IMPACT OF SUSTAINABILITY PRACTICES IN FORT SANTIAGO

A Research
Presented to the Faculty of
Tourism and Hospitality Management
STI College Ortigas-Cainta

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements of the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

Audrey May A. Albay

Desiree G. Boticario
Israel P. Mallari
Aedrian Jasper P. Pena
Angelique, P. Vargas

October 24, 2023

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 ENDORSEMENT FORM FOR FINAL DEFENSE

TITLE OF RESEARCH: Impact of Sustainability Practices in Fort Santiago

NAME OF PROPONENTS: Audrey May A. Albay

Desiree G. Boticario
Israel P. Mallari
Aedrian Jasper P. Pena
Angelique P. Vargas

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

for the degree Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management
has been examined and is recommended for Final Defense.

ENDORSED BY:

Krizzia Ann Camille B. Soriano

Research Adviser

APPROVED FOR FINAL DEFENSE:

Jhonel C. Domingo
Research Coordinator

NOTED BY:

Jhonel C. Domingo
Program Head

<Date of Final Defense>

FT-CRD-113-00 | STI College Ortigas-Cainta ii

 APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled: Impact of Sustainability Practices in Fort Santiago prepared
and submitted by Audrey May A. Albay; Desiree G, Boticario; Israel P. Mallari;
Aedrian Jasper P. Pena; and Angelique P. Vargas in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor
of Science degree requirements in Research in Tourism Management, has been examined
and is recommended for acceptance and approval.

Krizzia Ann Camille B. Soriano

Research Adviser

Accepted and approved by the Research Panel

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Tourism Mangement

<Panelist's Given Name MI. Family Name> <Panelist's Given Name MI. Family Name>
Panel Member Panel Member

<Panelist's Given Name MI. Family Name>

Lead Panelist

NOTED BY:

<Academic Head's Given Name MI. Family Name>

Academic Head

<Date of Final Defense>

FT-CRD-113-00 | STI College Ortigas-Cainta iii

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchers would like to thank the following:

Please include the people you want to thank and their contributions in accomplishing
your research.

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 ABSTRACT
Title of research: <Research Title>

Researchers: <Researcher's Given Name MI. Family Name>

<Researcher's Given Name MI. Family Name>
<Researcher's Given Name MI. Family Name>
<Researcher's Given Name MI. Family Name>

Degree: Bachelor of Science in <Program>

Date of Completion: <Month year of graduation>

The Abstract is an important component of your research. Presented at the beginning of

the research, it is likely the first substantive description of your work read by an external
examiner. It would be best if you viewed it as an opportunity to set accurate expectations.
The Abstract is a summary of the whole research. It presents all the significant elements
of your work in a highly condensed form. Usually, a one-pager abstract is the most ideal.
You may wish to limit the abstract for your research to one 1.5-spaced page, about 280
words, to preserve visual coherence. The Abstract should mirror the structure of the
whole research, and should represent all its major elements.

In the succeeding paragraphs, there should be no indentations, and paragraphs are

justified with left alignment. Delete this highlighted section and replace it with your
Abstract.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Endorsement Form for Final Defense ii
Approval Sheet iii
Acknowledgments iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
List of Abbreviations ix
Chapter I: Introduction 1
A. Background of the Study
B. Research Questions
C. Significance of the Study
D. Review of Related Literature
E. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
Chapter II: Methods
Chapter III: Results
Chapter IV: Discussion

References
Appendices

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 <Title of the table>
2 <Title of the table>
3 <Title of the table>
4 <Title of the table>

Add columns if the number of tables is more than four (4) by pressing the tab.

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 <Title of the figure>
2 <Title of the figure>
3 <Title of the figure>
4 <Title of the figure>

Add columns if the number of figures is more than four (4) by pressing the tab.

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations Page

1.
2.

