INTRODUCTION and current

status of

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 Learning outcomes
Able to describe

• What is poultry
• Basic terminology
• World and poultry status of Pakistan
• Phases of Pakistan Poultry Industry
• Brief history /incentive of poultry industry
• Recommendations/suggestions to improve
 POULTRY
The term P is used to designate those
species of birds which render man an
economic service and reproduce freely
under his care. These include

. . . . . . . . . . . , and refers to them

whether alive or dressed .

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IMS Photo
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 TERMINOLOGY
• Broiler:
• A young bird of either sex grown specifically for highly
efficient meat production. (alternative term - meat chicken).
• Brooder:
• The equipment used to provide supplementary warmth during the
early stages of the chickens’ life.

• Brooding:
• The period of first week of a chicken’s life when it requires a very
high standard of care including the provision of special diets and
supplementary warmth.
• Broody:
• The instinct controlled by maternal hormones that causes the female
to want to set on eggs for hatching and to care for the chickens that
hatch.
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• Chick:
• The term used to describe chickens from day-old
to end of brooding.
• Cock:
• A male that has finished one season/ year as a
breeder. Usually refers to older birds.
• Cockerel:
• A young male from day-old to the end of its first
year of breeding. Often used to refer to young
males
• ECH:
• An intensive housing system where the operator
can control temperature, air quality/ any gases,
humidity and light etc. 16
• Fertile egg:
• Eggs in which fertilization of the blastodisc has occurred to create
the blastoderm

• Feed conversion ratio:

• The relationship between feed consumed and production (eggs or
growth), expressed as ratio.

• Fowl:
• The term used to describe all members of Gallus-domesticus
(domestic fowl) irrespective of age, sex or breed
• Growers:
• The term used to describe all stocks between the end of brooding, till
they reach sexual maturity.

• Hatchability:
• The number of sale-able/ acceptable chickens that hatch from all
eggs incubated - usually expressed as a percentage.
•
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• Moult:
• Process whereby the bird sheds it’s feathers and ceases
egg production, initiated by hormonal influences, often
triggered by stress.

• Peck order:
• The social organization of a flock ranging in a ladder
formation from the most dominate to the most
subordinate member of the flock.
• Preen gland (uropygeal gland):
• Gland located at the base of the tail which produces a
special “oil” secretion for the conditioning or preening of
the feathers.
• Primaries:
• Ten long, stiff flight feathers at the outer extremity of the
wing. They are separated from the inner group or
secondaries by the “axial” feather. 18
• Pullet:
• Female in her first laying season. Often used
to refer young females post brooding to point
of lay.
• Roost:
• The perch on which fowls rest or sleep.
• Rooster:
• Male bird.
• Capon:
• Male bird whose testicles have been
removed surgically
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 Origin and domestication
• Four known species

• Gallus gallus (red jungle fowl)

• Gallus lafayetti ( ceylon jungle fowl)

• Gallus sonnerati (grey jungle fowl)

• Gallus varius (java jungle fowl)

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Red Jungle Fowl
Ceylon jungle fowl
Grey jungle fowl
Java jungle fowl
 How Do Wild Birds Become Farm
Animals?
• RJF looks like domestic chicken, a wild bird lives in
SE Asia — ancestor of the chicken.
• In prehistoric times, people captured and raised JF
for food.
• Gradually—through a process called domestication
—these became the modern chicken.

• People domesticated other galliforms, e.g turkeys,

• Farmers breed domestic animals for favorable
traits. e.g, farmers allowed largest turkeys to breed.
domestic turkeys being much larger than their wild
relatives.
• Today, millions of chickens and turkeys raised on
farms, outnumber their wild relatives. 26
 World- History and development of
Poultry Industry
• Pigeons, ducks, geese bred in China 3,000 yrs ago.
• Chickens, developed from the Asian jungle fowl,
domesticated about the same time.
• In ancient and medieval times in the Old World,
chickens were raised primarily for
• Cockfighting.
• In 16th century, chickens introduced in US from Europe,
and turkeys introduced in Europe from US.
•
• After cockfighting was outlawed in US, Canada, and GB
in 19th century,P fanciers raised chickens
• for exhibition purposes.
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 Modern poultry industry
• Began in late 19th century in Europe and
US, as breeders began to stress meat and
egg production.
• Eggs were artificially incubated in ancient
China and Egypt, not used on a commercial
scale until the 1870's.
• The first college department of poultry
husbandry was established in 1901 at the
Connecticut Agricultural College (now the
University of Connecticut).
• . 28
• Discoveries and inventions relating to the sci.
housing, feeding, and breeding of P led to
rapid expansion of the industry after 1930's.

