Calculation Report T4027-32

CALCULATION REPORT
T4027-32 TOWABLE HYDRANT

DISPENSER 1100LPM
SKYTANKING JIG OSLO
PROFLO LATAM Z.F S.A.S
Ing. Claudia Patricia Fontalvo Villa
ProFlo Latam ZF S.A.S
Content
1. Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3
3. Requirements and restrictions ..................................................................................................... 3
4. Method ........................................................................................................................................ 4
a. Pulling power .......................................................................................................................... 4
b. Stress calculation ..................................................................................................................... 6
c. Snow load calculation ............................................................................................................. 7
d. Wind resistance calculation ..................................................................................................... 8
e. Critical elements: Pin calculation ............................................................................................ 9
f. Overpressure system calculation ............................................................................................. 9
g. Rollover according to EN-12312 .......................................................................................... 10
5. Results and discussion............................................................................................................... 11
a. Pulling power ........................................................................................................................ 11
b. Stress calculation ................................................................................................................... 14
c. Snow load calculation ........................................................................................................... 16
d. Wind resistance calculation ................................................................................................... 17
e. Critical elements: Pin calculation .......................................................................................... 22
f. Overpressure system calculation ........................................................................................... 23
g. Rollover according to EN-12312 .......................................................................................... 24
6. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 25
7. References ................................................................................................................................. 26
8. Change control. ......................................................................................................................... 27
9. Approval route .......................................................................................................................... 27
2 Version 01
1. Abstract
These analyses are intended to demonstrate the design methods according to EN 12312-5
normative, this is essential to demonstrate the reliability of the equipment. The methodology used
for these results was based on the theory about mechanical stress and forces, that were calculated
previously; after that, the results was consulted with the SolidWorks Simulation resources for
obtain the deformation and stress results on the 3D model.
2. Introduction
Nowadays the industry of aviation is improving their standards, this fact produce that the
manufacturers have a lot of challenges in which is necessary create more personalized products
for comply with customers’ requirements. Oslo has some challenging tasks, these include the
weather, that is between -7°C and 21°C during the year.
This document presents the realized analysis for estimated the stress and thermal transfer
conditions for the project.
3. Requirements and restrictions
According to the customer’s requirements and as stipulated by regulations, is necessary to

elaborate a comparative table (What vs What method) to define the more important aspects of the
process.
Relative
What vs What 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total
Weight
1 Low investment cost 0 2 2 5 2 4 0 3 2 0 0 2 0 22 2.81%

2 Easy maintenance 8 0 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 2 2 6 2 51 6.51%
3 Easy operation control 8 6 0 6 3 5 5 5 5 5 4 6 3 61 7.78%
4 Low operational costs 5 6 4 0 2 6 2 6 3 3 3 5 4 49 6.25%
5 Low noise 8 6 7 8 0 5 3 6 4 4 2 5 2 60 7.65%
6 High aesthetic quality 6 5 5 4 5 0 1 5 2 1 4 2 2 42 5.36%
7 Safety of equipment and operation 10 5 5 8 7 9 0 7 5 5 5 7 5 78 9.95%
8 Corrosion resistant materials 7 6 5 8 4 5 3 0 5 3 4 6 5 61 7.78%
9 Stability of operation at low and high temperatures 8 5 5 7 6 8 5 5 0 2 4 8 5 68 8.67%
10 Compliance with EN12312-5 standards 10 8 5 7 6 9 5 7 8 0 5 7 6 83 10.59%
11 Compliance with ATEX standards 10 8 6 7 8 6 5 6 6 5 0 9 6 82 10.46%
12 Low power consumption 8 4 4 5 5 8 3 4 2 3 1 0 5 52 6.63%
13 Weight under 1700 kg 10 8 7 6 8 8 5 5 5 4 4 5 0 75 9.57%
TOTAL 784 100.00%
Figure 1. Table comparison "What vs What"
3 Version 01
BENCHMARK
Indicador Importancia
Low inve stme nt cost 2.81%
High ae sthe tic quality 5.36%
Low ope rational costs 6.25%
Easy mainte nance 6.51%
Low powe r consumption 6.63%
Low noise 7.65%
Easy ope ration control 7.78%
Corrosion re sistant mate rials 7.78%
Stability of ope ration at low and high te mpe rature s 8.67%
We ight unde r 1700 kg 9.57%
Safe ty of e quipme nt and ope ration 9.95%
Compliance with ATEX standards 10.46%
Compliance with EN12312-5 standards 10.59%
Total 100.00%
Figure 2. What vs What Benchmark.
According to this, it’s possible to conclude that the compliance with the standards is the most
important part of the project, as well as equipment and operational safety and having a weigh
under the 1700 kg, due to the restrictions of the chassis that will be towing the equipment.
4. Method
a. Pulling power
One aspect to consider is the pulling power of the equipment, is important to see that the Towable
Hydrant Dispenser (THD) will be towing by a Maxus electric chassis [10] that have a defined
pulling power:
Figure 3. Technical specifications of eDELIVER 3.
Understanding this, is needed create a free-body diagram:
4 Version 01
Figure 4. Free-body diagram of the THD.
In which:
𝐹𝑚 : Towable Force
W: Equipment Weight.
𝐹𝑟 : Friction Force.
𝑁1 & 𝑁2 : Normal Force.
The force balance equations [8] are developed as follows:
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
−𝑊 ∗ cos 𝜃 + 2(𝑁1 + 𝑁2 ) = 0 (1)
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝑚 − 2𝜇(𝑁1 + 𝑁2 ) − 𝑊 ∗ sin 𝜃 = 𝐹𝑚á𝑥 (2)
Of (1)
2(𝑁1 + 𝑁2 ) = 𝑚𝑐 𝑔 cos 𝜃 (3)
Of (2)
𝐹𝑚 = 2𝜇(𝑁1 + 𝑁2 ) + 𝑚𝑐 𝑔 ∗ sin 𝜃 + 𝑚𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑥 (4)
5 Version 01
In which:
𝜇: Friction coefficient.
𝑚𝑐 : Equipment mass.
𝑚𝑐𝑡 : Equipment mass + Wheel mass.
G: Gravity.
𝜃: Inclination.
𝑎𝑥 : Acceleration in X direction.
The power equations [8] are developed as follows:
𝑃𝑤 = 𝐹𝑚 𝑉 (5)
In which:
Pw: Pulling power.
𝑉: Velocity.
b. Stress calculation
For this section, the weight applied to the critical members with a 10% safety factor was
calculated:
Chassis and module stress calculation

