“I.E.S.

Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION TECNOLOGIO PUBLICO

CONTRALMIRANTE MANUEL VILLA OLIVERA – ZORRITOS

DIDACTIC UNIT:

Business Communication.

THEME:

Prostate cancer

TEACHER:

Lic. Enf. Violet valleys urdaniga

MEMBERS:

God Balladares Yamilex Saraí.

Lezama Atoche Deyver.

ACADEMIC PERIOD:

V SEMESTER

Zorritos, tumbes, Perú

2021
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

RESUME
Introduction: the increase in oncological diseases claims more and more lives in
the world and in Cuba, without distinction of race and age. At present, this disease
occupies an increasingly prevalent place worldwide and is the leading cause of
death. Prostate cancer is the second cause of death in men worldwide and ranks
fifth among malignant tumors, with an estimated 30,000 new cases per year in
the world. Correo Científico Médico de Holguín Testosterone and prostate
specific antigen in patients with prostate carcinoma. Prostate cancer is cancer
that occurs in the prostate. The prostate is a small, walnut-shaped gland found in
men that produces seminal fluid that nourishes and carries sperm. Prostate
cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. In many cases, prostate
cancer grows slowly and is confined to the prostate gland, where it may not cause
serious damage. However, while some types of prostate cancer grow slowly and
may need minimal or even no treatment, other types are aggressive and can
spread quickly. Prostate cancer that is found early (when it is still confined to the
prostate gland) has the best chance of being treated successfully. Prostate
cancer is a hormone-dependent neoplasm of significant heterogeneity. Clinical
behavior, response to treatments, and survival vary from patient to patient. More
than 95% of prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas, variants that are not can be
divided into two groups based on their cellular origin: epithelial and non-epithelial.
The epithelial variants are more differentiated and biologically less aggressive,
while the non-epithelial ones have a very invasive behavior. Its treatment is aimed
at alleviating symptoms, controlling their expansion and increasing the chances
of cure.
Objective: Reduce the number of people who die from the disease or totally
eliminate deaths caused by cancer. Reduce the number of people who have the
disease. Including thus the prevention provided to each patient that they are
prevented in the future if they suffer from it.
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

INTRODUCTION

The urogenital system is divided into two different morphophysiological

components: urinary excretory system and genital system. Urogenital physiology
represents an important integration in man since the lower portion of the prostatic
urethra and the penile urethra serve, in common, for the function of urinary and
semen excretion, just as the penis constitutes the copulatory organ. The
anatomical structures of this system are vulnerable to the appearance of an
important group of diseases, within them, tumor lesions are frequent and the
prostate is one of the most affected structures, currently increasingly
predominant, thus being one of the leading cause of death in different countries.
Prostate cancer is a hormone dependent tumor that constitutes the second cause
of death in man worldwide and occupies the fifth place in the causes of death
from Malignant Tumors. The prostate is a hard, gray, tubuloalveolar exocrine
gland that surrounds the initial portion of the male urethra; it presents endocrine,
testicular and hypothalamic interrelationships and a high degree of oncogenic
potentiality. Prostate cancer is a hormone-dependent neoplasm that is the
second cause of death in man worldwide and ranks fifth among the causes of this
condition, with an estimated 330,000 new cases per year in the world. Before the
age of 50, this disease is not frequent, it rarely occurs before the age of 45, and
its prevalence increases after the fifth decade of life. The true cause of prostatic
carcinoma is unknown, but it is clear that its growth is influenced by sex
hormones. It is common for the symptoms of prostate carcinoma to appear late
in its evolution and are usually due to local obstructive infiltration, distant
metastases, and urinary infection caused by chronic stasis.
This disease is important for two main reasons: on the one hand there is its
frequent appearance throughout the world, with a tendency to affect individuals
under 50 years of age and on the other hand, the absence of symptoms in its
initial phase, which together with slow growth of the tumor, makes it go unnoticed
by the patient, so its diagnosis is made when it has already spread outside the
gland and this markedly reduces the chances of an evolution towards tumor
regression
The issue of prostatic carcinoma is little known by a part of the medical community
outside the Oncology Specialty, both in the province of Holguín and in Cuba. The
present review aimed to provide more up-to-date information on this disease, the
new perspectives regarding its early detection and its therapeutic advances that
guarantee a longer life expectancy for these patients.
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

