YLA of End-Plates and Columns 2021-12-31

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE
AND STATE UNIVERSITY
The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department

of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Blacksburg, VA 24061
Structural Engineering and Materials
YIELD LINE PATTERNS FOR END-PLATE MOMENT CONNECTIONS
by
Matthew R. Eatherton, S.E., Ph.D.

Associate Professor
Trai N. Nguyen
Graduate Research Assistant
Thomas M. Murray, P.E., Ph.D.

Emeritus Professor
Report No. CE/VPI-ST-21/05
December 2021
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of this report is to summarize the yield line patterns and associated yield line
parameters for end-plate moment connections. Both the end-plate yield line patterns and the
column side yield line patterns are provided. For each yield line parameter, either the derivation
is given or details about how the yield line parameter was obtained from one of the other derived
yield line parameters is described.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. ii
1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 6
2 END-PLATE YIELD LINE SOLUTIONS ................................................................ 9
2.1 Summary of End-Plate Yield Line Parameters ................................................... 9
2.2 Two-Bolt Flush Unstiffened End-Plate ............................................................ 12
2.3 Four-Bolt Unstiffened Flush End-Plate ............................................................ 15
2.4 Four-Bolt Flush End-Plate Stiffened Between the Bolt Lines .......................... 18
2.5 Four-Bolt Flush End-Plate Stiffened Below the Bolt Lines ............................. 21
2.6 Six-Bolt Flush End-Plate .................................................................................. 24
2.7 Six-Bolt Flush Four Wide / Two Wide Unstiffened End-Plate ........................ 27
2.8 Four-Bolt Extended Unstiffened End-Plate ...................................................... 30
2.9 Four-Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate .......................................................... 33
2.10 Multiple Row Extended 1/2 Unstiffened End-Plate ......................................... 46
2.11 Multiple Row Extended 1/3 Unstiffened End-Plate ......................................... 49
2.12 Multiple Row Extended 1/3 Stiffened End-Plate ............................................. 52
2.13 Eight Bolt Extended Four Wide Unstiffened End-Plate ................................... 60
2.14 Eight Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate ......................................................... 63
2.15 Twelve Bolt MRE 1/3 Four-Wide / Two-Wide Unstiffened End-Plate ........... 71
2.16 Twelve Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate ...................................................... 74
3 COLUMN SIDE YIELD LINE SOLUTIONS ......................................................... 78
3.1 Two-Bolt Configurations .................................................................................. 78
3.2 Four-Bolt Configurations .................................................................................. 82
3.3 Six-Bolt 4W/2W Configurations ...................................................................... 88
3.4 Six-Bolt, 3 Rows Configurations ...................................................................... 90
ii
3.5 Eight-Bolt, 4 Rows Configurations .................................................................. 95
3.6 Eight-Bolt Four-Wide Configurations ............................................................ 105
3.7 Twelve Bolt 4Wx2/2Wx2 Configurations ...................................................... 108
3.8 Twelve Bolt 2W/4Wx2/2W Configurations ................................................... 111
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 114
iii
1 INTRODUCTION
Yield line analysis is a method for determining the plastic collapse capacity of ductile steel
plates or reinforced concrete slabs. In the yield line method, a plastic collapse mechanism is
assumed consisting of rigid facets of the plate connected by lines where the plate undergoes plastic
hinging, usually called yield lines. Figure 1-1a demonstrates the concept of facets and yield lines
for an end-plate moment connection while Figure 1-1b shows the three-dimensional deformed
shape associated with this yield line pattern. It is noted that yield lines at supports are generally
shown with a slight offset (e.g., the yield lines adjacent to the flanges in Figure 1-1a are slightly
offset from the face of the flange) to make them visible in sketches, but located at the support in
all calculations. A yield line mechanism is considered admissible if every facet is planar and there
are no displacement discontinuities (i.e. breaks in the plate) at the edges of the facets.
Facet
Yield Line
Mpl
Assumed Line
Tpl
of Rotation
(a) Two-dimensional drawing (b) Three-dimensional representation

of yield line pattern of the yielded end-plate
Figure 1-1 Yield Line Pattern Representing End-Plate Yielding Failure Mode
Yield line analysis is typically conducted using virtual work and thus results in an upper
bound solution for the collapse load. That means that the theoretically correct collapse load for a
plate will be less than the collapse load calculated using virtual work. The most appropriate choice
for the yield line pattern is therefore the one which produces the smallest yield line parameter and
associated collapse load. In most configurations described in this document, the yield line pattern
6
presented produces the smallest yield line parameter and associated moment strength. In some
cases, however, a yield line pattern that does not produce the smallest yield line parameter was
used in prior research and found to accurately predict the strength of an end-plate connection
experiencing end-plate yielding. For those cases, the experimentally validated yield line parameter
is presented first, and then the alternate yield line pattern is presented which predicts a smaller
strength. In all cases, yield line parameters that have been experimentally validated are
recommended for use in design.
The process of calculating an end-plate’s moment strength for the limit state of end-plate
yielding using yield line analysis consists of several steps: 1) assume an arbitrary amount of beam
rotation, θ, 2) determine the rotation at each yield line associated with the beam rotation, 3)
calculate the internal work associated with plastic hinging along the yield lines, 4) calculate
external work associated with the moment and axial force acting through a rotation and translation,
respectively, 5) set internal work equal to external work and simplify the resulting equation, and
6) extract the yield line parameter, Y.
The internal work is calculated as the plastic moment strength of the end plate per unit
length multiplied by the rotation of each yield line:
WI m p ∑ ( θ x +θ y )i
= (1-1)
i
Where:
WI is the total internal work
mp is plastic moment capacity per unit length which is calculated in Eq. (1-2);
θx and θy are the plastic rotation angles with respect to x and y axes, respectively.
1
mp = Fyp t 2p (1-2)
4
Where:
Fyp = yield stress of the end-plate
tp = thickness of the end-plate
The external work, WE, is defined as the summation of external work associated with
moment and axial force acting through a rotation and translation, respectively, as given by Eq (1-
7
3). However, the contribution of axial force to the external work is relatively small compared to
the contribution of the moment so the external work is often approximated as shown in Eq (1-4).
d
W=
E M pl θ + Tpl θ (1-3)
2
WE ≅ M pl θ (1-4)
Where:
Mpl = moment strength of the end-plate associated with the yield-line mechanism
Tpl = axial strength of the end-plate associated with the yield-line mechanism
θ = rotation angle of the end-plate relative to the support
d = depth of the beam
Internal work and external work are set equal as given in Eq. (1-5) and the equation is
simplified. The resulting equation is put in the form shown in Eq. (1-6) where the yield line
parameter, Y is a function of the geometry of the end-plate connection and has units of length.
Eq. (1-6) is a generic form of the equation for end-plate moment strength and is applicable to all
configurations, whereas the resulting equation for the yield line parameter, Y, is unique to the
specific configuration.
WI = WE (1-5)
M pl = Fyp t 2p Y (1-6)
Where:
Y = yield line parameter for the specific configuration of bolts
Moment strength associated with end-plate yielding Mpl is used to design the end-plate
thickness of moment connection and the design procedure is presented in AISC Design Guide
4+16 (Eatherton and Murray 2021). Yield line parameters derived in this report are identical to
those used in Design Guide 4+16 and this report is intended to be a companion to the Design
Guide which gives the background for how the yield line parameters were obtained.
8
2 END-PLATE YIELD LINE SOLUTIONS
2.1 Summary of End-Plate Yield Line Parameters

There are a total of 14 end-plate configurations considered herein. All of these
configurations have been studied previously, although the yield line derivation may not have been
included in the original published literature. Table 2-1 provides a summary of the yield line
parameter with variables defined in the respective sections. The following sections show the
derivation of each yield line parameter.
The original work conducted on these end-plate moment connection configurations is
summarized in Table 2-2. In most of these references, the yield line pattern and yield line
parameter were presented and then validated against full-scale moment connection test results.
Table 2-1a Summary of Yield Line Parameters for Flush End-Plate Configurations
Configuration Yield Line Parameter Notes
Two-Bolt Flush bp   1 1  2
=Y  h1  +   +  h1 ( p fi + s ) 
Unstiffened 2   p fi s   g
Four-Bolt Flush bp   1   1  2   3   1  g
=Y  h1   + h2    +  h1  p fi + pb  + h2  s + pb   +
Unstiffened 2   p fi   s   g   4   4  2
Four-Bolt Flush
bp   1 1   1 1  2
Stiffened =Y  h1  +  + h2  +   +  h1 ( p fi + pso ) + h2 ( psi + s ) 
2   p fi pso   psi s   g
Between the Bolts
Four-Bolt Flush
bp   1   1  2   3   1  g
Stiffened =Y  h1   + h2    +  h1  p fi + pb  + h2  ps + pb   +
2   p fi   s  
p g   4   4  2
Below the Bolts
Six-Bolt Flush
bp   1   1  2   3   1  g
Four Wide / Two Wide=Y  h1   + h2    +  h1  p fi + pb  + h2  s + pb   +
2   p fi   s   g   4   4  2
Unstiffened
9
Table 2-1b Summary of Yield Line Parameters for Extended End-Plate Configurations
Configuration Yield Line Parameter Notes
Four-bolt Extended bp   1   1 1 1 2
=Y  h1   + h2  +  −  +  h2 ( p fi + s ) 
Unstiffened 2   fo 
p  p fi s  2  g
bp   1   1 1  2 Experimentally
+   +  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2 ( p fi + s ) 
1
=Y  h1  +  + h2 
2   p fo 2d e   p fi s   g Validated
bp   1   1 1 1 2
+  −  +  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2 ( p fi + s )  +
Four-bolt Extended g
=Y  h1   + h2  Alternate 1
Stiffened 2   p fo   p fi s  2  g 4
 b p   1 1   1 1  2 
=Y   h1  +  + h2  +   +  h1 ( p fo + s ) + h2 ( p fi + s )   Alternate 2
 2   p fo s   p fi s   g 
bp   1   1  1 1 2   3 pb   pb  g
=
MRE 1/2 Unstiffened Y  h1   + h2   + h3   −  +  h2  p fi +  + h3  + s  +
2   p fo   p fi   s  2  g   4   4  2
bp   1   1  1 1 2   3 pb   pb  g
=
MRE 1/3 Unstiffened Y  h1   + h2  p fi  + h4  s  − 2  + g  h2  p fi + 2  + h4  + s  +
2   p fo        2  2
bp   1 1   1   1 
=Y  h1  +  + h2   + h4    + ...
2   p fo 2d e   p fi   s   Experimentally
2  3  1  g Validated
h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2  p fi + pb  + h4  pb + s   +
g   2  2  2
MRE 1/3 Stiffened
 bp   1   1  1 1 
  h1   + h2   + h4   −  + .. 
 2   p fo   fi 
p  s  2  
Y =  Alternate
2   3  1   3g 
g  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h 2  p fi + p b  + h 4  pb + s  + 
   2  2  4 
Eight-Bolt Extended bp   1   1 1 1 2
=Y  h1   + h2  +  −  +  h2 ( p fi + s ) 
Four Wide Unstiffened 2   p fo   p fi s  2  g
bp   1   1   1   1 
=
Y  h1   + h2   + h3   + h4    + ...
2   2d e   p fo   p fi   s   Experimentally
2   3 pb  p   3p  p  Validated
h1  + d e  + h2  b + p fo  + h3  b + p fi  + h4  b + s   + g
Eight-Bolt Extended g   4   4   4   4 
Stiffened bp   1   1   1 1
=Y  h2   + h3   + h4   −  + ...
2   p fo  
 fi 
p  s  2 
Alternate
2   3 pb  p   3p  p  5g
h1  + d e  + h2  b + p fo  + h3  b + p fi  + h4  b + s   +
g   4   4   4   4  4
Twelve-Bolt MRE 1/3 bp   1   1  1 1 2   3 pb   pb  g

= Y  h1   + h2  p fi  + h4  s  − 2  + g  h2  p fi + 2  + h4  + s  +
Unstiffened 2   p fo        2  2
Twelve-Bolt Extended
bp   1   1   1 1
Stiffened =Y  h2   + h3   + h4   −  + ...
2   p fo   p fi   s  2 
2   3 pb  p   3p  p  5g
h1  + d e  + h2  b + p fo  + h3  b + p fi  + h4  b + s   +
g   4   4   4   4  4
10
Table 2-2 References for the Original Work on Each End-Plate Configuration
Configuration References
Two-Bolt Flush Boorse and Murray 1999, Jenner et al 1985, Kline et al 1995, Kukreti
Unstiffened et al 1987, Srouji et al. 1983, Thompson and Murray 1975
Four-Bolt Flush Italiano and Murray 2001, Jenner et al 1985, Kline et al 1995, Srouji
Unstiffened et al. 1983, Sumner et al. 1995
Four-Bolt Flush
Stiffened Between Hendrick et al 1984
the Bolts
Four-Bolt Flush
Stiffened Below the Hendrick et al 1984
Bolts
Six-Bolt Flush Four
Wide / Two Wide Jain et al. 2015
Unstiffened
Abel and Murray 1994, Blumenbaum and Murray 2004, Blumenbaum
and Murray 2003, Borgsmiller et al. 1995, Curtis and Murray 1989,
Four-bolt Extended
Eatherton et al. 2013, Eatherton et al. 2017, Jenner et al 1985, Kline et
Unstiffened
al 1995, Meng 1996, Murray 1989, Ryan and Murray 1999, Sumner
and Murray 2002, Young and Murray 1997
Blumenbaum and Murray 2004, Kline et al 1995, Meng 1996,
Four-bolt Extended
Morrison et al 1985, Ryan and Murray 1999, Thompson and Murray
Stiffened
1975
Abel and Murray 1992, Blumenbaum and Murray 2004, Borgsmiller
MRE 1/2 Unstiffened et al. 1995, Jenner et al 1985, Sumner and Murray 2001a, Sumner et
al. 1995
Blumenbaum and Murray 2004, Borgsmiller et al. 1995, Kline et al
MRE 1/3 Unstiffened 1995, Morrison et al 1986, Rodkey and Murray 1993b, Ryan and
Murray 1999, Structural Engineers Inc 1984, Sumner et al. 1995
MRE 1/3 Stiffened Blumenbaum and Murray 2004, Structural Engineers Inc 1984
Eight-Bolt Extended
Meng 1996, Murray and Sumner 1999, Sumner et al 2000a, Sumner
Four Wide
and Murray 2001b
Unstiffened
Curtis and Murray 1989, Eatherton et al. 2013, Jain et al. 2015,
Eight-Bolt Extended
Ghassemieh et al 1983, Kukreti et al 1990, Seek and Murray 2008,
Stiffened
Sumner and Murray 2002
Twelve-Bolt MRE
Jain et al. 2015
1/3 Unstiffened
Twelve-Bolt
Szabo et al. 2017
Extended Stiffened
11
2.2 Two-Bolt Flush Unstiffened End-Plate
The yield line pattern is shown in Figure 2-1. The rotation of each facet (facets are labeled
in Figure 2-1) is given in Table 2-3 and the internal work associated with rotation along each yield
line is given in Table 2-4. The yield lines are identified by the adjacent facet numbers (e.g., yield
line 1/2 separates facets 1 and 2). Variables associated with the geometry of the connection are
shown in Figure 2-1. Variables associated with the virtual rotations, displacement, and end-plate
moment strength per unit length are described in Chapter 1.
Figure 2-1 Yield Line Pattern for the

Two Bolt Flush Unstiffened End Plate
12
Table 2-3 Rotation for Each Facet in the
Two Bolt Flush Unstiffened End Plate
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 (δa + p fi θ) / p fi 0
3 θ 2δ a / g
4 − ( δ a − sθ ) s 0
Table 2-4 Internal Work Associated with Each Yield Line in

the Two Bolt Flush Unstiffened End Plate
Yield Simplified Internal Number
Internal Work
Line Work of Lines
 bp   δa + p fi θ   bp   δa 
1/2 mp    − θ  mp     2
 2   p fi   2   p fi 
 g   δa + p fi θ   2δ   g  δ 2 
2/3 m p    − θ  + p fi  a  m p   a +   δa p fi  2
 2   p fi   g    2  p fi  g  
 g  δ − s θ   2δ a    g  δ  2  
3/4 m p   θ + a  + s  m p   a +   δ a s  2
 2  s   g   2  s  g  
 b p − g   δa + p fi θ δa − sθ    bp − g   1 1 
2/4 m p    +  mp   δa  +  2
 2   p fi s    2   p fi s 
  2δ   2
1/3 m p ( p fi + s )  a   m p   δa ( p fi + s ) 2
  g  g
 b p   δ − sθ    bp   δ 
1/4 m p   θ + a  mp    a  2
 2   s   2  s 
13
Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-4 and substituting δa = h1 θ results in the
following equation for internal work:

 bp   1 1  2 

WI = 4m p θ   h1  +   +  h1 ( p fi + s )   (2-1)
 2   p fi s   g
 

The external work, WE, is given by Eq. (2-2). Setting the internal work and external work
equal results in Eq. (2-3).
=
WE M pl θ (2-2)

 bp   1 1  2 

=M pl 4m p   h1  +   +  h1 ( p fi + s )   (2-3)
 2   p fi s   g
 

This equation is further simplified into the form given in Eq. (2-4) by substituting the
moment capacity per unit length, mp, from Chapter 1, and defining the yield line parameter, Y, as
given in Eq. (2-5).
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-4)
bp   1 1  2
=Y  h1  +   +  h1 ( p fi + s ) 
2   p fi s   g 
(2-5)
Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s
To obtain an equation for the dimension s, the equation for moment strength, Mpl, is
minimized. The derivative of Eq. (2-4), taken with respect to the variable s, is set equal to zero and
solved for the variable s. The result is Eq. (2-6).
1
s= bp g (2-6)
2
14
2.3 Four-Bolt Unstiffened Flush End-Plate
moment strength per unit length are described in Chapter 1. It is also noted that hatched areas
represent facets that are not rotating.

