Name: SHIKHAR

SINGH
Name: Manan Kalavadia
Roll No: 210973
Roll No.: 200553

Lab Report – 5

Experiment 1:
Objective: Measure the Offset Voltage of the Op-Amp.
Design:

Simulation:
 • R2 = 1M 𝛺
• R1 = 1k 𝛺
• VIO = 1.039 mV

Experimental Results:
• R2 = 1M 𝛺
• R1 = 1k 𝛺
• VO = 3.65 V
• VIO = VO/1001 = 3.646 mV

Conclusions: As the practical Op-Amp have offset voltage, we can find it by appropriate
value of R2 and R1. As the value of R2 is made larger compared to the value of R1, the gain of
the circuit becomes larger and the term involving the offset current gets neglected.

Experiment 2:
Objective: Measure the Bias currents
Design:

To measure IB-
 To measure IB+

Simulations:
 • IB- = 89.711 nA.
• IB+ = 69.733 nA.
• Offset current = IB- - IB+ = 19.978 nA.

Experimental Results:
• VIO = 3.646 mV (from Experiment 1)

Measurement of IB-
• R = 100 k 𝛺
• VO = 9.392 mV
• IB- = (VO – VIO)/R = 57.46 nA

Measurement of IB+
• R = 100 k 𝛺
• VO = -1.38 mV
• IB- = (VIO – VO )/R = 50.26 nA

• Offset current = IB- - IB+ = 7.1 nA

Conclusions: In ideal op-amp, we assume that no current goes/comes out of the input
terminals of the Op-Amp. But this is not true in the practical life. Using the above circuits,
we find the the value of bias current and thus offset current flowing in the Op-Amp.
Experiment 3
Objective: Measure the unity gain frequency of the Op-Amp
Design:

Simulations:
 • 𝑓𝛽 = 23.4 kHz
• R2 = 501k
• R1 = 10k
• 𝑓𝑇 = 23.4 * (1 + 501k/10k) = 1.195 MHz

Experimental Results:

Frequency Vo (V) Frequency (Hz) Vo (V)

(Hz)
100 2.25 30000 0.96
500 2.25 32500 0.9
1000 2.25 35000 0.84
2500 2.25 37500 0.73
5000 2.25 40000 0.68
10000 2.21 42500 0.64
12500 2.09 45000 0.62
15000 1.85 47500 0.59
17500 1.57 50000 0.55
20000 1.45 52500 0.52
22500 1.25 55000 0.51
25000 1.13 57500 0.49
27500 1.05 60000 0.47
 40

35

30

25
Gain (dB)

20

15

10

0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
frequency (Hz)

• 𝑓𝛽 = 17.5 kHz
• R2 = 501k
• R1 = 10k
• 𝑓𝑇 = 17.5 * (1 + 501k/10k) = 0.894 MHz

Conclusions: In practical op-amp, the gain of it changes with the frequency of the input.
When the frequency vs gain (dB) is plotted the graph comes out to be similar to the low pass
filter. The unity gain frequency is the frequency at which you get unity gain at the output.

Experiment 4
Objective: Measure the slew rate.
Design:
Simulations:

• Rise slew rate = 0.517 V/us.

• Fall slew rate = 0.508 V/us.
• This was achieved at 12.5 kHz frequency of the input pulse wave.

Experimental Results:
 • Rise slew rate = 0.8 V/us.
• Fall slew rate = 0.625 V/us.
• This was achieved at 10 kHz frequency of the input pulse wave.

Conclusions: Op-Amp has an capacitor inside it, this is for the compensation for making it
unconditionally stable under unity negative feedback. This capacitor limits the maximum
rate of change of output. Hence after a certain frequency, output stops following the input
and output will change linearly with time.

Experiment 4
Objective: Design an Integrator.
Design:
Simulations:

Experimental Results:
 • The designed integrator integrates from frequency of 10 Hz.
• It has an unity gain frequency of 24 Hz.

1
Conclusions: The integrator has a time constant 𝜏 = R2*C1, and 𝜏 as the minimum
frequency for the integrator to work. The gain of the integrator decreases as the frequency
increases.