NGFرF' Fو/.F' رNو7. ةNFاG6إ و رئ'زn' ف䅊 ةNر6.F' /1'ول䑅') 1'/إ ا71ام䕅 رئ'زn' ف䅊 ة76اFF' ا7 ّ7ؤل䑅' FG ة?وGم䕰 ةNF'دNG ة7'1/

‫ة‬N.?
6F' ‫ة‬N7'‫ر‬F‫ي‬䩅‫د‬F' ‫ة‬N‫ز'ئر‬n' ‫ة‬N1‫هو‬Gn'

République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire
NFGFFF?F' ‫ث‬F/F.F'‫ل و‬䑊‫ا‬F?F' GF NFF?F.F' )1'2‫و‬
Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche
Scientifique
‫ر‬FG7F?FG ‫ل‬䑊‫و‬.G77' ‫فى‬77G ‫ة‬F?FG‫ا‬F.
Université Mustapha Stambouli Mascara
N7.F' G‫و‬F?‫ة و‬N1‫ا‬..F' ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬7.Fg' G‫و‬F?F' : H'‫د‬FNF‫ل‬䑅'
N7.F' G‫و‬F? : ‫رع‬F ‫ف‬F'
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' ‫ة و‬G‫ظ‬F‫ل‬䑅' : 77..F'
/ G F : G‫ظا‬F ،N7.F' G‫و‬F? ‫ف‬䅊 G'1‫و‬.G‫د‬F' )/‫ها‬6 FNF *‫ا‬.F7.G F‫ا‬GG.7g ‫ة‬G‫د‬FG ‫ة‬/‫رو‬7‫أ‬
: H'‫و‬FF?F.
‫ز'ئر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫لو‬䑅' )1'/‫ا* إ‬71‫ما‬䕅 ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G6‫ و إ‬NGF‫ر‬F' F‫و‬/.F'
‫ز'ئر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬76‫ا‬FF' *‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅'
ّ FG ‫و?ة‬G‫م‬䕰 ‫ة‬NF'‫د‬NG ‫ة‬7'1/
: 1‫و‬.G‫د‬F' 0‫ا‬.7‫ل‬䐣' G'‫ر‬6‫ إ‬.‫⨭ت‬ : .F‫ا‬7F' /'‫د‬F?‫ إ‬FG
‫ل‬䑊gNn' ‫و‬.? F. ‫فى‬77G ‫ة‬7‫و‬.
: ‫ة‬F6F‫ا‬FFF‫ل‬䑅' ‫ة‬FFFn
‫ا‬F F7FNF‫ئ‬1 ‫ر‬G7?G ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. ‫ل‬䑊‫?ا‬F' GNF?.F' 0‫ا‬.7‫أ‬ .N.o' ‫⩊ت‬.‫⬧ث‬
'1‫ر‬FF FG ‫ر‬G7?G ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. ‫ل‬䑊‫?ا‬F' GNF?.F' 0‫ا‬.7‫أ‬ ‫ل‬䑊gNn' ‫و‬.? F.
‫ا‬F/.‫م‬䕅 ‫ر‬G7?G ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. " ‫ماضر " أ‬䔭 0‫ا‬.7‫أ‬ H‫ا‬/7‫ إ‬NN7/
‫ا‬F/.‫م‬䕅 ‫ر‬G7?G ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. " ‫ماضر " أ‬䔭 0‫ا‬.7‫أ‬ ‫د‬G‫م‬䔭 (‫و‬F?N
‫ا‬F/.‫م‬䕅 )‫د‬N?7 ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. ‫ل‬䑊‫?ا‬F' GNF?.F' 0‫ا‬.7‫أ‬ ‫ف‬7‫و‬N 1'‫و‬7
‫ا‬F/.‫م‬䕅 )‫د‬N?7 ‫?ة‬G‫ا‬. ‫ل‬䑊‫?ا‬F' GNF?.F' 0‫ا‬.7‫أ‬ (‫ي‬䨧/ ‫اي‬F2
2022-2021 : ‫ة‬N?G‫ا‬n' ‫ة‬F7F'

‫ا‪䐥‬لهداء‬
‫‪.‬ك‪ F‬ح‪ .‬وإخ‪䐧‬لص أتقدم ‪⠥‬بهداء هذا ا‪?F‬م‪F‬‬
‫‪F‬ك‪ F‬أفراد ا‪?F‬ائ‪F‬ة ا‪F‬كر‪䩅‬ية‬
‫‪F‬ك‪ F‬طا‪F? .F‬م‬
‫و‪.FF‬شرية ⱅج?اء‬
‫شكر و عرفان‬
‫" الله‪ N.7 G‬لك الشك‪7‬حت‪ O‬ت‪7‬ض ‪? O‬لى ن?‪G‬ك ‪ N‬فضلك ‪ N‬ت‪N‬ف‪N‬قك "‬
‫" الى ال‪G‬اضل ا‪䐣‬ل‪.7‬ا‪ " 0‬بن ?‪ N.‬الج‪䐧N‬لل‪ " N‬ل‪G GG‬ن‪ P‬أ‪7‬م‪( O‬يا‪ 0‬ال‪G6‬ر‬
‫‪ N‬ال?ر‪G‬ا‪? H‬لى إ‪6‬را‪7 N GGG‬بر‪ N GG‬ت‪N‬جيهات‪ GG‬القي‪ /G‬الت‪G P‬ان‪7 .‬ن‪/‬ا‬
‫‪7 N‬راجا ‪G‬نيرا ‪䐥‬لنها' ‪6G‬ا ال?‪G‬ل ‪ N‬بل‪N‬غ اله‪" G/‬‬
‫" ‪G6‬ر خا‪ 7‬الى ال‪G‬اضل ا‪䐣‬ل‪.7‬ا‪ " 0‬ثابت‪ P‬الح‪N.‬ب " ?لى ‪G‬ل ال‪7.‬هي‪䐧‬ل‪0‬‬
‫‪N‬ا‪䑅‬لجه‪/N‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لب‪N6‬ل‪G /‬ن أجل ت‪NG‬ين طلب‪ /‬ال‪7N.G/‬ا‪" G‬‬
‫و‪G.‬و‪F‬ي‬
‫ا‪7 FG FG O‬ا‪䅊 GG‬ف ‪䘬‬ناحي ّ‬
‫ا‪ FG FG O‬د?‪䙊G‬ن و أراد و‪7‬و‪P‬‬
‫ا‪7 7GF FG O‬يبة ?ر‪.G‬ها‬
‫أ‪ّ F.‬د‪ G‬ا‪F‬ي‪⠮ GG‬با‪GFG 7F‬ات ا‪F‬ش‪G‬ر و ⱅجي‪ F‬ا‪?F‬ر‪G‬ا‪F? H‬ى ‪GF‬و‪ GG7‬ا‪7F‬يّبة‬
‫ا‪G.F‬وق ‪䅊‬ف حيا‪. GG.‬‬
‫و أ‪G‬ا‪F‬ي‪ GG‬ا‪䐮‬لا‪7F‬ة ‪⠧ P‬ب‪FF‬جاح ‪ ?G‬ا‪FGّ.F‬يات ‪⠧ GGF‬ب‪FF‬جاح و ‪G‬وا‪F7‬ة ّ‬
0‫ي‬䨧‫متو‬䕱‫هرس ا‬G
‫حة‬G‫ص‬F‫ا‬ 0‫ي‬䨧‫متو‬䕱‫ة ا‬G‫ائ‬F

'‫دا‬Gg‫ا‬
‫ر‬G6 ‫ة‬GFG
VI -I 0o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱‫هرس ا‬G
VIII-VII H‫داو‬n‫ة ا‬G&‫ا‬F
IX H‫ا‬G6g‫ة ا‬G&‫ا‬F
X 0‫را‬7..‫ل‬䑅‫ة ا‬G&‫ا‬F
4-1 ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F‫ة ا‬G‫ ّد‬F‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ل‬䐧‫تحو‬F‫ا‬
ّ ‫ل‬䑉‫ ا‬F‫دخ‬G :‫لول‬䐣‫ ا‬F‫ص‬GF‫ا‬
5 ‫ة‬G‫د‬FG
5 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0g‫و‬/.F‫ل ا‬䑉+ ‫ة‬N/‫لؤ‬䑅‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬-1.1
6 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ا‬ -1.1.1
6 ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F‫ة ا‬.7‫و‬o‫❖ ا‬
8 ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F‫ة ا‬.7‫و‬o‫ا?ة ا‬F7 ▪
10 /.GF‫ ا‬0g‫ا‬N.F‫ ا‬FNF/ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ❖
10 /.GF‫ ا‬0g‫ا‬N.F‫ ا‬0‫زا‬N‫م‬䕅 ▪
11 (Datat Mining) /.GF‫ ا‬0g‫ا‬N.F‫ة ا‬n‫?ا‬G ‫ و‬FNF/ ▪
12 )Mobility ( ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫❖ ا‬
13 ‫ة‬Ff‫ ا‬GF?. ‫ و‬N?‫ا‬F7F‫ا' ا‬G‫ذ‬F‫ة و ا‬NG‫ا‬1/‫ل‬䐥‫ة ا‬.7‫و‬o‫❖ ا‬
13 ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬1/‫ل‬䐥‫ة ا‬.7‫و‬o‫ا‬ ▪
13 N?‫ا‬F7F‫ا' ا‬G‫ذ‬F‫ا‬ ▪
14 )Machine learning ( ‫ة‬Ff‫ ا‬GF?. ▪
14 (Internet of things ) '‫ا‬N6‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬.F‫⨱ت‬F) ❖
I
0‫ي‬䨧‫متو‬䕱‫هرس ا‬G
14 (Blockchain) F.GF‫ ا‬F7g7 ❖
15 (Cyber Security ) ‫ن‬䙊‫⨱تو‬GNFg‫ ا‬FG‫ل‬䐣‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ❖
15 /‫ا?د‬7‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬0‫وا‬/g‫❖ ا‬
16 ‫ة‬N&o‫ز‬NGF‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬-2.1.1

16 /‫?ا‬.‫ل‬䐣‫ة ا‬N/g/ ‫ا?ة‬.7F‫❖ ا‬
17 0/‫و‬.‫رو‬F‫❖ ا‬
17 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬/‫ ⨣ت‬-2.1
19 ‫ي‬/‫ا‬7.Fg‫ ا‬I‫>ا‬FF‫ى ا‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫ ⨣ت‬-1.2.1
20 NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬/‫ا‬7.Fg‫❖ ا‬
23 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬G‫و‬Go‫ ا‬-2.2.1
24 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬G‫و‬Go‫ا' ا‬F. ❖
25 GNF?.F‫ة ا‬G>F) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫⨣ت‬-3.2.1
26 GF?‫ل‬䑅‫ى ا‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫❖ ⨣ت‬
26 .F‫ا‬7F‫ى ا‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫❖ ⨣ت‬
26 .G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬N‫غ‬. ❖
27 GNNF.F‫ ا‬.NF‫ا‬7) N‫غ‬. ❖
27 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬H‫ا‬G?g‫&ة ا‬N. -4.2.1

28 H‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣‫اع ا‬7F 0‫ها‬.‫و‬. ❖
29 ‫ة‬NG‫ر‬o‫ ا‬.F‫⨱ت‬F‫ل‬䐣‫ا‬ ▪
29 0‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F‫ا?ة ا‬F7 ▪
30 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬7F‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ▪
II
‫‪G‬هرس ا‪䕱‬متو‪䨧‬ي‪0‬‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫• ‪䕅‬م‪N‬زا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪7F‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬

‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪ -5.2.1‬ا‪䑅‬لؤ‪77‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫❖ ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬د‪FN‬ا‪NGNG‬ة‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫❖ ا‪F/F‬ا‪G‬ة ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪G‬ا‪NG‬ة ا‪F/F‬ا‪G‬ة ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬ ‫▪‬
‫‪41‬‬ ‫ا‪p‬ا⩅تة‬
‫ا‪GF‬ص‪ F‬ا‪F‬ثا‪䙊‬ن‪ :‬إدار‪ /‬ا‪F‬تحو‪䐧‬ل‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬

‫‪42‬‬ ‫⩅ته‪N‬د‬
‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪G -1.2‬ا‪NG‬ة ا‪/.F‬و‪ 0g‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪.F7.G -2.2‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪/.F‬و‪ 0g‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬‬
‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪ -1.2.2‬ا‪䐥‬ل‪.‬داع‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫❖ ا‪䐥‬ل‪.‬داع ا‪?.F‬او‪䙊‬ن‬
‫‪48‬‬ ‫❖ ‪/+‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䐥‬ل‪.‬داع ا‪?.F‬او‪䙊‬ن‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫❖ ا‪䐣‬ل‪G>F‬ة ا‪GNg‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ة ‪Ecosystems‬‬
‫‪52‬‬ ‫❖ ‪/+‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪.g‬داع ا‪⨱7g‬تا‪N.N.‬‬
‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪ -2.2.2‬ا‪䑅‬لها‪1‬ا‪ 0‬و ا‪GGF‬ا'ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫❖ ‪ GNF7.‬ا‪GGF‬ا'ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪䙅 -3.2.2‬نا‪0‬ج ا‪NFF‬ا‪ //‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫‪63‬‬ ‫❖ ‪/‬د‪N‬د ‪ o*1‬ا‪/.F‬و‪ H‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫❖ ‪6+‬را‪ G‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪G‬را‪/‬‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫❖ ‪6F+‬ا' ‪>F‬ا‪ I‬ا‪o‬و‪GG‬ة‬
‫‪65‬‬ ‫❖ ‪F.‬ا' ‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪NF 0‬ا‪ //‬ا‪FG.F‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا‬