GROWTH.
Cancer starts when cells in the body start to grow out of control. Cells in almost
any part of the body can turn into cancer cells and can then spread to other areas
of the body. For more information about cancer, how it starts and spreads. The
prostate is a gland that only men have. This gland produces part of the fluid that
makes up semen. The prostate is below the bladder (the hollow organ where
urine is stored) and in front of the rectum (the last part of the intestines). Just
behind the prostate are glands called seminal vesicles, which make most of the
fluid in semen. The urethra, which is the tube that carries urine and semen out of
the body through the penis, runs through the center of the prostate.
Prostatic carcinoma is a malignant tumor derived from the acinar and ductal
epithelium of the prostate, which can vary considerably in its glandular
differentiation, anaplasia, behavior, metastatic patterns, and responses to
therapy.
Histology: The cytological characteristics of this neoplasm are characterized by
the presence of hyperchromatic and enlarged nuclei in its cells, with abundant
cytoplasm and stained blue. The absence of keratin immunohistochemical
staining in the basal cells of the prostate is consistent with a prostate
adenocarcinoma. Although this cancer is usually multifocal, it occurs mostly in
the peripheral area of the gland. Penetration of the prostate capsule is a very
common event that occurs along the perineural spaces.
.
Grade Classification of Prostate Cancer
Pathologists grade prostate cancers using the Gleason system, which assigns a
Gleason grade using numbers one to five, which depend on how much the cells
in cancer tissue resemble cells in normal prostate tissue. . If the cancerous tissue
closely resembles normal prostate tissue, it is assigned grade 1. If the cancer
cells and their growth patterns look very abnormal, it is called a grade 5 tumor.
Grades 2 through 4 have characteristics between these extremes. Because
prostate cancers often have areas of different grades, a grade is assigned to the
two areas that make up most of it. These two grades are added together to give
the Gleason score (also known as the Gleason sum). ). The Gleason score can
be between 2 and 10. Cancers with a Gleason score of six or less are often called
well-differentiated or low-grade cancers. Cancers with a Gleason score of 7 are
called moderately differentiated or intermediate grade. Cancers with a Gleason
score of eight to ten are called poorly differentiated or high-grade cancers. The
higher your Gleason score, the more likely the cancer will grow and spread
quickly.
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

Symptoms
Prostate cancer may not cause signs or symptoms in its early stages. Prostate
cancer that is more advanced can cause signs and symptoms such as:
Problems urinating.
Decreased force of urine flow.
Blood in the urine.
Blood in the semen.
Bone pain.
Weight loss without trying.
Erectile dysfunction
Causes
The causes of prostate cancer are not clear. Doctors know that prostate cancer
begins when cells in the prostate develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA
contains instructions that tell it what to do. The changes tell cells to grow and
divide faster than normal cells do. The abnormal cells continue to live in
conditions that other cells would die.
The accumulation of abnormal cells forms a tumor that can grow and invade
nearby tissues. Over time, some abnormal cells can break off and spread
(metastasize) to other parts of the body.

Risk factor's
A risk factor is anything that increases your risk of developing a disease, such as
cancer. Different types of cancer have different risk factors. Some risk factors,
like smoking, can be changed. Other factors, such as age or family history, cannot
be changed. However, having one or even more risk factors does not mean that
you will get the disease. Many people with one or more risk factors never get
cancer, while others with the disease may have few or no known risk factors.
▪ Old age. The risk of prostate cancer increases with age. It is more
common after age 50.
▪ Race. Black people have a higher risk of prostate cancer than people of
other races. In black people, prostate cancer is also more likely to be
aggressive or advanced.
▪ Family history. If a blood relative, such as your father, brother or child,
was diagnosed with prostate cancer, your risk may be increased. Also, if
you have a family history of genes that increase the risk of breast cancer
(BRCA1 or BRCA2) or a strong family history of breast cancer, your risk
of prostate cancer may be higher.
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