Four-Bolt Unstiffened Flush End-Plate
15
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 (δb + p fi θ) / p fi 0
3 θ 2δ b / g
4 0 ( δb + δ a ) / g
5 0 0
6 θ 2δ a / g
7 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Table 2-6 Internal Work Associated with Each Yield Line in the
Yield Internal Work Simplified Internal Work Number
Line of Lines
1/2  b p   δb + p fi θ   b p   δb  2
m p    − θ  m p    
 2  p fi   2   p fi 
2/3  g   δb + p fi θ   2δ    g  δ 2  2
m p    − θ  + p fi  b   m p   b +   δb p fi 
 2   p fi   g    2  p fi  g  
3/4  g  p  2δ δ + δ a   g   2    δ δ    2
m p   θ + b  b − b  m p   θ +    pb  b − a   
 2  2  g g   2   g    4 4   
4/5   δ + δa   2    δ + δa   2
m p  pb  b  m p    pb  b 
  g   g    2 
4/6  g  p  δ + δa 2δa   g   2    δ δ    2
m p   θ + b  b −  m p   θ +    pb  b − a   
 2  2  g g   2   g    4 4   
6/7  g  δ − s θ   2δ a  g δ  2  2
m p   θ + a  + s  m p   a  + ( sδ a ) 
 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
7/1  bp  δ a − sθ    bp  δ  2
mp  θ+  m p   a 
2  s    2  s 
6/1  p   2δ   2 δ p  2
m p  s + b   a   m p   δa s + a b 
 2   g   g  2 
3/1  p   2δ   2 δ p  2
m p  p f + b   b   m p   δb p f + b b  
 2   g  g  2 
2/5   b p − g   δb + p f θ    bp  δ  g δ  2
m p      m p   b + θ  −  b + θ  
 2   p f    2  p f  2  pf  
5/7  b p − g   δ a − sθ    bp  δ  gδ  2
m p    m p   a − θ  −  a − θ 
 2   s   2  s  2 s 
16
Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-6 and substituting δa = h2 θ and δb = h1 θ
results in the following equation for internal work:

 bp   1   1  2   3   1  g  
WI =4m p θ   h1   + h2    +  h1  p fi + pb  + h2  s + pb   +  (2-7)

2   p fi   s   g   4   4  2  
=
WE M pl θ (2-8)
 b p   1   1  2   3   1   g 
=M pl 4m p   h1   + h2    +  h1  p fi + pb  + h2  s + pb   +  (2-9)
 2   p fi   s   g   4   4   2 
given in Eq. (2-11).
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-10)
bp   1   1  2   3   1  g
=Y  h1   + h2    +  h1  p fi + pb  + h2  s + pb   + (2-11)
2   p fi   s   g   4   4  2
minimized. The derivative of Eq. (2-10), taken with respect to the variable s, is set equal to zero
and solved for the variable s. The result is Eq. (2-12).
1
s= bp g (2-12)
2
17
2.4 Four-Bolt Flush End-Plate Stiffened Between the Bolt Lines

Four-Bolt Flush End-Plate Stiffened Between the Bolt Lines
18
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 (δb + p fi θ) / p fi 0
3 θ 2δ b / g
4 −(δb − pso θ) / pso 0
5 (δa + psi θ) / psi 0
6 θ 2δ a / g
7 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Line of Lines
1/2 
 b p  δb + p fi θ  
 b p  δb  2
m p    − θ  m p    
 2  p fi   2   p fi 
2/3  g  δb + p fi θ   2δ   g  δ  2  2
m p   − θ  + p fi  b   m p   b  + ( p fi δb ) 
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
3/4  g  δ − pso θ   2δ  g  δ  2  2
mp   b + θ  + pso  b  m p   b  + ( pso δb ) 
 2  pso   g   2  pso  g 
2/4  b p − g  δb + p fi θ δb − pso θ    b p − g  δb δ  2
mp   +  mp   + b  
 2  p fi pso    2  p fi pso  
1/3   2δ   2  2
m p ( p fi + pso )  b   m p  ( δb p fi + δb pso ) 
  g  g 
1/4  b p  δ − pso θ   bp  δ  2
mp   b + θ  m p   b 
 2  pso   2  pso  
1/5  b p  δ + psi θ   bp  δ  2
mp   a − θ  m p   a 
2  psi   2  psi  
5/6  g  δ + psi θ   2δ   g  δ  2  2
mp   a − θ  + psi  a   m p   a  + ( psi δa ) 
 2  psi   g   2  psi  g 
6/7  g  δ − sθ   2δ   g δ  2  2
mp   a + θ  + s  a  m p   a  + ( sδ a ) 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
1/6   2δ   2  2
m p ( psi + s )  a   m p  ( δa psi + δa s ) 
  g   g 
5/7  b p − g  δa + psi θ δa − sθ    bp − g  δa δa   2
mp   +  mp   + 
 2  psi s   2  psi s  
1/7  b p  δ − sθ   bp  δ  2
mp   a + θ  m p   a 
 2  s   2  s 
19
 b p   1 1   1 1  2 
WI = 4m p θ   h1  +  + h2 
 +   +  h1 ( p fi + pso ) + h2 ( psi + s )   (2-13)
 2   p fi pso   psi s   g 
=
WE M pl θ (2-14)
 b p   1 1   1 1  2 
=M pl 4m p   h1  +  + h2 
 +   +  h1 ( p fi + pso ) + h2 ( psi + s )   (2-15)
 2   p fi pso   psi s   g 
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-16)
bp   1 1   1 1  2
=Y  h1  +  + h2  +   +  h1 ( p fi + pso ) + h2 ( psi + s )  (2-17)
2   p fi pso   psi s   g
Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s Use pso=s if pso > s Use psi=s if psi > s
1
s= bp g (2-18)
2
20
2.5 Four-Bolt Flush End-Plate Stiffened Below the Bolt Lines
moment strength per unit length are described in Chapter 1. It is noted that hatched areas represent
facets that are not rotating.

Four-Bolt Flush End-Plate Stiffened Below the Bolt Lines
21
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 (δb + p fi θ) / p fi 0
3 0 0
4 −(δa − ps θ) / s 0
5 θ 2δ a / g
6 0 ( δb + δ a ) / g
7 θ 2δ b / g

Line of Lines
1/2  bp  δb + p fi θ   bp  δb   2
mp   − θ   mp    
 2  p fi    2  p fi  
2/7  g  δb + p fi θ   2δ  g  δ  2  2
m p   − θ  + p fi  b  m p   b  + ( p fi δb ) 
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
1/7  p   2δ  2 δ p  2
m p  p fi + b   b  m p   δb p fi + b b  
 2  g  g  2 
7/6 g p  2δ δ + δa   g 2  pb ( δb − δa )   2
m p  ( θ) + b  b − b  mp  ( θ) +  
2 2  g g   2 g 4  
2/3  b p − g  δb + p fi θ    bp  δb  g δ  2
mp     mp   + θ  −  b + θ  
 2  p fi    2  p fi  2  p fi  
6/3   δ + δa  
m p  pb  b  2  pb ( δb + δa )   2
 mp   
  g   g  2  
6/5 g p  δ + δ a 2δ a    g 2  pb ( δb − δa )   2
m p  ( θ) + b  b −  m p  ( θ) +  
2 2  g g   2 g 4  
1/5  p   2δ   2 δ p  2
m p   ps + b   a   m p   δ a ps + a b 
 2   g   g  2 
4/5  g  δ − ps θ   2δ  g  δ  2  2
mp   a + θ  + ps  a  m p   a  + ( ps δ a ) 
 2  ps   g   2  ps  g 
3/4  b p − g  δ a − ps θ    bp  δ  gδ  2
mp    m p   a − θ  −  a − θ 
 2  ps    2  ps  2  ps 
4/1  b p  δ − ps θ   bp  δ  2
mp   a + θ  m p   a 
2  ps   2  ps  
22
Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-10 and substituting δa =h2θ and δb =h1θ
 b p   1   1  2   3   1   g 
WI =4m p θ   h1   + h2    +  h1  p fi + pb  + h2  ps + pb   +  (2-19)
 2   p fi   ps   g   4   4   2 
=
WE M pl θ (2-20)
 b p   1   1  2   3   1   g 
=M pl 4m p   h1   + h2    +  h1  p fi + pb  + h2  ps + pb   +  (2-21)
 2   p fi   ps   g   4   4   2 
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-22)
bp   1   1  2   3   1  g
=Y  h1   + h2    +  h1  p fi + pb  + h2  ps + pb   + (2-23)
2   p fi   ps   g   4   4  2
Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s Use ps=s if ps > s
23
2.6 Six-Bolt Flush End-Plate
in Figure 2-5) is given in Table 2-11 and the internal work associated with rotation along each
yield line is given in Table 2-12. The yield lines are identified by the adjacent facet numbers (e.g.,
yield line 1/2 separates facets 1 and 2). Variables associated with the geometry of the connection
are shown in Figure 2-5. Variables associated with the virtual rotations, displacement, and end-
plate moment strength per unit length are described in Chapter 1.

Multiple Row Extended 1/3 Unstiffened End-Plate
24
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 (δb + p fi θ) / p fi 0
3 θ 2δ b / g
4 0 ( δb + δ a ) / g
5 0 0
6 θ 2δ a / g
7 − ( δ a − s θ) / s 0
Line of Lines
1/2  b p  δb + p fi θ   b p  δb   2
m p   − θ   m p    
 2  p fi    2  p fi  
2/3  g  δb + p fi θ   2δ  g  δ  2  2
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
3/4 g  2δ δ + δa   g 2 p δ p δ  2
m p  ( θ ) + pb  b − b  m p  ( θ) +  b b − b a 
 2  g g   2 g  2 2 
4/6 g  δ + δ a 2δ a   g 2 p δ p δ  2
m p  ( θ ) + pb  b −  m p  ( θ) +  b b − b a 
2  g g   2 g  2 2 
6/7 g  δ − s θ   2δ a   g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  mp   a  + ( sδ a ) 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
1/3   2δ   2  2
m p ( p fi + pb )  b   m p  ( δb p fi + δb pb ) 
  g   g 
1/6   2δ   2  2
m p ( s + pb )  a   m p  ( δa s + δa pb ) 
  g   g 
2/5  b p − g   δb + p fi θ    bp  δb + p fi θ  g  δb + p fi θ   2
m p      mp    −   
 2   p fi    2  p fi  2  p fi  
4/5   δ + δa   2  2
m p  2 pb  b  m p  ( pb δb + pb δa ) 
  g  g 
5/7  b p − g   δ a − sθ    b p  δ − sθ  g  δ a − sθ   2
m p    mp   a −  
 2   s    2  s  2  s 
1/7  bp  δ a − sθ    bp  δ  2
mp  θ+  m p   a 
2  s    2  s 
25
Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-12 and substituting δa = h3θ and δb = h1
θ, results in the following equation for internal work:
 b p   1   1  2   3 pb   pb   g 
WI = 4m p θ   h1   + h3    +  h1  p fi +  + h3  + s  +  (2-24)
   fi 
2 p  s   g   2   2   2 
=
WE M pl θ (2-25)
 b p   1   1  2   3 pb   pb   g 
=M pl 4m p   h1   + h3    +  h1  p fi +  + h3  + s  +  (2-26)
 2   p fi   s   g   2   2   2 
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-27)
bp   1   1  2   3 pb   pb  g
=Y  h1   + h3    +  h1  p fi +  + h3  + s  + (2-28)
2   fi p   
s g   2   2  2

1
s= bp g (2-29)
2
26
2.7 Six-Bolt Flush Four Wide / Two Wide Unstiffened End-Plate
plate moment strength per unit length are described in Chapter 1. It is noted that hatched areas

Six Bolt Flush Four Wide / Two Wide Unstiffened End-Plate
27
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 (δb + p fi θ) / p fi 0
3 0 0
4 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
5 θ 2δ a / g
6 0 ( δb + δ a ) / g
7 θ 2δ b / g
Line of Lines
1/2  bp  δb + p fi θ   bp  δb   2
mp   − θ   mp    
 2  p fi    2  p fi  
2/7  g  δb + p fi θ   2δ   g  δ  2  2
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
1/7  p   2δ  2 δ p  2
m p  p fi + b   b  m p   δb p fi + b b 
  2  g  g  2 
7/6 g p  2δ δ + δa    g 2  pb ( δb − δa )   2
m p  ( θ) + b  b − b  m p  ( θ) +  
2 2  g g   2 g 4  
mp     mp   + θ  −  b + θ  
 2  p fi    2  p fi  2  p fi  
6/3   δ + δa
m p  pb  b
  2  pb ( δb + δa )   2
 mp   
  g   g  2  
6/5 g p  δ + δ a 2δ a   g 2  pb ( δb − δa )   2
m p  ( θ) + b  b −  mp  ( θ) +  
2 2  g g   2 g 4  
1/5  p   2δ  2 δ p  2
m p  s + b   a  m p   δa s + a b  
 2  g   
g 2 
4/5  g  δ − sθ   2δ  g δ  2  2
mp   a + θ + s  a  mp   a  + ( sδ a ) 
 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
3/4  b p − g  δ a − sθ    bp  δ  gδ  2
mp    m p   a − θ  −  a − θ 
 2  s   2 s  2  s 
4/1  b p  δ − sθ   p  δ 
b 2
mp   a + θ  m p   a 
 2  s   2  s 
28
Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-14 and substituting δa = h2θ and δb = h1θ
 b p   1   1  2   3   1   g 
WI =4m p θ   h1   + h2    +  h1  p fi + pb  + h2  s + pb   + 
 (2-30)
 2   p fi   s   g   4   4   2 
=
WE M pl θ (2-31)
 b p   1   1  2   3   1   g 
=M pl 4m p   h1   + h2    +  h1  p fi + pb  + h2  s + pb   +  (2-32)
 2   p fi   s   g   4   4   2 
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-33)
bp   1   1  2   3   1  g
=Y  h1   + h2    +  h1  p fi + pb  + h2  s + pb   + (2-34)
2   p fi   s   g   4   4  2
1
s= bp g (2-35)
2
29
2.8 Four-Bolt Extended Unstiffened End-Plate