‫‪III‬‬
‫‪66‬‬ ‫❖ ‪7+‬ا‪ 1‬ا‪NFF‬ا‪ //‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫‪68‬‬ ‫❖ ‪ّ /‬د‪ 0o‬ا‪NFF‬ا‪䅊 //‬ف ا‪7?F‬ر ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬‬
‫‪69‬‬ ‫❖ ‪䕅‬م‪N‬زا‪ 0‬ا‪FF‬ا&د ا‪FF‬ا‪/.‬‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪ -4.2.2‬ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪NGN>F.F‬ة‬
‫‪73‬‬ ‫❖ ‪F.‬ا' ا‪F‬ر‪6‬ا‪F‬ة ا‪NGN>F.F‬ة‬
‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪7G -3.2‬ا‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪/.F‬و‪ H‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬‬
‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪. -1.3.2‬ر‪.‬ة ا‪'gG?F‬‬
‫‪77‬‬ ‫❖ ‪G‬ا‪NG‬ة ‪.‬ر‪.‬ة ا‪'gG?F‬‬
‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪ - 2.3.2‬ا‪NFG?F‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬دا‪NF.‬ة‬

‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪䙅 - 3.3.2‬نا‪0‬ج ا‪䐣‬ل?‪G‬ا‪H‬‬
‫‪83‬‬ ‫❖ ‪F.‬ا' ‪䙅‬نا‪0‬ج ا‪䐣‬ل?‪G‬ا‪H‬‬
‫‪86‬‬ ‫‪/+ -4.2‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪/.F‬و‪ H‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬‬
‫‪91‬‬ ‫ا‪p‬ا⩅تة‬
‫ا‪GF‬ص‪ F‬ا‪F‬ثا‪F‬ث‪ :‬ر‪GF‬نة إدار‪ /‬ا‪G‬وارد ا‪.F‬شر‪N‬ة‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫⩅ته‪N‬د‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪FGF1 -1.3‬ة ‪/+‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬
‫‪93‬‬ ‫‪ -2.3‬ا‪?F‬وا‪ FG‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪7‬ا?د‪F? /‬ى ‪FGF1‬ة ‪/+‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬

‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪⨣ -3.3‬ت‪ /‬ا‪FG.F‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا ?‪F‬ى ‪䕅‬ما‪71‬ا‪/+ 0‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬
‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪⨣ -1.3.3‬ت‪ /‬ا‪FG.F‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا ?‪F‬ى ?‪NFG‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪ FNF/.F‬ا‪F‬و>‪NGN‬‬
‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪⨣ -2.3.3‬ت‪ /‬ا‪FG.F‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا ?‪F‬ى ?‪NFG‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪.F‬و>‪GN‬‬
‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪⨣ -3.3.3‬ت‪ /‬ا‪FG.F‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا ?‪F‬ى ?‪NFG‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪.F‬د‪ .N1‬و ا‪7.F‬و‪N‬ر‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪NFF. -4.3‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪.?F‬ة (‪) Gamification‬‬
‫‪IV‬‬
‫‪101‬‬ ‫‪. -5.3‬ا‪71‬ة ‪7G‬ا‪ 1‬ا‪/.F‬و‪ H‬ا‪F‬ر‪䐥 NGF‬ل‪/‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬
‫ا‪GF‬ص‪ F‬ا‪F‬را‪.‬ع‪ :‬ا‪䐥‬ل‪7‬ار ا‪G‬نه‪ N.‬و ‪G‬را‪.‬عة ا‪䐣‬لد‪N.‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪7F‬ا‪F.‬ة‬

‫‪106‬‬ ‫‪G -1.4‬را‪?.‬ة ا‪䐣‬ل‪N./‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪7F‬ا‪F.‬ة‬
‫‪121‬‬ ‫‪FG -2.4‬ه‪N.‬ة ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة‬
‫‪124‬‬ ‫❖ ?‪FّN‬ة ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة‬
‫ا‪GF‬ص‪ F‬ا‪n‬ا‪ : 7G‬ا‪F‬درا‪7‬ة ا‪F‬ت‪NFN.7‬ة‬

‫‪125‬‬ ‫‪1/-1.5‬ا‪7‬ة ‪&N.‬ة ا‪䐣‬ل?‪G‬ا‪䅊 H‬ف ا‪n‬زا&ر‬
‫‪125‬‬ ‫‪ -1.1.5‬ا‪?.F‬ر‪o GN‬ؤ‪77‬ة )و‪N1‬دو‬
‫‪125‬‬ ‫‪/) -2.1.5‬ا‪ /‬ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة‬
‫‪126‬‬ ‫❖ ‪G7G‬و‪G‬ة و‪⨱7‬ت‪FG‬‬
‫‪126‬‬ ‫❖ ا‪䑅‬ل‪F‬ا‪F.‬ة‬
‫‪127‬‬ ‫‪G7G FNF/ -3.1.5‬و‪G‬ة و‪⨱7‬ت‪ FG‬ا‪p‬ا‪7‬ة ‪o‬ؤ‪77‬ة )و‪N1‬دو‬
‫‪131‬‬ ‫‪.F -4.1.5‬ا&‪ .‬ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة‬
‫‪134‬‬ ‫‪1/ -2.5‬ا‪7‬ة ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لؤ‪77‬ا‪N.‬ة‬
‫‪134‬‬ ‫‪NF( -1.2.5‬ة ⱅج? ا‪N.F‬ا‪F 0g‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لؤ‪77‬ا‪N.‬ة‬
‫‪135‬‬ ‫‪.‬و‪N. G.‬ا‪ 0g‬ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لؤ‪77‬ا‪N.‬ة‬

‫‪ّ -2.2.5‬‬
‫‪136‬‬ ‫❖ ‪p‬و‪FGF1 1‬ة ‪/+‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬
‫‪138‬‬ ‫❖ ‪p‬و‪ 1‬ا‪..7‬دا‪ I‬ا‪FG.F‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة ‪䅊‬ف ‪/+‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬
‫‪140‬‬ ‫❖ ‪p‬و‪ 1‬ا‪NFF‬ا‪ //‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫‪142‬‬ ‫❖ ‪p‬و‪ 1‬ا‪䐥‬ل‪⨱7‬تا‪N.N.‬ة‬
‫‪144‬‬ ‫❖ ‪p‬و‪ 1‬ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لا‪NF‬ة و ا‪䑅‬لا‪N/‬ة و ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪146‬‬ ‫❖ ‪p‬و‪ 1‬ا‪GN>F.F‬‬

‫‪148‬‬ ‫‪1/ -3.2.5‬ا‪7‬ة ا‪Fg?F‬ة ‪ N.‬ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لؤ‪77‬ا‪N.‬ة و ‪FGF1‬ة ‪/+‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬
‫‪150‬‬ ‫❖ ا‪Fg?F‬ة ‪FGF1 N.‬ة ‪/+‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة و ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لؤ‪77‬ا‪N.‬ة‬
‫‪151‬‬ ‫❖ ا‪Fg?F‬ة ‪ N.‬ا‪..7‬دا‪ I‬ا‪FG.F‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة و ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لؤ‪77‬ا‪N.‬ة‬
‫‪151‬‬ ‫❖ ا‪Fg?F‬ة ‪ N.‬ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لؤ‪77‬ا‪N.‬ة ‪䅊‬ف ‪G‬ؤ‪77‬ا‪FّN? 0‬ة ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة‬
‫‪152‬‬ ‫‪1/ -3.5‬ا‪7‬ة ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪GF‬ر‪N/‬ة‬

‫‪152‬‬ ‫?‪FّN‬ة ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة ا‪p‬ا‪7‬ة ‪GGF/‬ا'ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬ ‫‪-1.3.5‬‬
‫‪154‬‬ ‫‪.‬و‪ G.‬ا‪N.F‬ا‪ 0g‬ا‪p‬ا‪7‬ة ‪FF/‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪GF‬ر‪N/‬ة ‪䑅‬لو>‪FّN? NG‬ة ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة‬
‫ّ‬ ‫‪-2.3.5‬‬
‫‪154‬‬ ‫❖ ‪p‬و‪ 1‬ا‪N.F‬ا‪0g‬‬
‫‪156‬‬ ‫❖ ‪p‬و‪ 1‬ا‪.F‬وا‪F7‬‬
‫‪158‬‬ ‫❖ ‪p‬و‪ 1‬ا‪6F‬ا' ا‪䕱‬م‪.‬و‪0o‬‬
‫‪160‬‬ ‫❖ ‪p‬و‪ 1‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪G‬ا‪J‬‬
‫‪162‬‬ ‫❖ ‪p‬و‪ F/ 1‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪6‬ا‪FG‬‬
‫‪164‬‬ ‫‪1/ -3.3.5‬ا‪7‬ة ا‪Fg?F‬ة ‪ N.‬ا‪GGF‬ا'ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫‪166‬‬ ‫‪FG -4.5‬ا‪6F‬ة ا‪.FF‬ا&‪.‬‬
‫‪166‬‬ ‫‪FG -1.4.5‬ا‪6F‬ة ‪.F‬ا&‪1/ .‬ا‪7‬ة ‪/‬ا‪F‬ة )و‪N1‬دو‬
‫‪167‬‬ ‫‪FG -2.4.5‬ا‪6F‬ة ‪.F‬ا&‪1/ .‬ا‪7‬ة ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لؤ‪77‬ا‪N.‬ة و ا‪GF‬ر‪N/‬ة‬
‫‪169‬‬ ‫‪FG -3.4.5‬ا‪6F‬ة ا‪Fg?F‬ة ‪FGF1 N.‬ة ا‪1/‬ا‪ /‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة و ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لؤ‪77‬ا‪N.‬ة‬
‫و ا‪GF‬ر‪N/‬ة‬
‫‪171‬‬ ‫ا‪p‬ا⩅تة ا‪?F‬ا‪G‬ة‬
‫‪VI‬‬
‫قائمة ا‪䐬‬لداول‬
‫الصفحة‬ ‫العنوان‬ ‫رقم ا‪䐬‬لدول‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪FG‬ا‪F1‬ة ‪ N.‬ا‪o‬و‪.7‬ة ا‪/7F‬ا‪N.‬ة ‪䙅 N‬نو‪ .0‬ا‪p‬د‪G‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪NFF.F‬د‪P‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪1-1 HN‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫ا‪7p‬ائ‪ 7‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪7‬ا‪N7‬ة ‪GFF‬و‪ .0‬ا‪䐣‬ل?‪G‬ا‪ H‬ا‪p‬اص ‪⠧‬ب‪䑅‬ل‪7F‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪2-1 HN‬‬
‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪G‬ها‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪FF‬و‪ O‬ا‪?F‬ا‪FG‬ة ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪1-2 HN‬‬
‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪ GN7F.‬ا‪GGF‬اءا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة ‪䙅 .7/‬نو‪)DigComp 1.0( .0‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪2-2 HN‬‬
‫‪94‬‬ ‫ا‪?F‬وا‪ FG‬ا‪F‬ضر‪N1N‬ة ‪.FF‬ا‪NFG? /‬ة ‪FGF1‬ة ا‪/‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪.F‬شر‪N‬ة‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪1-3 HN‬‬
‫‪99-98‬‬ ‫‪FG‬ا‪F1‬ة ‪ N.‬إ‪/‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪.F‬شر‪N‬ة ا‪NFF.F‬د‪N‬ة ‪ N‬ا‪⨱GNFg‬ت‪NFN‬ة‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪2-3 HN‬‬
‫‪109‬‬ ‫‪.‬طو‪ 1‬ا‪FF‬شر ‪䅊‬ف ‪o‬ا‪ 0g‬ا‪/.F‬و‪ 0g‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة ?‪⠱‬ب ا‪F7F‬وا‪0‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪1-4 HN‬‬
‫‪122‬‬ ‫‪FG‬ه‪N.‬ة ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪2-4 HN‬‬
‫‪124‬‬ ‫‪G‬ؤ‪77‬ا‪FّN? 0‬ة ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪3-4 HN‬‬
‫‪127‬‬ ‫‪.7G‬و‪ O‬ا‪G Gg.G‬ؤ‪77‬ة أ‪N1N‬د‪FFF N‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪1-5 HN‬‬
‫‪129‬‬ ‫‪.7G‬و‪ O‬ا‪G Gg.G‬ؤ‪77‬ة ا‪N1N‬د‪FFF N‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪NFF‬ا‪N/‬ة‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪2-5 HN‬‬
‫‪135‬‬ ‫‪ GNNF.‬إ‪.‬ا‪⠧‬ب‪ 0‬ا‪G‬را‪FّN? /‬ة ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة ‪ .7/‬ا‪ N GNFF‬ا‪⨱GF‬تا‪0‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪3-5 HN‬‬
‫‪137‬‬ ‫‪N.‬ا‪p 0g‬و‪FGF1 1‬ة إ‪/‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪.F‬شر‪N‬ة‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪4-5 HN‬‬
‫‪139‬‬ ‫‪N.‬ا‪p 0g‬و‪ 1‬ا‪FG.F‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا ا‪䑅‬ل‪.7‬خد‪G‬ة ‪F‬ر‪FGF‬ة إ‪/‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪.F‬شر‪N‬ة‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪5-5 HN‬‬
‫‪141‬‬ ‫‪N.‬ا‪p 0g‬و‪ 1‬ا‪NFF‬ا‪ //‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪6-5 HN‬‬
‫‪143‬‬ ‫‪N.‬ا‪p 0g‬و‪ 1‬ا‪䐥‬ل‪⨱7‬تا‪N.N.‬ة‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪7-5HN‬‬
‫‪145‬‬ ‫‪N.‬ا‪p 0g‬و‪ 1‬ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لا‪NF‬ة ‪ N‬ا‪䑅‬لا‪N/‬ة ‪ N‬ا‪.F‬شر‪N‬ة‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪8-5HN‬‬
‫‪147‬‬ ‫‪N.‬ا‪p 0g‬و‪ 1‬ا‪F.F‬ظ‪GN‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪9-5HN‬‬
‫‪148‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪?G GNF 7G. 10-5 HN‬ا‪ FG‬ا‪..1g‬اط‬
‫‪149‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪ 11-5 HN‬ا‪Fg?F‬ة ‪ N.‬ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لؤ‪77‬ا‪N.‬ة‬
‫‪153‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪.7G 12-5 HN‬و‪ 0o‬ا‪GGF‬اءا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة ‪ .7/‬ا‪F‬د‪.1‬ة ‪ N‬ا‪⨱GF‬تا‪0‬‬
‫‪155‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪.7G 13-5 HN‬و‪ O‬ا‪GGF‬اءا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة ‪䕱‬مو‪ 1‬ا‪N.F‬ا‪0g‬‬
‫‪157‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪.7G 14-5 HN‬و‪ O‬ا‪GGF‬اءا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة ‪䕱‬مو‪ 1‬ا‪.F‬وا‪F7‬‬
‫‪159‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪.7G 15-5 HN‬و‪ O‬ا‪GGF‬اءا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة ‪䕱‬مو‪ 1‬ا‪F‬شاء ا‪䕱‬م‪.‬و‪0o‬‬
‫‪161‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪.7G 16-5 HN‬و‪ O‬ا‪GGF‬اءا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة ‪䕱‬مو‪ 1‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪G‬ان‬
‫‪163‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪.7G 17-5 HN‬و‪ O‬ا‪GGF‬اءا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة ‪䕱‬مو‪ F/ 1‬ا‪䑅‬لشا‪FG‬‬
‫‪VII‬‬
‫قائمة ا‪䐬‬لداول‬
‫‪164‬‬ ‫ا‪n‬د‪ 18-5 HN‬ا‪Fg?F‬ة ‪ N.‬ا‪GGF‬اءا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫‪VIII‬‬
‫قائمة ا‪䐧‬ل‪6‬كال‬
‫ا‪F‬صفحة‬ ‫ا‪F‬عنوان‬ ‫رقم ا‪6F‬ك‪F‬‬