▪ Genetic changes: Various inherited genetic changes (mutations)

appear to increase the risk of prostate cancer, but are probably only
responsible for a small percentage of cases overall. For example:
▪ Inherited mutations of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, which are linked to
an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer in some families, can also
increase the risk of prostate cancer in men (especially BRCA2 mutations).
▪ Men with Lynch syndrome (also known as hereditary nonpolyposis
colorectal cancer or HNPCC), a condition caused by inherited genetic
changes, are at increased risk for several types of cancer, including
prostate cancer.
▪ Obesity. Obese people are at higher risk for prostate cancer than people
who are considered to be at a healthy weight, although study results are
mixed. In obese people, the cancer is more likely to be more aggressive
and to come back after initial treatment.
▪ Diet: The exact role that diet plays in the development of prostate cancer
is unclear, although several factors have been studied. Men who consume
a lot of dairy products appear to be slightly more likely to develop prostate
cancer. Some studies have suggested that men who consume a large
amount of calcium (from food or supplements) may have an increased risk
of developing prostate cancer. However, most studies have found no such
association with calcium levels found in an average diet. Additionally, it is
important to note that calcium is well known to provide other important
health benefits.
▪ Smoking: Most studies have not found a link between smoking and
prostate cancer. Some research has linked smoking with a possible small
increase in the risk of
▪ die from prostate cancer, although this finding needs to be confirmed
by other studies.
▪ Inflammation of the prostate: Some studies have suggested that
prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland) may be associated with an
increased risk of prostate cancer, although other studies have not found
such an association. Inflammation is often seen in samples of prostate
tissue that also contain cancer. The association between the two is
unclear, and it is an active area of investigation.
▪ Sexually transmitted infections: Researchers have studied whether
sexually transmitted infections (such as gonorrhea or chlamydia) could
increase the risk of prostate cancer, because they can cause inflammation
of the prostate. So far, the studies have not agreed, and no firm
conclusions have been reached.
▪ Vasectomy: Some studies have suggested that men who have had a
vasectomy (minor surgery to become sterile) have a slightly increased risk
of.
▪ • Inherited mutations of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, which are linked to
an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer in some families, can also
increase the risk of prostate cancer in men (especially BRCA2 mutations).
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

▪ • Men with Lynch syndrome (also known as hereditary nonpolyposis

colorectal cancer or HNPCC), a condition caused by inherited genetic
changes, are at increased risk for several types of cancer, including
prostate cancer.
▪ Obesity. Obese people are at higher risk for prostate cancer than people
who are considered to be at a healthy weight, although study results are
mixed. In obese people, the cancer is more likely to be more aggressive
and to come back after initial treatment.
▪ Diet: The exact role that diet plays in the development of prostate cancer
is unclear, although several factors have been studied. Men who consume
a lot of dairy products appear to be slightly more likely to develop prostate
cancer. Some studies have suggested that men who consume a large
amount of calcium (from food or supplements) may have an increased risk
of developing prostate cancer. However, most studies have found no such
association with calcium levels found in an average diet. Additionally, it is
important to note that calcium is well known to provide other important
health benefits.
▪ Smoking: Most studies have not found a link between smoking and
prostate cancer. Some research has linked smoking with a possible small
increase in the risk of
▪ die from prostate cancer, although this finding needs to be confirmed by
other studies.
▪ Inflammation of the prostate: Some studies have suggested that
prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland) may be associated with an
increased risk of prostate cancer, although other studies have not found
such an association. Inflammation is often seen in samples of prostate
tissue that also contain cancer. The association between the two is
unclear, and it is an active area of investigation.
▪ Sexually transmitted infections: Researchers have studied whether
sexually transmitted infections (such as gonorrhea or chlamydia) could
increase the risk of prostate cancer, because they can cause inflammation
of the prostate. So far, the studies have not agreed, and no firm
conclusions have been reached.
▪ Vasectomy: Some studies have suggested that men who have had a
vasectomy (minor surgery to become sterile) have a slightly increased risk
of prostate cancer, although other studies have not found this. Research
is continuing on this possible link.
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