Four-Bolt Extended Unstiffened End-Plate
30
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 ( a fi ) fi
δ + p θ p 0
3 θ 2δa g
4 − ( δ a − sθ ) s 0
5 0 0
6 − ( δb − p fo θ ) p fo 0
Line of Lines
1/2  b p   δ a + p fi θ   b p  δ a  2
m p    − θ  m p   
 2  p fi   2  p fi 
2/3  g  δa + p fi θ  2δ   g  δ 2  2
m p   − θ  + p fi a  m p   a +   δ a p fi 
 2  p fi  g    fi  
2 p g 
3/4  g  δ − sθ  2δ   g  δ 2  2
mp   a + θ + s a  m p   a +   δ a s 
 2  s  g   
2 s  
g 
2/4  b p − g   δa + p fi θ   δa − sθ    bp g   δa δa  2
mp    +  mp  −   + 
 2   p fi   s    2 2   p fi s 
4/1  b p   δ − sθ   bp   δa  2
mp    a + θ mp   
 2 s   2  s 
1/6  δb − p fo θ   bp   2δ b  1
m p ( b p )  + θ  mp    
 p fo   2   p fo 
6/5  δb − p fo θ   bp   2δb  1
m p ( b p )   mp    − 2θ 
 p fo   2   p fo 
1/3  2δ  2 2
m p ( p fi + s )  a  m p   ( δ a p fi + δ a s )
 g  g
31

 bp   1   1 1 1 2 

WI = 4m p θ   h1   + h2  +  −  +  h2 ( p fi + s )   (2-36)
2
   p fo   p fi s  2  g 

=
WE M pl θ (2-37)
 b p   1   1 1 1 2 
=M pl 4m p   h1   + h2  +  −  +  h2 ( p fi + s )   (2-38)
 2   p fo   p fi s  2  g 
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-39)
bp   1   1 1 1 2
=Y  h1   + h2 
 +  −  +  h2 ( p fi + s )  (2-40)
2   p fo   p fi s  2  g
1
s= bp g (2-41)
2
32
2.9 Four-Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate

Four-Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate
33
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 θ 2δ b / g
3 (δb + d e θ) / d e 0
4 −(δb − p fo θ) / p fo 0
5 ( δ a + p fi θ) / p fi 0
6 θ 2δ a / g
7 −(δ s − sθ) / s 0
Line of
Lines
1/2   2δb   2  2
m p ( d e + p fo )   m p  δb ( d e + p fo )  
  g  g 
2/3  g δ + de θ  2δ   g δ 2  2
mp  ( b − θ) + d e  b   m p  ( b ) + ( d e δb ) 
2 de  g   2 de g 
2/4 g  δb − p fo θ   2δ b  g  δ  2  2
m p   θ +  + p fo   m p   b  + ( p fo δb ) 
 2  p fo   g    2  p fo  g 
3/4  b p − g  δb + d e θ δb − p fo θ    b p   1 1  g  1 1   2
mp   +  mp  δb  +   −  δb + 
 2  d e p fo    2

  d e p fo   2  d e p fo  
1/4  bp  δb − p fo θ    bp  δ  2
mp   θ + 
p fo  
m p   b  
 2   2  p fo  
1/5  b p  δa + p fi θ   bp  δ  2
m p   − θ   m p   a  
 2  p fi    2  p fi  
5/6  g  δa + p fi θ   2δ   g  δ  2  2
m p   − θ  + p fi  a   m p   a  + ( p fi δa ) 
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
1/6   2δ  2  2
m p ( p fi + s )  a  m p  δa ( p fi + s )  
  g  g 
6/7 g  δ − s θ   2δ a  g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  mp   a  + ( δa s )
 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
5/7  b p − g   δa + p fi θ δa − sθ    b p   1 1   g   1 1    2
m p    +  m p  δa  +   − δa  +   
 2   p fi s    2   p fi s   2   p fi s   
1/7  bp  δ − sθ    bp  δ  2
mp   θ + a  m p   a 
2  s    2  s 
34
 b p   1   1 1  2 
+   +  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2 ( p fi + s )  
1
WI = 4m p θ   h1  +  + h2  (2-42)
  
2 p fo 2 de   p fi s   g 
=
WE M pl θ (2-43)
 b p   1   1 1  2 
+   +  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2 ( p fi + s )  
1
=M pl 4m p   h1  +  + h2  (2-44)
 2   p fo 2d e   p fi s   g 
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-45)
bp   1   1 1  2
+   +  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2 ( p fi + s ) 
1
=Y  h1  +  + h2  (2-46)
2   fo p 2 de   p fi s   g
Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s Use pfo=s if pfo> s
1
s= bp g (2-47)
2
The equation for the yield line parameter given by Eq. (2-46) has been validated against
experiments and is therefore used in design.
35
2.9.1 Alternate Yield Line Pattern 1
An alternate yield line pattern which produces a smaller yield line parameter for the four-
bolt extended stiffened end-plate is shown in Figure 2-9. The rotation of each facet (facets are
labeled in Figure 2-9) is given in Table 2-19 and the internal work associated with rotation along
each yield line is given in Table 2-20. The yield lines are identified by the adjacent facet numbers
(e.g., yield line 1/2 separates facets 1 and 2). Variables associated with the geometry of the
connection are shown in Figure 2-9. Variables associated with the virtual rotations, displacement,
and end-plate moment strength per unit length are described in Chapter 1. It is noted that hatched
areas represent facets that are not rotating.
Figure 2-9 Alternative Yield Line Pattern 1 for the

36
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 θ 2δ b / g
3 0 0
4 −(δb − p fo θ) / p fo 0
5 ( δa + p fi θ ) / p fi 0
6 θ 2δ a / g
7 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Line of
Lines
1/2   2δ b   2  2
m p ( d e + p fo )   m p  δb ( d e + p fo )  
  g  g 
2/3   2δ   2  2
m p  de  b   m p  ( δb d e ) 
  g  g 
2/4 g  δb − p fo θ   2δ b   g  δ  2  2
m p   θ +  + p fo   m p   b  + ( p fo δb ) 
 2  p fo   g    2  p fo  g 
3/4  b p − g  δb − p fo θ    bp  δb  g δ  2
mp     mp   − θ  −  b − θ  
 2  p fo    2  p fo  2  p fo  
1/4  bp  δb − p fo θ    bp  δ  2
mp   θ + 
p fo  
m p   b  
 2   2  p fo  
1/5  b p  δa + p fi θ   bp  δa  2
m p   − θ   mp   Pfi  
 2  p fi    2   
5/6  g  δa + p fi θ   2δ   g  δ  2  2
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
1/6   2δ  2  2
  g  g 
6/7 g  δ − s θ   2δ a  g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  mp   a  + ( δa s )
 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
5/7  b p − g   δa + p fi θ δa − sθ    b p   1 1   g   1 1    2
m p    +  m p  δa  +   − δa  +   
 2   p fi s    2   p fi s   2   p fi s   
1/7  bp  δ − sθ    bp  δ  2
mp   θ + a  m p   a 
2  s    2  s 
37
Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-20 and substituting δa = h2θ and δb = h1θ
 b p   1   1 1 1 2 g 
WI = 4m p θ   h1   + h2 
 +  −  +  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2 ( p fi + s )  +  (2-48)
 2   p fo   p fi s  2  g 4 
=
WE M pl θ (2-49)
 b p   1   1 1 1 2 g 
=M pl 4m p   h1   + h2  +  −  +  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2 ( p fi + s )  +  (2-50)
 2   p fo   p fi s  2  g 4 
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-51)
bp   1   1 1 1 2
+  −  +  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2 ( p fi + s )  +
g
=Y  h1   + h2  (2-52)
2   p fo   fi
p s  2  g 4
1
s= bp g (2-53)
2
38
2.9.2 Alternate Yield Line Pattern 2
An alternate yield line pattern 2 associated with the case d e > s for the four-bolt extended
stiffened end-plate is shown in Figure 2-10. The rotation of each facet (facets are labeled in Figure
2-10) is given in Table 2-21 and the internal work associated with rotation along each yield line is
given in Table 2-22. The yield lines are identified by the adjacent facet numbers (e.g., yield line
1/2 separates facets 1 and 2). Variables associated with the geometry of the connection are shown
in Figure 2-10. Variables associated with the virtual rotations, displacement, and end-plate moment
strength per unit length are described in Chapter 1.
Figure 2-10 Alternative Yield Line Pattern 2 for the

39
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 θ 2δ b / g
3 (δb + sθ) / s 0
4 −(δb − p fo θ) / p fo 0
5 ( δ a + p fi θ) / p fi 0
6 θ 2δ a / g
7 −(δ s − sθ) / s 0
Yield Line Internal Work Simplified Internal Work Number
of Lines
1/2   2δ   2  2
m p ( s + p fo )  b   m p  δb ( s + p fo )  
  g  g 
1/3  b p  δ + sθ   bp  δb  2
mp   b − θ  mp   
2  s  2  s 
2/3  g δ + sθ  2δ   g δ 2  2
mp  ( b − θ) + s  b   m p  ( b ) + ( s δb ) 
2 s  g  2 s g 
2/4 g  δb − p fo θ   2δ b  g  δ  2  2
m p   θ +  + p fo   m p   b  + ( p fo δb ) 
 2  p fo   g    2  p fo  g 
3/4  b p − g  δb + sθ δb − p fo θ    b p  1 1  g  1 1   2
mp   +  mp  δb  +   − δb + 
 2  s p fo    2   s p fo   2  s p fo  
1/4  bp  δb − p fo θ    bp  δ  2
mp   θ + 
p fo  
m p   b  
 2   2  p fo  
1/5  b p  δa + p fi θ   bp  δ  2
m p   − θ   m p   a  
 2  p fi    2  p fi  
5/6  g  δa + p fi θ   2δ   g  δ  2  2
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
1/6   2δ  2  2
  g  g 
6/7 g  δ − s θ   2δ a  g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  mp   a  + ( δa s )
 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
5/7  b p − g   δa + p fi θ δa − sθ    b p   1 1   g   1 1    2
m p    +  m p  δa  +   − δa  +   
 2   p fi s    2   p fi s   2   p fi s   
1/7  bp  δ − sθ    bp  δ  2
mp   θ + a  m p   a 
2  s    2  s 
40
 b p   1 1  1 1  2 
WI = 4m p θ   h1  +  + h2  +   +  h1 ( p fo + s ) + h2 ( p fi + s )   (2-54)
 2   p fo s   p fi s   g 
=
WE M pl θ (2-55)
 b p   1 1   1 1  2 
=M pl 4m p   h1  +  + h2  +   +  h1 ( p fo + s ) + h2 ( p fi + s )   (2-56)
 2   p fo s   p fi s   g 
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-57)
 b p   1 1   1 1  2 
=Y   h1  +  + h2  +   +  h1 ( p fo + s ) + h2 ( p fi + s )   (2-58)
 2   p fo s   p fi s   g 

1
s= bp g (2-59)
2
41
2.9.3 Comparison for an Example Connection
The effect of end-plate extensions, de, on Yield Line Parameter is further investigated in
this section using an example connection. Example 5.3-2 in AISC Design Guide 4+16 is selected
to compare yield line parameter, Y, values associated with three yield line patterns discussed above.
Figure 2-11 shows the geometry and details for this example connection and dimensions are
summarized in Table 2-23. Table 2-24 summarizes the yield line parameters associated with the
three patterns discussed in this section. Figure 2-12 shows how the yield line parameters vary with
the end-plate extension past the outermost bolt, de.
Figure 2-11 Four-Bolt Extended Stiffened End Plate

(from example 5.3-2 Design Guide 4+16)
42
Table 2-23. Summary of Dimensions
Width of the plate b p = 9 in.
Extension of End Plate Above Flange pext = 4.5 in.
End Plate Above Top Bolt Line d e = 1.75 in.
End Plate Thickness t p = 1 in.
Gage g = 5.75 in.
Exterior Distance to Bolt Row p fo = 2.75 in.
Interior Distance to Bolt Row p fi = 2 in.
Depth of Beam at End Plate d = 24.1 in.
Beam Flange Width bbf = 9.02 in.
Beam Flange Thickness tbf = 0.77 in.
Beam Web Thickness tbw = 0.47 in.
Distance from centroid of compression flange to first row h2 = 20.9 in.
Distance from centroid of compression flange to second row h1 = 26.5 in.
1
Distance to Yield Line =s = b p g 3.6 in.
2
43
Table 2-24 Summary of Yield Line Parameters for Four-Bolt Extended Stiffened End Plate
Pattern Yield Line Parameter
A Equation derived at beginning of bp   1   1 1  2
+   +  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2 ( p fi + s ) 
1
= Y  h1  +  + h2 
Section 2.8. Also, AISC 358-18 2   p fo 2d e   p fi s   g
Table 6.3 Case 1 for de≤s.
B Equation derived in Section bp   1   1 1 1 2
+  −  +  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2 ( p fi + s )  +
g
= Y  h1  
 + h2 
2.8.1. 2   p fo   p fi s  2  g 4
C Equation derived in Section  b p   1 1   1 1  2 

= Y   h1  +  + h2  +   +  h1 ( p fo + s ) + h2 ( p fi + s )  
2.8.3. Also, AISC 358-18 Table
 2   p fo s   p fi s   g 
6.3 Case 2 for de>s.
400
Pattern C produces
350 smaller Y than Pattern
s=3.6 in.
A for de>6.3 in.

300
Yield Line Parameter, Yp (in.)
250
200
150
100 Yield Line Pattern A

Yield Line Pattern B
50 Yield Line Pattern C
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
End-Plate Extension Past Top Bolt, de (in.)
Figure 2-12. The effect of End-Plate Extension on Yield Line Parameter
44
AISC 358 specifies that Pattern A shall be used for de≤s and Pattern C shall be used for
de>s. However, Figure 2-12, shows that for this example where s=3.6 in., the yield line parameter,
Y, associated with Pattern A is smaller than the value for Pattern C until the end-plate dimension
exceeds de>6.3 in. This is because Pattern C includes additional yield lines along the top of the
yield line pattern (see Figure 2-10) which will only control when the end-plate extension past the
outermost bolt, de, is especially large. For typical end-plate connection geometries, Pattern C will
not control.
Figure 2-12 also demonstrates the difference between Pattern A which has been validated
against experiments and Pattern B which produces a small yield line pattern. For the value of
de=1.75 in. corresponding to the end-plate geometry in the example shown in Figure 2-12, the
yield line parameter for Pattern B is 85% of the yield line parameter for Pattern A. Regardless of
this difference, Pattern A has been shown to produce end-plate moment strength, Mpl, that matches
experimental results reasonably well (Abel and Murray 1994, Blumenbaum and Murray 2004,
Blumenbaum and Murray 2003, Borgsmiller et al. 1995, Curtis and Murray 1989, Eatherton et al.
2013, Eatherton et al. 2017, Jenner et al 1985, Kline et al 1995, Meng 1996, Murray 1989, Ryan
and Murray 1999, Sumner and Murray 2002, Young and Murray 1997). For that reason, Pattern
A is recommended for use in design over Pattern B.
It is noted that these same issues associated with different yield line parameters exists for
all stiffened extended configurations including the multiple row extended 1/3 stiffened, eight-bolt
extended stiffened, and twelve-bolt extended stiffened configurations. These yield line parameter
comparisons are only conducted for the four-bolt extended stiffened, but the observations made
here are expected to be similar for the other extended stiffened end-plate configurations.
45
2.10 Multiple Row Extended 1/2 Unstiffened End-Plate