‫‪34‬‬ ‫ا‪/.F‬و‪ 0g‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة ‪ :‬ا‪?F‬وا‪ N FG‬ا‪䕰‬ما‪ N 0g‬ا‪.F‬أث‪䨱‬يا‪0‬‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪1-1 F‬‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ا‪NF.F‬ة ا‪NG‬ك‪NF‬ة ‪GFF‬ؤ‪77‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪2-1 F‬‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫ا‪䐣‬ل⬧ث‪ 1‬ا‪F.F‬ظ‪NGN‬ة ‪/.FF‬و‪ 0g‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪1-2 F‬‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪䙅‬نو‪ 20‬ا‪䐥‬ل‪.‬داع ا‪?.F‬ا‪N‬ن‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪2-2 F‬‬
‫‪53‬‬ ‫ا‪䐥‬ل‪.‬داع ‪ FG‬خ‪g‬ل ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬د‪FN‬ا‪NG‬ك‪N‬ة ا‪?.F‬ا‪NFN‬ة‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪3-2 F‬‬
‫‪54‬‬ ‫أ‪F‬ظ‪G‬ة ا‪.g‬داع ا‪⨱7g‬تا‪N.‬ج‪N‬‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪4-2 F‬‬
‫‪67‬‬ ‫ا‪7‬ا‪ 1‬ا‪NFF‬ا‪ //‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪5-2 F‬‬
‫‪72‬‬ ‫ا‪䐥‬ل‪7‬ا‪ 1‬ا‪G‬فاه‪FF NGN‬ر‪6‬ا‪F‬ة ا‪F.F‬ظ‪NGN‬ة ‪S5‬‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪6-2 F‬‬
‫‪76‬‬ ‫ا‪/.F‬و‪F 0g‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫ا‪7‬ا‪ّ 1‬‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪7-2 F‬‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫‪.7G‬و‪䨧‬ي‪ 0‬ا‪6FF‬ج ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪8-2 F‬‬
‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪FG‬ا‪.1‬ة إ‪/‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪/.F‬ول ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪9-2 F‬‬
‫‪93‬‬ ‫ا‪6FF‬ج ا‪F‬ر‪䐥 NGF‬ل‪/‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪G‬وا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪1-3 F‬‬
‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪7G‬ا‪FGF1 1‬ة إ‪/‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪G‬وا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪2-3 F‬‬
‫‪108‬‬ ‫‪7.‬و‪? 1‬د‪ /‬ا‪/.F‬و‪ 1‬ا‪6FG‬و‪/ /1‬ول ‪G‬و‪6‬وع ا‪/.F‬و‪ 0g‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة ‪FGF1 N‬ة إ‪/‬ا‪/1‬‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪1-4 F‬‬
‫ا‪G‬وا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬
‫‪123‬‬ ‫‪䙅‬نو‪ 20‬ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪2-4 F‬‬
‫‪133‬‬ ‫‪.7G‬و‪ O‬ا‪6FF‬ج ا‪F‬ر‪G NGF‬ؤ‪77‬ة أ‪N1N‬د‪N‬‬ ‫ا‪6F‬ك‪1-5 F‬‬
‫‪IX‬‬
‫لختصرات‬䑅‫ة ا‬G‫قائ‬
‫لختصرات‬䑅‫ة ا‬G‫قائ‬
‫للة‬䐧‫الد‬ ‫ز‬G‫الر‬
) Volatility( 0‫ا‬.F‫تق‬F' /?‫ في سر‬/F‫ث‬G‫ت‬GF' N ‫ال‬G?‫ل‬䐧' /&‫ي‬. 0'‫يّز‬GG VUCA
‫ض‬NG‫غ‬F' N ) Complexity( ‫ت?قيد‬F' ) Uncertainty( ‫يقين‬F' G‫?د‬ Environment
)Ambiguity(
Sustainable Development Goals SDGs
US Bureau of Economic Analysis Bea
Internet of Things IOT
General Data Protection Regulation GDPR
General Purpose Technologies GPT

Major Innovation Dynamic Capabilities MIDC
Information and Communications Technology ICT
Customer relationship management CRM
Value proposition , Interface , Service Platform , VISOR
Organizing Model ,Revenue Model
Key Performance Indicator KPI