Variable Value SF Mass applied [kg] Weight applied [N]
Static load 1490.92 10% 1640.01 16088.52
Payload 509.08 10% 559.99 5493.48
Snow load 183.14 10% 201.45 1976.25
Total load 2183.14 10% 2401.45 23558.25
Figure 5. Calculated load for critical members.
With these results, stress analysis on the chassis and THD modulus were realized.
6 Version 01
c. Snow load calculation
Oslo has snow seasons about 6 months with precipitation ranging from 25mm to 224mm. The
highest precipitation (224mm) [5] will be considered for the calculations as follows:
Figure 6. Average monthly snow precipitation in Oslo [5].
Surface 1
At -20°C
Variable Value Units
Snow density 180.00 kg/m3
Superficial area 1.83 m^2
Snow cover thickness 0.23 m
Mass on the surface 74.30 kg
Force at the surface 728.12 N
Figure 7. Calculated force in surface 1.
Surface 2
At -20°C
Snow density 180.00 kg/m3
Superficial area 0.85 m^2
Snow cover thickness 0.23 m
Mass on the surface 34.54 kg
Force at the surface 338.52 N
Figure 8. Calculated force in surface 2.
7 Version 01
d. Wind resistance calculation
The average wind speed on Oslo is found around the 0.8 and 7.3 km/h [5].
Figure 9. Average wind speed in Oslo.
According to EN 12312-5 standard [9] is necessary calculate the design conditions at -20°C and
50°C, for this reason the wind calculations was realized at these temperatures. Additionally, the
wind pressure will be calculated at Oslo average wind velocity and the velocity according to EN
12312-5 standard [9] as shown:
The wind load [3] is calculated based on:

𝑊 = 𝑐𝑞𝐴 (6)
And the dynamic wind pressure [3] is calculated by:

𝜌𝑣 2 (7)
𝑞=
2
In which:
𝑊: Wind load.
𝑐: Form factor according to EN 1915-2 [X]
𝐴: Superficial area.
𝜌: Fluid density.
𝑣. Wind velocity.
8 Version 01
e. Critical elements: Pin calculation
One important element of the equipment is the pin on the towing device:
Figure 10. Towing device's pin.
This element is exposed to shear stress and is the principal mechanical connector to the towing
chassis. According to the shear stress theory [8], this stress can be calculated in this way:
𝐹
𝜏= (8)
𝐴
f. Overpressure system calculation
The pressure in the system is critical due to the required pressure for don’t damage the aircraft,
that needs to be around 45-55 PSI [9]. For this reason, the system was configurated with a
suppressor, which is an element that protects the equipment.
Figure 11. Suppressor.
9 Version 01
According to Joukowski equation [11], the wave celerity of the fluid on a pipe can be calculated
as follows:
𝐸
√ 0
𝜌
𝑐= (9)
√1 + 𝐸0 𝐷
𝐸𝛿
In which:
𝑐: Wave elasticity of the fluid.
𝐸0 : Elasticity fluid modulus.
𝜌: Density.
𝐷: Piping diameter.
𝐸: Material young's modulus.
𝛿: Piping thickness.
When this value is calculated, the overpressure [11] can be obtained as detailed below:
∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑐𝑣 (10)
In the same way, for calculate the volume displaced by the overpressure, the Boyle’s law [11]
can be applied:
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 (11)
g. Rollover according to EN-12312
According to EN 12312 standards “The height of the centre of gravity of the rated weight shall
not be greater than 95 % of the distance between the outer wall of the supporting tyres measured
at the outside of their contact with the ground” [9]
10 Version 01
5. Results and discussion
a. Pulling power
The equipment was calculated for these conditions:
Total mass [𝑚𝑐 ]: 1490.92 kg

Wheel mass [𝑚𝑤 ]: 0.06 kg
Wheel quantity: 4
𝜃: 3°
The calculations have been realized with the weight of the equipment and the weight of the
equipment + snow (see “Snow Load Calculation” section).
Calculated at speed limited by airport

Without snow
Total mass [Mc] 1490.92 kg
Wheels quantity 4.00 -
Inclination [θ] 3.00 °
Maximum speed [Vmax] 8.30 m/s
Wheel friction [μ] 0.80 -
Wheel mass [m_w] 0.06 kg
Acceleration in X direction [a_x] 1.98 m/s^2
Force on Inclined terrain [F_m] 15387.84 N
Force on flat terrain [F_m] 14639.18 N
Pulling power on Inclined terrain [Pw] 127.72 kW
Pulling power on flat terrain [Pw] 121.51 kW
With snow
Figure 12. Analysis at 30km/h.
11 Version 01
Calculated in compliance with drag power

Without snow
With snow
Figure 13. Analysis at 90kW of pulling power.
12 Version 01
Calculated at customer's suggested weight

Without snow
With snow
Figure 14. Analysis at 1700 kg.
13 Version 01
b. Stress calculation
For the calculated loads, this is the representation of stress in the module:
Figure 15. Stresses in the module.
Figure 16. Displacements in the module.
For the calculated loads, this is the representation of stress in the THD chassis:
14 Version 01
Figure 17. Stresses in the THD chassis.
Figure 18. Displacements in the THD chassis.
Figure 19. Safety factor on THD chassis.
15 Version 01
c. Snow load calculation
For the calculated loads, this is the representation of stress on the module roof:
Figure 20. Stresses on the THD module roof.
Figure 21. Displacements in the THD module roof.
16 Version 01
d. Wind resistance calculation
First, the wind load is calculated for the specified areas:

Area 1
At -20°C At 50°C
Variable Value Units Variable Value Units
Pressure coefficient 1.20 - Pressure coefficient 1.20 -
Air density 1.39 kg/m3 Air density 1.09 kg/m3
Superficial Area 1.83 m^2 Superficial Area 1.83 m^2
Wind velocity according to EN standard 20.58 m/s Wind velocity according to EN standard 20.58 m/s
Oslo velocity 2.03 m/s Oslo velocity 2.03 m/s
Wind pressure according EN 295.20 Pa Wind pressure according EN 231.25 Pa
Oslo wind pressure 2.87 Pa Oslo wind pressure 2.25 Pa
Wind load according EN 649.87 N Wind load according EN 509.08 N
Oslo wind load 6.32 N Oslo wind load 4.95 N
Figure 22. Wind load at Area 1.
Figure 23. Area 1.
Area 2
At -20°C At 50°C
17 Version 01
Figure 25. Area 2.
Area 3
At -20°C At 50°C
Figure 27. Area 3.
18 Version 01
Area 4
At -20°C At 50°C
Figure 29. Area 4.
And the stress and displacement results were obtained as shown without snow:
Figure 30. Displacement calculation on wind profile 1 without snow.
19 Version 01
Figure 31. Stress calculation on wind profile 1 without snow.
Figure 32. Displacement calculation on wind profile 2 without snow.
Figure 33. Stress calculation on wind profile 2 without snow.
20 Version 01
With snow:
Figure 34. Displacement calculation on wind profile 1 with snow.
Figure 35. Stress calculation on wind profile 1 with snow.
Figure 36. Displacement calculation on wind profile 2 with snow.
21 Version 01
Figure 37. Stress calculation on wind profile 2 with snow.
e. Critical elements: Pin calculation
The shear stress on the pin was calculated as follows:
Shear stress calculation