Add columns if the number of abbreviations is more than two (2) by pressing the tab.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Fort Santiago, a historical landmark located in the heart of Manila, Philippines, holds

significant cultural, historical, and architectural value. As a symbol of the country’s rich

heritage, it attracts numerous visitors each year, making it a crucial site for preservation

and sustainable management. In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the

importance of implementing sustainable practices in heritage sites to ensure their long-

term viability and minimize their environmental impact.

This research aims to investigate the impact of sustainability practices in Fort Santiago

and shed light on the benefits and challenges associated with their implementation. By

examining the various initiatives and strategies employed to enhance sustainability, this

research seeks to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of these practices and

their potential for replication in other heritage sites.

The primary objective of this study is to assess the environmental, socio-cultural, and

economic impacts of sustainability practices in Fort Santiago. It will explore the site’s

energy consumption and carbon footprint, waste management strategies, water

conservation efforts, and the integration of renewable energy sources. Additionally, the

study will delve into the social and cultural aspects of sustainability, including

community engagement, education, and the preservation of intangible heritage.

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Furthermore, this research will analyze the economic implications of sustainability

practices in Fort Santiago. It will examine the financial viability of these initiatives,

including the cost-effectiveness of energy-efficient technologies, revenue generation

from sustainable tourism, and potential collaborations with local businesses and

organizations. By understanding the economic benefits, this study aims to encourage

stakeholders to invest in sustainable practices and contribute to the preservation of Fort

Santiago’s cultural heritage.

To conduct this research, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods will be

employed. Data will be collected through site visits, interviews with key stakeholders,

surveys, and analysis of existing reports and documents. The findings will be analyzed

using appropriate statistical tools and presented in a comprehensive manner, providing a

holistic understanding of the impact of sustainability practices in Fort Santiago.

Overall, this research seeks to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on

sustainability practices in heritage sites by focusing on the case study of Fort Santiago.

The research findings will not only provide valuable insights for the management of Fort

Santiago but also serve as a reference for other heritage sites facing similar challenges.

By understanding the impact of sustainability practices, we can work towards preserving

our cultural heritage while minimizing our environmental footprint, ensuring a

sustainable future for generations to come.

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A. Background of the Study

A monument to our country's rich and varied legacy is Fort Santiago, a famous

historical and cultural site in the center of Manila. This Spanish strengthening

from the 16th century not only encompasses centuries of history, but it also serves

as a potent reminder of the need to safeguard and preserve our common past.

Sustainability has become a key concern in the management and protection of

historic sites like Fort Santiago in recent years. Sustainable methods have become

more popular as a result of the need to strike a balance between the demands of

modern living and the necessity of protecting our historical and cultural assets. By

analyzing the effects of Fort Santiago's sustainability measures on the

environment, socio-cultural elements, and the economy, this study tries to probe

the core of this transition.

It is of the utmost importance that Fort Santiago and sustainability are

inseparable. In this research, we will look at how sustainable practices have

impacted resource preservation, community involvement, and economic

development. It is crucial to understand that sustainability is not simply a modern

trend but also a vital strategy that can influence the long-term survival of our

priceless legacy.

We want to discover the genuine significance and impact of these sustainability

measures by undertaking a thorough examination of them. The findings of this

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 study will not only highlight the necessity of these practices in safeguarding the

rich history of Fort Santiago for the enjoyment and enlightenment of coming

generations but will also shed light on their efficacy.

B. Statement of the Problem

By its very nature, tourism values the things that are most precious in our world:

stunning landscapes, wildlife, history, culture and people. Tourism can be a

catalyst for growth in the local economy, providing good quality jobs,

opportunities for enterprise and funds for conservation. But if it is not managed

well, tourism can have negative impacts on local communities and environments,

creating long term problems for local residents, which can ultimately lead to the

decline of tourism in the destination.

1. What are the characteristics of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Name (Optional),

1.2 Age,

1.3 Gender and

1.4 Nationality?

2. What is the level of sustainability practices in Fort Santiago in terms of:

1.1 Environmental

1.2 Socio-Cultural

1.3 Economic?

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 3. How do these practices impact the community and the environment in

Fort Santiago?