Social media , Mobility , Analytic , Cloud SMAC
computing
X
‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F' ‫ة‬G‫لق ّد‬䑅'
NGF?F' 1‫و‬7.F' ..7. 1‫و‬7?F' GF.q ‫ب‬⠱? *'1‫و‬7.F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' .G‫ة ?ر‬N‫ر‬6.F' L' GNG G6 g ‫ا‬G
‫?'ع‬.' ‫د‬F? *'1‫و‬7.F' ّ G‫ذ‬G GG' *‫هد‬6 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' L' L‫و‬//‫ا‬.F' ‫ب‬⠱.?' FN' 18 L‫ر‬FF' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬GN7 g N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' N
1‫ ّو‬F F F F F7. Jg. FG *‫?ا‬G.o' ‫?ة‬N.7 N>. O' */' nF' N ‫ة‬N1‫ا‬..F' )1‫و‬/F' ‫ها‬./‫د‬/' nF' )‫ر‬G7F' N P1‫ا‬..F' I‫مر‬䕱'
) Erik Brynjolfsson ( L‫ أ‬g) ‫ة‬F F F FN.‫ر‬o' *'1‫د‬F F F F F FF' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F F F F F 6) ‫ة‬F F F F F F FF‫ا‬7F' ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7o' .NF‫ا‬7' N L‫د‬F F F F F F FG'
/N/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' N ‫ر‬.‫و‬F F F F N.GGF' G‫ا‬6.G' ?G .‫ه‬.F' ‫ة‬F F F FF/‫ر‬G' G‫ذ‬F F F FG L. LN‫ر‬N )Andrew McAfee(‫و‬
‫ا‬G ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' 1‫ا‬7G ‫ف‬䅊 J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬7FF ‫ب‬⠱.?. nF' N ‫ن‬䙊‫ا‬/F' ‫ة‬Ff' ‫ر‬7? ‫ها‬NF? FF7' )‫د‬N‫د‬. ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G ‫ة‬N'‫د‬. *‫ب‬⠱.?' ).g' L'
O‫و‬FF' Jg>.7' ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. FG ‫ها‬FNG‫ ⩅ت‬N *g‫ا‬o' 6
ّ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬o‫ا‬G'‫د‬..7g ?7'‫و‬F' 1‫ا‬6.Fg' ''‫ر‬.
ّ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬G‫و‬. *'// FG G./‫د‬/'
./'‫ر‬GgF ‫ة‬NFG‫ذ‬F'
K'‫د‬..7g ?7'‫و‬F' 1‫ا‬6.Fg' ‫ها‬/‫د‬/' nF' *'/‫أ‬.F' O‫د‬G J‫و‬/ N//‫ا‬.F' N. ‫>ر‬FF' *‫ها‬.N FG'‫و‬. ?G N
Lf' ‫هد‬6. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' L' O‫ر‬N /N‫ب‬⠭ 1‫و‬7?FF GGN7F. ‫ف‬䅊 )klaus Schwab ( GF..' ‫د‬FG ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
*‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' FG ‫ا‬G> N N?‫ا‬F7F' '‫ا‬G‫ذ‬F' N ‫ة‬F F F F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' 1‫و‬F F F F F‫? >ه‬G .FF7F) ‫ة‬F F F F ?.'1 ‫ة‬F F F F F F N?‫ا‬F7 )1‫و‬/
FG?F‫?ة ب‬.'‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬F7F' )1‫و‬/F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ّز‬N‫ ⩅ت‬O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6) 1‫و‬7.F' ‫ر?ة‬7. ‫ا‬G> F? )1‫و‬/F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ّز‬NG.. /N‫ب‬⠭ ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o'
P‫ذ‬F' J‫ا‬G?g' ‫اع‬7F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬NF. N‫د‬.N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ‫ة‬F F F F F G>Fg' ‫ى‬F? /‫أ‬.F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬F F F F Fo1‫د‬F O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6) ‫ا‬o'// ‫ف‬䅊 ‫اع‬7.g' N
‫د‬N‫?د‬F' ‫ى‬F? H‫و‬G.F' FG .FGّ ‫ر) ⩅ت‬G..G J‫ا‬G?' .0‫ا‬GF. ‫ة‬NGF1 *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G *‫ >هر‬FN' ).g' /‫و‬F?F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N?‫و‬F )‫ر‬G7 ‫هد‬6
Jg>.7g' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬o1‫د‬F ..7. GF0 N G‫?ا‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ى‬F>g' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G&'‫و‬F *1‫ ّد‬7. ‫ا‬G‫ا‬7F nF' O‫ب‬⠱GF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG
.FG?F' ‫&ة‬N. N7/ N J‫ا‬G?g' .0‫ا‬G N *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF F/Gg'
*‫ >هر‬FN' P‫ا‬o' L‫ر‬F F F F F FF' FG ONg' ‫د‬F?F' ‫ة‬N'‫د‬. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF ‫ع‬1‫ا‬7.G' 1‫و‬7.F' ?G N
.NF‫ا‬7' *>.
ّ ... '‫ا‬N6g' .F?F' N ‫ة‬F F F FNG‫ذ‬F' /'‫و‬Fg' N *‫ا‬FN.7.F' N ‫ة‬F F F F FNG‫ذ‬F' G.'‫و‬G' N N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' 7&‫ا‬7N
'‫د‬NF?. ‫ر‬/G' /.7.F J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. *ّ>. ‫ا‬GG J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G *1‫و‬7.
ّ ‫?ها‬G N J‫ا‬G?g' .0‫ا‬G *1‫و‬7. N FG?F'
K‫?د‬F H‫و‬7F' FG ‫ها‬.N‫ر‬. N ‫ة‬NF‫و‬7F' ‫ها‬.7/ L'‫د‬FG O' *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F‫ ب‬O/'ّ P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' *‫ا‬.ّFF.F' ‫?ة‬N‫ر‬7 N
*‫ا ب‬G ‫و‬G N )Kodak( N )Nokia( NF F F .G‫ر‬6 1'‫ى >ر‬F? NF F F F F F GF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' *‫ا‬F F F F .F7.G ?G GF F FF‫أ‬.F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬F F F F Fo1‫د‬F
L' N ‫ا‬GN7 g NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬F F F F F/.F' ‫ة‬F F F F F F F/1 ‫ف‬䅊 )‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G' N ‫ة‬F F F F F F /N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' N.. ‫ة‬F F F F F NG./ *‫ا‬F F F F77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? 6‫ر‬FGN
*‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F' FG F6G' % 26 F F F. 1‫ ّد‬F. /‫ب‬1' ‫ة‬.7F F.7. ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 )‫ر'&د‬F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' L. .../' *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F'
. ‫ا?ة‬F7F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG'
1
./6' J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N.F )‫د‬N‫د‬n' 7&‫ا‬7p' G6‫ر‬G. ..‫ ب‬P‫ذ‬F' NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NG./ ?G N GF' ‫ا‬GG
‫ف‬䅊 /‫و‬G7F' FG ‫ها‬FGّ ‫ة ⩅ت‬7‫ا‬. *‫ا‬.F7.G ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7o' )1N‫ر‬6 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬Fّ/G.G O‫ر‬.' ‫ة‬NG./ K‫ا‬G' ‫ها‬7GF ‫د‬. *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
‫ة‬F F NGN>F.F' *'1‫د‬F FFF' N ‫ة‬F F F F FN/‫ا‬NFF' *'1‫د‬F F F F F FF‫ا‬G J‫ا‬F F F F FG?g' *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G GF.q ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. FG ‫ها‬FGّ ‫ ⩅ت‬N NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬F/1
*/' /N/ J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' .‫ا‬G‫د‬F' ?G ‫ا‬GN7 g ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫ها‬G' N
Novo ( ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6 L' ‫د‬n FN' ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/) *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ف‬䅊 / ‫ا‬Gg>.7' O' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F‫ب‬
*‫ا‬7FG .GG7
ّ ‫ا‬G' ‫ا‬GG ‫ا‬o‫ن‬䘧g?' ‫ر‬6F ‫ف‬䅊 N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' 7&‫ا‬7N ‫ى‬F? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬G.?. ..‫ة ب‬NG1‫ا‬G‫د‬F' )Nordisk
‫ة‬N‫د‬FF‫ر‬Ng' )Ornua ( ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6 .FGّ ‫ا ⩅ت‬GFN. ‫?د‬. F? ‫ة‬NFNg' *g.‫ا‬FG' ''‫ر‬.) N GN>‫و‬.F' *‫ا‬.F7 J‫ا‬.F.7g ‫ة‬NGF1
?G N ‫?د‬. F? ‫ة‬NFNg' GN>‫و‬.F' *'1‫ا‬...' ''‫ر‬.) N GN>‫و‬.F' *‫ا‬.F7 J‫ا‬.F.7' FG ‫ها‬.FGّ G ‫ة‬NGF1 *‫ا‬7FG GNG7. FG
*‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' L' ‫د‬n J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ّ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/) *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ها‬.G‫ ?ر‬nF' *'1‫و‬7.F' G‫ذ‬G FG
:‫ة‬NF‫ا‬.F' ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G6g' /‫ر‬7F ‫ا‬FF?n ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' ‫ا‬G/1'‫و‬G )1'/) ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' .NF‫ا‬7g' ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?. J'‫ز‬. g ‫ة‬N‫ز'&ر‬n'
/1'‫و‬G' )1'/) *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. F.' FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' Jg>.7' ?F‫ ⩅ت‬nF' F&'‫?و‬F' NG ‫ا‬G : ‫ة‬7'‫در‬F' ‫ية‬F‫إشكا‬
‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F'
: ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬.F' ‫ة‬N?‫ر‬GF' *g(‫ا‬7.F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' /‫ر‬7 G.N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G6g' G‫ذ‬G Jg. FG : ‫ر?ية‬GF' ‫ة‬F‫ئ‬7‫ل‬䐣'
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' NG ‫ا‬G
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/) *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' NG ‫ا‬G
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/) ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F' *‫ا‬.F7.G' NG ‫ا‬G
: ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬.F' *‫ا‬N6‫ر‬GF' ‫ا>ة‬N7 ‫ة ⩅ت‬/N‫ر‬7G' ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G6g' F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.gF : ‫ة‬7'‫در‬F' ‫رضيات‬G
. ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/) *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF1 ?F‫ي‬䩅 F&‫ة ?ا‬N/‫ا‬NFF' *''‫ا‬GGF' 7FF ‫ب‬⠱.?N
. ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NFG? G?‫د‬. g ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N.
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' Jg>.7' ?F‫ي‬䩅 ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬76‫ا‬FF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' NG>‫و‬G 7‫ا‬7N' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' 7FF
. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/) *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
*‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g' ?F‫ي‬䩅 F&‫ة ?ا‬N/‫ا‬G' N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' /1'‫و‬G' 7FF ‫ب‬⠱.?N
. ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/)
2
: ‫ة‬7'‫در‬F' ‫هجية‬FG
‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/) *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ?F‫ ⩅ت‬nF' F&'‫?و‬F' ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G6) F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬F F .g' ‫د‬7F
‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬FF F FG?g' ‫&ة‬N. ‫ة‬7'1/ G‫د‬o ‫ة‬F‫ا‬o' ‫ة‬7'1/ .‫ه‬FG K'‫د‬..7' ‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ NGF.q N.‫ه‬FG ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' ‫⩅ت‬
‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' ‫ ⩅ت‬GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6) ?.'‫ر‬F' F7GF' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G
ّ ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG " FG?7N " ‫ة‬G‫و‬G7G K'‫د‬..7' Jg. FG GF0 N
‫د‬7F GF0 N ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F' *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 GNF? /‫ا‬G.?g' ‫ ⩅ت‬P‫ذ‬F' N ‫ة‬7'1‫ ّد‬F' G‫ذ‬G ?G GFG'‫و‬.F Pg‫د‬.7g' .‫ه‬FG'
GF' ‫ا‬GG ‫ن‬䙊‫ا‬/F' F7GF' FG 1-2 FG6F' G/6‫و‬N
ّ P‫ذ‬F' .0‫و‬FFGFF' ‫ة‬FّN.G' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.FF ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬.F7.G' ‫ة‬7'1/
F/FG' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G'
ّ L‫ا‬N..7g' K'‫د‬..7' ‫ا* ⩅ت‬.F7.G' G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ّر‬G‫و‬. O‫د‬G 1‫ا‬...' F.' FG N
*'1‫د‬FF' ‫ى‬F? FG.6. nF' N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
ّ *'1‫د‬FF' ‫ى‬F? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G ‫ّر‬G‫و‬. O‫د‬G 1‫ا‬...' O' G‫هد‬N P‫ذ‬F' 02 GF1
P‫ذ‬F' N )DigComp .01( .0‫و‬G ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' ‫ا ⩅ت‬GNG F‫ة‬N/‫ا‬G' N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' /1'‫و‬G' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6) ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF'
J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G NGّ>‫و‬G O‫و‬.7G 1‫ا‬...' F.' FG 03 F/FG' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G'
ّ L‫ا‬N..7g' ‫ف‬䅊 G>N‫ر‬G. ‫⩅ت‬
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF'
: ‫لوضوع‬䑅' ‫يار‬.‫با( 'خ‬7‫أ‬
: NFN ‫ا‬GNG ‫ها‬7N.F. FG‫ي‬䩅 nF' N ‫ة‬N?‫و‬6‫و‬G (‫ا‬.7' )‫? ّد‬F ‫وع‬F F F F6‫و‬G' '‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬F F F F F F7'1/ 1‫ا‬F F F N..' ‫⩅ت‬
//.F' .F‫ا‬. FG ?.6.. G nF' ‫ة‬F F F F F FG'‫ر‬F' ?F F F F FN6'‫و‬G' FG ‫ة‬F F F F F NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫ ّو‬F F F F F F F/.F' ‫وع‬6‫و‬G ‫ب‬⠱.?N
'‫د‬. ?N6'‫و‬G' G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬7'1/ ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F' L‫و‬G GF0 N ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 FG?.F' ّ N ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' FG /GF' O' .‫ا‬./ J'‫ز‬. g N NGF?F'
NFNF/ ?G'/ ‫ب‬⠱.?N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ‫ز'&ر‬n' GF0 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬o ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' L'‫د‬F.F' ‫ة‬F‫ا‬/ ‫ة‬7'1/ ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬Gّ‫ر‬. G *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' G‫ذ‬G L' ‫ا‬GG '‫ر‬.‫ؤ‬G
.‫ز'&ر‬.FF ‫ف‬䅊'‫>ر‬n' H‫ا‬7FF' FG6 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' ‫وع‬6‫و‬G ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F
//.F' '‫ذ‬G .&‫ا‬.FF F?n ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫>ة‬FF‫ ب‬N ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' L'‫د‬F.F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫وع‬6‫و‬G' '‫ذ‬G .FN‫ا‬F. nF' *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ّة‬FF
. G.7'1‫د‬. )1/‫ا‬.G' ‫ى‬F? //‫ا‬.F' ‫ز‬Gّ / ‫ة‬NGF? ‫ة‬GNF
. //.F' /'‫ف )?د‬䅊 )‫ا?د‬7G' ‫ا‬G‫أ‬6 FG nF' ‫ة‬NGF?F' 1/‫ا‬7G' N ?.'‫ر‬G' ‫ر‬G‫و‬.
: ‫ة‬7'‫ ّدر‬F' ‫د'ف‬G‫هية و أ‬䝅‫أ‬
P‫ا‬.F‫ ب‬N ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/) *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ?F‫ ⩅ت‬nF' ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F' F&'‫?و‬F' ‫د‬N‫د‬/ O' ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' G‫د‬o
G‫ذ‬G N7?N7 P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/) *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N F&'‫?و‬F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? .F>.FF ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG' ‫ة‬N.N.'?7g' G71
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' ‫وع‬6‫و‬G P‫>ر‬FF' 1‫ا‬7g' ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 GG‫ا‬7.7 /N/ N‫ه‬G' N N‫ي‬䩅/‫ا‬Gg' N.F‫ا‬n' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NG' ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F'
3
J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.‫?ر‬F' ‫>ة‬FF‫ة ب‬GّF‫ؤ‬G' ?.'‫ر‬G' )1‫د‬F F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬GN7 g N//‫ا‬.FF ?.‫ر‬G ‫ها‬F?n P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' J‫ا‬G?g' ‫اع‬7FF
*g‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬F/1 6‫و‬p ‫?ى‬7. nF' J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬FF ‫?ا‬.‫ر‬G ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .&‫ا‬.F L‫و‬G.7 GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6)
. ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬F' G‫ذ‬G Jg. G‫هه‬.'‫و‬. nF' F&'‫?و‬F' ‫ى‬F? .F>.FF ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG' *'''‫ر‬.g' 0‫ا‬0' FG G‫ه‬F Gّ G.7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
: ‫ة‬7'‫در‬F' ‫حدود‬
. 2022 O' 2018 FG ‫ة‬NFG‫ز‬F' )?GF' Jg. ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .‫ ⩅ت‬: ‫ية‬FG‫ز‬F' ‫لدود‬䐭'
*‫ا‬F F F 77‫ؤ‬G' FG ‫ة‬F F?‫و‬Go O‫و‬.7G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬FF ‫ن‬䙊'‫د‬F F F F F NG' .F‫ا‬n' /'‫ ⩅ت )?د‬: ‫ية‬F‫لكا‬䑅' ‫لدود‬䐭'
. ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬76‫ا‬FF' ‫ة‬N.F.g' N ‫ة‬F F F FNF7‫و‬F'
: ‫ة‬7'‫در‬F' G‫ي‬7‫ق‬.
J‫و‬7G ‫?ة‬.1' JNg' F‫ش‬㑅 /N/ NFN.7.F' .F‫ا‬n' N P‫>ر‬FF' .F‫ا‬n' ‫ا‬FG6. ّ NG7F O' ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .G7F ّ
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' )1'/) ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F ‫ن‬䙊‫ا‬/F' F7GF' 77.
ّ ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' O' F.‫د‬G JNg' F7GF' 1‫و‬/‫ ⩅ت‬FN'
‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F' *‫ا‬N./g' ‫?ة‬.'‫ر‬G ?.'‫ر‬F' F7GF' 7N70 ‫ا ⩅ت‬GNG /F‫ا‬/F' F7GF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/) ‫ة‬FGF1 1‫و‬p JN‫ا‬F. ‫ا ⩅ت‬GG
‫ة‬7'1‫ ّد‬F G7N70 ‫د ⩅ت‬FG 7G‫ا‬p' F7GF' ‫ا‬G' ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/) ‫ة‬FGF1 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' ‫وع‬6‫و‬G .FN‫ا‬F. nF'
‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' GF0 ‫?د‬. G....F .&‫ا‬.FF' ‫ة‬6F‫ا‬FG GF‫ذ‬G N *‫ن‬䘧‫ا‬FF F F F N.F' FFF F F F NF/ N ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬N.‫ه‬FG .FG6.
ّ nF' N ‫ة‬NFN.7.F'
. ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F' ‫ا⩅تة‬p‫ب‬
4
‫ا‪F‬فص‪ F‬ا‪䐣‬لول‬
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0g‫حو‬.F‫ا‬