Complications
The complications of prostate cancer and their treatments are these:
Cancer that spreads (metastasizes). Prostate cancer can spread to nearby
organs, such as the bladder, or spread through the bloodstream or lymphatic
system to the bones or other organs. If prostate cancer spreads to the bones, it
can cause pain and fractures. Once prostate cancer has spread to other areas of
the body, it may still respond to treatment and can be controlled, but it is not likely
to be cured.
Incontinence. Prostate cancer and its treatment can cause urinary
incontinence. Treatment for incontinence depends on what type you have, how
severe it is, and how likely it is to get better over time. Treatment options include
medications, catheters, and surgery.
Erectile dysfunction. Erectile dysfunction can arise from prostate cancer or its
treatment, for example surgery, radiation, or hormonal treatments. Medications,
vacuum devices that help to achieve an erection, and surgery can be used to
treat erectile dysfunction.
Prevention
You can reduce your risk of prostate cancer by:
➢ Eat a healthy diet with lots of fruits and vegetables. Eat a variety of
fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Fruits and vegetables contain many
vitamins and nutrients that can help improve your health.
Whether you can prevent prostate cancer through diet has yet to be conclusively
proven. But eating a healthy diet with a variety of fruits and vegetables can
improve your overall health.
➢ Choose healthy foods over supplements. There are no studies that
have shown that supplements play a role in reducing the risk of prostate
cancer. Instead, choose foods rich in vitamins and minerals so that you
can maintain healthy levels of vitamins in your body.
➢ Exercise most days of the week. Exercise improves general health,
helps you maintain weight, and improves your mood. Try to exercise most
days of the week. If you've never exercised before, start out slow and
gradually increase your exercise time each day.
➢ Maintain a healthy weight. If your current weight is healthy, eat a
balanced diet and exercise most days of the week to maintain it. If you
need to lose weight, increase the amount of exercise and reduce the
number of calories you eat each day. Ask your doctor to help you create a
healthy weight loss plan.
➢ Talk to your doctor about your increased risk of prostate cancer. If
you are at very high risk for prostate cancer, you and your doctor may
consider medications or other treatments to lower your risk. Some studies
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

indicate that taking 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, including finasteride

(Propecia, Proscar) and dutasteride (Avodart), can reduce the overall risk
of developing prostate cancer. These drugs are used to control an
enlarged prostate and hair loss.
However, some evidence indicates that people who take these drugs may have
a higher risk of developing a more serious form of prostate cancer (high-grade
prostate cancer). If you are concerned about your risk of developing prostate
cancer, talk to your doctor.

CONCLUSIONS

It is an apatology of worldwide distribution, frequent, aggressive and

incapacitating over time and that affects the global environment of those who
suffer from it; even so, its signs without indistinct and even asymptomatic.
Therefore, prevention once again retakes its role of radical importance in the
timely detection directed to the population with more risk factors such as older
men and those with a hereditary history of the disease since it is well known that
among more family members and the closer the relationship, the greater the
probability that the disease will recur.
In the natural evolution of the disease, neighboring and progressively distant
anatomical structures will be affected, although from their initial stages these can
already be anticipated as not very well defined symptoms, their apparent passivity
or their intermittency and especially the lack of culture in The medical attention
on the part of the patient makes this evolution an obstacle for its better detection,
which complicates the general panorama of the disease as well as the daily life
of the patients due to the limitations that condition it.

One of these simple and as simple as they are useful and essential is the digital
rectal examination; By performing these, the clinician can initiate the conduct for
a timely diagnosis, however this same measure is subject in our population to
masculinity taboos, which is why the persuasion of patients is presented as an
added challenge for the first level doctor. , contrasting the above with those in
which it is more necessary to perform the recall touch that is in the adult
population in which this measure can be perceived as an aggression or a
humiliation.
There is, as seen in the development of this topic, a wide range of possibilities
and diagnostic means for this pathology such as PSA and its different
measurements, and images from USG to CT and others, although it has been
mentioned that it is essential to combine all these in order not to get carried away
by a first false negative as a diagnostic orientation since, as it was also reviewed,
“I.E.S. Tecnológico Publico Contralmirante Manuel Villar Olivera”

the androgenic stimulus remains constant, this being the main cause of the
disease so if it has not affected prostate growth, over time, it will .