4. How can sustainable tourism practices be developed and implemented to

maximize the positive economic and cultural impacts?

C. Significance of the Study

Fort Santiago a cultural heritage site is an important component of the Philippines

character and history. It is critical to revitalize this place to attract tourists while

also conserving their cultural significance. The purpose of this research is to

examine satisfaction at this cultural heritage site to give significant insights for

effective sustainability and long-term tourism growth. Below are the

benefactorsof the study:

The Researchers Being a novice for this kind of topic is a challenge for the

Tourism students like the researchers. So this will be an instrument that will guide

and navigate them in discovering credible, reliable, and tantamount factors that

are known as indispensable data for further understanding on the topic. Indeed,

this

research is going to be the chief source of enlightenment that they will surely need

in their future studies.

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 Local Authorities and Stakeholders The outcome of this study will give useful

insights on the preference of visitors visiting Fort Santiago to local authorities and

stakeholders. This information can assist them in developing focused and

successful revival initiatives for Fort Santiago, ensuring the efforts correspond

with visitors interests and satisfaction while protecting their cultural and historical

relevance.

Local Community The study’s findings may have an influence on the local

community. Involving community for the sustainability based on the tourist

satisfaction may instill pride and ownership in inhabitants. Furthermore,

increasing tourism as a result of sustainability may lead to economic growth,

creating additional job possibilities and money for the local community.

Tourism Sectors and Companies The study’s findings can assist tourism-

related companies such as hotels, restaurants, souvenir stores, and tour operators.

Understanding tourist preference may help business customize their services and

offerings to tourist requirements and aspirations, thus enhancing tourist

satisfaction and return visits.

Fort Santiago Safeguarding The importance of the study extends to the

protection of the Fort Santiago. The study can contribute to long-term

sustainability by identifying and addressing tourist preference. Preserving Fort

Santiago in ways that appeal to tourists may increase satisfaction of and

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 knowledge of cultural heritage, guaranteeing their survival for future generations

to enjoy and learn from.

Future Studies and Researchers researchers in the future can duplicate this

study in various circumstances or places to evaluate the findings and assure the

generalizability. This can help yo improve the total body of knowledge and the

trustworthiness of the study findings.

Objectives

In this research, we aim to thoroughly evaluate how sustainability practices at Fort

Santiago influence and effectively address environmental, socio-cultural, and economic

aspects. Through detailed analysis, we will measure the impact of sustainability

initiatives on conserving resources, involving the community, and fostering economic

growth within this cherished historical and cultural heritage site. These insights will be

essential for showcasing the relevance and potential benefits of sustainability initiatives

in preserving our rich heritage for future generations. On the other hand, below are the

main objectives of this research which are:

1. To identify and describe the demographic characteristics of respondents,

including their names, age, gender and nationalities, in order to gain a
comprehensive understanding of the survey population.

2. To assess and measure the level of sustainability practices at Fort Santiago across
the dimensions of Environmental, Socio-Cultural, and Economic, providing
valuable insights into the current state of sustainability initiatives at this historical

FT-CRD-113-00 | STI College Ortigas-Cainta 7

 site.

3. To evaluate the impact and effects of particular behaviors on the local population
and the environment in Fort Santiago with the goal of illuminating their
interconnected dynamics and implications for sustainable development.

4. To create and implement a comprehensive plan for Fort Santiago’s growth and
integration of sustainable practices that will not only boost economic gains but
also enhance and maintain the local culture.