ّ ‫ل‬䑉‫ ا‬F.‫د‬G HN‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬F7GF‫ا‬
: ‫ة‬G‫ ّد‬FG
?7'N FG6. ‫ر‬/) ‫ها‬G'‫د‬..7' J‫ا‬o ?7‫و‬. N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF ?7'‫و‬F' 1‫ا‬6.Fg' L) GNG G6 g ‫ا‬G
g ،NGF F F F F‫ر‬F' J‫و‬F F F F/.F' ‫ة‬NG./ *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? 6‫ر‬GN */ P‫ذ‬F' J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7F GF0 O ‫ا‬o )‫ا‬No' *g‫ا‬o o6 O
)Amazon , Google( 1'‫ى >ر‬F? )7F ‫ة‬NFG2 *'?G O ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F' G.FF/ P‫ذ‬F' -‫ا‬.FF' ?G ‫ا‬GN7
O ‫ى‬F>g' *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F' ‫ة‬G&‫ا‬F 3)1 ‫ى‬F? /‫و‬F?F ‫?ة‬.?G .F6 pF' ‫ة‬NG‫?ا‬F' *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F' O‫ب‬⠱G ‫ى‬F? H‫و‬G.F' FG .FG‫ ⩅ت‬pF'
‫ها‬NG 1‫ا‬G/.7g' o ‫ا‬G '0+ J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7FF ‫يها‬䩅‫د‬F. ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F FG‫ي‬䩅 pF' ‫ة‬FNFo' ‫ة‬GNFF' 7G?N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N G‫?ا‬F'
*g‫و‬/.FF ‫ة‬N/‫ؤ‬G' *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' GGg F7GF' '‫ذ‬G O H‫ر‬7.F' G.N7 3‫ا‬7g' '‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? N ، ‫ا‬Gg>.7' ‫ة‬NGNG ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G N
.NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?FF ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' *‫ها‬.‫و‬.F' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ )‫ا‬No' .F'‫و‬. GF.q ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬o'// N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0g‫حو‬.F‫ل ا‬䑉‫ة إ‬N/‫لؤ‬䑅‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬-1.1
F> O ).g' L‫و‬G. L) FG‫ي‬䩅 g ‫ا‬G) ‫ا‬GG /N‫د‬o' ‫ر‬7?F' O )‫د‬..7G' ‫ر‬G'‫>و‬F' FG ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F' ‫ب‬⠱.?. g
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' .NF‫ا‬7g/ *g‫ا‬N.F' ?G FG‫?ا‬.F' )‫ر‬G‫ >ا‬G‫?ا‬F' ‫هد‬6 /N/ ،‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' 9‫ا‬7F ‫ا‬G‫هد‬6N pF' ‫ة‬FG'‫ر‬F' *'1‫و‬7.F'
‫ة‬F F F F F/N‫د‬o' *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF 91‫ا‬7.G' 1‫و‬7.F' ?G GF F F F F) g+ )Urbach & Roglinger, 2019( 1990 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ذ‬FG
FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' .FN. /N/ ،NF. ‫ر‬/G) NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' )‫ر‬G‫ >ا‬./.7) *g‫ا‬o' ?No O ‫ها‬G'‫د‬..7' ‫?ة‬F1 9‫ا‬7 .' N
Urbach & Roglinger, ( ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' O' P/‫ؤ‬G' N7‫ا‬7g' FG‫?ا‬F' ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' L/ *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F'
*/‫د‬/ ‫د‬FG 9‫و‬6‫و‬G' ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬. K‫ا‬G.Gg' ‫د‬N'‫ز‬.N NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬F/1 O ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ة‬NGg '‫>ر‬F N ،)2019
‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬F/G.G' N ‫ة‬F F F F F F F F NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬F F F F F F F /.F' O' ‫ة‬F F F F F F FN/‫ؤ‬G ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' L‫و‬G. o/ ‫ا‬G‫ر‬G‫و‬. .n N‫?ا‬G +g/ *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F'
G‫ذ‬G .F7.. ‫ا‬GG ، J‫ا‬G?g' ''/) H‫ر‬7 O P1‫ذ‬n' N>.F' ‫ى‬F? )1‫د‬FF' : (Dehning et al .,2003) NFN
G‫ذ‬FF F G GG) NFN ‫ا‬GNG N ، K‫ها‬G' ‫ى‬F? P1‫ذ‬n' /‫أ‬.F' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ا‬Gg>.7g )‫د‬N‫د‬. *'1‫د‬F ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
. ‫ة‬N&o‫ز‬NGF' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' N ‫ة‬F F F F FNGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬F F F F FN.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' O' ‫ها‬GN7F. FGFF ‫ي‬䩅 pF' N ‫ة‬F F /N‫د‬o' *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
5
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬-1.1.1
‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬..FG' ?G .NF‫ا‬7g' GF..o FG‫?ا‬.. pF' *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' FG6.
: )Urbach & Roglinger, 2019(NFN ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬F/G.G 7&‫ا‬7. +g/ O ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' F? ‫ز‬NG.. ‫ا‬G)
*g‫ا‬N.F' 7F‫ا‬... ‫ز‬NG.. ‫ا‬G) ‫ا‬GG P/‫ا‬G' ‫ها‬FGNG F? ‫ة‬FfF NGN>‫و‬F' F7FG' F7G. pF' N ‫ة‬o‫ب‬⠱F' )/‫?ا‬+ ‫ى‬F? )1‫د‬FF'
GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p' *‫ا‬G.6FF ‫ة‬N.'‫ذ‬F' ‫ة‬N?.‫ر‬G' ‫?ة‬N.7F' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' ?G FG‫?ا‬.F' /N.N P‫ذ‬F'
‫ة‬F F F F F F F NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ها‬.>N7 O *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ?G FG‫?ا‬.. pF' *‫ا‬FN.7.F' N ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' *'‫ز‬N‫ه‬..F' FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' FG6..
/‫و‬F?F' O 91‫ا‬7.G 1‫و‬7. *‫هد‬6 ‫ا‬G1N‫د‬. pF' N ‫ة‬NG‫ذ‬F' G.'‫و‬G' N *'‫ر‬.‫و‬N.GGF' FF F F F F F /G )Binary code(
)>7 ‫ا‬F F F F FN.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ?F7 FG NGG.F' O' O/) P‫ذ‬F' *1 )1‫و‬G J/1‫ ( >و‬L‫و‬F‫ا‬F ‫ة‬N/g7 1'‫ر‬G.7' ..7. ).g'
)‫ا‬No' O ‫ا‬Gg>.7' )/o2 N ?7'‫و‬F' ‫ا‬G1‫ا‬6.F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7 P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ، FF) 1‫?ا‬7/ N ‫ر‬/G) ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬G ?G G.o'
‫ة‬NG‫ذ‬F' G.'‫و‬G‫ا‬G O‫ر‬.) ‫ة‬/N‫د‬/ *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. 9'?.' O' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G ).GF' *'1‫د‬FF' */) ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬NG‫و‬NF'
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' .N1/ O ‫ة‬NGF1 )‫ر‬G7 ‫ا‬G1N‫د‬. ./‫د‬/) pF' N ‫ة‬NG'1/g' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' N *‫ا‬FN.7.F' N
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' O' P/‫ؤ‬. pF' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' GG) NFN ‫ا‬GNG N
‫ة‬N.‫حا‬7F‫ة ا‬.7‫و‬o‫❖ ا‬
''‫ب‬⠱.N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫و‬FFp O‫ر‬N /N/ *g‫ا‬N.F' FNF/ *'1‫د‬F O )‫ر‬G7 ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' ‫ب‬⠱.?.
.F..7 ‫ا‬G) ‫ا‬GG .F?Fg' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. FG ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬.F' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G' F/‫ة ⩅ت‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' L) ‫د‬N'‫ز‬.G FG6. J‫ا‬G?g' )/‫ا‬FN ‫ا?ة‬F7F'
,0‫و‬G NG ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o‫ا‬G ، )Zhu et al ., 2016 , P 28 ( ‫ها‬FGG/ ‫ا?ة‬F7F' G‫ذ‬G O+ P1‫و‬/F' 1‫ا‬G..g'
K/'‫و‬F F F F p' N *‫ا‬G.6F‫ا‬G( ‫ة‬F F F F F F o‫ر‬G ‫ة‬F F F F FFN‫ر‬7. .F7F' ‫د‬F F F F F? *‫ا‬G.6F' O+ J‫و‬7‫و‬F' N ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' /1'‫و‬G ‫ة‬//+ FG FG‫ي‬䩅
‫ر‬G‫و‬. pF' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' FG 9‫و‬F ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ا‬GG (Heyong et al ., 2012 ) ( *g‫ا‬N.F' FN‫ز‬0 *‫ا‬/‫ا‬7G N *‫ا‬FN.7.F' N
( Hardware ) ‫ة‬F F F F .F7F' ‫ا‬F F F F N.‫و‬F‫و‬F FFG.F' N (Software ) *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F‫ا‬G ‫و'?ها‬F) GF..o *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.
FG FGF F ‫ا ⩅ت‬G) ‫ا‬GG .F?FgF ‫ة‬F F F FGN6.7G ‫ة‬F F FN‫?ز‬G K/'‫و‬. ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G/‫ا‬G.?' N .F?Fg' K'‫د‬..7' ‫ب‬⠱? *‫ا‬7FG' N
FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG ، )Kowalkiewicz et al ., 2017( NFp K/‫ا‬. K'‫د‬..7' 6‫* ?و‬g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬G N )1'/+ N FN‫ز‬0
*'1‫و‬.7‫ز‬F'?F' /‫ ?د‬L) ‫ى‬F? 7FN P‫ذ‬F' N 1965 K‫ ?ا‬F.F+ ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6 N77‫ؤ‬G ‫د‬/) 1‫و‬G LN/1‫ >و‬G‫ر‬G..' P‫ذ‬F' L‫و‬F‫ا‬FF' ‫و‬G ) 1‫و‬G J/1‫ ( >و‬L‫و‬F‫ا‬F * 1
.GF‫ا‬/ ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬o‫ر‬6F' ‫?ر‬7 ‫ى‬F.N N/ O NG‫ ?ا‬FG ‫ا‬.N‫ر‬F. G?‫ا‬6.N7 n‫?ا‬G' ‫ة‬o‫ر‬6 ‫ى‬F?
6
‫ة‬.‫ا‬/7F/ ‫ى‬G7N ‫ا‬G oF' (‫و‬7‫ا‬o/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' FN‫ز‬..F' *‫ا‬/‫ا‬7G FFF ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?. ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬GN‫?ر‬.
K‫د‬F. pF' )1‫و‬7.G' *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ز‬G'‫ر‬G ‫ى‬F? GF0 O )‫د‬G.?G .F?Fg' FN‫ر‬7 F? GNF+ J‫و‬7‫و‬F' G.N K/‫ا‬. 2‫ها‬. NG N
‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' Jg. FG GF0 N .G'‫ب‬⠱F' 6?. GG ‫ر‬G‫و‬. ‫ا‬G) O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،NG‫د‬..7GFF ).G FN‫ز‬0 *‫ا‬/‫ا‬7G
.2* ) 2.0 .NN ) .F?Fg' FG ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F' ‫ة‬.‫و‬G' ‫ا‬o‫ر‬GN pF' *g‫ا‬GGg'
(Hardwar) ‫ة‬.F7F' ‫ة‬N./.F' ‫ة‬NF.F' F/‫ ⩅ت‬pF' N /1'‫و‬G' NG *‫ا‬F.7 +g/ FG ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' L‫و‬G..
FG6. pF' N *‫ا‬7FG' ‫ة‬F.7 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ *‫ا‬G.6F' /1'‫و‬G N *g‫ا‬N.F' FN‫ز‬0 ‫ز‬G'‫ر‬GG (Software) *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F'N
K‫د‬..7G' K‫د‬0 pF' ‫ة‬/F‫ا‬/F' ‫ة‬F.7F' *‫ا‬FN.7.F' ‫ة‬F.7 F/‫ا ⩅ت‬GNG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' *‫ا‬G‫د‬. N *‫ا‬FN.7.F' N .F?Fg' K/'‫و‬.
FG ,0‫ا‬G +g/ ‫ة‬.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ر‬G‫و‬. GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، *g?‫ا‬G.F' N *gG‫?ا‬G' ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬G O K‫د‬..7. ‫ا‬G ‫ا‬.F‫ >ا‬N
(Software as F F. G‫?ر‬. N ‫ة‬G‫د‬.G *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F' NG N (Heyong et al ., 2012 ) *‫ا‬G‫د‬p'
‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،.. GMAIL , HOTMAIL F/G *‫ا‬FN.7.F' N *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F' ‫ة‬G‫د‬. G‫و‬. FG6. pF' N a Service)
K‫د‬F. /N/ ،(Infrastructure as a Service) F. G‫?ر‬. pF' N )‫ة‬N./.F' ‫ة‬NF.F'( ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7g' ‫ة‬NF.F' *‫ا‬G‫د‬. O+
)1'/+ ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬GG+ ?G *‫ا‬G.6F' N FN‫ز‬..F' *‫ا‬/‫ا‬7G N K/'‫و‬p' F/G ( Hardwar ) ‫ة‬.F7F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' *‫ا‬G‫د‬.
(Platform as ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' *‫ا‬F F F F7FG' *‫ا‬G‫د‬. ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' ‫ر‬F F G‫و‬. ‫ا‬GG ،‫ة‬F F F F F G‫د‬p' *‫ا‬NF‫ا‬G.' O+ Q'/‫ا‬F.7' *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F'
(Heyong ,0‫ا‬G ‫?ة‬.1) O' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' *‫ا‬G‫د‬. G7FF. N ، *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫&ة‬N. F? )1‫ا‬.? NG N a service )
/N‫ز‬G ‫ى‬G7N /F/ G‫ر‬7 Jg. FG 3‫ا‬FF' ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F )‫ر‬G‫و‬.G L‫و‬G. pF' N ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' O ‫ة‬F/G.G et al ., 2012 )
‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' *‫ا‬G‫د‬. ‫ر‬G‫و‬N P‫ذ‬F' ,0‫و‬GFF' NG N ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' N ... LN2‫ا‬G) N F>‫ة >و‬G‫ر‬6 F/G ‫ة‬.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬G‫د‬.
F.'/ *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. G7F Jg. FG ‫ا‬o1'/+ N ‫ها‬GNG7. G.N .F‫>ا‬F' O N ‫ة‬F F F F F F F7‫ا‬. *‫ا‬F F F F F FG.6 O
/‫و‬NF ‫ة‬N) LN/ FG N ‫ة‬G>FG' F.'/ FG ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' FG 9‫و‬FF' '‫ذ‬G O *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' N *g‫ا‬N.F' )1'/+ G .. FN) ‫ة‬F F F F F FG>FG'
N. ‫ة‬G?6G ‫ة‬.7‫و‬/ ‫ة‬NF. F/‫ي‬䩅 P‫ذ‬F' N ‫ة‬.‫ا‬/7F' ?G.o O /F‫ا‬/F' ,0‫و‬GFF' F/G.N ‫ا‬GNG ، ‫ة‬NFGg' GN‫ا‬q N) ‫ة‬NF‫و‬F‫ا‬F
‫ة‬F F F.7‫و‬o' FF F F F F/‫ي‬䩅 .g' 9‫و‬F F F F FFF' ‫ا‬G) ، ‫ة‬G?6G *‫ا‬G‫ا‬G.G/ ‫ز‬NG.N 5‫ا‬. ?G.o G?‫د‬. pF' *‫ا‬G>FG' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F'
. ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F' ‫ة‬.‫ا‬/7F' 9'‫و‬F) FG .N‫ز‬G F/‫ ⩅ت‬pF' N ‫ة‬FN.G'
‫ة‬F7 .FF7F' pF' N .F?Fg' ‫ة‬G.6 I‫و‬F7 N>. O+ */) pF' ‫ة‬NG.6F' *‫ا‬FN.7.F'N )‫د‬N‫د‬n' *‫ا‬NFF.F' FG ‫و?ة‬Go O+ 6N /F77G ‫و‬G 2.0 .NN *
2000
7
‫ة‬N.‫حا‬7F‫ة ا‬.7‫و‬o‫ا?ة ا‬F7 ▪
Zhu 'gG?FF ‫ة‬G‫د‬FG ‫ة‬G‫د‬. O+ ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' )1‫د‬F FN‫و‬/ O ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬/FF N7N&‫ر‬F' 1‫ا‬G..g' FGGN
‫ا‬G J‫ا‬G?) ,0‫و‬G N‫ه‬G ‫ة‬/N‫د‬/ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ا‬G‫و‬G O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ها‬F?n P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' )et al ., 2016 , P 30
Zhu et ( *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ة‬G‫د‬p ‫د‬N‫د‬. J‫ا‬G?) ,0‫و‬G ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' O GG.F' ..‫و‬.7N
*‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. *‫ا‬G‫د‬. 'gG?FF ‫ر‬G‫و‬N P1‫ا‬. 7‫ا‬6F F? )1‫ا‬.? ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o‫ا‬G ، )al ., 2016 , P 29
NG‫ ⩅ت‬Jg. FG G.o' *o/‫ا‬7.F' GNG‫ا‬GG ../N J‫ا‬G?) ,0‫و‬G ‫ا‬G) ‫ا‬GG FN.7.F'N FN‫ز‬..F'N ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' F/G ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F'
Zhu et al ., ( FF) GNF‫ا‬G.. *g‫ا‬N.F' FN‫ز‬0 ‫ز‬G'‫ر‬G N *‫ا‬FN.7.F' N ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' *‫ا‬G‫د‬. I1‫ا‬6. FG NG‫د‬..7G'
‫ة‬NF‫و‬7F' ‫ة‬GNFF' .>F. FN) J‫ا‬G?g' J‫ا‬o O ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ?7'N 1‫ا‬6.F' ‫هد‬6. ‫ها‬F?. P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' )2016 , P 28-29
G.77. ‫ا‬G 77‫و‬.G L) *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' .FN. ‫ا‬GNG 1gN/ 1‫ا‬NFG 330 (1‫ا‬FN ‫ا‬G 2020 ‫ة‬F7 O ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬/FF
)Nick , 2020( 2018 ‫ة‬F7F 1gN/ 1‫ا‬F F F FNFG 2.2 P'‫و‬/ ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. FF F F F F .) FG *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' 9‫ا‬7F ‫ى‬F? NG‫?ا‬F' H‫ا‬GFg' L) )IDC( ‫ة‬NFN‫د‬F' *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G .?F‫و‬. ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
‫ا‬GG ، )Zhu et al ., 2016 , P 39 ( ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ا?ة‬F7 ?G ‫ة‬F1‫ا‬FG G‫?ا‬6) ‫ة‬.7. ‫و‬GFN7
'‫>ر‬F N ، .FN P) O N L‫ا‬GG P) FG *g‫ا‬N.F' O' J‫و‬7‫و‬F' FG ‫ها‬FNG‫ ⩅ت‬..7. ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? J‫ا‬.Fg' L)
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ب‬⠱.?. FN) J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G O 1‫ا‬G/.7gF *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' *1// ‫د‬FG J‫ا‬G?g' G‫ ?ا‬O ‫ا?ة‬F7F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬NGg
9‫ا‬7F ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FGNG' )‫د‬/.G' *og‫و‬F' F.7. ‫ا‬GNG ، %32 ‫ة‬7/ ‫ة‬.‫ا‬/7F' *‫ا‬G‫د‬0 ‫د‬NN‫ز‬.F' O )‫'&د‬1 LN2‫ا‬G)
FF F F FN7F/ ‫و?ة‬..G 2019 ‫ة‬F7 O 1gN/ 1‫ا‬F F F FNFG 124.6 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬F‫ا‬GF+ >F. /N/ ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o'
9.5 F F F F F F F F. L‫ا‬F F F F.‫ا‬NF' N ‫ا‬F F F F FNF‫ا‬G' FG FG GF F F F G‫?د‬. n‫أ‬.F 1gN/ 1‫ا‬NFG 10 )‫د‬F F F F/.G' ‫ة‬F F F F FGFGG' o 1gN/ 1‫ا‬NFG 10.5
‫ة‬N/‫ا‬7.Fg' ‫ة‬GNFFF '‫>ر‬F 9‫ا‬7FF' '‫ذ‬o K‫ا‬G.Gg' ?.‫ر‬N ‫ا‬GG ، )Nick , 2020( P'‫و‬F F F .F' ‫ى‬F? 1gN/ 1‫ا‬NFG 7.4 N
‫ا‬G‫و‬G O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ G‫ر‬7/ ?G.o' O 1‫ا‬G..g' ‫ر?ة‬7 FG ‫د‬N‫ز‬. ‫ا‬G) GF0 N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ا‬G‫ر‬G‫و‬. pF'
‫ز‬NG?F/ )‫ر‬G..G' *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F'N ‫&ة‬6‫ا‬FF' *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6FF /G7N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' )‫د‬N‫د‬n' ?N1‫ا‬6G' '‫د‬. ‫ة‬GFG. 6G. ‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7.
‫ى‬F? F‫ه‬7F' FG /.7N /N/ G‫?ه‬G 7G‫ا‬F.F'N FN‫ر‬.f' F? G‫ه‬7GF) ‫ز‬NN‫ى ⩅ت‬F? Go‫ا?د‬7GN ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F' GG‫ا‬G?) ‫ى‬F?
‫ا‬GNG N )Zhu et al ., 2016 , P 30 ( 7F NG2 1‫ا‬7+ O NG‫ ?ا‬O‫و‬.7G O+ ‫ا‬G‫ا‬G?) ?N7‫و‬. *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F' G‫ذ‬G
. *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ة‬G>Fg ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' ,0‫ا‬GFF' N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' N. H‫ر‬GF' 1-1 JN‫د‬n' N.N NFN
8
P‫د‬NFF.F' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' ,0‫و‬G N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' N. ‫ة‬F1‫ا‬FG :1-1 HN‫د‬n‫ا‬
‫ة‬N.‫حا‬7F‫ة ا‬.7‫و‬o‫ا‬ P‫د‬NFF.F‫ ا‬.0‫و‬GFF‫ا‬
/6G.FG GNF'G. /6G.‫ل‬䐣' ‫شر'ء‬. /7'.F' /?G.‫ر‬G GNF'G. GNF‫ا‬G.F‫ا‬