46
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 0 0
3 −(δc − p fo θ) / p fo 0
4 (δb + p fi θ) / p fi 0
5 θ 2δ b / g
6 0 ( δb + δ a ) / g
7 0 0
8 θ 2δ a / g
9 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Table 2-26 Internal Work Associated with Each Yield Line in the Multiple Row Extended
1/2 Unstiffened End-Plate (Part 1 of 2)
Line of
Lines
2/3   δc − p fo θ    bp  2δc  1
m p b p    mp   − 2θ  
  p fo    2  p fo  
1/3   δc − p fo θ    bp  2δ c  1
m p b p  θ +  mp    
  p fo    2  p fo  
1/4  bp  δb + p fi θ   bp  δb   2
mp   − θ   mp    
 2  p fi    2  p fi  
4/5  g  δb + p fi θ   2δ  g  δ  2  2
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
5/6 g p  2δ δ + δa   g 2 p δ p δ  2
m p  ( θ) + b  b − b  m p  ( θ) +  b b − b a 
 2 2  g g   2 g  4 4 
6/8 g p  δ + δ a 2δ a  g 2 p δ p δ  2
m p  ( θ) + b  b −  m p  ( θ) +  b b − b a 
2 2  g g   2 g  4 4 
8/9 g  δ − s θ   2δ a  g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  mp   a  + ( sδ a ) 
 2  s   g  2 s  g 
1/5  p   2δ   2 δ p  2
m p  p fi + b   b   m p   δb p fi + b b 
 2   g   g  2 
1/8  p   2δ  2 δ p  2
m p  s + b   a  m p   δa s + a b  
 2  g   
g 2 
m p      mp    −   
 2   p fi    2  p fi  2  p fi  
47
Table 2-26 Internal Work Associated with Each Yield Line in the Multiple Row Extended
1/2 Unstiffened End-Plate (Part 2 of 2)
6/7   δ + δa    2  p δ + pb δa   2
m p  pb  b  mp   b b 
  g  g  2 
m p    mp   a −  
 2   s    2  s  2  s 
1/9  bp  δ − sθ    bp  δ  2
mp   θ + a  m p   a 
2  s    2  s 
Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-26 and substituting δa = h3 θ, δb = h2 θ,

and δc = h1 θ results in the following equation for internal work:
 b p   1   1  1 1 2   3 pb   pb   g 
WI = 4m p θ   h1   + h2   + h3   −  +  h2  p fi +  + h3  + s  +  (2-60)
 2   p fo   p fi   s  2  g   4   4   2 
=
WE M pl θ (2-61)
 b p   1   1  1 1 2   3 pb   pb   g 
=M pl 4m p   h1   + h2   + h3   −  +  h2  p fi +  + h3  + s  +  (2-62)
 2   fo 
p  fi 
p  s  2  g   4   4   2 
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-63)
bp   1   1  1 1 2   3 pb   pb  g
=Y  h1   + h2   + h3   −  +  h2  p fi +  + h3  + s  + (2-64)
2   p fo   p fi   s  2  g   4   4  2
1
s= bp g (2-65)
2
48
2.11 Multiple Row Extended 1/3 Unstiffened End-Plate

49
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 0 0
3 −(δc − p fo θ) / p fo 0
4 (δb + p fi θ) / p fi 0
5 θ 2δ b / g
6 0 ( δb + δ a ) / g
7 0 0
8 θ 2δ a / g
9 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Multiple Row Extended 1/3 Unstiffened End-Plate (Part 1 of 2)
Line of Lines
2/3   δc − p fo θ    b p  2δc − 2 p fo θ   1
m p b p    m p    
  p fo    2  p fo  
1/3   δc − p fo θ    bp  2δ c  1
m p b p  θ +  mp    
  p fo    2  p fo  
1/4  bp  δb + p fi θ   bp  δb   2
mp   − θ   mp    
 2  p fi    2  p fi  
4/5  g  δb + p fi θ   2δ  g  δ  2  2
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
5/6 g  2δ δ + δa   g 2 p δ p δ  2
m p  ( θ ) + pb  b − b  m p  ( θ) +  b b − b a 
 2  g g   2 g  2 2 
6/8 g  δ + δa 2δa   g 2 p δ p δ  2
m p  ( θ ) + pb  b −  m p  ( θ) +  b b − b a 
2  g g   2 g  2 2 
8/9 g  δ − s θ   2δ a   g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  m p   a  + ( sδ a ) 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
1/5   2δ   2  2
  g   g 
1/8   2δ   2  2
m p ( s + pb )  a   m p  ( δa s + δa pb ) 
  g   g 
m p      mp    −   
 2   p fi    2  p fi  2  p fi  
50
Table 2-28 Internal Work Associated with Each Yield Line in the Multiple Row
Extended 1/3 Unstiffened End-Plate (Part 2 of 2)
6/7   δb + δ a   2  2
m p  2 pb   m p  ( pb δb + pb δa ) 
  g  g 
m p    mp   a −  
 2   s    2  s  2  s 
1/9  bp  δ − sθ    bp  δ  2
mp   θ + a  m p   a 
2  s    2  s 
Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-28 and substituting δa = h4θ, δb = h2 θ,
and δc = h1θ results in the following equation for internal work:
 b p   1   1  1 1 2   3 pb   pb   g 
WI = 4m p θ   h1   + h2   + h4   −  +  h2  p fi +  + h4  + s  +  (2-66)
 2   p fo   p fi   s  2  g   2   2   2 
=
WE M pl θ (2-67)
 b p   1   1  1 1 2   3 pb   pb   g 
=M pl 4m p   h1   + h2   + h4   −  +  h2  p fi +  + h4  + s  +  (2-68)
 2   p fo   p fi   s  2  g   2   2   2 
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-69)
bp   1   1  1 1 2   3 pb   pb  g
=Y  h1   + h2   + h4   −  +  h2  p fi +  + h4  + s  + (2-70)
2   p fo   p fi   s  2  g   2   2  2

1
s= bp g (2-71)
2
51
2.12 Multiple Row Extended 1/3 Stiffened End-Plate

Multiple Row Extended 1/3 Stiffened End-Plate
52
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 (δc + d e θ) / d e 0
3 θ 2δc / g
4 −(δc − p fo θ) / p fo 0
5 (δb + p fi θ) / p fi 0
6 θ 2δ b / g
7 0 0
8 0 ( δ a δb ) / g
+
9 θ 2δ a / g
10 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Multiple Row Extended 1/3 Stiffened End-Plate (Part 1 of 2)
Line of Lines
1/3   2δ c   2  2
m p ( d e + p fo )   m p  ( δc d e + δc Pfo ) 
  g  g 
2/3  g δ + de θ  2δ   g δ 2  2
mp  ( c − θ) + d e  c   m p  ( c ) + ( δc d e ) 
 2 d e  g   2 de g 
2/4  b p − g  δc + d e θ δc − p fo θ    bp  1 1  g  1 1  2
mp   +  m p  δc  +  − δc  +  
 2  d e p fo    2  d e p fo  2  d e p fo  
3/4 g  δc − p fo θ   2δc   g  δ  2  2
m p   θ +  + p fo   m p   c  + ( δc p fo ) 
 2  p fo   g    2  p fo  g 
1/4  bp  δc − p fo θ    bp  δ  2
mp   θ +  m p   c  
 2  p fo    2  p fo  
1/5  b p  δb + p fi θ   bp  δ  2
m p   − θ   m p   b  
 2  p fi    2  p fi  
1/6   2δ  2  2
m p ( pb + p fi )  b  m p  ( δb pb + δb p fi ) 
  g  g 
5/6  g  δb + p fi θ   2δ  g  δ  2  2
m p   − θ  + p fi  b  m p   b  + ( δb p fi ) 
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
mp     mp   + θ  −  b + θ  
 2  p fi    2  p fi  2  p fi  
6/8 g  2δ δ + δb  g 2   δ − δa    2
m p  ( θ ) + pb  b − a  m p  ( θ ) +  pb  b  
 2  g g   2 g   2  
53
7/8   δ + δb  2  2
m p  2 pb  a  m p   pb ( δa + δb )  
  g  g 
8/9 g  δ + δ b 2δ a   g 2   δ − δa    2
m p  ( θ ) + pb  a −  m p  ( θ ) +  pb  b  
2  g g  2 g   2   
7/10  b p − g  δ a − sθ    bp  δ  gδ  2
mp    m p   a − θ  −  a − θ 
 2  s  2  s  2 s 
1/9   2δ   2  2
m p ( pb + s )  a   m p  ( δa pb + δa s ) 
  g   g 
9/10 g  δ − s θ   2δ a   g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  m p   a  + ( δa s )
2 s   g  2 s  g 
1/10  bp  δ − sθ    bp  δa  2
mp   θ + a   
s  
mp 
2  2  s 

 bp   1 1   1   1  
  h1  +  + h2   + h4    + ... 
 2   p fo 2d e   p fi   s   
=
WI 4m p θ   (2-72)
2   3   1  g 
 g  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2  p fi + 2 pb  + h4  s + 2 pb   + 2 
      
=
WE M pl θ (2-73)
 bp   1 1   1   1  
  h1  +  + h2   + h4    + ... 
2   s   
= 4m p   
p fo 2d e   p fi 
M pl  (2-74)
2   3   1  g 
 g  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2  p fi + 2 pb  + h4  s + 2 pb   + 2 
      
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-75)
54
 bp   1 1   1   1  
  h1  +  + h2   + h4    + ... 

 2   p fo 2d e   s  
 p fi  
Y =  (2-76)
2   3  1  g 
 g  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2  p fi + 2 pb  + h4  2 pb + s   + 2 
      

1
s= bp g (2-77)
2
55
2.12.1 Alternate Yield Line Pattern
Figure 2-16 Alternative Yield Line Pattern for the

56
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 0 0
3 θ 2δc / g
4 −(δc − p fo θ) / p fo 0
5 (δb + p fi θ) / p fi 0
6 θ 2δ b / g
7 0 0
8 0 ( δ a + δb ) / g
9 θ 2δ a / g
10 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Line of Lines
1/3   2δ c   2  2
m p ( d e + p fo )   m p  ( δc d e + δc p fo ) 
  g  g 
2/3   2δ   2  2
m p  de  c   m p  ( δc d e ) 
  g  g 
2/4  b p − g  δc − p fo θ    bp  δc  g δ  2
mp     mp   − θ  −  c − θ  
 2  p fo    2  p fo  2  p fo  
3/4 g  δc − p fo θ   2δc  g  δ  2  2
m p   θ +  + p fo   m p   c  + ( δc p fo ) 
 2  p fo   g    2  p fo  g 
1/4  bp  δc − p fo θ    bp  δc   2
mp   θ +  mp    
 2  p fo    2  p fo  
1/5  bp  δb + p fi θ   bp  δ  2
mp   − θ   m p   b  
 2  p fi    2  p fi  
1/6   2δ   2  2
m p ( pb + p fi )  b   m p  ( δb pb + δb p fi ) 
  g   g 
5/6  g  δb + p fi θ   2δ   g  δ  2  2
m p   − θ  + p fi  b   m p   b  + ( δb p fi ) 
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
mp     mp   + θ  −  b + θ  
 2  p fi    2  p fi  2  p fi  
57
6/8 g  2δ δ + δb   g 2   δ − δa   2
m p  ( θ ) + pb  b − a  m p  ( θ ) +  pb  b  
2  g g  2 g  2  
7/8   δ + δb   2  2
m p  2 pb  a  m p   pb ( δa + δb )  
  g  g 
8/9 g  δ + δ b 2δ a   g 2   δ − δa    2
m p  ( θ ) + pb  a −  m p  ( θ ) +  pb  b  
 2  g g   2 g   2  
7/10  b p − g  δ a − sθ    bp  δ  gδ  2
mp    m p   a − θ  −  a − θ 
 2  s   2 s  2  s 
1/9   2δ   2  2
m p ( pb + s )  a   m p  ( δa pb + δa s ) 
  g   g 
9/10 g  δ − s θ   2δ a  g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  m p   a  + ( δa s )
2 s   g  2 s  g 
1/10  bp  δ − sθ    bp  δa  2
mp   θ + a   
s  
mp 
2  2  s 

 bp   1   1  1 1 
  h1   + h2   + h4   −  + .. 
 2   p fo   p fi   s  2  
=
WI 4m p θ   (2-78)
2   3  1   3g 
      
=
WE M pl θ (2-79)
 bp   1   1  1 1 
  h1   + h2 
  + h4   −  + ..
 
 2   p fo   p fi   s  2  
M pl = 4m p   (2-80)
2   3  1   3g 
      
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-81)
58
 bp   1   1  1 1 
  h1   + h2   + h4   −  + .. 

 2   p fo   s  2 
 p fi  
Y =  (2-82)
2   3  1   3g 
  h1 ( p fo + d e ) + h2  p fi + 2 pb  + h4  2 pb + s   + 4 
g      
1
s= bp g (2-83)
2
59
2.13 Eight Bolt Extended Four Wide Unstiffened End-Plate

Eight Bolt Extended Four Wide Unstiffened End-Plate
60
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 0 0
3 −(δb − p fo θ) / p fo 0
4 (δa + p fi θ) / p fi 0
5 θ 2δ a / g
6 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Line of Lines
2/3   δb − p fo θ    b p  2δb   1
m p b p    m p   − 2θ  
  p fo    2  p fo  
1/3   δb − p fo θ    bp  2δ b  1
m p b p  θ +  mp    
  p fo    2  p fo  
1/4  bp  δa + p fi θ   bp  δa   2
mp   − θ   mp    
 2  p fi    2  p fi  
4/5  g  δa + p fi θ   2δ   g  δ  2  2
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
5/6 g  δ − sθ   2δa   g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  m p   a  + ( sδ a ) 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
1/5   2δ   2  2
m p ( p fi + s )  a   m p  ( δa p fi + δa s ) 
  g   g 
4/6  b p − g  δa + p fi θ δa − sθ    bp  δa δa  g  δa δa   2
mp   +  mp   +  −  +  
 2  p fi s    2  p fi s  2  p fi s  
1/6  bp  δ − sθ    bp  δ  2
mp   θ + a  m p   a 
2  s    2  s 
61
 b p   1   1 1 1 2 
WI = 4m p θ   h1   + h2  +  −  +  h2 ( p fi + s )   (2-84)
 2   p fo   p fi s  2  g 
=
WE M pl θ (2-85)
 b p   1   1 1 1 2 
=M pl 4m p   h1   + h2  +  −  +  h2 ( p fi + s )   (2-86)
 2   p fo   p fi s  2  g 
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-87)
bp   1   1 1 1 2
=Y  h1   + h2  +  −  +  h2 ( p fi + s )  (2-88)
2   p fo   p fi s  2  g
1
s= bp g (2-89)
2
62
2.14 Eight Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate

Eight Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate
63
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 (δd + d e θ) / d e 0
3 θ 2δd / g
4 0 (δ c + δ d ) / g
5 0 0
6 0 2δ c / g
7 −(δc − p fo θ) / p fo 0
8 (δb + p fi θ) / p fi 0
9 θ 2δ b / g
10 0 ( δ a + δb ) / g
11 0 0
12 θ 2δ a / g
13 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Eight Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate (Part 1 of 2)
Line of Lines
2/3 g δ + de θ 2δd g δ 2 2
m [ ( d
p − θ) + d ] e m [ ( d ) + (δ d )] p d e
2 de g 2 de g
2/5 bp − g δd + de θ bp δd g δ 2
mp [ ( )] mp [ ( + θ) − ( d + θ)]
2 de 2 de 2 de
1/3 pb 2δd 2 p 2
m p [(d e + ) ] m p [ δd (d e + b )]
2 g g 2
3/4 g p 2δ δ + δd
mp [ θ + b ( d − c

g 2  pb ( δd − δc )  
 2
)] mp  ( θ) +  
2 2 g g  
 2 g  4 
4/5   δ + δd    2  p δ + pb δd   2
m p  pb  c  mp   b c 
  g  g  2 
4/6 g p  δ + δ d 2δ c  
m p  ( θ) + b  c
g 2  pb ( δc + δd ) pb δc   2
−  m p  ( θ) +  − 
2 2  g g 
 2 g 4 2  
64
Line of Lines
1/6  pb   2δc    2  δ c b 
p  2
m p  p fo + m p   δc p fo + 

 
2   g  g  2  
6/7 g  δc − p fo θ   2δc   g  δ  2  2
m p   θ +  + p fo   m p   c  + ( δc p fo ) 
 2  p fo   g    2  p fo  g 
mp     mp   − θ  −  c − θ  
 2  p fo    2  p fo  2  p fo  
1/7  bp  δc − p fo θ    bp  δc   2
mp   θ +  mp    
 2  p fo    2  p fo  
1/8  bp  δb + p fi θ   bp  δb   2
mp   − θ   mp   p fi  
 2  p fi    2   
8/9  g  δb + p fi θ   2δ  g  δ  2  2
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
mp     mp   + θ  −  b + θ  
 2  p fi    2  p fi  2  p fi  
1/9  p   2δ   2 δ p  2
m p  p fi + b   b   m p   δb p fi + b b  
 2   g   g  2 
9/10 g p  2δ δ + δb   g 2  pb ( δb − δa )   2
m p  ( θ) + b  b − a  mp  ( θ) +  
2 2  g g   2 g 4  
10/11   δ + δb    2  pb ( δa + δb )   2
m p  pb  a  mp   
  g   g  2  
10/12 g p  δ + δ b 2δ a    g 2  pb ( δb − δa )   2
m p  ( θ) + b  a −  m p  ( θ) +  
2 2  g g   2 g 4  
11/13  b p − g  δ a − sθ    bp  δ  gδ  2
mp    m p   a − θ  −  a − θ 
 2  s   2  s  2  s 
12/13 g  δ − s θ   2δ a  g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  mp   a  + ( sδ a ) 
 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
1/12  p   2δ   2 δ p  2
m p  s + b   a   m p   δa s + a b  
 2   g   
g 2 
1/13  bp  δ − sθ    bp  δ  2
mp   θ + a  m p   a 
2  s    2  s 
65
Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-36 and substituting δa = h4 θ, δb = h3 θ, δc
= h2 θ, and δd = h1 θ results in the following equation for internal work:
 bp   1   1   1   1  
  h1   + h2   + h3   + h4    + ... 
 2   2d e   p fo   p fi   s   
=
WI 4m p θ   (2-90)
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb  
 g  h1  4 + d e  + h2  4 + p fo  + h3  4 + p fi  + h4  4 + s   + g 
           
=
WE M pl θ (2-91)
 bp   1   1   1   1  
  h1   + h2   + h3 
  + h4    + ...
 
