝑉𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟕 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 or 𝟐. 𝟗𝟔 𝒈𝒑𝒎
With this, one water pump with a capacity of 2.96 gpm shall be
employed for circulating the make-up water. This is elaborated further later on.
From which, the other required design specifications for the circuit are
determined to meet the needed flow rate. This primarily involves the piping
system that this circuit shall operate in. Particularly, this only involves the piping
which connects the pump to the cooling tower.

c) losses
Throughout this pipe line, several fittings or devices are involved which
impose minor losses. The specific articles are simply assumed. These are
detailed as follows. Their corresponding friction factors k are indicated, which
are all based on Table 13 (Neutrium, 2012).
1 – globe valve (½ open): k = 8.5
2 – elbow (90° curved; long radius): k = 0.45
4 – unions/fittings: k = 0.04
6 – coupling: k = 0.04

Based on the specifications and technical image of the Model T-2125

cooling tower detailed in APPENDIX N,
primary water inlet diameter, D = 6” or 0.1524 m;
vertical length of the pipe, L1 = 43.01 in or 1.09 m;
head from water level, ∆h = 37.4 in or 0.95 m; and
total horizontal length of the pipe, L2 ≈ 2 m (assumption)

59
Table 13. Loss Coefficients for Pipe Fittings

Then, the pipes are to be made from galvanized iron. Based on Table
14 (Cengel & Boles, 2011), the absolute roughness values for galvanized iron
pipes is ε = 0.15 mm.

Table 14. Absolute Roughness for Pipe Materials

60
 d) Reynold’s number
𝜌𝐷𝑉
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝑚𝑚𝑢
𝜌𝐷 𝜌𝐴
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝐷𝑚𝑚𝑢
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇𝐴
where,
𝑅𝑒 − 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑′ 𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝐴 − 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
𝑚𝑚𝑢 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑢𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜇 − 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 @ 𝑇 = 29.44°𝐶
𝜇 = 0.0008068 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠

𝐷𝑚𝑚𝑢
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇𝐴
(0.1524)(0.1963)
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋(0.1524)2
(8.068 × 10−4 ) ( )
4
(0.1524)(0.1963)
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋(0.1524)2
(8.068 × 10−4 ) ( )
4
𝑅𝑒 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟐. 𝟕𝟑 ⟹ 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟

e) friction factor
Since the Reynold’s number falls within the range of laminar flow, the
friction factor is simply determined by,
64
𝑓=
𝑅𝑒
64
𝑓=
2040
𝑓 = 0.03148

f) pump head
This pertains to the total head and height required by the pump to
account for all the major and minor losses imposed by the pipe lines and to
successfully supply the makeup water to the cooling tower. This is determined
by employing the Darcy-Weisbach equation and incorporating the minor losses.

61
 0.1963
𝑉=
𝜋(0.1524)2
1000 ( 4 )

𝑉 = 0.01078 𝑚/𝑠

ℎ = ∆ℎ + ℎ𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 + ℎ𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 + ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤 + ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 + ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝐿1 + 𝐿2 𝑉2
ℎ = ∆ℎ + (𝑓 + 𝑘𝑣 + 2𝑘𝑒 + 4𝑘𝑓 + 6𝑘𝑐 )
𝐷 2𝑔
1.09 + 2
ℎ = 0.95 + (0.03148 ( ) + 8.5 + 2(0.45) + 4(0.04)
0.1524
0.01078 2
+ 6(0.04))
2(9.81)
ℎ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟕 𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
Therefore, the pump needs to meet a head of 0.0587 mm, aside from a
capacity of around 2.96 gpm. With this, the Barmesa 911S-1x1.5-6 centrifugal
pump was opted. Essentially, only one unit of which is necessary to be utilized.
Other accessories, devices, or fittings, such as a damper, may be necessary to
successfully satisfy the requirements.

3.7 Piping Design

Three (3) piping systems were calculated and sized for the design's piping
system: the refrigeration system (1), the cooling tower (2), and the make-up water
system (3).

Referring to the Evaporator specifications and schematic diagram on

APPENDIX J, the Nominal diameter of the liquid inlet for ACME DXT-1410-S-2P-2C
evaporator, denoted as D, is 6 inches or 152.4 mm, so the inside diameter of the pipe
is 152.4 mm.
Referring to the Condenser specifications and schematic diagram on
APPENDIX K, the diameter of the liquid inlet for the ACME AHX-1208B-1 condenser,
denoted as S, is 6 inches or 152.4 mm, so a pipe with an inside diameter of 152.4 mm
is chosen.

62
 All of the pipes that will be used in the design and through which water will flow
are Schedule 80 galvanized iron pipes. Table 15 shows the pipe schedules and sizes
that were chosen.

Table 15. Pipe Schedules

Copper tubing will be applied when using the R22 refrigerant. According to the
ACME DXT-1410-S-2P-2C evaporator's specifications and schematic diagram, the
liquid line has a diameter of 3 1/8 inches (79.375 mm), so a copper tube with an inside
diameter of 2.907 inches (73.838 mm) is chosen. The evaporator's specifications were
chosen rather than the condenser's because the evaporator requires a larger tubing
diameter. Schedule 0.109 applies to the copper tubing; see Table 16 below.