FNG8‫و‬GF' H /F'N7F' H 0'N.G‫ر‬.F'H
‫ر‬N‫طو‬.F‫ ا‬/1N/
/NGN.'G‫و‬.‫ل‬䐣'H /N.'6F' /G/.F' /F'‫ح‬.7' OF' P/‫ؤ‬. H‫و‬7‫ل‬䐣' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F' /7H/
6NGF.F' NG /?‫ر‬7F' ‫ذ‬NGF.F‫ ا‬N
H'GG P‫ أ‬FG H‫و‬7‫و‬F' /77‫ؤ‬GF' F.'/ FG H‫و‬GN H‫و‬7‫و‬F' H‫و‬7‫و‬F‫ة ا‬F‫هو‬7
//N/. G‫'ئ‬8H /'/‫ح‬.7'H ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. FG H‫و‬GN H .FH .F7.N G‫'ئ‬8‫و‬F' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ?N7‫و‬. ‫ة‬NF.‫ا‬F
.F‫و‬F' NG H .F‫ر‬.Fg' ‫ر‬.? H‫و‬GN /77‫ؤ‬GF' 0'N.G‫ر‬. Hg.
GF..G. F7.G H‫و‬GN 'GG NFNF‫ح‬F' G&‫و>ا‬F‫ا‬
/6G.‫ل‬䐣'
H .F‫و‬F' 7'7‫ أ‬OF? H‫و‬GN ?G/F' ‫ث‬N‫ح‬. ، .F7F' /H70 /N.F.F ‫ه‬GNG7. G. ‫ة‬FN‫لر‬䑅‫ا‬
FN/?.F' H‫و‬GN ‫ث‬N‫ح‬. /G/.F' .F7 ?G H'G?g' 0'‫ّر‬N‫غ‬.F /.'..7g' .?7.
8'G.F' /F? ‫ض‬G.FN NGNG'FN/ /7'‫و‬GF' G'/..7' NG 8'G.F'
.F7F'
( Zhu et al ., 2016 ) : 1‫د‬7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬
9
/‫ي‬䨱.GF‫ ا‬0g‫ا‬N.F‫ ا‬FNF‫ا ⨭ت‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ❖
FG ‫ها‬NF? F7‫م‬䕱' N )‫د‬F?G' N ‫ة‬7.'?G' *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫و'?د‬F FG ‫و?ة‬Go F? )1‫ا‬.? NG ).GF' *g‫ا‬N.F'
*g‫ا‬N.F' /F77G ‫ >هر‬/N/ ، (OECD , 2013) ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' .NF‫ا‬7g/ ‫ها‬.n‫?ا‬G .?7N pF' N ‫ة‬GF.q 1/‫ا‬7G
Internet of ( '‫ا‬F F F F F F N6g' .F?F) 1‫و‬F F F F F‫ >ه‬..7. *g‫ا‬N.F' FG‫د‬.F ‫د‬N'‫ز‬.G' ‫و‬GFF' ?G FG'‫ز‬.F/ ).GF'
> *g‫ا‬N.F' G‫ذ‬F F F F F G FG .GF' '‫ز‬F F F F F n' ‫ب‬⠱.?N N ،‫ة‬F F F F F FNG‫ذ‬F' G.'‫و‬G' N *‫ا‬FN.7.F' N ) Web 2.0 )N )Things
GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، (Winkelhake , 2017,p.49) ‫ة‬N‫ي‬䩅‫د‬F.F' 6N‫?ر‬F' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬N‫د‬NGF' N 1‫و‬7F‫ا‬G ‫ة‬F F FFGN‫ه‬G
O' 6N P‫ذ‬F' N )Metadata( GNF? /F77N */ ‫ا‬G 1‫ >هو‬O' *g‫ا‬N.F' G./ O ).GF' )/o‫ز‬F' */) ‫د‬FG
*‫ا‬F F F F FF‫ا‬N.F' FG ?F F F 7'N H‫ا‬7F O' 6N P‫ذ‬F F F F FF' )Hyperdata( /F77G N O‫ر‬.g' *g‫ا‬N.F/ ‫ة‬FF?.G' *g‫ا‬N.F'
)‫هز‬.) N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' F6G. ‫ة‬NG‫?ا‬F' N ‫ة‬NF‫م‬䕱' 1/‫ا‬7G' GF.q FG ‫ها‬FN7/ o pF' N ‫ا‬o ‫ة‬FF?.G' *g‫ا‬N.F' N
.) Mark , 2016( 1‫?ا‬6.7g'
/‫ي‬䨱.GF‫ ا‬0g‫ا‬N.F‫ ا‬0‫زا‬N‫م‬䕅 ▪

