Name: Abhishek

Dechalwad
Roll No.: 210038

Lab Report – 7

Experiment 1:
1. Change a triangular wave to a sinusoid:
PRE-LAB:
We will design a circuit with the following characteristics to a get a
sinusoidal output from a triangular input waveform.

A triangular wave-form of amplitude 4V and frequency 250Hz is applied to

the circuit and we obtain a sinusoidal waveform of amplitude 2.5 V and
same frequency.
To get the above characteristics, we need to make two modules with given
characteristics and adding them using an adder to a wire of appropriate
resistance:

Module 1:
Objective: Design the circuit using Op-Amps and Diodes to convert triangular waves to
sinusoidal waves.

Design:

Simulation:
Module 1:
 VOUT vs VIN (For module biased with -1.5V)

We can see from the above simulation that the graph starts falling when
the value of 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 1.5𝑉.

VOUT (For module biased with -1.5V)

Module 2:-

We can see from the above simulation that the graph starts falling
when the value of 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 3.5𝑉.

Module 1 and 2 are identical, the only difference is in the dc voltage

applied.

Now, modules 1 and 2 are added using an adder and a resistance of

1kΩ is also connected to obtain the sinusoidal waveform from the
triangular waveform as follows:
VOUT vs VIN (For module biased with -3.5V)

VOUT (For module biased with -3.5V)

 VOUT vs VIN (For overall module)

VOUT (For overall module)

We can see from the above simulations that we have obtained the desired
voltage characteristics and upon adding the relevant circuits, we have
also got a sinusoidal waveform from the triangular input waveform.
In the voltage characteristics, we can observe that the slope is -1 initially
which then increases to -0.5 and then becomes 0 finally.
Similarly, from the input-output graph we can see that we have obtained
an inverted sinusoidal output with an amplitude of 2.5 volts.
Experimental Results:

VOUT vs VIN (For module biased with -1.5V)

 VOUT (For module biased with -1.5V)

VOUT vs VIN (For module biased with -3.5V)

VOUT (For module biased with -3.5V)

VOUT vs VIN (For overall module)

 VOUT (For overall module)

 With the increase in the frequency of the input signal, the amplitude of the output
signal decreases as well as there is a distortion in the output signal as it no longer
remains sinusoidal.
 For thresholds of -1.5V and -3.5V, the best sinusoidal was obtained at input signal of
amplitude of 5V.
 As we change the threshold values, there was significant change in the output, and
the values of threshold must be chosen such that the output is approximately
sinusoidal in nature.

Conclusions: This experiment teaches the basic method of wave-shaping. We used Op-
amp based circuit with diodes to create the required VOUT vs VIN characteristics which will
shape the input signal to the signal we want. For wave-shaping we use Divide and Conquer
method. The first two modules will have its own VOUT vs VIN characteristics and we then use
a summer circuit to merge this characteristics to get the required characteristic graph.