EXPERIMENT --- 8

NAME : NEELESWAR MARTURU

ROLLNO : 2104217

INSTRUCTOR : PARMESHWAR
AIM : 1. To design a small signal voltage amplifier.
2. To plot its frequency response and to obtain bandwidth.

Apparatus : Transistor of 2N2222 , Resistor , Capacitors, DC power supply DSO,

Function Generator ,Bread Board , Connecting wires .

THEORY : Amplifiers are classified as small signal amplifiers and large

signal amplifiers on the basis of
The change in the operating point from the quiescent state caused by the
input signal. if the shift is small, amplifiers are referred to as small signal
amplifiers and if the shift is large.
They are also known as large signal amplifiers. In small signal
amplifiers, voltage swing and current swing are
Small Large signal amplifiers have large voltage swing and current
swing and signal power
Controlled by such amplifiers remain large. Voltage amplifiers come
under small signal amplifiers.
A power amplifier is one in which the output power of a signal is
increased. they say
Large Signal Amplifier.
The gain of an ideal amplifier should remain the same for any frequency
of the input signal.
Therefore, the frequency response curve (gain in dB plotted against
frequency) becomes a
straight line parallel to the frequency axis. In actual practice, the
coupling capacitor and
The emitter bypass capacitor reduces the gain at low frequencies. for
capacitance internal
Transistors and stray capacitance reduce gain at high frequencies due to
wiring.
An ideal signal amplifier will have three main characteristics: input
resistance or (R IN), output
Resistance or (R OUT) and of course amplification known as Gain or
(A). No
No matter how complicated an amplifier circuit is, a general amplifier
model can still be used
show the relationship between these three characteristics.

Circuit diagram :
Ac Analysis :
Dc Analysis :

Equations :
Procedure :
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure and we should make sure all the Power
Supplies are OFF.
2) Input signal Vs is given to the circuit through a signal generator (sinusoidal
signal is applied).
3) Measure the magnitude (peak to peak) of the input by using DSO.
4) Connect the DSO to the output side and the amplified output is observed.
5) Increase the frequency in steps and observe the magnitude of VO.
6) Now we need to plot the frequency response in a semi log sheet.
Observations :

S no Frequency Vo ( p-p) V0/Vin Gain in dB

1 100 1.4 14 23.4
2 200 3.5 35 30.90
3 300 4.3 43 32.67
4 500 4.7 47 33.45
5 800 4.8 48 33.61
6 900 5.0 50 34.00
7 1k 5.1 51 34.16
8 3k 5.1 51 34.16
 9 4k 5.2 52 34.30
10 5k 5.3 53 34.50
11 80k 5.2 52 34.30
12 100k 5.2 52 34.30
13 200k 5.0 50 34.00
14 300k 5.0 50 34.00
15 500k 4.7 47 33.45

Results :
DC Analysis :

{ R1
B1
RC

v CC =20 V
V CE ( )=V CC =20
VCEQ=V CE ( max )=10 V
I CQ =50 mA
VCQ=12.5 V
V EQ =2.5 V
IBQ=200 μ A
V BEG  =0.7 V
I
B= C =250.
Iβ
20−(2.5+0.7)
R1= =8400 Ω
10 ×2004 A
¿

Ac analysis :
¿
Conclusion : Voltage gain initially increases and sometimes decreases as
follows:
The frequency gain of the circuit at low frequencies is the same as the small signal
of the amplifier.
This is taken into account and at high frequencies the three capacitors are replaced
by short circuits.
Impedance is negligible compared to circuit resistance.

Lt spice simulations :