 2   2d e   p fo   p fi   s   
M pl = 4m p   (2-92)
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb  
g  1 4
h + d e + h2 + p fo  + h3 + p fi  + h4 + s  + g 
     4   4   4  
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-93)
 bp   1   1   1   1  
  h1   + h2   + h3   + h4    + ... 
 2   2d e   p fo   p fi   s   
Y =  (2-94)
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb  
 g  h1  4 + d e  + h2  4 + p fo  + h3  4 + p fi  + h4  4 + s   + g 
          
1
s= bp g (2-95)
2
Equation (2-88) is the yield line pattern used in AISC Design Guide 4 (Murray and Sumner
2004) and AISC 358-18. It has been validated against experiments in past research and therefore
is used in design.
66
2.14.1 Alternate Yield Line Pattern
An alternate yield line pattern which produces a smaller yield line parameter for the Eight-
Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate is shown in Figure 2-19. The rotation of each facet (facets are
labeled in Figure 2-19) is given in Table 2-37 and the internal work associated with rotation along
each yield line is given in Table 2-38. The yield lines are identified by the adjacent facet numbers
(e.g., yield line 1/2 separates facets 1 and 2 Variables associated with the geometry of the
connection are shown in Figure 2-19. Variables associated with the virtual rotations, displacement,
and end-plate moment strength per unit length are described in Chapter 1). It is noted that hatched
areas represent facets that are not rotating.
Figure 2-19 Alternative Yield Line Pattern for the

67
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 0 0
3 θ 2δd / g
4 0 (δ c + δ d ) / g
5 θ 2δ c / g
6 − ( δ c − p fo θ) / p fo 0
7 ( δ b + p fi θ) / p fi 0
8 0 0
9 θ 2δ b / g
10 0 ( δ a + δb ) / g
11 θ 2δ a / g
12 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Line of Lines
1/3  pb   2δd    2  δ d b 
p  2
m p  d e + m p   δd de + 

 
2   g  g  2  
1/5  p   2δ   2 δ p  2
m p  Pfo + b   c   m p   δc p fo + c b  
 2   g   
g 2 
2/3   2δ  2  2
m p  de  d  m p  ( de δd ) 
  g  g 
3/4 g p  2δ δ + δd  g 2 p δ pb ( δc + δd )   2
m p  ( θ) + b  d − c  mp  ( θ) +  b d − 
 2 2  g g   2 g 2 4  
4/5 g p  δ + δ d 2δ c  
m p  ( θ) + b  c
g 2  pb ( δc + δd ) pb δc  2
−  m p  ( θ) +  − 
2 2  g g   2 g 4 2  
5/6 g  δc − p fo θ   2δc  g  δ  2  2
m p   θ +  + p fo   m p   c  + ( δc p fo ) 
 2  p fo   g    2  p fo  g 
68
Line of Lines
4/2   δc + δ d    2  pb δc + pb δd   2
m p  pb   mp   
  g  g  2 
mp     mp   − θ  −  c − θ  
 2  p fo    2  p fo  2  p fo  
1/6  bp  δc − p fo θ    bp  δc   2
mp   θ +  mp    
 2  p fo    2  p fo  
1/7  bp  δb + p fi θ   bp  δb   2
mp   − θ   mp    
 2  p fi    2  p fi  
7/9  g  δb + p fi θ   2δ   g  δ  2  2
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
1/9  p   2δ b  2 δ p  2
m p  p fi + b   m p   δb p fi + b b  
 2  g   
g 2 
1/11  p   2δ   2 δ p  2
m p  s + b   a   m p   δa s + a b  
 2   g  g  2 
9/10 g p  2δ δ + δb  
m p  ( θ) + b  b − a  g 2  pb ( δb − δa )   2
 m p  ( θ) +  
 2 2  g g   2 g 4  
10/11 g p  δ + δ b 2δ a  
m p  ( θ) + b  a  g 2  pb ( δb − δa )   2
−  m p  ( θ) +  
 2 2  g g   2 g 4  
11/12 g  δ − s θ   2δ a   g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  m p   a  + ( sδ a ) 
2 s   g    
2 s g 
10/8   δ + δb
m p  pb  a
  2  pb ( δa + δb )   2
 mp   
  g   g  2  
mp     mp   + θ  −  b + θ  
 2  p fi    2  p fi  2  p fi  
8/12  b p − g  δ a − sθ    bp  δ  gδ  2
mp    m p   a − θ  −  a − θ 
 2  s  2  s  2 s 
1/12  bp  δ − sθ    bp  δ  2
mp   θ + a  m p   a 
 2 s    2  s 
69
Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-38 and substituting δa = h4θ, δb = h3θ, δc
 bp   1   1  1 1 
  h2   + h3   + h4   −  + ... 
 2   p fo   p fi   s  2  
=
WI 4m p θ   (2-96)
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb  5g 
 g  h1  4 + d e  + h2  4 + p fo  + h3  4 + p fi  + h4  4 + s   + 4 
          
=
WE M pl θ (2-97)
 bp   1   1  1 1 
  h2   + h3   + h4   −  + ... 
 2   p fo   p fi   s  2  
M pl = 4m p   (2-98)
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb  5g 
 g  h1  4 + d e  + h2  4 + p fo  + h3  4 + p fi  + h4  4 + s   + 4 
          
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-99)
 bp   1   1  1 1 
  h2   + h3   + h4   −  + ... 
2   s  2  
Y =  
p fo   p fi 
 (2-100)
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb  5g 
 g  h1  4 + d e  + h2  4 + p fo  + h3  4 + p fi  + h4  4 + s   + 4 
          
1
s= bp g (2-101)
2
70
2.15 Twelve Bolt Multiple Row Extended 1/3 Four-Wide / Two-Wide Unstiffened End-Plate

Twelve Bolt MRE 1/3 Four-Wide / Two-Wide Unstiffened End-Plate
71
Twelve Bolt MRE 1/3 Four-Wide / Two-Wide Unstiffened End-Plate
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 0 0
3 −(δc − p fo θ) / p fo 0
4 (δb + p fi θ) / p fi 0
5 θ 2δ b / g
6 0 ( δb + δ a ) / g
7 0 0
8 θ 2δ a / g
9 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Twelve Bolt MRE 1/3 Four-Wide / Two-Wide Unstiffened End-Plate (Part 1 of 2)
Line of Lines
2/3   δc − p fo θ    b p  2δc − 2 p fo θ   1
m p b p    m p    
  p fo    2  p fo  
1/3   δc − p fo θ    bp  2δ c  1
m p b p  θ +  mp    
  p fo    2  p fo  
1/4  bp  δb + p fi θ   bp  δb   2
mp   − θ   mp    
 2  p fi    2  p fi  
4/5  g  δb + p fi θ   2δ  g  δ  2  2
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
5/6 g  2δ δ + δa   g 2 p δ p δ  2
m p  ( θ ) + pb  b − b  m p  ( θ) +  b b − b a 
2  g g   2 g  2 2 
6/8 g  δ + δa 2δa  g 2 p δ p δ  2
m p  ( θ ) + pb  b −  m p  ( θ) +  b b − b a 
2  g g  2 g 2 2 
8/9 g  δ − sθ   2δa  g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  mp   a  + ( sδ a ) 
 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
1/5   2δ   2  2
  g   g 
1/8   2δ  2  2
m p ( s + pb )  a  m p  ( δa s + δa pb ) 
  g  g 
m p      mp    −   
 2   p fi    2  p fi  2  p fi  
6/7   δ + δa  2  2
m p  2 pb  b  m p  ( pb δb + pb δa ) 
  g  g 
72
Twelve Bolt MRE 1/3 Four-Wide / Two-Wide Unstiffened End-Plate (Part 2 of 2)
7/9  b p − g   δ a − sθ    b p  δ a − sθ  g  δ a − sθ   2
m p    mp   −  
 2  s  2  s  2 s 
1/9  bp  δ a − sθ    bp  δ  2
mp  θ+  m p   a 
2  s    2  s 

 b p   1   1  1 1 2   3 pb   pb   g 
WI = 4m p θ   h1   + h2 
  + h4   −  +  h2  p fi +  + h4  + s  +  (2-102)
   fo 
2 p  fi 
p  s  2  g   2   2   2 
The external work, WE, is given by Eq. (2-103). Setting the internal work and external
work equal results in Eq. (2-104).
=
WE M pl θ (2-103)
 b p   1   1  1 1 2   3 pb   pb   g 
=M pl 4m p   h1   + h2   + h4   −  +  h2  p fi +  + h4  + s  +  (2-104)
 2   p fo   p fi   s  2  g   2   2   2 
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-105)
bp   1   1  1 1 2   3 pb   pb  g
=Y  h1   + h2   + h4   −  +  h2  p fi +  + h4  + s  + (2-106)
2   p fo   p fi   s  2  g   2   2  2
1
s= bp g (2-107)
2
73
2.16 Twelve Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate

Twelve Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate
74
Twelve Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 0 0
3 θ 2δd / g
4 0 (δ c + δ d ) / g
5 θ 2δ c / g
6 − ( δ c − p fo θ) / p fo 0
7 ( δ b + p fi θ) / p fi 0
8 0 0
9 θ 2δ b / g
10 0 ( δ a + δb ) / g
11 θ 2δ a / g
12 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Twelve Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate (Part 1 of 2)
Line of Lines
1/3  pb   2δd   2 δd pb   2
m p  d e + m p   δd de + 

 
2   g  g  2  
1/5  p   2δ   2 δ p  2
m p  Pfo + b   c   m p   δc p fo + c b 
 2   g   g  2 
2/3   2δ   2  2
m p  de  d   m p  ( de δd ) 
  g   g 
3/4 g p  2δ δ + δd   g 2 p δ pb ( δc + δd )   2
m p  ( θ) + b  d − c  m p  ( θ) +  b d − 
2 2  g g 
 2 g 2 4  
4/5 g p  δ + δ d 2δ c  
m p  ( θ) + b  c
g 2  pb ( δc + δd ) pb δc  2
−  m p  ( θ) +  − 
2 2  g g   2 g 4 2  
5/6 g  δc − p fo θ   2δc  g  δ  2  2
m p   θ +  + p fo   m p   c  + ( δc p fo ) 
 2  p fo   g    2  p fo  g 
75
Twelve Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate (Part 2 of 2)
Line of Lines
4/2   δc + δ d    2  pb δc + pb δd   2
m p  pb   mp   
  g  g  2 
mp     mp   − θ  −  c − θ  
 2  p fo    2  p fo  2  p fo  
1/6  bp  δc − p fo θ    bp  δc   2
mp   θ +  mp    
 2  p fo    2  p fo  
1/7  bp  δb + p fi θ   bp  δb   2
mp   − θ   mp    
 2  p fi    2  p fi  
7/9  g  δb + p fi θ   2δ   g  δ  2  2
 2  p fi   g    2  p fi  g 
1/9  p   2δ b  2 δ p  2
m p  p fi + b   m p   δb p fi + b b  
 2  g   
g 2 
1/11  p   2δ   2 δ p  2
m p  s + b   a   m p   δa s + a b  
 2   g  g  2 
9/10 g p  2δ δ + δb  
m p  ( θ) + b  b − a  g 2  pb ( δb − δa )   2
 m p  ( θ) +  
 2 2  g g   2 g 4  
10/11 g p  δ + δ b 2δ a  
m p  ( θ) + b  a  g 2  pb ( δb − δa )   2
−  m p  ( θ) +  
 2 2  g g   2 g 4  
11/12 g  δ − s θ   2δ a   g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  m p   a  + ( sδ a ) 
2 s   g    
2 s g 
10/8   δ + δb
m p  pb  a
  2  pb ( δa + δb )   2
 mp   
  g   g  2  
mp     mp   + θ  −  b + θ  
 2  p fi    2  p fi  2  p fi  
8/12  b p − g  δ a − sθ    bp  δ  gδ  2
mp    m p   a − θ  −  a − θ 
 2  s  2  s  2 s 
1/12  bp  δ − sθ    bp  δ  2
mp   θ + a  m p   a 
 2 s    2  s 
76
Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-42 and substituting δa = h4θ, δb = h3θ, δc
 bp   1   1  1 1 
  h2   + h3   + h4   −  + ... 
 2   p fo   p fi   s  2  
=
WI 4m p θ   (2-108)
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb  5g 
 g  h1  4 + d e  + h2  4 + p fo  + h3  4 + p fi  + h4  4 + s   + 4 
          
The external work, WE, is given by Eq. (2-109). Setting the internal work and external
work equal results in Eq. (2-110).
=
WE M pl θ (2-109)
 bp   1   1  1 1 
  h2   + h3   + h4   −  + ... 
 2   p fo   p fi   s  2  
M pl = 4m p   (2-110)
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb  5g 
 g  h1  4 + d e  + h2  4 + p fo  + h3  4 + p fi  + h4  4 + s   + 4 
          
M pl = Fyp t p 2Y (2-111)
 bp   1   1  1 1 
  h2   + h3   + h4   −  + ... 
2   s  2  
Y =  
p fo   p fi 
 (2-112)
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb  5g 
 g  h1  4 + d e  + h2  4 + p fo  + h3  4 + p fi  + h4  4 + s   + 4 
          

1
s= bp g (2-113)
2
77
3 COLUMN SIDE YIELD LINE SOLUTIONS
3.1 Two-Bolt Configurations

The configuration of two bolts on the column is associated with the two-bolt unstiffened
flush end-plate connection. Figure 3-1 shows the different configurations with varied stiffening
and proximity to the top of the column. The dimension, h1, is the distance from the center of the
beam compression flange to the tension bolt line.
a) Continuous Column b) Continuous c) Top of Column d) Top of Column

Unstiffened Column Stiffened Unstiffened with Cap Plate
Figure 3-1 Yield Line Pattern for Two-Bolt Configurations
The following describes how the equation for each yield line parameter was obtained.
Table 3-1 summarizes the resulting yield line parameters.
a) Continuous column that is unstiffened (Fig. 3-1(a)). The yield line parameter
derivation is the same as two-bolt unstiffened flush end plate with the following
substitutions: pfi = s and bp = bcf.
b) Continuous column that is stiffened (Fig. 3-1(b)). The derivation is the same as the
two-bolt unstiffened flush end plate with the following substitutions: pfi = psi and bp
= bcf.
c) Top of column that is unstiffened (Fig. 3-1(c)). The derivation is provided later in
this section.
78
d) Top of column with cap plate (Fig. 3-1(d)). The derivation is the same as the two-
bolt unstiffened flush end-plate with the following substitutions: pfi = pcp and bp =
bcf.
Table 3-1 Summary of Column Side Yield Line Parameters for

