UNIT-5

TRANSMITTERS
TWO MARKS

1. What is transmitters?
 A Transmitters is a device that converts the signal produced by a sensor into
a standardized instrumentation signal such as 3-15 PSI air pressure, 4-
20mA DC electric current, or both.
 The indicating or controlling device is often located in a centralized control
room.
 The transmitter often combines a sensor and the transmitter in a single piece.
The sensor measures the process variable and generate a proportional signal.
 The transmitter then amplifies and conditions the sensor signal to the
receiving or controlling signal

2. Examine the principle used in pneumatic transmitter?

 The pneumatic transmitter output a signal corresponding to the process
variable
 The pneumatic signal range that is commonly used in industrial plants today
is the 3-15 psig.
 3 psig corresponds to the lower range value (LRV) and the 15 psig
corresponds to the upper range value (HRV).
 It is still commonly used especially in remote locations where the electricity
is not available.

3. Write the applications of temperature sensor?

 There are several application of temperature sensor are in many industries
such as medical, motorsport, HVAC, agriculture, aerospace and automative.
 Some other application are transit, power and utilities, calibration and
instrumentation, heat exchangers, drilling, heating/cooling system.

4. What are the different stages of transmitter?

 The various in the transmitter can be classified in term of section are
 Input section
  Conversion section
 Output section

5. Differentiate flow and level transmitter based on its principle:

Flow transmitter Level transmitter
 It is used to measure and indicate flow  It is used to measure the level of solid
 It combines flow sensor and or liquid within a space
transmitter  It combines level sensor and
 The flow signal from the flow sensor is transmitter
used by the transmitter to generate a 4-  The level of the solid or liquid is
20 mA output that presents changes in measured by the level sensor is used
the actual process by the transmitter to generate a 4-
20mA output

6. Compare two and four transmitter:

Two wire transmitter Four wire transmitter

 This configuration supplies  The transmitter and the control

power and 4-20mA signal over
a two wire loop connection
between the transmitter and
the control panel
 Not all transmitters can be
wiered in this format and must
be specially designed to
accommodate this
configuration
panel use separate power
supplies. the 4-20 mA signal
flows through two separate
cable core between the
transmitter and the control
panel
 It is assumed that the power to
drive the 4-20mA loop is
derived from the control panel
7. Define temperature transmitter and it’s principle:
 A temperature transmitter comprises a temperature sensor and transmitter
 The transmitter receives the signal from the temperature sensor such as a
thermocouple or RTD, computes the temperature based on this signal and
converts it to 4-20mA output signal meant for a receiving device such as
controller
 There are different types of temperature transmitter used in process
industries are
 Thermocouple
 RTD

8. Define rangeability.
 Rangeability is otherwise known as turndown
 It is a relation between the maximum pressure(URL) and the minimum
measured pressure(minimum calibrated span)

9. What is a smart transmitter? Why it is called so?

 Smart transmitter are advancement over conventional analog transmitter
 They contain microprocessor as an integral unit within the device
 This device have build in diagnostics ability, greater accuracy(due to digital
compensation of sensor non-linearity) and ability to communicate digitally
with host devices for reporting of various process parameters.

10. How smart and conventional transmitter differ from each other?
Smart transmitter Conventional transmitter

1.A smart transmitter provides a 1.A conventional 4-20mA

process signal but can also transmitter regulates the loop
send/receive information about current and provides only a
the instrument itself process variable signal
 2. zero and span info, tag
(instrument loop identification),
diagnostics or even multiple
process variables using a digital
protocol
3.turndown rangeability can be
high as 100:1(with reduced
accuracy at the low end), 15:1 or
20:1 with stated accuracy
2.the zero and span adjustment
are analog adjustment .incase
of fixed range transmitter ,zero
and span adjustment are
limited to ±2-3%
3.turndown Is generally limited
to about 5:1 or 6:1

11. Discuss about remote adjustability in transmitter?

 Provides communication with process control equipment
 Available with or without display
 Microprocessor based electronics have extremely low power equipment
 Loop power
 Adjustable sample type
 Easily mounted on pipe ,panel or wall

12. Draw two wire and four wire transmitter?

13. What is UART? Mention its uses?
 UART-Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
 It is a computer hardware device for asynchronous serial communication in
which the data format and transmission speed are configurable
Uses:
 Serialize data to be sent to modem
 De-serialize data received from modem
 The UART is also responsible for baud rate generation

14. Define installation of transmitter.

15. When do you call a pressure as a pneumatic pressure?

Pneumatic means using gas (such as air or wind) moved or worked by air pressure.
(3-15)psi

16. Draw the block diagram of electronic transmitter?

17. Define calibration of transmitter?

1. Connect the transmitter test hose from the calibrator to the transmitter.
2. Connect the mA measurement jacks of the calibrator to the transmitter.
3. Set the pressure/vacuum selection knob to the necessary function.
4. Close the vent knob and supply metering valve.
5. Apply pressure or vacuum from the pump by holding down the pump button
and release when the necessary pressure is reached.
6. Correct the pressure with the fine pressure adjustment.
7. Read the reference pressure and the current output of the transmitter from
the display.
8. Repeat for all test points. If the measured mA signal at the test points is
found within tolerance the test is complete. If not, adjustment is required.
18. Examine about the pressure range involved in the operation of pressure
transmitter?
 The pneumatic signal range that is commonly used in industrial plants today
is the 3-15 psig.
  3 psig corresponds to the lower range value (LRV) and the 15 psig
corresponds to the upper range value (HRV).

20. Explain single pulse modulation?

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is used for controlling the amplitude of digital
signals in order to control devices and applications requiring power or electricity.
In Single-pulse width modulation, the gating signals are generated by comparing a
rectangular reference signal with a triangular carrier wave thus producing only one
pulse per half cycle of the output voltage. It can work with ordinary light bulbs,
fans.

21. Write down the advantage and uses of electronic transmitter?

Advantages
 It can be run over long distances with minimal signal losses compared to
voltage type signals
 A varying current loop load impedance or supply voltage will not
significantly affect the signal as long as it does not exceed recommended
component limits
 Rugged signal with low electromagnetic susceptibility
 Saves on cable wire because it only needs 2 wires to function
 Live zero reading verifies sensor is electrically functional

Uses
A 4-20mA current signal has become very popular for many applications beyond
it’s original intended purpose in the process industry. It is now used throughout
industry as the preferred measurement and control signal for many different types
of systems.