63
 Table 16. Copper Tubing Schedules and Sizes

By dividing the computed mass flowrate of the refrigerant, which is 2.55 kg/s,
by the density of the R22 refrigerant at 40.67°C, which is 1128.4 kg/m3, one can
calculate the volume flowrate of the refrigerant. Thus, the refrigerant's volume flowrate
is 0.00226 m3/s, the cooling tower's volume flowrate is 0.02119 m3/s, and the volume
flowrate to and from the evaporator and AHU is 0.01706 m3/s.
The k-values for the pipe fittings are taken from Table 13, and the pipe friction
factor f as calculated above, is 0.03148.
The piping system arrangement in Figure 22 is used to help calculate the
lengths of the pipes. The equivalent lengths of various pipe fittings are shown in Table
17 (Neutrium, 2012), which may be found by multiplying the pipe diameter by the (L/D)
eq values, which will yield a length in meters.

64
 Table 17. Equivalent Lengths for Pipe Fittings

Again, the head losses are determined by the Darcy-Weisbach Equation. With
that,

Table 18 presents the calculated values for the piping system, such as the
volume flowrate, the liquid velocity, the pipe diameters, equivalent lengths, and the
head losses.

Index Run Inside Pipe Area

Equivalent Length Average Velocity
Piping System Description Diameter (sq meter) k f Q (m^3/s) Pipe Schedule Head Loss
Pipe Section Junction (meters) (m/s)
(meters)
Evaporator - 1 Pipe 0.1524 0.018241 0.03148 0.25 0.01631 0.894116575 10.97 mm 1.83945E-05
1 90° Elbow 0.1524 0.018241 0.45 0.03148 2.1336 0.01631 0.894116575 10.97 mm 0.000156986
1--2 Pipe 0.1524 0.018241 0.03148 1 0.01631 0.894116575 10.97 mm 7.3578E-05
Evaporator 2 90° Elbow 0.1524 0.018241 0.45 0.03148 2.1336 0.01631 0.894116575 10.97 mm 0.000156986
2 - AHU Pipe 0.1524 0.018241 0.03148 0.25 0.01631 0.894116575 10.97 mm 1.83945E-05
AHU - Evaporator pump Pipe 0.1524 0.018241 0.03148 0.5 0.01631 0.894116575 10.97 mm 3.6789E-05
Evaporator pump - evaporator Pipe 0.1524 0.018241 0.03148 0.5 0.01631 0.894116575 10.97 mm 3.6789E-05
Evaporator - 3 Copper tube 0.073838 0.004282 0.03148 0.25 0.00215 0.502100995 0.109 inches 2.81045E-06
3 90° Elbow 0.073838 0.004282 0.45 0.03148 1.0337292 0.00215 0.502100995 0.109 inches 1.1621E-05
3 - Compressor Copper tube 0.073838 0.004282 0.03148 0.5 0.00215 0.502100995 0.109 inches 5.6209E-06
Compressor - 4 Copper tube 0.073838 0.004282 0.03148 0.5 0.00215 0.502100995 0.109 inches 5.6209E-06
4 90° Elbow 0.073838 0.004282 0.45 0.03148 1.0337292 0.00215 0.502100995 0.109 inches 1.1621E-05
4 - condenser Copper tube 0.073838 0.004282 0.03148 0.25 0.00215 0.502100995 0.109 inches 2.81045E-06
Condenser
Condenser - 5 Copper tube 0.073838 0.004282 0.03148 0.25 0.00215 0.502100995 0.109 inches 2.81045E-06
5 90° Elbow 0.073838 0.004282 0.45 0.03148 1.0337292 0.00215 0.502100995 0.109 inches 1.1621E-05
5 - Expansion valve Copper tube 0.073838 0.004282 0.03148 0.5 0.00215 0.502100995 0.109 inches 5.6209E-06
Expansion valve - 6 Copper tube 0.073838 0.004282 0.03148 0.5 0.00215 0.502100995 0.109 inches 5.6209E-06
6 90° Elbow 0.073838 0.004282 0.45 0.03148 1.0337292 0.00215 0.502100995 0.109 inches 1.1621E-05
6- Evaporator Copper tube 0.073838 0.004282 0.03148 0.25 0.00215 0.502100995 0.109 inches 2.81045E-06
Condenser - Cooling tower pump Pipe 0.1524 0.018241 0.03148 1 0.02019 1.10681874 10.97 mm 0.000112749
Cooling tower pump - Cooling tower Pipe 0.1524 0.018241 0.03148 1 0.02019 1.10681874 10.97 mm 0.000112749
Cooling tower - Make-up water pump Pipe 0.1524 0.018241 0.03148 1 0.000187 0.010251367 10.97 mm 9.67216E-09
Make-up water pump - Water tank Pipe 0.1524 0.018241 0.03148 1 0.000187 0.010251367 10.97 mm 9.67216E-09
Cooling Tower Cooling tower - 7 Pipe 0.1524 0.018241 0.03148 1.5 0.02019 1.10681874 10.97 mm 0.000169124
7 90° Elbow 0.1524 0.018241 0.45 0.03148 2.1336 0.02019 1.10681874 10.97 mm 0.000240561
7--8 Pipe 0.1524 0.018241 0.03148 0.5 0.02019 1.10681874 10.97 mm 5.63745E-05
8 90° Elbow 0.1524 0.018241 0.45 0.03148 2.1336 0.02019 1.10681874 10.97 mm 0.000240561
8 - Condenser Pipe 0.1524 0.018241 0.03148 0.25 0.02019 1.10681874 10.97 mm 2.81873E-05