Two-Bolt Configurations
Configuration Yield Line Parameter
Continuous Unstiffened bcf h1 4h1s
=
Yc +
Column [Fig. 3-1(a)] s g
Continuous Stiffened Column bcf   1 1  2

=Yc  h1  +   +  h1 ( psi + s ) 
[Fig. 3-1(b)] 2   psi s   g
Note: Use psi=s if psi > s

Top of Column, Unstiffened  bcf  1 1 2 g
=Yc   h1  s  − 2  + g  h1 ( s + d e )  + 4 
[Fig. 3-1(c)]  2     
Top of Column with Cap bcf   1 1  2

=Yc  h1  +   +  h1 ( pcp + s ) 
Plate [Fig. 3-1(d)] 2   pcp s   g
Note: Use pcp=s if pcp > s
79
Derivation for the Unstiffened Top of a Column
Figure 3-2 Yield Line Pattern for the Unstiffened Top of the Column

Unstiffened Top of the Column
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 θ 2δ a / g
3 0 0
4 − ( δ a − s θ) / s 0
80
Unstiffened Top of the Column
Line of Lines
2/3 2δa 2 2
m p [de ( )] m p [ (δa d e )]
g g
2/4 g  δ − s θ   2δ a   g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  m p   a  + ( sδ a ) 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
3/4  bcf − g  δa − sθ    bcf  δa  g  δa  2
mp    mp   − θ  −  − θ 
 2  s   2  s  2 s 
1/2   2δ   2  2
m p ( d e + s )  a   m p  δa ( d e + s )  
  g  g 
1/4  bcf  δ a − sθ    bcf  δa   2
mp  θ+   
s  
mp 
 2   2  s 
Summing up the internal work given in Table 3-3 and substituting δa = h1θ results in the
following equation for internal work:
 bcf   1  1  2 g
WI = 4m p θ   h1   −  +  h1 ( s + d e )  +  (3-1)
 2   s  2 g 4
=
WE M pl θ (3-2)
 bcf  1 1 2 g
=M pl 4m p   h1  s  − 2  + g  h1 ( s + d e )  + 4  (3-3)
 2     
given in Eq. (3-5).
M pl = Fyp t p 2Yc (3-4)
 bcf  1 1 2 g
=Yc   h1  s  − 2  + g  h1 ( s + d e )  + 4  (3-5)
 2     
minimized. The derivative of Eq. (3-4), taken with respect to the variable s, is set equal to zero and
solved for the variable s. The result is Eq. (3-6).
1
s= bcf g (3-6)
2
81
3.2 Four-Bolt Configurations
The configuration of four bolts on the column is associated with the following end-plate
connections: four-bolt unstiffened flush, four-bolt flush stiffened between the tension bolts, four-
bolt flush stiffened below the tension bolts or four-bolt extended stiffened. Figure 3-3 shows the
different configurations with varied stiffening and proximity to the top of the column. The
dimensions, h1, and h2, are the distance from the center of the beam compression flange to the
tension bolt lines.
Note: h1 and h2
are the distance
from the center of
a) Continuous b) Continuous c) Continuous the beam
Column Column Stiffened Column Stiffened compression
Unstiffened Above Bolts Between Bolts flange to the
tension bolt lines.
d) Top of Column e) Top of Column f) Top of Column

Unstiffened with Cap Plate Stiffened Between Bolts
Figure 3-3 Yield Line Pattern for Four-Bolt Configurations
82
a) Continuous column that is unstiffened (Fig. 3-3(a)). The derivation for the yield
line parameter is the same as the four-bolt unstiffened flush end-plate with the
following substitutions: pfi = s, bp = bcf and pb = c.
b) Continuous column that is stiffened (Fig. 3-3(b)). The derivation is the same as the
four-bolt unstiffened flush end-plate with the following substitutions: pfi = psi, bp =
bcf and pb = c.
c) Continuous column that is stiffened between the bolt lines (Fig. 3-3(c)). The
derivation is the same as the four-bolt flush end-plate stiffened between the bolt
lines with the following substitutions: pfi = s and bp = bcf..
d) Top of column that is unstiffened (Fig. 3-3(d)). The derivation is provided later in
this section.
e) Top of column with cap plate (Fig. 3-3(e)). The derivation is the same as the four-
bolt unstiffened flush end-plate with the following substitutions: pfi = pcp, bp = bcf
and pb = c.
f) Top of column stiffened between the bolt lines (Fig. 3-3(f)). The derivation is the
same as the four-bolt extended stiffened end-plate with the following substitutions:
pfo = pso, pfi = psi, and bp = bcf.
83
Four-Bolt Configurations
Continuous Unstiffened bcf   1   1  2   3   1  g
= h1   + h2    +  h1  s + c  + h2  s + c   +
2   s 
Yc
 s  g   4   4  2
Column [Fig. 3-3(a)]
Continuous Column Stiffened bcf   1   1  2   3   1  g
=Yc  h1   + h2    +  h1  psi + c  + h2  s + c   +
Above the Bolts [Fig. 3-3(b)] 2   psi   s  g   4   4  2

Continuous Column Stiffened bcf   1 1   1 1  2
=
Yc  h1  +  + h2  +   +  h1 ( s + pso ) + h2 ( psi + s ) 
2   s pso   psi s   g
Between the Bolts [Fig. 3-
3(c)] Note: Use psi=s if psi > s Use pso=s if pso> s
Top of Column, Unstiffened bcf   1  1  2   3   1   3g

=Yc  h2   −  +  h1  d e + c  + h2  s + c   +
2   s  2 g   4   4  4
[Fig. 3-3(d)]
Top of Column with Cap bcf   1   1  2   3   1  g
=Yc  h1   + h2    +  h1  pcp + c  + h2  s + c   +
Plate [Fig. 3-3(e)] 2   pcp   s   g   4   4  2

Top of Column Stiffened bcf   1   1 1 1 2 g
=Yc  h1   + h2  +  −  +  h1 ( d ce + pso ) + h2 ( s + psi )  +
2   pso   psi s  2  g 4
Between the Bolts [Fig. 3-
3(f)] Note: Use psi=s if psi > s Use pso=s if pso> s
84
Derivation for the Unstiffened Top of a Column
in Figure 3-4, hatching represents non-rotating facet) is given in Table 3-5 and the internal work
associated with rotation along each yield line is given in Table 3-6. The yield lines are identified
by the adjacent facet numbers (e.g., yield line 1/2 separates facets 1 and 2). Variables associated
with the geometry of the connection are shown in Figure 3-4. Variables associated with the virtual
rotations, displacement, and end-plate moment strength per unit length are described in Chapter 1.
Dimensions, h1, and h2, are the distance from the center of the beam compression flange to the
tension bolt lines.

Unstiffened Top of a Column

Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 0 0
3 θ 2δ b / g
4 0 ( δ a + δb ) / g
5 θ 2δ a / g
6 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
85
Line of Lines
1/3  c   2δ  2  c  2
m p  d e +   b  m p  δb  d e +  
 2  g  g  2 
1/5  c   2δ   2  c  2
m p  s +   a   m p  δa  s +  
 2   g   g  2 
1/6  bcf  δ a − sθ    bcf  δa   2
mp  θ+   
s  
mp 
 2   2  s 
3/4 g c  2δ δ + δb   g 2  δ − δa   2
m p  ( θ) +  b − a  m p  ( θ) + c  b 
2 2 g g   2 g  4 
4/5 g c  δ + δb 2δa   g 2  δ − δa   2
mp  ( θ) +  a − m p  ( θ) + c  b 
2 2 g

g  2 g  4  
mp    mp   − θ  −  − θ 
 2  s   2  s  2 s 
2/3   2δ   2  2
m p  de  b   m p  ( d e δb ) 
  g  g 
2/4   δ + δb    2  δ + δb  2
m p c  a  mp  c  a 
  g  g  2 
5/6 g  δ − s θ   2δ a   g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  m p   a  + ( sδ a ) 
2 s   g    
2 s g 
 bcf  1 1 2   3  1  3g 
WI = 4m p θ   h2  s  − 2  + g  h1  d e + 4 c  + h2 ( s + 4 c)  + 4  (3-7)
 2         
=
WE M pl θ (3-8)
 bcf   1  1  2   3  1  3g 
=M pl 4m p   h2   −  +  h1  d e + c  + h2 ( s + c)  +  (3-9)
 2   s  2 g   4  4  4 
86
bcf  1 1 2   3   1   3g
=Yc  h2  s  − 2  + g  h1  d e + 4 c  + h2  s + 4 c   + 4 (3-11)
2         
To obtain an equation for the dimension s, the equation for moment strength, Mpl is
1
s= bcf g (3-12)
2
87
3.3 Six-Bolt 4W/2W Configurations
The four wide / two wide configuration of six bolts on the column is associated with the
Six-Bolt Flush Four-Wide Flush End-Plate. Figure 3-5 shows the different configurations with
varied stiffening and proximity to the top of the column. The dimensions, h1, and h2, are the
distance from the center of the beam compression flange to the tension bolt lines.
a) Continuous b) Continuous c) Top of d) Top of

Column Column Stiffened Column Column with
Unstiffened Above Bolts Unstiffened Cap Plate
Figure 3-5 Yield Line Pattern for Six-Bolt 4W/2W Configurations
1. Continuous column that is unstiffened (Fig. 3-5(a)). The derivation for the yield
following substitutions: pfi = s, bp = bcf and pb = c
2. Continuous column that is stiffened above the bolts (Fig. 3-5(b)). The derivation is
same as the six-bolt flush four-wide unstiffened end-plate with the following
substitutions: pfi = psi, bp = bcf and pb = c
3. Top of column that is unstiffened (Fig. 3-5(c)). The derivation is the same as the
column-side yield line parameter for the four-bolt configuration at the top of the
column.
88
4. Top of column with cap plate (Fig. 3-5(d)). The derivation is the same as the six-
bolt flush four wide flush end-plate with the following substitutions: pfi = pcp , bp =
bcf and pb = c.

Six-Bolt 4W/2W Configurations
Continuous Unstiffened bcf  1  1  2   3   1  g
=
Yc  h1  s  + h2  s   + g  h1  s + 4 c  + h2  s + 4 c   + 2
2          
Continuous Column Stiffened bcf   1   1  2   3   1  g
=Yc  h1   + h2    +  h1  psi + c  + h2  s + c   +
Above the Bolts [Fig. 3-5(b)] 2   psi   s  g   4   4  2

Top of Column, Unstiffened bcf   1  1  2   3   1   3g
= h2   − + h1  d e + c  + h2  s + c   +
2   s  2  g  
Yc
4   4  4
[Fig. 3-5(c)]
Top of Column with Cap Plate bcf   1   1  2   3   1  g
=Yc  h1   + h2    +  h1  pcp + c  + h2  s + c   +
[Fig. 3-5(d)] 2   pcp   s   g   4   4  2
89
3.4 Six-Bolt, 3 Rows Configurations
This configuration of six bolts on the column is associated with the MRE Extended 1/2
Unstiffened End-Plate. Figure 3-6 shows the different configurations with varied stiffening and
proximity to the top of the column. The dimensions, h1, h2, and h3, are the distance from the center
of the beam compression flange to the tension bolt lines.
a) Continuous b) Continuous c) Top of d) Top of e) Top of Column

Column Column Stiffened Column Column with Stiffened
Unstiffened Between Bolts Unstiffened Cap Plate Between Bolts
Figure 3-6 Yield Line Pattern for Six-Bolt, 3 Rows Configurations
following substitutions: pb = c+pb, h2 = h3, pfi = s and bp = bcf.
b) Continuous column that is stiffened between the bolts (Fig. 3-6(b)). The derivation
is provided later in this section.
c) Top of a column that is unstiffened (Fig. 3-6(c)). The derivation is the same as the
column and c was replaced by c+pb.
90
d) Top of column with cap plate (Fig. 3-6(d)). The derivation is the same as the four-
bolt flush unstiffened end-plate with the following substitutions: pfi = pcp, bp = bcf ,
h2 = h3, and pb = c+ pb.
e) Top of column stiffened between bolts (Fig. 3-6(d)). The derivation is the same as
the MRE Extended 1/3 Stiffened End-Plate (alternative pattern) with the following
substitutions: pfo = pso, pfi = psi, bp = bcf and pb = pb/2.

Six-Bolt, 3 Rows Configurations
Continuous Unstiffened bcf  1  1  2   3 3   1 1  g
=
Yc  h1  s  + h3  s   + g  h1  s + 4 pb + 4 c  + h3  s + 4 pb + 4 c)   + 2
2          
Continuous Column  bcf   1 1   1   1  
  h1  +  + h2   + h3    + ... 
Stiffened Between the  2   pso s   psi   s  
Yc =  
2   3   1  g
Bolts [Fig. 3-6(b)]  g  h1 ( pso + s ) + h2  psi + 4 pb  + h3  s + 4 pb   + 2 
  
Note: Use psi=s if psi > s Use pso=s if pso > s

Top of Column, bcf   1  1  2   3 3   1 1   3g
=
Yc  h3   −  +  h1  d e + pb + c  + h3  s + pb + c   +
2   s  2 g   4 4   4 4  4
Unstiffened [Fig. 3-6(c)]
Top of Column with Cap bcf   1   1  2   3 3   1 1  g
=Yc  h1   + h3    +  h1  pcp + pb + c  + h3  s + pb + c   +
Plate [Fig. 3-6(d)] 2   pcp   s   g   4 4   4 4  2

Top of Column Stiffened bcf   1   1  1 1
=Yc  h1   + h2   + h3   −  +
Between Bolts [Fig. 3- 2   so 
p  si 
p  s  2
2  3  1   3g
h1 ( pso + d e ) + h2  psi + pb  + h3  pb + s   +
6(e)] g   4  4  4
91
Derivation for the Continuous Column Stiffened Between the Bolts
in Figure 3-7, hatching represents non-rotating facet) is given in Table 3-9 and the internal work
associated with rotation along each yield line is given in Table 3-10. The yield lines are identified
by the adjacent facet numbers (e.g., yield line 1/2 separates facets 1 and 2). Variables associated
with the geometry of the connection are shown in Figure 3-7. Variables associated with the virtual
rotations, displacement, and end-plate moment strength per unit length are described in Chapter 1.

