Name :

1. Farhan Rahmaddani (22202241093)

2. Fadilaga Tatur Tanaya (22202241109)
3. Pamungkas Shena Wicaksana Putra (22202241115)
4. Pamungkas Bhima Wicaksana Putra (22202241116)
Class: PBI C

1. The Fundamentals of Linguistics: Exploring Language and Its Structure

2. Introduction to Language Branches: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, and
Semantics
Answer
1. Below are six fundamental aspects of linguistics:
 Language structure: Linguistics deals with the study of language structure, how
sounds, words, phrases, and sentences are organized to create meaning. Grammar,
syntax, and morphology are some of the subfields of linguistics that focus on this
area.
 Linguistic variation: Linguistics also deals with linguistic variation, how linguistic
patterns vary in different geographic, social, and cultural contexts. Sociolinguistics
and dialectology are subfields that focus on analyzing variation in language use.
 Language acquisition: Linguistics is also interested in language acquisition, how
children learn their mother tongue, and how adults learn a foreign language. Language
acquisition is a subfield of linguistics that analyzes the cognitive and social processes
involved in language learning and use.
 Language history and evolution: Linguistics also deals with the history and evolution
of language, how language has changed over time, and how languages are related to
each other. Historical and comparative linguistics are subfields that focus on this
topic.
 Psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics is the subfield of linguistics that focuses on the
cognitive processes involved in language production and comprehension. This area of
linguistics deals with analyzing how the brain processes linguistic information and
how it relates to other cognitive processes.
 Pragmatics: Pragmatics is the subfield of linguistics that deals with how language is
used in specific situations and how it influences communication. This area of
 linguistics focuses on analyzing how context and communicative intentions influence
the interpretation of language and how conversational rules are used to
communicate effectively.

2. Phonetics:
The study of the sounds that human beings make in their language.
Phonology:
No language has all the speech sounds possible in human languages; each language
contains a selection of the possible human speech sounds. As such each language has its
own pattern of sounds. This study of sound patterns is known as phonology and the
speech sounds are known as phonemes. The focus of phonology is to determine the ways
in which speech sounds form meaningful systems within languages.
Morphology:
Morphology deals with the way in which words are made up of morphemes, the smallest
meaningful units of language. If we take a word such as untied, this word consists of
three smaller meaningful pieces, three morphemes: the root tie, the prefix un-, and the
suffix -d. Morphemes can be divided into free and bound morphemes. Free morphemes
are those that can be used on their own, like tie; bound morphemes are those which, like -
d, must be attached to another morpheme (symbolized by the hyphen).
Syntax:
Syntax deals with how to put words together to form sentences which mean what we
want. Example:
“The cat Chased the mouse.”
This sentence adheres to a common syntactic structure in English:
 Subject ("The cat")
 Verb ("chased")
 Object ("the mouse")
The correct syntactical order produces a sentence that makes sense to English
speakers.
Now, if we rearrange these elements in a different order, we might get something like:
"Chased the mouse the cat."
This sentence has the same words, but the syntax is disrupted, making it more
challenging to understand.
Semantics:
Semantics, that part of linguistic description that deals with meaning, is often divided into
lexical semantics, dealing with the meaning of words, and grammatical semantics, how
morpheme meanings are combined by grammar to form the meaning of utterances.
Example:
Word: "Happy"
Semantics involves understanding what a word like "happy" means:
 Meaning: "Happy" refers to a positive feeling of joy or contentment.
 Synonym: A word that means the same thing as "happy" is "joyful."
 Antonym: An opposite word to "happy" is "sad."