Delete this highlighted section and replace it with your objectives

D. Review of Related Literature

ENVIRONMENTAL

Local Studies

Reviving Calle Hidalgo through cultural preservation and adaptive reuse

harmonizing the Old and New Manila

Manila, the current capital of the Philippines since the Spanish colonial period up

to this modern-day, still hosts the remnants of the old Spanish colonial

architecture. Many of this architecture are now heritage sites and most of these

architectures are neglected, abandoned, or demolished to give way to

modernization and development. Quiapo – Calle Hidalgo, one of many pueblos

established by the Spanish during their colonial rule. Quiapo serves as a

commercial hub for Filipinos, Chinese, Spanish, and other foreign nationals. Calle

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 Hidalgo is known for its camera and photography suppliers, and most people

considered this place as home. But many do not know that Calle Hidalgo hosts the

4-heritage residential and religious architecture that became an important epoch of

the history of Manila. This paper provides an overview of one of Manila’s oldest

districts – Calle Hidalgo, in terms of its characteristics and components,

environment and challenges that the district is currently facing. Moreover, the

preservation measure that the government implements these cultural heritages

were discussed and assessed. The enforcement of cultural heritage conservation is

found inadequate resulting in vandalism and permanent damage to Manila’s old

heritage. In Conclusion, this paper elaborates on a viable conceptualization for

the Quiapo – Calle Hidalgo in promoting preservation and utilization of these

cultural heritages that can be maximized with government-community

participation in achieved socio-economic sustainability.

Foreign Studies

An Assessment Method for Urban Geoheritage as a Model for

Environmental Awareness and Geotourism (Segovia, Spain)

The City Council of Segovia, as part of the Second Environmental Education

Strategy of the Autonomous Region of Castile & Leon (Spain), together with the

Geological Survey of Spain (Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, IGME), has

developed a research project to implement the management of

urban geoheritage in the Department of the Environment, with the integration of

FT-CRD-113-00 | STI College Ortigas-Cainta 9

 other council departments. Top ten areas, called ELIGES (Spanish acronym for

Areas with Geosites for Environmental Education in the city of Segovia, Spain),

have been selected from the 94 geosites previously identified for this city. The

assessment method was developed specifically with the idea of

using geoheritage for environmental education and geotourism at the local level.

The assessment criteria used were (1) Value for environmental education (Ved);

(2) Scientific value (Vsc); (3) Tourism value (Vtr); (4) Safety and accessibility

(Vsa); (5) Conservation and site sustainability (Vcs) and (6) Value of

the geosite’s environmental information for geotourism(Vti). These criteria have

been assessed for the 94 geosites in the city of Segovia, each of which in turn

includes four subcriteriato minimise subjectivity in the decision-making process.

Environmental challenges transmitted by the ELIGES are global change and

climate change (sea level, temperature changes and extreme storms), geohazards

(mainly floods, landslides and rockfalls), groundwater contamination, extinction

of species, impacts caused by the exploitation of raw materials, degradation of

rocks by pollution in monuments, the harmful and damaging effects of naturally

occurring radon on human health and recommendations for collecting and trading

movable geological heritage. Understanding the city’s geological past and present

through environmental education and geotourism using ELIGES makes all

stakeholders more resilient when tackling important issues in our society such as

global change and its effects on the urban ecosystem and people.

SOCIO-CULTURAL

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 Local Studies

Implementing a Pre-disaster Recovery Workshop in Intramuros, Manila,

Philippines

The Sustainable Development Goals have included cultural heritage in the

development agenda. However, natural hazards threaten the existence of several

historic districts, like Intramuros in Manila, Philippines. Pre-disaster recovery

planning has gained ground as a promising approach to improve disaster

preparedness and recovery, although it has yet to be widely utilized for cultural

heritage preservation. The authors organized a pre-disaster recovery planning

workshop, which helped observe the existing system of disaster management for

cultural heritage in Intramuros. Heritage Values and Vulnerability Assessments,

which were presented to heritage experts, disaster managers, and the local

community at the workshop, were conducted. As disaster risk management for

cultural heritage is largely unexplored, the workshop generated much interest

among stakeholders, as this was the first time that contact had been facilitated

among them. It successfully demonstrated the benefits of pre-disaster recovery

planning to provide inclusive and better recovery outcomes for historic districts.