Continuous Column Stiffened Between the Bolts
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 (δc + sθ) / s 0
3 θ 2δ c / g
4 −(δc − pso θ) / pso 0
5 ( δ b + p si θ) / p si 0
6 θ 2δ b / g
7 0 0
8 0 ( δ a + δb ) / g
9 θ 2δ a / g
10 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
92
Continuous Column Stiffened Between the Bolts
Line of Lines
1/2  bcf   δc + sθ   bcf   δc   2
m p   − θ  m p    
 2   s   2   s  
1/3   2δ   2  2
m p ( s + pso )  c   m p  ( sδc + δc pso ) 
  g   g 
2/3  g δ + sθ  2δ  g δ 2  2
mp  ( c − θ) + s  c  m p  ( c ) + ( δc s ) 
2 s  g  2 s g 
2/4  bcf − g  δc + sθ δc − pso θ    bcf  1 1  g  1 1  2
mp   +  mp  δc  +  − δc  + 
 2  s pso    2  s pso  2  s pso  
3/4 g  δ − pso θ   2δc   g  δ  2  2
mp   θ + c  + pso   m p   c  + ( δc p fo ) 
2 pso   g   2  p fo  g 
1/4  bcf  δc − pso θ    bcf  δ   2
mp  θ+  m p   c 
 2  pso    2  pso  
1/5  bcf  δb + psi θ   bcf  δ   2
mp   − θ  m p   b 
 2  psi   2  psi  
1/6  pcf   2δ  2 p  2
m p  + psi   b  m p   δb b + δb psi  
 2  g  g  2 
5/6  g  δ + psi θ   2δ   g  δ  2  2
mp   b − θ  + psi  b   m p   b  + ( δb p fi ) 
2 psi   g   2  p fi  g 
5/7  bcf − g  δb + psi θ    bcf  δ  g δ  2
mp    m p   b + θ  −  b + θ 
 2  psi    2  psi  2  psi 
6/8 g p  2δ δ + δb   g 2p  δb − δ a   2
m p  ( θ) + b  b − a  m p  ( θ) +  b   
2 2  g g  2 g 2  2  
7/8  p  δ + δb   2  p  2
m p 2 b  a  m p   b ( δ a + δb )  
 2  g  g  2 
8/9 g p  δ + δb 2δa   g 2  p  δ − δa    2
m p  ( θ) + b  a −  m p  ( θ) +  b  b  
2 2  g g  2 g  2  2   
mp    mp   − θ  −  − θ 
 2  s   2  s  2 s 
1/9  p   2δ  2 p  2
m p  b + s   a  m p   δa b + δa s  
 2  g   
g 2 
9/10 g  δ − s θ   2δ a   g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  mp   a  + ( δa s )
2 s   g  2 s  g 
1/10  bcf  δ a − sθ    bcf  δa   2
mp  θ+   
s  
mp 
 2   2  s 
93
 bcf   1 1   1   1  
  h1  +  + h2   + h3    + ... 
 2   pso s   psi   s  
=
WI 4m p θ   (2-13)
2   3   1  g 
 g  h1 ( pso + s ) + h2  psi + 4 pb  + h3  s + 4 pb   + 2 
   
=
WE M pl θ (2-14)
 bcf   1 1   1   1  
  h1  +  + h2   + h3    + ... 
 2   pso s   psi   s  
M pl = 4m p   (2-15)
2   3   1  g 
(
 g  1 so + ) + 2  si + b + 3 + b +
4   2 
h p s h p p h s p
   4  
moment capacity per unit length, mp, from Chapter 1, and defining the yield line parameter, Yc, as
 bcf   1 1   1   1  
  h1  +  + h2   + h3    + ... 
 2   pso s   psi   s  
Yc =   (2-17)
2   3   1  g
 g  h1 ( pso + s ) + h2  psi + 4 pb  + h3  s + 4 pb   + 2 
  

1
s= bp g (2-18)
2
94
3.5 Eight-Bolt, 4 Rows Configurations
This configuration of eight bolts on the column is associated with the MRE 1/3 Unstiffened
End-Plate, MRE 1/3 Stiffened End-Plate, and Eight-Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate. Figure 3-
8 shows the different configurations with varied stiffening and proximity to the top of the column.
The dimensions, h1, h2, h3, and h4, are the distance from the center of the beam compression flange
to the tension bolt lines.
Note: h1, h2, h3

and h4 are the
distance from the
center of the beam
compression
flange to the
tension bolt lines.
a) Continuous b) Continuous Column c) Continuous Column

Column Stiffened Below First Stiffened Below
Unstiffened Bolt Line Second Bolt Line
d) Top of e) Top of Column f) Top of Column g) Top of Column

Column Stiffened with Stiffened Below Stiffened Below
Unstiffened Cap Plate First Bolt Line Second Bolt Line
Figure 3-8 Yield Line Pattern for Eight-Bolt, 4 Rows Configurations
95
a) Continuous column that is unstiffened (Fig. 3-8(a)). The derivation is provided later
in this section.
b) Continuous column that is stiffened below the first bolt line (Fig. 3-8(b)). The
derivation is same as the Continuous Column Stiffened Between the Bolts of 6-bolt
Configuration (Figure 3.6b), pb is replaced by 2pb and h3 is replaced by h4.
c) Continuous column that is stiffened below the second bolt line (Fig. 3-8(c)). The
derivation is provided later in this section.
d) Top of a column that is unstiffened (Fig. 3-8(d)). The derivation is the same as the
column.
e) Top of column with cap plate (Fig. 3-8(e)). The derivation is the same as the four-
bolt flush unstiffened end-plate with the following substitutions: pfi = pcp, pb =
2pb+c, h2 = h4 and bp = bcf.
f) Top of the column stiffened below the first bolt line (Fig. 3-8(f)). The derivation is
the same as the MRE Extended 1/3 Stiffened End-Plate (Alternate Pattern) with the
following substitutions: pfi = psi, pfo = pso and bp = bcf.
g) Top of the column stiffened below the second bolt line (Fig. 3-8(g)). The derivation
is the same as the Eight Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate (Alternate Pattern) with
the following substitutions: pfi = psi, pfo = pso, and bp = bcf.
96
Eight-Bolt, 4 Rows Configurations
Continuous Unstiffened bcf   1   1  2   c  p c p c  g
= h1   + h4    +  h1  pb + + s  + h2  b +  + h3  b +  + h4 ( s )  +
2   s 
Yc
Column [Fig. 3-8(a)]  
s g   2   2 4   2 4   2

  h1  +  + h2   + h4    + ... 
Stiffened Below the First  2   pso s   psi   s  
Yc =  
2   3   1  g 
Bolt Line  g  1 ( so
h p + s ) 2  si
+ h

p +
2 
pb + h4

s + b +
2   2 
p
 
[Fig. 3-8(b)]
Continuous Column  bcf   1   1   1   1  
  h1   + h2   + h3   + h4    + ... 
Stiffened Below the Second  2  s  pso   psi   s  
Yc =  
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb   
Bolt Line  g  h1  4 + s  + h2  4 + pso  + h3  4 + psi  + h4  s + 4   + g 
   
[Fig. 3-8(c)]
Top of Column Unstiffened bcf   1  1  2   3   1   3g
=
Yc  h4   −  +  h1  d e + (2 pb + c)  + h4  s + (2 pb + c)   +
2   s  2 g   4   4  4
[Fig. 3-8(d)]
Top of Column with Cap bcf   1   1  2   3   1  g
=
Yc  h1   + h4    +  h1  pcp + (2 pb + c)  + h4  s + (2 pb + c)   +
Plate [Fig. 3-8(e)] 2   pcp   s   g   4   4  2

Top of Column Stiffened  bcf   1   1  1 1 
  h1   + h2   + h4   −  + ... 
Below the First Bolt Line  2   so 
p  si 
p  
s 2  
Yc =  
2   3  1   3g 
[Fig. 3-8(f)]  g  h1 ( pso + d e ) + h2  psi + 2 pb  + h4  2 pb + s   + 4 
   

Top of Column Stiffened  bcf   1   1  1 1 
  h2   + h3   + h4   −  + ... 
Below the Second Bolt Line  2   pso   psi   s  2 
Yc =  
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb   5 g 
[Fig. 3-8(g)]  g  h1  4 + d e  + h2  4 + pso  + h3  4 + psi  + h4  s + 4   + 4 
   
97
Derivation for the Continuous Unstiffened Column

Continuous Unstiffened Column
98
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 (δd + sθ) / s 0
3 θ 2δd / g
4 0 ( δ a + δ d ) / g = ( δb + δ c ) / g
5 0 0
6 θ 2 δ a /g
7 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Line of Lines
1/2  bcf   δd + sθ   bcf   δd  2
mp   − θ mp   
 2  s   2  s 
2/3  g   δ + sθ   2δ    g  δ 2  2
m p    d − θ  + s  d  m p   d +   sδ d 
  
2 s   g   2  s  g  
3/4  g  c  2δ δ + δd    g   2   c δ δ    2
m p   θ + ( + pb )  d − a  m p   θ +   ( + pb )  d − a  
 2  2  g g   2   g   2  2 2   
4/5   δ + δc    2   δ + δc   2
m p (2 pb + c)  b  m p   (2 pb + c)  b 
  g   
g  2 
4/6  g  c  δ + δa 2δa    g   2   c δ δ    2
m p   θ + ( + pb )  d −  m p   θ +   ( + pb )  d − a  
 2  2  g g   2   g   2  2 2   
6/7  g  δ − s θ   2δ a   g δ  2  2
m p   θ + a  + s  m p   a  + ( sδ a ) 
 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
7/1  bcf  δ a − sθ    bcf  δa   2
mp  θ+   
s  
mp 
 2   2  s 
6/1  c   2δ    2   c  2
m p  s + pb +   a   m p    s + pb +  δa 
 2   g    
g 2  
3/1  c   2δ    2   c  2
m p  s + pb +   d   m p    s + pb +  δd 
 2   g   g   2 
2/5  bcf − g   δd + sθ    bcf  δ  gδ  2
m p    m p   d + θ  −  d + θ 
 2   s    2 s  2  s 
5/7  bcf − g   δa − sθ    bcf  δ  gδ  2
m p    m p   a − θ  −  a − θ 
 2   s    2  s  2 s 
99
Summing up the internal work given in Table 3-13 and substituting δa = h4 θ, δb= h3 θ, δc
 bcf   1   1  2   c  p c p c  g
WI = 4m p θ   h1   + h4    +  h1  pb + + s  + h2  b +  + h3  b +  + h4 ( s )  +  (3-19)
 2  s  s  g   2   2 4  2 4  2
=
WE M pl θ (3-20)
 bcf  1  1  2   c   pb c   pb c   g
=M pl 4m p   h1  s  + h4  s   + g  h1  pb + 2 + s  + h2  2 + 4  + h3  2 + 4  + h4 ( s )  + 2  (3-21)
 2              

bcf   1   1  2   c  p c p c  g
=Yc  h1   + h4    +  h1  pb + + s  + h2  b +  + h3  b +  + h4 ( s )  + (3-23)
2  s  s  g   2   2 4  2 4  2
1
s= bcf g (3-24)
2
100
Derivation for the Continuous Column Stiffened Below the Second Bolt Line

Continuous Column Stiffened Below the Second Bolt Line
101
Continuous Column Stiffened Below the Second Bolt Line
Facet θx θy
1 θ 0
2 (δd + sθ) / s 0
3 θ 2δd / g
4 0 (δ c + δ d ) / g
5 0 0
6 0 2δ c / g
7 −(δc − pso θ) / pso 0

8 (δb + psi θ) / psi 0
9 θ 2δ b / g
10 0 ( δ a + δb ) / g
11 0 0
12 θ 2δ a / g
13 −(δa − sθ) / s 0
Continuous Column Stiffened Below the Second Bolt Line (Part 1 of 2)
Line of Lines
1/2 bcf δ + sθ bcf δd 2
m [ ( d
p − θ)] m [ ( )] p
2 s 2 s
2/3 g δ d + sθ 2δ g δd 2 2
mp [ ( − θ) + s d ] m p [ ( ) + ( sδ d )]
2 s g 2 s g
2/5 bcf − g δd + sθ bcf δd g δ 2
mp [ ( )] mp [ ( + θ) − ( d + θ)]
2 s 2 s 2 s
1/3 p 2δ 2 p 2
m p [( s + b ) d ] m p [ δd ( s + b )]
2 g g 2
3/4 g p 2δ δ + δd
mp [ θ + b ( d − c

g 2  pb ( δd − δc )  
 2
)] m p  ( θ) +  
2 2 g g  
 2 g  4 
4/5   δ + δd   2  p δ + pb δd   2
m p  pb  c  mp   b c 
  g  g  2 
102
Continuous Column Stiffened Below the Second Bolt Line (Part 2 of 2)
Line of Lines
4/6 g pb  δc + δd 2δc 
m p  ( θ) +
 g 2  pb ( δc + δd ) pb δc   2
 −  m p  ( θ) +  − 
2 2  g g   2 g 4 2  
1/6  p   2δ   2 δ p  2
m p  pso + b   c   m p   δc pso + c b  
 2   g   g  2 
6/7 g  δ − pso θ   2δc   g  δ  2  2
mp   θ + c  + p fo   m p   c  + ( δc pso ) 
2 pso   g   2  pso  g 
5/7  bcf − g  δc − pso θ    bcf  δ  g δ  2
mp    m p   c − θ  −  c − θ 
 2  pso    2  pso  2  pso 
1/7  bcf  δc − pso θ    bcf  δ   2
mp  θ+  m p   c 
 2  pso    2  pso  
1/8  bcf  δb + psi θ   bcf  δ  2
mp   − θ  mp   b 
 2  psi   2  psi 
8/9  g  δ + psi θ   2δ   g  δ  2  2
mp   b − θ  + psi  b   m p   b  + ( psi δb ) 
2 psi   g   2  psi  g 
8/11  bcf − g  δb + psi θ    bcf  δ  g δ  2
mp    m p   b + θ  −  b + θ 
 2  psi     si
2 p  2  si
p 
1/9  p   2δ  2 δ p  2
m p  psi + b   b  m p   δb psi + b b  
 2  g   
g 2 
9/10 g p  2δ δ + δb  
m p  ( θ) + b  b − a
 g 2  pb ( δb − δa )   2
 m p  ( θ) +  
2 2  g g   2 g 4  
10/11   δ + δb  
m p  pb  a  2  pb ( δa + δb )   2
 mp   
  g   g  2  
10/12 g p  δ + δ b 2δ a  
m p  ( θ) + b  a
 g 2  pb ( δb − δa )   2
−  m p  ( θ) +  
2 2  g g 
 2 g 4  
mp    mp   − θ  −  − θ 
 2  s   2  s  2  s 
12/13 g  δ − s θ   2δ a   g δ  2  2
mp   θ + a  + s  mp   a  + ( sδ a ) 
 
2 s   g  2 s  g 
1/12  p   2δ   2 δ p  2
m p  s + b   a   m p   δa s + a b  
 2   g   
g 2 
1/13  bcf  −δa + sθ    bcf  δa  2
mp  θ−  mp   
 2  s   2  s 
103
Summing up the internal work given in Table 3-15 and substituting δa = h4 θ, δb= h3 θ, δc
 bcf   1   1   1   1  
  h1   + h2   + h3   + h4    + ... 
 2  s  pso   psi   s  
=
WI 4 m θ
p   (3-25)
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb   
 g  h1  4 + s  + h2  4 + Pso  + h3  4 + psi  + h4  s + 4   + g 
   
=
WE M pl θ (3-26)
 bcf   1   1   1   1  
  h1   + h2   + h3   + h4    + ... 
 2  s  pso   psi   s  
M pl = 4m p   (3-27)
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb   
 g  1  4
h + s +
 2h + P so  + h3 + Psi  + h4 s +  + g 
    4   4   4  
 bcf   1   1   1   1  
  h1   + h2   + h3   + h4    + ... 
 2  s  pso   psi   s  
Yc =   (3-29)
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb   
 g  h1  4 + s  + h2  4 + pso  + h3  4 + psi  + h4  s + 4   + g 
   
1
s= bcf g (3-30)
2
104
3.6 Eight-Bolt Four-Wide Configurations
This configuration of eight bolts on the column is associated with Eight-Bolt Extended
Four-Wide Unstiffened End-Plate. Figure 3-11 shows the different configurations with varied
stiffening and proximity to the top of the column. The dimensions, h1, and h2, are the distance from
the center of the beam compression flange to the tension bolt lines.
a) Continuous b) Continuous
Column Stiffened Between the
Unstiffened Bolts
c) Top of d) Top of Column e) Top of Column

Column Stiffened with Stiffened
Unstiffened Cap Plate Between the Bolts
Figure 3-11 Yield Line Pattern for Eight-Bolt Four-Wide Configurations
105
following substitutions: pfi = s, pb = c and bp = bcf.
b) Continuous column that is stiffened below the first bolt line (Fig. 3-11(b)). The
derivation is same as the column-side yield line parameter for the four-bolt
configuration stiffened between the bolts.
c) Top of a column that is unstiffened (Fig. 3-11(c)). The derivation is the same as the
column.
d) Top of column with cap plate (Fig. 3-11(d)). The derivation is the same as the four-
bolt unstiffened flush end-plate with the following substitutions: pfi = pcp, pb = c
and bp = bcf.
e) Top of the column stiffened below the first bolt line (Fig. 3-11(e)). The derivation
is the same as the four-bolt extended stiffened end-plate (Alternate Pattern) with
the following substitutions: pfi = psi, pfo = pso, and bp = bcf.
106
Table 3-16 Summary of Column Side Yield Line Parameters for the
Eight-Bolt Four-Wide Configurations
Continuous Unstiffened bcf  1  1  2   3   1  g
=
Yc  h1  s  + h2  s   + g  h1  s + 4 c  + h2  s + 4 c   + 2
2           
Continuous Column Stiffened