• Production and consumption of P products

increased during WW II when meat from other
LS was scarce.

• Since 1945, improved methods of storing and

distributing P meat and eggs helped stimulate
consumption of these foods.

• Important in the expansion of the poultry

industry has been specialization in raising
broilers
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Pakistan Share of Meat Consumption
in the World (2010-2012)

Pakistan's Human population

in the World 2.5 %

Beef 1.5 %
Mutton 5 %

Poultry 1.5 %
Percentage of Meat Production in
Pakistan 2010-2012

37% 38%

Beef
Mutton
Poultry

25%
 Increasein Meat Production in Pakistan
(1990-91 to 2003-04)
700% 647.02%
600%
500%
Percent

400%
300%
200%
100% 56.21% 38.65%
0%
Poultry Beef Mutton

Poultry Beef Mutton

 Per Captia Availability 2003-04

8 60

No’s Eggs/annum
7 50
6
40
5
Kgs/annum

4 7.5 30
54
3 20 39.48
2
10
1 1.33
0 0
1990-91 2003-2004 1990-91 2003-04

Poultry Meat Eggs

 Meat Production in Pakistan
(With Current Trends)
2004- 2014-2015
2005 (Projected)
1200 2500

1000 2000

800
1500
000 Tonnes

000 Tonnes
600 2265
1115 1084 1000
400 739 1365
500 916
200
0
0 Beef Mutton Poultry
Beef Mutton Poultry
 Percentage of Meat Production in
Pakistan (With Current Trends)
2004- 2014-2015
2005 (Projected)
30%

37% 38%

50%

20%
25%

Beef Mutton Poultry Beef Mutton Poultry

 ANIMAL PRODUCTION ?
• To Produce Primary Food for Human
Population
• Milk
• Meat
• Eggs

Prime Quality Protein Food

History & Development of Poultry Industry in
Pakistan- An Overview
Prior to 1963 the native breed "Desi" was mainly raised
produced a max 73 eggs / yr under local conditions.
• An improved breed "Lyallpur Silver Black"
was evolved in 1965-66 in the department of
Poultry Husbandry, UAF.

• Layers of this breed are capable of producing

150 eggs/yr and gaining 1.4 kg weight in 12
wks of age.
Lyallpur Silver Black
P in Pakistan kept as backyard business for household
needs. In early 60s the need of comm. P felt which
resulted in 1963, in the form of a national campaign to
enhance the production of feed products in country.
Under this campaign the govt announced, tax exemption policy on
income derived from p/f.
PIA in collaboration with Shaver Poultry Breeding Farms
of Canada started first commercial hatchery in Karachi.
Commercial P feed mill started by Lever Brothers (Pvt),
Pakistan Ltd., at R Y Khan, followed by other pioneers like
Arbor Acres Ltd.
Government Facilitations to Poultry Industry

Special emphasis laid by Govt on development of poultry

industry in the country during 70’s.

Govt made major policy decisions to provide all possible

facilities to P industry in the annual development plans.
Incentives Provided by the Government

1. Tax exemption on income derived from poultry farming.

2. Import of flock and incubators permitted under free list.

3. Allotment of state land on lease for p/f at very nominal

rates.

4. Established PRI at Karachi and Rawalpindi through FAO

to facilitate research services specifically concerning
disease control.
Incentives Provided by the Government
5. Two meatless days to encourage poultry meat
consumption.

6. Subsidy on grains to form low cost quality ration, through

UNDP.