Variable Valor Unidades
Pulling force 17545.6978 N
Reactions force 8772.8489 N
Diametro del eje 0.0381 m
Shear stress 7.6949 MPa
Yield strength 750 MPa
If it complies
Figure 38. Shear stress calculation results.
Figure 39. Force diagram.
22 Version 01
Figure 40. Moment diagram.
f. Overpressure system calculation
With what is described in the method, the following was calculated:
Input data
Description Units Value
Flow rate of equipment GPM 300
Inner diameter m 8.28E-02
Pipe thickness m 3.05E-03
Suppressor capacity Gal 5
Nitrogen pressure Psi 60
Figure 41. Input data for overpressure calculations.
Overpressure - Joukowski Equation

Symbol Description Units Value
E0 Volumetric Elasticity Pa 1.96E+09
E Young's modulus - Pipeline Pa 4.00E+08
p Fluid density kg/m^3 775
D Inner diameter m 0.0828
e Pipe thickness m 3.05E-03
c Wave celerity m/s 137.32
v Fluid velocity m/s 3.51
DP Overpressure differential Pa 374053.10
DP Overpressure differential Psi 54.25
DP Overpressure differential Bar 3.74
Figure 42. Wave celerity calculations.
23 Version 01
Suppressor - Boyle's Law

Symbol Description Units Value
V1 Volume 1 m^3 0.02
P1 Pressure 1 Pa 413678.99
P2 Pressure 2 Pa 787732.08
V2 Volume 2 m^3 0.01
V2 Volume 2 Gal 2.6
Tp Total pressure Psi 114.3
Tp Total pressure Bar 7.88
Figure 43. Pressure calculations.
- - Gal liters m^3

V comb Fuel Vol. (Suppressor) 2.37 8.99 0.01
Figure 44. Required suppressor volume.
g. Rollover according to EN-12312
Figure 45. Height of the center of mass according to the 3D design.
With this information it is obtained that:

Center of mass height [h_m] 0.226 m
Vehicle track 1.366 m
95% of the vehicle's track 1.298 m
Viability according to EN standards If it complies
Figure 46. Calculations for EN standard compliance.
24 Version 01
6. Conclusions
To conclude, it can be observed from the results that the equipment can resist the operating conditions
with the following recommendations:
• Towing capacity may be affected if more weight is added to the equipment, the maximum
design weight of the equipment is estimated between 1700 kg and 1883 kg (with snow
load) to maintain a speed between 5.39 and 5.36 m/s (approximately), so make sure that
the towable can be transported at low speed without exceeding the maximum power (90
kW) or maximum towing capacity defined by the chassis manufacturer (for more
information, see [10]).
• For module and chassis, the maximum design load is 2183kg, these results are necessary
to prevent the structure failure.
• For the canopy, the resistance was calculated for a wind speed of 20.58 m/s, according
to EN standard, however, the observed wind velocity in Oslo don’t exceed the 2.03 m/s.
• The overpressure protection system can operate with only one suppressor as calculated,
however, it is possible to consider using two so that the pressure in both suppressors does
not exceed 4.5 Bar.
• According to EN standard, the center of mass height is safe to prevent the rollover of the
equipment because don’t exceed the 95% of the vehicle's track. It is 0.226m from the
floor.
25 Version 01
7. References
[1] Jet A-1 - Repsol, https://www.repsol.com/comunes/archivos/cap6mod__71243.pdf (accessed

Sep. 22, 2023).
[2] Y. A. Çengel, A. J. Ghajar, and M. E. Díaz, Transferencia de Calor y Masa: Fundamentos Y

Aplicaciones. México, D.F.: McGraw Hill, 2020.
[3] Din EN 1915-2:2009-06, Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte_- allgemeine anforderungen_- teil_2:

Standsicherheits- und Festigkeitsanforderungen, berechnungen und Prüfverfahren; Deutsche
Fassung En_1915-2:2001+A1:2009. doi:10.31030/1520119
[4] Y. Cengel and J. M. Cimbala, Mecánica de Fluidos: Fundamentos Y Aplicaciones. Mexico:

McGraw-Hill, 2020.
[5] Weather Spark, “Weatherspark.com,” El clima en Oslo, el tiempo por mes, temperatura
promedio (Noruega) - Weather Spark, https://es.weatherspark.com/y/68697/Clima-promedio-
en-Oslo-Noruega-durante-todo-el-a%C3%B1o#google_vignette (accessed Sep. 22, 2023).
[6] Ministerio para la transición energética, Estimación Volumen de Nieve en la Península

provocado por la “Tormenta Filomena,”
https://www.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/miteco/es/agua/temas/evaluacion-de-los-recursos-
hidricos/estimacion-vafn-borrasca-filomena_tcm30-540571.pdf (accessed Jan. 2021).
[7] Acero Grado Ingeniería - cga.com.co, https://www.cga.com.co/wp-

content/uploads/2020/07/Ficha_T%C3%A9cnica_Aceros_Grado_Ingenier%C3%ADa_4140.
pdf (accessed Sep. 22, 2023).
[8] J. E. Shigley, R. G. Budynas, and C. R. Mischke, Mechanical Engineering Design. Boston etc.:
MacGrawHill Higher Education, 2004.
[9] DIN EN 12312-5:2021-05, Luftfahrt-Bodengeräte_- besondere anforderungen_- teil_5:

Betankungseinrichtungen für Luftfahrzeuge; Deutsche und Englische Fassung En_12312-
5:2021. doi:10.31030/3150150
[10] MAXUS, eDELIVER3, 2023. Available at: www.maxus-automotive.es
[11] C. Mataix, Mecánica de Fluidos Y Máquinas Hidráulicas. México: Alfaomega Grupo Editor,
1982.
26 Version 01
8. Change control.
Change control
Date Change description Version
28/08/2023 Document creation 00
Document revision according to Buerau Veritas
25/11/2023 01
recommendations
9. Approval route
Name: Claudia Fontalvo Name: Gianluca Solano

Position: Leader Engineer Position: Consulting Engineer
27 Version 01

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CALCULATION REPORT

T4027-32 TOWABLE HYDRANT

3. Requirements and restrictions

According to the customer’s requirements and as stipulated by regulations, is necessary to

1 Low investment cost 0 2 2 5 2 4 0 3 2 0 0 2 0 22 2.81%

Figure 1. Table comparison "What vs What"

Figure 2. What vs What Benchmark.

Figure 3. Technical specifications of eDELIVER 3.

Understanding this, is needed create a free-body diagram:

Figure 4. Free-body diagram of the THD.

The force balance equations [8] are developed as follows:

−𝑊 ∗ cos 𝜃 + 2(𝑁1 + 𝑁2 ) = 0 (1)

𝐹𝑚 − 2𝜇(𝑁1 + 𝑁2 ) − 𝑊 ∗ sin 𝜃 = 𝐹𝑚á𝑥 (2)

The power equations [8] are developed as follows:

Chassis and module stress calculation

Figure 5. Calculated load for critical members.

c. Snow load calculation

Figure 6. Average monthly snow precipitation in Oslo [5].

Figure 7. Calculated force in surface 1.

Figure 8. Calculated force in surface 2.

d. Wind resistance calculation

Figure 9. Average wind speed in Oslo.

The wind load [3] is calculated based on:

And the dynamic wind pressure [3] is calculated by:

e. Critical elements: Pin calculation

Figure 10. Towing device's pin.

f. Overpressure system calculation

Figure 11. Suppressor.

g. Rollover according to EN-12312

5. Results and discussion

The equipment was calculated for these conditions:

Total mass [𝑚𝑐 ]: 1490.92 kg

Calculated at speed limited by airport

Figure 12. Analysis at 30km/h.

Calculated in compliance with drag power

Figure 13. Analysis at 90kW of pulling power.

Calculated at customer's suggested weight

Figure 14. Analysis at 1700 kg.

Figure 15. Stresses in the module.

Figure 16. Displacements in the module.

Figure 17. Stresses in the THD chassis.

Figure 18. Displacements in the THD chassis.

Figure 19. Safety factor on THD chassis.

c. Snow load calculation

Figure 20. Stresses on the THD module roof.

Figure 21. Displacements in the THD module roof.

d. Wind resistance calculation

First, the wind load is calculated for the specified areas:

Figure 22. Wind load at Area 1.

Figure 23. Area 1.

Figure 24. Wind load at Area 2.

Figure 25. Area 2.

Figure 26. Wind load at Area 3.

Figure 27. Area 3.

Figure 28. Wind load at Area 4.

Figure 29. Area 4.

Figure 30. Displacement calculation on wind profile 1 without snow.

Figure 31. Stress calculation on wind profile 1 without snow.

Figure 32. Displacement calculation on wind profile 2 without snow.

Figure 33. Stress calculation on wind profile 2 without snow.

Figure 34. Displacement calculation on wind profile 1 with snow.

Figure 35. Stress calculation on wind profile 1 with snow.

Figure 36. Displacement calculation on wind profile 2 with snow.