‫ة‬F/G.G' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ا?ة‬F7 J‫ا‬o O N7..G' F.F FG ).GF' *g‫ا‬N.FF *'‫ز‬NG ?.1) ‫د‬N‫د‬/ o
: )Zhu et al ., 2016 , P 28 ( NFN ‫ا‬GNG
. )Petabyte PB( .N/‫ا‬.N.F/ ‫ها‬7‫ا‬NF G.N pF' N *g‫ا‬N.F' G./ ‫ب‬⠱G O' 6N N G.o'
... ‫ة‬NG'‫>ر‬n' *g‫ا‬N.F'N *‫ا‬G‫و‬N‫د‬NGF' N 1‫و‬7F' F/G *g‫ا‬N.F' 9'‫و‬F) /‫?د‬. O' 6N 9‫و‬F.F'
. ).GF' ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬7.Fg' ‫ة‬GNFF' *'0 *g‫ا‬N.F' O' ‫ة‬GNFF' 6.
. *g‫ا‬N.F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬G O ‫ر?ة‬7F' O' 6. ‫ر?ة‬7F'
‫?ها‬G FG‫?ا‬.F' .NF‫ا‬7/ ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' *g‫ا‬N.F' F? NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' O .GF' *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ز‬NG.. GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
P‫ا‬og' 1‫و‬7.F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬G‫ر‬. ‫ا‬G‫و‬G O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ .F?Fg' ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G L‫و‬G. ‫ا‬G) ‫ا‬GG NFNFo' .F‫و‬F' O ‫ها‬.n‫?ا‬G G.. /N/
‫و‬GFN ).GF' *g‫ا‬N.F' G./ L) NGN‫ر‬Gg' .F?Fg' *g‫ا‬N. ‫ز‬G‫ر‬G N. /N/ 91‫ا‬7.G' ‫و‬GFF/ ‫ا‬G‫ز‬N‫? ⩅ت‬G )‫ر‬G‫>ا‬FF
. )Zhu et al ., 2016 , P 28 ( o‫و‬F7 ‫&ة‬G/ 50 J‫?د‬o
10
)Data Mining( : /‫ي‬䨱.GF‫ ا‬0g‫ا‬N.F‫ة ا‬n‫?ا‬G N FNF‫▪ ⨭ت‬
‫ة‬.7FF/ ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬7.F' ‫ة‬GNF O' *g‫ا‬N.F' FN‫و‬/.F N7N&‫ر‬F' -‫ا‬.GG' ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬G ‫ة‬NFG? ‫ب‬⠱.?.
>F' N ‫ة‬6G‫>ا‬F' *g‫ا‬N.F' 1/‫ا‬7G FG .G /‫ب ?د‬⠱? ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G' FF. N G71 ‫ة‬NFG? F? )1‫ا‬.? N‫ه‬G ، J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
.F‫و‬F' O ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG' *'''‫ر‬.g' 0‫ا‬0' N J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7F *‫ها‬.‫و‬.. ‫ؤ‬.F.F' FG )/‫ا‬NFF' FG‫ ⩅ت‬pF' N ‫ة‬N&'‫و‬6?F' N ‫ة‬FG.GG
‫ة‬n‫?ا‬G F.) FG ‫ة‬F/‫ا‬.G *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' FG ‫د‬F F F F N‫?د‬F' ./.7) ‫ا‬GG ، )Zhu et al ., 2016 , P 31 ( .7‫ا‬FG'
GF?.F' *‫ا‬NG21'‫و‬. F/G ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' FNF/.F' .NF‫ا‬7) *1‫د‬F *2N‫ا‬. pF' N ‫و?ة‬F.G' *g‫ا‬N.F' FG GGF' '‫ذ‬G
FF F F F F FG6 O *‫ا‬F F F F FF‫ا‬N.F' 1‫>ها‬+ N ,'‫ر‬..7' FG FG‫ ⩅ت‬pF' N (Deep learning Algorithms ) FNG?F'
‫و'?د‬F GNG7. FG FG *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬G N FNF/ ‫ة‬NFG? FG6. ‫ا‬GG NGN.‫ا‬G‫و‬.N) FG6. N /6'N NFN/‫ ⩅ت‬N ‫ر‬F F F F F7.q
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Zhu et al ., 2016 ( ‫ة‬N1'/g' ‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G' .F. ‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7N *g‫ا‬N.F' FNF/ ‫ة‬NFG?F FNF‫د‬F' ,0‫و‬GFF' L) *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F'
*'1‫ا‬N. N )‫د‬N‫د‬. O*1 '‫ا‬7?+ FG ‫ها‬FG‫) ⩅ت‬.GF' *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' )1‫د‬F L) ‫ا‬GG ، ), P 32
‫ة‬NF.F.7G' +'‫د‬/g/ ‫ؤ‬.F.F' N *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F' ‫ها‬G‫د‬F. pF' ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬GF' F/G *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6FF ).G *g‫ا‬GG+ G‫و‬. ?G FG?FF ‫و?ة‬F.G
.FG‫ا* ⩅ت‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG /GF' L) /N/ ، (Winkelhake, 2017,P. 51-50) *g‫ا‬N.F' GNNF. N ?NG. J‫ا‬o O
)‫ا‬G‫ما‬䕱' N FG?F' *‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./' ‫ة‬N.F. N *‫ا‬..FG' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. J‫ا‬o O ).GF' *g‫ا‬N.F' FNF/ Jg>.7' FG
N?‫ا‬G..g' I‫و‬F7F' FNF/.F ‫ة‬N7N&1 FG? )'/) ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ب‬⠱.?. GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، )Najafabadi,2015(
)Walmart( ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6 1'‫ى >ر‬F? ،N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' *‫ا‬G.6 N ‫ة‬F F F NF‫ا‬G' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ‫ز&ة‬..F/ ?N.F' 9‫ا‬7F O ‫ة‬7‫ا‬.
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‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ر‬.‫ا‬q O ‫ها‬FNF/.. K‫و‬F. pF' N *g‫ا‬N.F' FG .N/‫ا‬.N. L‫و‬NFG 2.5 FG ‫ر‬/G) ..FN ‫ا‬G ‫ا?ة‬7 FG ‫ها‬F&/‫ز‬F
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65 P'‫و‬/ )MasterCard( NG‫?ا‬F' ?G‫د‬F' K‫>ا‬F ..FN /N/ *g‫ا‬N.F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' 9‫ا‬7F F.7N
F.) FG ‫ها‬FNF/.. K‫و‬FN pF' N )MasterCard( ‫ة‬F F F F F‫ا‬7.F FF FG‫ا‬/ 1‫ا‬NFG 15 Jg. FG ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FG‫?ا‬G 1‫ا‬NFG
*g‫ا‬N.F' FG .GF' GGF' '‫ذ‬G '‫>ر‬F N ، )Mark , 2016 ,p .69( GF‫ه‬.7G' N J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ها‬.‫و‬. ‫ى‬F? G‫?ر‬.F'
‫ها‬FG‫ي‬䩅 F/G) H‫ر‬7. ‫ا‬Gg>.7' N ‫ها‬FNF/ N ‫ها‬F F F F F.n‫?ا‬G FG *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FF F F FG‫ ⩅ت‬L‫إ‬G NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬F F 7?F' O ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G ../ pF'
G‫ه‬G FG *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG‫ي‬䩅 *g‫ا‬N.F' G‫ذ‬G G‫ه‬G N FNF/ L) GF0 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. O ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG' N '‫ا‬F.F' FG
11
0‫ا‬0' FG NGG.F' P‫ا‬.F/ N GG> N '‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F' N F&/‫ز‬F' N FN/1‫و‬G‫ا‬G NF?‫ا‬GF' GF.q N J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7F *‫ها‬.‫و‬.
GF‫ه‬.7G' *‫ا‬.>1 .7‫ا‬F. pF' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N *‫ا‬..FG' GNG7. N ‫ة‬F F F F .7‫ا‬FG' *‫ا‬N.N.'?7g' G71 N ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬GF' *'1'‫ر‬FF'
).GF' *g‫ا‬N.FF ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' ‫ة‬GNFF' .>F. /N/ ‫ة‬GNFF' FF. O )/o‫ز‬F' FG ).GF' *g‫ا‬N.F' FNF/ ‫ة‬NFG? FG‫ا ⩅ت‬GG
‫ا‬GN‫ر‬G) O .g' K‫د‬..7GFF ‫ة‬.7FF/ ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' ‫ة‬GNFF' *1‫د‬F ‫ا‬GNG N1‫و‬N 1‫ا‬NFG 250 /N1/ *‫ا‬FNG‫أ‬.F' ‫ا?ة‬F7 O
6G. O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫&ة‬G/ 60 ‫ة‬.7F. -/1g' J‫?د‬G )/o2 FG ‫ز&ة‬..F/ ?N.F' 9‫ا‬7F .FGG ‫ا‬GG، 1gN/ 1‫ا‬NFG 700 F .
Zhu ( ‫ا?ة‬F F F F F FF7F' 9‫ا‬7F F F F FF O ‫ة‬F F F F F&G/ 7 ‫ة‬.7F. *‫ا‬NFG?F' GNF‫ا‬G. N ‫&ة‬G/ 5 ‫ة‬.7F. ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F' N ?NG..F' GNF‫ا‬G.
*‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' .‫ه‬.‫و‬. ).GF' *g‫ا‬N.F' G./ O 91‫ا‬7.G' ‫و‬GFF' ?G N ، )et al ., 2016 , P 32
‫ة‬n‫?ا‬G *g‫ا‬N. ‫ز‬G‫ر‬G 12 '‫ا‬F. FG ‫ا‬G‫د‬/‫و‬F 2013 ‫ة‬F7 O F>‫ة >و‬G‫ر‬6 .FG‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G O 1‫ا‬G/.7gF
G‫ذ‬G ?G N ،)Mark ,2016, p. 69( ‫ا‬NG‫و‬N L‫و‬G‫د‬..7G' ‫ها‬..FN pF' *g‫ا‬N.F' FG .N/‫ا‬.N. 20 P'‫و‬/
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ى‬F? FG?F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G'‫ز‬F */ ‫د‬FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ها‬.6‫ر‬G pF' )‫د‬N‫د‬n' *‫ها‬.‫و‬.F'
‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G N /6'N 1‫و‬7. O' J‫و‬7‫و‬F' F.) FG ‫ها‬FNF/ O ‫ة‬F‫د‬F' ‫ى‬F? 5‫ر‬o' ?G *g‫ا‬N.F' G‫ذ‬G G‫ه‬G N FNF/ FG ‫ها‬FG‫⩅ت‬
)‫?د‬F ‫ة‬N&'‫و‬6?F/ ‫ز‬NG.. .F?Fg' ‫ب‬⠱? ‫?ة‬Go' K‫ا‬p' *g‫ا‬N.F' L) /N/ ، ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG' *'1'‫ر‬FF' 0‫ا‬0' FG ‫ها‬FG‫ة ⩅ت‬FNF/
‫ر‬Gg' (‫ا‬7o' 7GFF *o‫و‬G' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' K'‫د‬..7' N) */‫ا‬7/ )‫?د‬F 7.6F' 7GF Ig.G' 1'‫ى >ر‬F? (‫ا‬.7)
. )Zhu et al ., 2016 , P 32 ( ‫?ة‬Go' *g‫ا‬N.F' O ('‫ر‬76' O' P/‫ؤ‬N P‫ذ‬F'
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FG'‫?و‬F' ‫د‬/) FG6. pF' ‫ة‬FG‫ا‬G.G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' FG *‫ا‬FN.7.F' O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ب‬⠱.?. /N / ، ‫ا‬G> N ‫ة‬N7.6F'
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‫هد‬6. G.'‫و‬G' *‫ا‬FN.7. *)‫د‬. FN) 2008 O ‫د‬NN1‫د‬Fg' G?‫د‬. pF' ‫ة‬NG‫ذ‬F' G.'‫و‬G' N 2007 O ( J‫و‬NG‫ل‬䐣‫) ا‬
FG6NF ‫ا‬o‫ا‬G'‫د‬..7' J‫ا‬o ?7‫و‬. O+ O/) P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ،‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬o L‫ا‬7Fg' K‫ا‬G.G' ?G ‫ا‬GN7 g .G ‫ا‬.'N1
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(Winkelhake , 2017,P .52) ‫ا‬G> N ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' *‫ا‬7FG N Amazon ،
12
*‫ا‬G‫د‬. K'‫د‬..7' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' O+ J‫و‬7‫و‬F' FG FG‫ ⩅ت‬pF' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' GF. ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ا‬GG
FG FG‫ا ⩅ت‬GG 2‫ها‬. ‫ة‬N) FG N L‫ا‬GG P) FG N .FN P) O )‫د‬N‫د‬. FG? H‫ر‬7 FF. N *g‫ا‬7.g'
O+ J‫و‬7‫و‬F' ‫د‬7F G.1‫ا‬. L‫و‬GN ‫ا‬G‫د‬F? G..Go J‫ا‬7.g' FG GFNG‫ ⩅ت‬Jg. FG G>‫و‬G' ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬.F+ N ‫ة‬NF?‫ا‬G )/o2
(European '‫ا‬7.g' FNFF. N ‫ة‬NN‫د‬NF' *'''‫ر‬.g' .F. N .F‫و‬F' /.1 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫و'?د‬F
(Desemery ( Capgemini Consulting) ‫هد‬F F?G ‫ا‬o K‫ا‬F ‫ة‬7'1/ .FN. ‫ا‬GG commission, 2019)
‫د‬N1‫و‬.F' ‫ة‬F7F7 )1'/+ ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬G )/o2 N ‫ة‬NFG?F' )'‫ا‬GGF' FG ‫د‬N‫ز‬. ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' L/ et al ., 2013)
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*‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G GN‫?ر‬. G.N NFN ‫ا‬GNG N ،N?‫ا‬F7F' '‫ا‬G‫ذ‬F' J‫ا‬.o 7..‫ر‬G ‫ا‬GgG N ‫ة‬Ff' GF?. ?G ‫ها‬G‫هو‬GG O (1‫ا‬F..
. (Sommer, 2017) GNG‫ا‬GG' N. H‫ر‬GF' ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N
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13
)Machine learning ( ‫ة‬Ff‫ ا‬GّF?. ▪
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H'‫و‬7) O J‫و‬.‫د‬F' ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬GG+ ?G )‫د‬N‫د‬. *‫ا‬G‫د‬. N *‫ا‬..FG FF. N NNF‫ا‬o' 'gG?F' '‫ذ‬G N /‫د‬. 'gG?F ‫د‬Nn'
J/‫ا‬.. FG NGG.F‫ا‬G *‫ا‬w )‫?د‬. ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ز‬NG.. GF0 O' ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6+ (Marek et al ., 2017) )‫د‬N‫د‬.
. O‫ر‬.) *'‫ز‬NG )‫ ?د‬O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ?F'‫و‬G' .F?. N ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ة‬NF.‫ا‬F ?G ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ب‬⠱? *g‫ا‬N.F'
(Blockchain) F.GF‫ ا‬F7g7 ❖
.F‫ا‬FF F F F >F' O ‫ا‬FF F F F‫ه‬G'‫د‬..7' G.N pF'N 2008 ‫ة‬F7 O )‫ر‬G JNg FF F F .GF' F7g7 ‫ة‬NFF. *‫>هر‬
FF F F F.‫د‬. LN/ FG NG‫ر‬7 N. ‫ة‬F‫و‬/‫و‬G' *‫ا‬Fg?F' '‫ا‬6F+ FG NGG.F' O+ G‫د‬o ‫ا‬G) /N/ ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' *‫ا?ا‬F7F' O
FG. ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' *gG‫?ا‬G' >G/ ‫ا‬G) GF0 N ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G6F' )‫د‬.G ‫ى‬F? F.GF' F7g7 ‫ة‬NFF. ‫د‬G.?. ‫ا‬GG '‫ا‬77‫و‬F'
'‫ا‬F/) NFG‫?ا‬.GFF FG‫ي‬䩅 /N/ ‫ة‬F/F' L‫ا‬G6 ?G NG‫ز‬F' ‫ها‬.N.‫ر‬. .7/ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬G6 ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. *‫ا‬G.6F' O G'‫ر‬7g'
6‫ا‬Gp‫ا‬G *'2‫ا‬N.Gg' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' /N.. ‫ا‬GG ،‫ة‬FG‫?ا‬G' '‫ا‬F/) P‫ا‬/F' G‫ر‬7F' *g‫ا‬N. FG ‫د‬G‫أ‬.F' FG ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' *g/‫ا‬.G'
FG .FGG ‫د‬FG GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، 7N7‫و‬F' 1N/ '‫>ا‬F+ N G'‫ر‬7g' N. ‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G' FG‫?ا‬.F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G/‫ا‬G.?g GNF‫ا‬G.F'
.(Winkelhake , 2017,P .68) J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G O ‫ة‬7..G' ‫&ة‬6‫ا‬FF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' '‫ا‬6F+
14
O (Bitcoin) *‫ا‬GFG G./ F7N FN) F.GF' F7g7 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. G‫هد‬6. P‫ذ‬F' ‫و‬GFF' G>1 N
g+ (Nian & Chuen . 2000) GB 100 O+ 2017 NGF‫ا‬. O F7NF GB 20 O+ 2014 ‫ر‬.‫و‬.G)
‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' G‫ه‬.F‫ش‬㑅 FN‫ذ‬F' ''1‫د‬G' FG %77 L) (Gartner) ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ا‬o .G‫ا‬F ‫ة‬7'1/ .../) 2018 ‫ة‬F7 O GF)
O‫د‬G' O ‫ة‬NFF.F' G‫ذ‬G N..F L‫و‬77p %8 7FG N/ O F.GF' F7g7 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. F... g Go‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G L) '‫و‬../)
(Gartner , 2018) 7FF'
(Cyber Security ) ‫ن‬䙊N?GNF‫ل‬䐥‫ ا‬FG‫ل‬䐣‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ❖
O+ G‫د‬o pF' *‫ا‬NFG?F' N *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' N N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' FGNG' O+ PN?GNFg' FGg' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. 6.
5‫ا‬.6g' N .F?Fg/ ‫ة‬F7.G' *'‫ر‬.‫و‬N.GGF' GF0 O ‫ا‬o NG‫د‬..7G' /1'‫و‬G N *‫ا‬F F F F F77‫ؤ‬G' N NF F F F F F GF‫ر‬F' G‫?ا‬F' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o
‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' *‫ا‬F F F F G.G' FG ‫ة‬F F F F F F‫ز‬.G' *‫ا‬F F F F F G‫و‬F?G' N *g‫ا‬7.g' ‫ة‬F F F F G>F) N *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N *‫ا‬FN.7.F' N ‫ة‬N./.F' F.F' N
‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' G&'‫ر‬n' 9‫ا‬G.1g '‫>ر‬F '‫د‬. G‫ه‬G PN?GNFg' FGg' ‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫ا‬GG ،‫ة‬NF‫و‬F‫ا‬F > H‫ر‬7. ‫ها‬NF' J‫و‬7‫و‬F' ?FG N
*‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫د‬.G. O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ها‬G'‫هد‬.7' o ‫ة‬NGF1 *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬.7 F7) FG ‫ة‬7o L) *‫ا‬N&‫ا‬7/g' .FN. /N/
‫ا‬GN‫ر‬G) O ‫ة‬GN>N 200.000 FG ‫ر‬F F F F F F /G) )1‫ا‬7. N 1gN/ 1‫ا‬F F F F NFG 575 O+ 375 FG ‫ر‬F F F F F &‫ا‬7.
/1'‫و‬G' ‫ة‬Gg7 N ‫ة‬//+ ?G ‫ة‬N‫ر‬7F' L‫ا‬G6 O' PN?GNFg' FGg' ‫ا?ة‬F7 G‫د‬o GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،‫ا‬F F F F F F F F F F F FG‫د‬/‫و‬F
‫ة‬G'‫ر‬6F' N *g?‫ا‬G.F' N *o‫و‬G' N *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. NGF‫ر‬F' G‫?ا‬F' ‫ر‬7‫ا‬q FG NG‫د‬..7G' N *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
. (Marek et al ., 2017) NF‫و‬/‫و‬G' N FN/1‫و‬G' ?G
/‫ا?د‬7‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬0‫ا‬N/‫ل‬䐣‫❖ ا‬
‫ة‬G>F) GF.q N PN?GNFg' GF?.F' N *gN‫د‬G' N N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' 7&‫ا‬7N )‫ا?د‬7G' *'N/g/ ‫د‬7FN
gN‫د‬. ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G ./.7) ‫ا‬GG ،O‫ا‬F/F' J‫و‬/.F' O' P/‫ؤ‬. pF' FG'‫?و‬F' GG) FG ‫ب‬⠱.?. ../ pF' ‫ة‬F7'‫ر‬G'
?G N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' N. N' ‫ة‬G>FG' K‫ا‬7F) N. F7'‫و‬.F' F&‫ا‬7N GG) ‫ب‬⠱.?. ).g' .F‫ا‬G /N/ G.‫ا‬G' N FN‫ي‬䩅g' F?
F7'‫و‬.F' *'N/) .F‫ا‬G ‫ا‬GFN. FG?F' H‫ر‬G )‫د‬.G ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N -‫و‬.GG' LN‫?ا‬.F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬FNG‫ ⩅ت‬O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ N.1‫ا‬p' ‫ها‬7Np
7&‫ا‬7N */) ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، (Winkelhake , 2017,P. 55 .) ‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G' 1'‫و‬o' O' G‫د‬o ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F'
‫ة‬Ff' N /‫ر‬GF' N. N /'‫ر‬Gg' N. F7'‫و‬.F' O )/o‫ز‬F' ‫و‬G N 7‫ر‬GG' J‫ا‬7.g/ ‫ى‬G7N ‫ا‬G 1‫ >هو‬O' N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F'
15
/'‫ر‬F F F FGg' F?‫ا‬G. ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7 ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬/‫ؤ‬N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ‫و‬G N ، ‫ة‬G>FG' N GF‫ه‬.7G' N. N ‫ا‬F F F‫ه‬FN. ‫ا‬F F FGNG *‫ا‬FG>FG' N. N
P/‫ؤ‬N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬F F F F F Gg' ‫ها‬FN. ‫ا‬GNG *‫?ا‬G.o' F?‫ا‬G. GF‫ذ‬G N ‫ها‬6?. ?G *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' F?‫ا‬G. ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7 N G‫ه‬Gg‫ه‬.7' N
/1'‫و‬G' N7/.F )‫د‬N‫د‬. H‫ر‬7 1‫ا‬G..' N 'gG?F' O' J‫و‬7‫و‬FF )‫د‬N‫د‬. *'‫و‬FF /.G N J‫ا‬G?g' )'‫ا‬GG )/o2 O'
. (Marek et al ., 2017) )N‫ر‬F F F/F' N ‫ة‬F F F F G‫?ر‬G' N /'‫ر‬Gg' N *‫ا‬F F F F F G‫د‬p' N ?F7F' ‫ة‬G‫ر‬/ )/‫ا‬F F F F F FNF N
‫ة‬N&o‫ز‬NGF‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬-2.1.1
)‫ر‬G..G' ‫ة‬N&o‫ز‬NGF' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' 1‫ >هو‬O' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫هد‬6. P‫ذ‬F' .GF' 1‫و‬7.F' O/)
9'‫د‬.g' ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7F ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. *‫ا?ا‬7FF' GF.q O ‫ة‬N1‫ذ‬. *'N>. +'‫د‬/+ O+ */) ‫ا‬G1N‫د‬. pF' N
‫ا‬F F FN.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. N )/‫ا‬F F F F F F NFF' ‫ة‬F F F F F F N.'0 *‫ا‬.G‫ر‬G' N */‫و‬.N‫ر‬F' N /‫?ا‬.g' ‫ة‬N/g/ ‫?ة‬.‫ا‬7F' O ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G F/G.. /N/
. ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' FG ‫ا‬G> N ‫و‬F‫ا‬FF'
/‫?ا‬.‫ل‬䐣‫ة ا‬N/g/ ‫ا?ة‬.‫ط‬F‫❖ ا‬
F/G.. pF' N ( Additive Manufacturing ) ‫ة‬N?NG..F' *‫ا?ا‬F7F' GF‫ذ‬G ‫ها‬NF? FF7N