65
Table 18. Piping System Sizing

Figure 22 illustrates the Piping system layout of the whole centralized air-
conditioning system. While Figure 23, Figure 24, Figure 26 shows the individual piping
system layout for the, AHU-Evaporator line, the Refrigerant lines, and the Condenser-
Cooling Tower lines, respectively.

Figure 22. Piping System Layout

66
Figure 24. Piping System Layout (AHU – Evaporator)

Figure 23. Piping System Layout (Refrigeration Lines)

67
 Figure 26. Piping System Layout (Condenser – Cooling tower)

A proposed configuration for the location of the finished AHU, cooling tower,
and remainder of the refrigeration system on the building's roof deck is shown in the
following figures. They depict a 3D perspective of the structure with some of the
equipment installed and established on the rooftop. The component sizes are not
necessarily to scale and are only generally proportional to the building floor plan or
building model.

Figure 25. Building Front View

68
 Figure 27. Building Perspective View

Figure 28. Building Top View

69
Figure 29. System on Building; Rear View

70
 CHAPTER IV – CONCLUSION

A design of a centralized air-conditioning system for a two-storey building was

established taking into consideration all of the contributing factors as mentioned in this
paper. Such constraints affect the overall effectiveness of the design; thus, various
calculations were done in each factor to ensure that they meet the required design
conditions, which then result was utilized for the selection of appropriate equipment to
be employed throughout the whole system of the said building.
Essentially, the air-conditioning system was designed to maintain a thermal
comfort of 24 °C and a relative humidity of 50% inside the building. It is assumed that
the building will have a 12-hrs per day operation. On the other hand, Cooling Load
Factor (CLF) was utilized for the calculation of various cooling loads in this design, in
which factors under the miscellaneous obtained the highest percentage of the design
cooling load – that is the amount of heat energy to be extracted from the building to
achieve the desired temperature. A refrigeration capacity of 376.88 kW was computed
and from there, a suitable AHU was selected based on the available models from the
Carrier 39G series. Here, for optimal cost-efficiency, the 2230 unit is opted. From the
mentioned capacity, one (1) AHU will be utilized for the whole system. In addition, one
(1) 369 GPM cooling tower will be paired to the AHU to cool and dehumidify the air in
the building.
For ducting design, equal friction method was used in calculating the required
duct sizes – that is all ducts should have the same pressure loss per unit length. The
design friction loss factor for this design is typically 0.15 inch of column of water (W.C.)
per 100-foot length of the duct. That is said to be desirable just in case there would be
minimal losses in the actual installations which would then result for the system to
overcome such potential operating conditions. Moreover, gauge 9 galvanized steel
would be the best material to use for the actual ducts themselves. These would be
suitably thick while not requiring an excessive amount of money. In addition to these
benefits, the sheet metal would protect the ducts from rust and corrosion while keeping
them rigid and sturdy.
Consequently, the AHU, Cooling tower and refrigeration equipment are placed
on top of the building, keeping it out of sight. The placement of the equipment on the
roof deck helps in the process of heat rejection particularly with the cooling tower. This
is because any air drafts or breezes that occur higher up the structure will aid in the
process of heat transfer and cooling.

71
 The centralized air-conditioning system will be the most efficient and practical
solution to cooling multiple rooms in a building at once. This will make the living space
more comfortable, healthier, and extremely desirable to individuals who plan to stay in
it, especially during the hot summer months in the city.

72
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APPENDICES

75
 APPENDIX A

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

76
 APPENDIX B
SECOND FLOOR PLAN

77
 APPENDIX C
ASHRAE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART NO. 1

78
 APPENDIX D
FRICTION LOSS CHART

79
 APPENDIX E

CIRCULAR EQUIVALENTS OF RECTANGULAR DUCTS

80
 APPENDIX F
R-22 P-H DIAGRAM

81
 APPENDIX G

AIR HANDLING UNIT SPECIFICATIONS

82
 APPENDIX H
ROUND CEILING DIFFUSER SPECIFICATIONS

83
84
 APPENDIX I
SHEET METAL GAUGES AND SPECIFICATIONS

85
 APPENDIX J

EVAPORATOR SPECIFICATION

86
87
 APPENDIX K

CONDENSER SPECIFICATIONS

88
89
 APPENDIX L

COMPRESSOR SPECIFICATIONS

90
91
 APPENDIX M

PUMP SPECIFICATIONS

92
 APPENDIX N
COOLING TOWER SPECIFICATIONS

93
94
95