Between the Bolts bcf   1 1   1 1  2
=
Yc  h1  +  + h2  +   +  h1 ( s + pso ) + h2 ( psi + s ) 
2   s pso   psi s   g
[Fig. 3-11(b)]
Top of Column Unstiffened
[Fig. 3-11(c)] bcf  1 1 2   3   1   3g
=Yc  h2  s  − 2  + g  h1  d e + 4 c  + h2  s + 4 c   + 4
2         
Top of Column with Cap

Plate [Fig. 3-11(d)] bcf   1   1  2   3   1  g
=Yc  h1   + h2    +  h1  pcp + c  + h2  s + c   +

2   pcp    
s g   4   4  2

Top of Column Stiffened
Between Bolts bcf   1   1 1 1 2 g
=Yc  h1   + h2  +  −  +  h1 ( pso + d e ) + h2 ( psi + s )  +
2   so 
p  si
p s  2  g 4
[Fig. 3-11(e)]
107
3.7 Twelve Bolt 4Wx2/2Wx2 Configurations
This configuration of twelve bolts on the column is associated with Twelve-Bolt MRE 1/3
Unstiffened End-Plate. Figure 3-12 shows the different configurations with varied stiffening and
proximity to the top of the column. The dimensions, h1, h2, h3, and h4, are the distance from the
center of the beam compression flange to the tension bolt lines.
a) Continuous b) Continuous Column

Column Stiffened Below First
Unstiffened Bolt Line

Column Stiffened with Stiffened Below
Unstiffened Cap Plate First Bolt Line
Figure 3-12 Yield Line Pattern for Twelve Bolt 4Wx2/2Wx2 Configurations
108
following substitutions: pb = 2pb+c, h2 = h4, pfi = s and bp = bcf.
Continuous column that is stiffened below the first bolt line (Fig. 3-12(b)). The
derivation is the same as the Continuous Column Stiffened Below First Bolt Line
of 8-bolt Configuration (Figure 3.8b).
b) Top of a column that is unstiffened (Fig. 3-12(c)). The derivation is the same as the
column with the following substitutions: pb = 2pb+c and h2 = h4.
c) Top of column with cap plate (Fig. 3-12(d)). The derivation is the same as the four-
bolt unstiffened flush with the following substitutions: pb = 2pb+c, h2 = h4, pfi = pcp
and bp = bcf.
d) Top of the column stiffened below the first bolt line (Fig. 3-12(e)). The derivation
is the same as the MRE 1/3 Stiffened End-Plate (Alternate Pattern) configuration
with the following substitutions: pfi = psi, pfo = pso, h3=h4, and bp = bcf.
109
Twelve Bolt 4Wx2/2Wx2 Configurations
Continuous Unstiffened bcf   1   1  2   3 3   1 1  g
= h1   + h4    +  h1  s + pb + c  + h4  s + pb + c   +
2   s 
Yc
 s  g   2 4   2 4  2
  h1  +  + h2   + h4    + ... 
Stiffened Below the First  2   pso s   psi   s  
Yc =  
2   3   1  g 
Bolt Line  g  h1 ( pso + s ) + h2  psi + 2 pb  + h4  s + 2 pb   + 2 
   
[Fig. 3-12(b)]
Top of Column
Unstiffened [Fig. 3- bcf  1 1 2   3 3   1 1   3g
=
Yc  h4  s  − 2  + g  h1  d e + 2 pb + 4 c  + h4  s + 2 pb + 4 c   + 4
12(c)] 2         
Top of Column with Cap bcf   1   1  2   3 3   1 1  g

=Yc  h1   + h4    +  h1  pcp + pb + c  + h4  s + pb + c   +
Plate [Fig. 3-12(d)] 2   pcp    
s g   2 4   2 4  2

Top of Column Stiffened
Below the First Bolt Line  bcf   1   1  1 1 
  h1   + h2   + h4   −  + ... 
 2   pso   psi   s  2 
[Fig. 3-12(e)] Yc =  
2   3   1   3g 
 g  1 ( so
h p + d e) + h2  si

p + p
2 
b + h4

s + b +
2   4 
p
 
110
3.8 Twelve Bolt 2W/4Wx2/2W Configurations
This configuration of twelve bolts on the column is associated with Twelve-Bolt Extended
Stiffened End-Plate configuration. Figure 3-13 shows the different configurations with varied
stiffening and proximity to the top of the column. The dimensions, h1, h2, h3, and h4, are the
distance from the center of the beam compression flange to the tension bolt lines.
a) Continuous b) Continuous Column

Column Stiffened Below
Unstiffened Second Bolt Line

Column Stiffened with Stiffened Below
Unstiffened Cap Plate Second Bolt Line
Figure 3-13 Yield Line Pattern for Twelve Bolt 2W/4Wx2/2W Configurations
111
a) For a continuous column that is unstiffened (Fig. 3-13(a)), the derivation for the
yield line parameter is the same as the four-bolt flush unstiffened end-plate with the
following substitutions: pb = 2pb + c, h2 = h4, pfi = s and bp = bcf.
b) For a continuous column that is stiffened below the second bolt line (Fig. 3-13(b)),
the derivation is the same as the column-side pattern for the Eight-Bolt 4 Rows
configuration. (Figure 3-7c).
c) For the top of a column that is unstiffened (Fig. 3-13(c)), the derivation is the same
as the column-side yield line parameter for the four-bolt configuration at the top of
the column with the following substitutions: h2 = h4, c = 2pb+c.
d) For the top of column with cap plate (Fig. 3-13(d)), the derivation is the same as
the four-bolt flush unstiffened end-plate with the following substitutions: h2 = h4,
pfi = pcp, pb = 2pb+c and bp = bcf.
e) For the top of the column stiffened below the second bolt line (Fig. 3-13(e)), the
derivation is the same as the Eight-Bolt Extended Stiffened End-Plate (alternate
pattern) configuration with the following substitutions: pfi = psi, pfo = pso, and bp =
bcf.
112
Twelve Bolt 2W/4Wx2/2W Configurations
Continuous bcf   1   1  2   3 3   1 1  g
= h1   + h4    +  h1  s + pb + c  + h4  s + pb + c   +
2   s 
Yc
 s  g   2 4   2 4  2
Unstiffened Column
[Fig. 3-13(a)]
Continuous Column  bcf   1   1   1   1  
  h1   + h2   + h3   + h4    + ... 
Stiffened Below the  2  s  pso   psi   s  
Yc =  
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb  
Second Bolt Line  g  h1  4 + s  + h2  4 + pso  + h3  4 + psi  + h4  4 + s   + g 
   
[Fig. 3-13(b)]
Top of Column
Unstiffened [Fig. 3- bcf  1 1 2   3 3   1 1   3g
=
Yc  h4  s  − 2  + g  h1  d e + 2 pb + 4 c  + h4  s + 2 pb + 4 c)   + 4
13(c)] 2         
 bcf 1   g 
Top of Column with   1   1  2   3 3   1
=Yc   h1   + h4    +  h1  pcp + pb + c  + h4  s + pb + c   + 
Cap Plate [Fig. 3-  2   pcp   s   g   2 4   2 4   2 
13(d)] Note: Use pcp=s if pcp > s

Top of Column  bcf   1   1  1 1 
  h2   + h3   + h4   −  + ... 
Stiffened Below the  2   pso   psi   s  2 
Y = 
 2   3 pb   pb   3 pb   pb   5 g 
Second Bolt Line  g  h1  4 + d e  + h2  4 + pso  + h3  4 + psi  + h4  s + 4   + 4 
   
[Fig. 3-13(e)]
113
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Thesis, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA.
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114
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Frame Connections”, Annual Stability Conference Structural Stability Research Council, San
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No. FSEL/AISC 83-02, Norman OK.
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Investigation of Stiffened Flush End-Plate Connections with Four Bolts at the Tension Flange,
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Connections, Virginia Tech Structural Engineering Report No. CE/VPI-ST 01/01, Blacksburg,
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Structural Engineering Laboratory Report No. FSEL/MESCO 85-0l, Norman, OK.
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of Rigid Frames Including Knee Connection Studies - Frame Assembly Tests, FEARS
Structural Engineering Laboratory Report No. FSEL/MESCO 85-0l, Norman, OK.
Jenner, R., Densford, T., Astaneh-Asl, A. and Murray, T. M. (1985b), Experimental

Investigation of Rigid Frames Including Knee Connection Studies – Frame FR1 Tests,
FEARS Structural Engineering Laboratory Report No. FSEL/MESCO 85-02, Norman, OK.
Jenner, R., Densford, T., Astaneh-Asl, A. and Murray, T. M. (1985c), Experimental Investigation
of Rigid Frames Including Knee Connection Studies – Frame FR2 Tests, FEARS Structural
Engineering Laboratory Report No. FSEL/MESCO 85-03, Norman, OK.
115
Jain, N., Eatherton, M.R., and Murray, T.M. (2015), Developing and Validating New Bolted
End-Plate Moment Connection Configurations, Virginia Tech Structural Engineering and
Materials Report No. CE/VPI-ST-15/08, Blacksburg, VA.
Kline, D., Rojiani, K., and Murray, T. M. (1995), Performance of Snug-Tight Bolts in Moment
End-Plate Connections, Virginia Tech Structural Engineering Report No. CE/VPI-ST-89/04,
Blacksburg, VA.
Kukreti, A.R., Murray, T.M., and Abolmaali, A. (1987), “End-Plate Connection Moment-
Rotation Relationship”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 8, pp. 137-157.
Meng, R.L. (1996), Design of Moment End-Plate Connections for Seismic Loading, Ph.D.
Dissertation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA.
Meng, R. L., and Murray, T. M. (1996), Moment End-Plate Connections for Seismic Loading,
Virginia Tech Structural Engineering Report No. CE/VPI-ST-96/04, Blacksburg, VA.
Morrison, S. J., Astaneh-Asl, A. and Murray, T.M. (1985), Analytical and Experimental
Investigation of the Extended Stiffened Moment End-Plate Connection with Four Bolts at the
Tension Flange, FEARS Structural Engineering Laboratory Report No. FSEL/MBMA 85-05,
Norman OK.
Morrison, S. J., Astaneh-Asl, A. and Murray, T.M. (1986), Analytical and Experimental
Investigation of the Multiple Row Extended Moment End-Plate Connection with Eight Bolts at
the Beam Tension Flange, FEARS Structural Engineering Laboratory Report No.
FSEL/MBMA 86-01, Norman, OK.
Murray, T.M. (1989), Tests to Determine the Adequacy of A490 Bolts in Moment End-Plate
Connections, Structural Engineers Inc. Report, Radford, VA.
Murray, T.M., and Sumner, E.A. (1999), Brief Report of Steel Moment Connection Test – SAC
Subtask 7.10, Testing and Analysis of Bolted End-Plate Connections, Virginia Tech Report,
Blacksburg, VA.
Srouji, R., Kukreti, A.R., and Murray, T. M. (1983), Strength of Two Tension Bolt Flush End-
Plate Connections, FEARS Structural Engineering Laboratory Report No. FSEL/MBMA 83-
03, Norman, OK.
116
Structural Engineers Inc. (1984), Multiple Row, Extended End Plate Connection Tests, Report,
Norman, OK.
Sumner, E.A., and Murray, T.M. (1995), Experimental Investigation of Rigid Knee Joints-
Addendum, Virginia Tech Structural Research Report No. CE/VPI-95/10, Blacksburg, VA.
Sumner, E.A., Mays, T.W., and Murray, T.M. (2000a), Cyclic Testing of Bolted Moment End-
Plate Connections, SAC Report No. SAC/BD-00/21, Virginia Tech Structural Engineering
Report No. CE/VPI-ST 00/03, Blacksburg, VA.
Sumner, E.A., and Murray, T.M. (2001a), Experimental Investigation of the Multiple Row
Extended 1/2 End-Plate Moment Connection, Virginia Tech Structural Engineering Report
No. CE/VPI-ST-01/14, Blacksburg, VA.
Sumner, E.A., and Murray, T.M. (2001b), Experimental Investigation of Four Bolts Wide
Extended End-Plate Moment Connections, Virginia Tech Structural Engineering and
Materials Report No. CE/VPI-ST 01/15, Blacksburg, VA.
Sumner, E.A., and Murray, T.M. (2002), “Behavior of Extended End-Plate Moment Connections
Subjected to Cyclic Loading”, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 128, No. 4, pp. 501-
508.
Szabo, T., Eatherton, M.R., He, X., and Murray, T.M. (2017), Study of a Twelve Bolt Extended
Stiffened End-Plate Moment Connection, Virginia Tech Structural Engineering and Materials
Report No. CE/VPI-ST-17/02.
Thompson, B.G., and Murray, T.M. (1975), End-Plate Connection Tests and Analysis,
University of Oklahoma, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science Report,
Norman OK.
Rodkey, R. W. and Murray, T. M. (1993b), Eight-Bolt Extended Unstiffened End-Plate

Connection Test, Virginia Tech Structural Engineering Report No. CE/VPI-STG 93/10,
Blacksburg, VA.
Ryan, J. C. Jr., and Murray, T. M. (1999), Evaluation of the Inelastic Rotation Capability of
Extended End-Plate Moment Connections, Virginia Tech Structural Engineering and
Materials Report No. CE/VPI-ST 99/13, Blacksburg, VA.
117
Young, J. and T. M. Murray, (1997), Experimental Investigation of Positive Bending Moment
Strength of Rigid Knee Connections, Virginia Tech Structural Engineering Research Report
118

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VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

AND STATE UNIVERSITY

The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department

Structural Engineering and Materials

YIELD LINE PATTERNS FOR END-PLATE MOMENT CONNECTIONS

Matthew R. Eatherton, S.E., Ph.D.

Thomas M. Murray, P.E., Ph.D.

Report No. CE/VPI-ST-21/05

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... i

(a) Two-dimensional drawing (b) Three-dimensional representation

2.1 Summary of End-Plate Yield Line Parameters

Twelve-Bolt MRE 1/3 bp   1   1  1 1 2   3 pb   pb  g

Figure 2-1 Yield Line Pattern for the

Table 2-4 Internal Work Associated with Each Yield Line in

Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s

Figure 2-2 Yield Line Pattern for the

Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s

Figure 2-3 Yield Line Pattern for the

Figure 2-4 Yield Line Pattern for the

Yield Internal Work Simplified Internal Work Number

Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s Use ps=s if ps > s

Figure 2-5 Yield Line Pattern for the

Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s

Figure 2-6 Yield Line Pattern for the

Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s

Figure 2-7 Yield Line Pattern for the

Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s

Figure 2-8 Yield Line Pattern for the

Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s Use pfo=s if pfo> s

Figure 2-9 Alternative Yield Line Pattern 1 for the

Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s Use pfo=s if pfo> s

Figure 2-10 Alternative Yield Line Pattern 2 for the

Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s Use pfo=s if pfo> s

Figure 2-11 Four-Bolt Extended Stiffened End Plate

Width of the plate b p = 9 in.

Extension of End Plate Above Flange pext = 4.5 in.

End Plate Above Top Bolt Line d e = 1.75 in.

End Plate Thickness t p = 1 in.

Gage g = 5.75 in.

Exterior Distance to Bolt Row p fo = 2.75 in.

Interior Distance to Bolt Row p fi = 2 in.

Depth of Beam at End Plate d = 24.1 in.

Beam Flange Width bbf = 9.02 in.

Beam Flange Thickness tbf = 0.77 in.

Beam Web Thickness tbw = 0.47 in.

Distance from centroid of compression flange to first row h2 = 20.9 in.

Distance from centroid of compression flange to second row h1 = 26.5 in.

C Equation derived in Section  b p   1 1   1 1  2 

A for de>6.3 in.

100 Yield Line Pattern A

Figure 2-12. The effect of End-Plate Extension on Yield Line Parameter

Figure 2-13 Yield Line Pattern for the

Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-26 and substituting δa = h3 θ, δb = h2 θ,

Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s

Figure 2-14 Yield Line Pattern for the

Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s

Figure 2-15 Yield Line Pattern for the

Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-30 and substituting δa = h4 θ, δb = h2 θ,

Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s Use pfo=s if pfo> s

Figure 2-16 Alternative Yield Line Pattern for the

Summing up the internal work given in Table 2-32 and substituting δa = h4 θ, δb = h2 θ,

Figure 2-17 Yield Line Pattern for the

Note: Use pfi=s if pfi > s

Figure 2-18 Yield Line Pattern for the