Foreign Studies

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 Sociocultural Impacts of Tourism on Residents of World Cultural Heritage

Sites in China

The development of tourism induces changes in the social character of a

destination. Tourism is a globalized business activity and thus presents growing

challenges in terms of traditional social culture. With the continuous development

of the tourism industry, traditional social culture has changed dramatically at

many World Heritage sites (WHSs). Additionally, the growing dependence of

many regions’ economies on the tourism industry has brought about an inexorable

shift in the perception of many rural residents. These transformations include the

impact of tourism development and its economic efficiency on inhabitants’

traditional values, lifestyles, and interpersonal relationship in ancient villages

serving as WHSs. A qualitative analysis including participatory in-depth

interviews was conducted to compare changes in the social culture induced by

tourism development at the WHS comprising three ancient villages in China.

Furthermore, a qualitative content analysis was chosen to examine the impact of

tourism development on residents’ perceptions of changes in moral values. The

results demonstrate that tourism development is the major catalyst for change

in residents’ moral values.

ECONOMIC

Local Studies

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 The Cultural Heritage-Oriented Approach to Economic Development in the

Philippines: A Comparative Study of Vigan, Ilocos Sur and Escolta.

Sustainable Development Goals prescribes that culture matters. However, the case

of Escolta, Manila presents otherwise. This paper investigates the ways how

cultural heritage can be a driver for economic development in the Philippines

following the Van Der Borg and Russo’s (2005) Culture-Oriented Economic

Development (COED) framework. It stresses the interrelationship of inner

cultural cluster dynamics, economic impacts, and socio-environmental impacts

which provides for a cycle composed of culture promoting development and in

return development fostering culture, then leading to development. The case

of Escolta, Manila was compared to the case of Vigan, Ilocos Sur using the one-

off initiative framework provided by UNESCO World Heritage Centre for

heritage conservation. The results revealed that it is the lack of interest of property

owners in Escolta, Manila as the principal shareholders that makes built-heritage

conservation unmanageable. Since most built heritages are privately owned and

have not been granted heritage status by the National Historical Commission of

the Philippines (NHCP), efforts to revive Escolta face significant threats. Thus,

there is a need for concrete legislative frameworks to address such apathy.

Foreign Studies

World Cultural Heritage Sites Boost Economic Growth from Chinese Cities

FT-CRD-113-00 | STI College Ortigas-Cainta 13

 Cultural heritage is closely related to the economy. However, most studies focus

on the relationship between the cultural heritage and tourism economy, instead of

on the overall economy. This paper estimated the effect of the World Cultural

Heritage(s) (WCH) acquisition on economic growth in 242 Chinese cities from

2004 to 2017, based on multiple variations of the difference-in-differences

method. Our results show that the WCH acquisition can boost economic growth

in local cities. In addition, research and development investments, appearance

patents, and exports are three plausible channels for the WCH acquisition to spur

cities’ economic growth. Connecting to high-speed rail is not necessary for a city

to gather economic benefits from the WCH acquisition. Being a smart city can

increase the economic enhancement capacity of the WCH acquisition.

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E. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Fort Santiago holds immense historical and cultural significance as a heritage site

in the Philippines. However, the rapid urbanization and increasing tourism have

given rise to various sustainability challenges in and around the fort. This research

aims to examine the impact of sustainability practices in Fort Santiago from a

Triple Bottom Line (TBL) perspective. The TBL approach considers the

economic, socio-cultural, and environmental dimensions of sustainability to

assess the overall effectiveness of sustainability initiatives.

Economic Sustainability: In this section, the research will explore the economic

impact of sustainability practices in Fort Santiago. It will analyze the investments

made in sustainable infrastructure, energy-efficient systems, waste management,

and revenue generated from sustainable tourism. The research will also

investigate how these practices contribute to job creation, supporting local

businesses, and enhancing the economic viability of Fort Santiago as a historical

and cultural site.

Socio-Cultural Dimension: The research will investigate the socio-cultural impact

of sustainability practices in Fort Santiago. It will assess the effects of sustainable

practices on the surrounding communities, visitors, and employees. Focus will be

given to evaluating the accessibility and inclusiveness of Fort Santiago,

community engagement initiatives, educational programs, and measures taken to

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 preserve and promote the local cultural heritage. Furthermore, the research will

explore any positive changes in the quality of life, preservation of cultural

practices, and social cohesion among stakeholders due to sustainability practices.