7. Loan through ADBP for the construction of poultry sheds.

8. Established directorates of Poultry Production in Karachi

and Punjab to provide extension services to the poultry
farmers.
The subsequent development of Pakistan’s Poultry Industry can be
divided into four phases
Phase 1: The Introductory Period 1965-1970.
• Early poultry ventures, involving risks were
supported by Govt policies that exempted

• Poultry production from national tax levies

• Permitted producers to import genetically

improved breeding stocks and equipment such
as incubators.

• A number of catalytic forces shaped the early

development of the poultry industry.
• Early dev. of industry characterized by
emerging problems including

• Rising feed costs

• Disease outbreaks
• Consumer preferences for Desi birds.
Phase 2: Institutional Development 1971-1975.
• As poultry production became a significant enterprise in
the agricultural economy of Pakistan, the govt
strengthened institutions serving the new industry.

• The Federal Poultry Board was established to coordinate

government and industry activities, in the layer and
broiler business.

• Research services were offered through the PRI with the

assistance of UNDP/FAO funds.

• The Directorate of Poultry Development was established

in Punjab similar to that in Karachi.
 P Producers struggled with the
adverse effects of govt
• Ban on export of poultry products
• Major planning flaws, establishment of
poultry estates clustered together
without adequate sanitation and health
control.

• This phase characterized by both the

greatest success of the poultry
industry and its greatest failure.
Phase 3: The Production Boom 1976-1980.
• Govt of Sindh followed a policy to attract
investment in poultry farming by offering

• Estate land under ten years lease.

• Nationalization of other industries contributing

the entry of capital into poultry industry,
particularly in the Punjab, resulted in the
poultry production boom.

• Commercial egg and meat production was

increased significantly.
 Phase 3: (Cont …)
Increase vol. of production forced through limited
marketing channels.
Serious financial setbacks to p/f in Pak culminated from

• Discontinuation of poultry exports

• Disease problems

• High prices of poultry feed

• Deteriorating feed quality
• Limited supply of feed ingredients.
• Poultry farmers faced financial problems and
sought remedial measures from PPA in 1979
on the advice of the Federal Poultry Board.
Phase 4: Depression and Adjustment 1981-1990.
Disease problems posed a serious threat to the sound
development and consolidation of the industry.

Large Karachi poultry estates began to close in 1984 and a

number of p/f closed in other areas of Sindh.

Production showed a decreased growth or even

depression during early 1980 particularly Punjab,
Baluchistan and NWFP.

In the later part of 1980’s , industry readjusted with much

rise in poultry number particularly in broilers.
 1991 to Now:
• 1990 loss Hydro pericardium
• 1991-92 Gumboro
1995, Avian Influenza
• 1996 parent flock increased in number
• Ban on serving in marriage parties
• 1999 again a syndrome like influenza
• Marketing problems
• Lack of Planning
• Pakistan’s Current Poultry Status
P sector is one of the most dynamic and vibrant segments
of agriculture in Pakistan.
• Broiler Parent Stock Placement 12 Million
• Broiler Day Old Chicks 1.2 Billion
• Broiler (Table Birds) Produced 1.05 Billion
• Average Annual Growth 12.5%
• Live Weight 1.84 Billion
Kg
• Broiler Meat including Giblets 1.34 Billion
Kg
• Per Capita Poultry Meat Availability 7.4 Kg
• Layer Parent Stock 0.75 Million
• Table Egg Layers 40 Million
• Total Table Egg Production 11.2 Billion
• Feed 7 Million MT
• Contribution to GDP 1.7%
• Processing/Value Addition 1% only
 Poultry Development policy envisions
• Sustainable supply of wholesome P meat, eggs
and value added products to the local and
international markets at competitive prices

• Facilitate and support private sector-led dev for

sustainable P production.
 THE STRATEGY REVOLVES AROUND
• Improving the regulatory framework
• Disease control and genetic
improvement in rural P
• High tech P production under ECH
• Processing and value addition
• Improving bio-security,
• Need based research and Dev.
• Farmers training and education.
• It envisages P sectors growth 15-20 %
annually.
 MDG's
• Rapidly growing and transforming livestock
sector can make achievement of the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

• MDG's goals (To eradicate extreme poverty

and hunger and to ensure environmental
sustainability)

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