Environmental Conservation: In this section, the research will delve into the

environmental impact of sustainability practices in Fort Santiago. It will examine

the conservation efforts, waste reduction strategies, renewable energy usage,

water management systems, and biodiversity preservation initiatives implemented

within the fort. The study will evaluate the effectiveness of these practices in

mitigating environmental degradation, reducing carbon emissions, and promoting

sustainable resource management.

Sustainability

People (Social- Planet

Profit (Economic)
Cultural) (Environmental)

This dimention evaluates the This dimension focuses on the socio

financial success and profitability. It
involves assessing how business
generates profits while taking into
account the social and envirnmental
costs and benefits associated with its
activities.
-cultural aspects of sustainability. It
involves measuring the impact a
business has on its employees,
customers, suppliers, and
community. It includes factors like
labor practices, employee wll-being,
and social responsibility.
This dimention examines a
business's environmental impact.
It includes assessing factores such
as resource concervation, carbon
emission, waste management. and
overall ecological footprint.

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 The triple bottom line approach aims to encourage Fort Santiago to balance and

integrate these three dimensions, seeking economic success while minimizing

negative socio-cultural and environmental impacts. It’s a framework that

promotes a more holistic and sustainable approach to business operations and

decision-mking.

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 CHAPTER II
METHODS

This section should describe how the researcher plans to gather and analyze the data and
information needed to answer the research questions. The type of research that the
researcher will do must also be described here. The following points must be made clear
in this section:

• The kind of study/research that the researcher will be doing and why the kind of
study was chosen.

• The types of data that will be gathered.

• The sources of data and information

• The data collection methods and procedures that will be used

• The sampling methods and procedures to be followed.

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 CHAPTER III
RESULTS

In this section, the researcher must present the data and information gathered. This
section involves data analysis, display, and interpretation guided by the research problem
and research questions.

Below are some points to consider:

• Present a profile of the research subjects, including relevant demographics about

them.

• Provide well-thought-out tables and diagrams with descriptive texts.

• Summarize transcripts for analysis by providing pieces of evidence through direct

quotations from the interviews

• Show the survey questionnaires provided and tabulation of results

This section must provide explicit answers to the research questions and research
problem. Insights drawn from the research findings must be included that would help the
reader of the study fully understand your findings.

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 CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION

This section must answer: What do the data presented mean or imply? Explicit answers to the
research questions and research problem must be provided in this section. Insights drawn from
the research findings must be included to help the reader fully understand your findings. You
may show how your results or interpretations agree with other published works. Discuss any
correlations, if any, and unresolved or unexpected outcomes. End the discussion with a closing
summary on the significance of the research output.
 REFERENCES

Fort Santiago | Guide to the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://guidetothephilippines.ph/destinations-and-attractions/fort-santiago-1

Devi, S. V. (2015). A study on tourist satisfaction and their preference to act as responsible

tourist for sustainable tourism. International Journal on Global Business Management &

Research, 3(2), 65. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=tourist+satisfaction+in+cultural+heritage+towards+sustainability&bt

nG=

Huete-Alcocer, N., López-Ruiz, V. R., & Grigorescu, A. (2019). Measurement of satisfaction in

sustainable tourism: A cultural heritage site in Spain. Sustainability, 11(23), 6774. Retrieved

from https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=tourist+satisfaction+in+cultural+heritage+towards+sustainability&bt

nG=

Google Scholar. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=using+triple+bottom+line+in+research+paper+about+tourist+s

atisfaction+and+cultural+heritage+preservation+&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1696824805549

&u=%23p%3DjEgDEStTIBcJ

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 APPENDICES

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 APPENDIX A. GANTT CHART

MONTH
JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
ACTIVITY

FT-CRD-113-00 | STI College <School Name>

 APPENDIX B. ACTUAL RESEARCH EXPENSES

Approximate
Quantity Specifics Actual Cost
Cost

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