‫>ة‬N7F' O /‫?ا‬.g' N/g/ G71 FG ‫ا‬Fg7F' ‫ة‬F.7 ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬F.7 ‫ا?ة‬.7 FN‫ر‬7 F? ‫ة‬N&o‫ز‬NGF' K‫ا‬7.g' ?NF7. ‫ة‬NFG? O
‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' .G'‫ب‬⠱F' Jg. FG *‫ا‬..FG' ‫ة‬.F'‫ر‬G FG NGG.F' O' /‫?ا‬.g' ‫ة‬N/g/ ‫ا?ة‬.7F' K'‫د‬..7' P/‫ؤ‬N ‫ا‬GG ،‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
.J‫ا‬G?F' GNF‫ا‬G. 6‫ا‬Gp' ?G ‫د‬N1‫و‬.F' F7g7 /N‫د‬/ N ‫?ها‬... N ,‫ا‬.Fg' *‫ا‬NFG? F/'‫ر‬G FG O' J‫و‬7‫و‬F' N
‫ا?ة‬F7 1'‫ى >ر‬F? *‫ا?ا‬7FF' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' O FG'‫ر‬F' .F‫و‬F' O /‫?ا‬.g' ‫ة‬N/g/ ‫ا?ة‬.7F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. K‫د‬..7.
K‫د‬F.F' ‫?د‬. ‫ا‬GN7 g O‫ر‬.g' *‫ا?ا‬F7F' GF.q O ‫ا‬G1‫ا‬6.F' ?F‫و‬.G' FG N ،‫ة‬N.7F' *‫ا?ا‬F7F' N L'7F' N *'1‫ا‬N7F'
% 2000 ‫ة‬.7F. ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G K'‫د‬..7' J‫?د‬G ‫و‬GFN L ) ?F‫و‬.N /N/، GNF‫ا‬G.F' /‫و‬NF ‫ر‬7G O+ O/) P‫ذ‬F'
)‫ ?د‬O *gN‫و‬/ +'‫د‬/+ O' /‫?ا‬.g' ‫ة‬N/g/ ‫ا?ة‬.7F' */) ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، 2030 ‫ة‬F7 O' 2015 ‫ة‬F7 FG
G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬77'‫و‬. ?F7. ?G7F' ‫ى‬F? )‫ا?د‬7G' ogp' FG % 90 L) GF0 N ‫ة‬N.7F' ‫ا?ة‬F7F‫ا‬G *‫ا?ا‬F7
*‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG‫ي‬䩅 P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ?NF7.F' *‫ا‬NFG? O ‫ا&?ة‬6F' ‫ة‬NFNg' /'‫و‬G' G./ 6G. O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
(Marek et F.‫د‬F' 1/‫ا‬7G ?N‫و‬F. N .F‫و‬F' /.1 N GNF‫ا‬G.F' 6G. ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ة‬GNFF' FF. FG ‫ة‬NFF.F' G‫ذ‬G K‫د‬..7. pF'
al ., 2017)
16
0‫و⨧ت‬.N‫ر‬F‫❖ ا‬
‫ا?ة‬F7G *‫ا?ا‬F7F' 6?. O ‫ها‬NG GG/.G' K‫ها‬G' ‫ى‬F? */‫و‬.N‫ر‬F' K'‫د‬..7' ‫ر‬7.F' ).g' *'‫و‬F7F' o/
L) ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬GF.q K‫ها‬o N *‫ا?ا‬7FF' GF.q FG6N ‫ها‬G'‫د‬..7' /.7) N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K‫د‬F.F' ?G N GF) g+ ،*'1‫ا‬N7F'
‫ا‬G) GF0 N ، ‫ة‬Ff' N /‫ر‬GF' N. LN‫?ا‬.F' FF. FG FGGN7 */‫و‬.N‫ر‬F' 9‫ا‬7F G‫هد‬6N P‫ذ‬F' ?N‫ر‬7F' K‫د‬F.F'
L) ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬N.F' F.F' FG )‫ا‬/‫و‬.7G' ‫ة‬NFGNG' ‫ها‬.NF. N NGN>‫و‬F' ‫ها‬GNG7. ..7. ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G N ‫ا‬GNG. ‫ر‬/G) ./.7)
K'‫ز‬.Fg' N ‫ها‬.&N.F )‫د‬Nn' ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g' N G‫ه‬GF' FG */‫و‬.N‫ر‬F' .FGG 1‫?ا‬6.7g' )‫هز‬.) J‫ا‬o G‫هد‬6N P‫ذ‬F' 1‫و‬7.F'
)‫د‬/N Jg. FG */‫و‬.N‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬o‫ر‬. G.. .F‫ا‬G FN) N6‫ا‬G' O ‫ر‬Gg' GNF? L‫ا‬G ‫ا‬G 7G? ‫و?ة‬F.G' K‫ها‬G' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F/
*‫ا‬G.6 ?G J‫ا‬7.g' N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' ‫ة‬NFF. ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ا‬N.'0 *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' O+ J‫و‬7‫و‬F' ‫ا‬G‫ا‬GG‫ب‬⠥ /.7NF n'‫ذ‬F' GG/.F'
.(Klaus , 2016, P.20) O‫ر‬.g' */‫و‬.N‫ر‬F'
pF' N ... )/‫ا‬NFF' ‫ة‬N.'0 *'1‫ا‬N7F' N *'‫ا&ر‬7F‫ا‬G O‫ر‬.g' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' I‫ا‬F‫ه‬G GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
?G FG‫?ا‬.F' FG .FGG pF' ‫و‬F‫ا‬FF' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ *‫ا?ا‬F7F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' O 9'‫د‬.g' ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. ‫ى‬F? )1‫د‬FF' ‫ا‬G
)>7F' *'‫د‬F F F F F F F F?G' ‫ا?ة‬F7G O‫ر‬.g' *g‫ا‬o' FG ‫د‬F F F F F FN‫?د‬F' O K‫د‬..7. ./6) pF' N )>7F' K‫ا‬7.g'
(Winkelhake, ‫ة‬N.7F' N ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬N.F' ‫ا?ة‬F7F' O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ )>7F' ‫ة‬N.7F' *'‫?د‬G' N 1‫ا‬F F F F F ?6.7g' )‫هز‬.) N
.2017,P. 72)
‫ة‬/N‫د‬o‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬0‫يا‬䨱/‫ ⨣ت‬-2.1
O' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' N /‫ر‬GFF ‫ة‬NG‫و‬NF' )‫ا‬No' O ‫ها‬.‫ا‬G‫د‬F' N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F ?7'‫و‬F' K'‫د‬..7g' O/)
‫ة‬N/‫ا‬7.Fg' )‫ا‬No' .F'‫و‬. ?No O ‫ة‬N1‫ذ‬. J‫و‬F F/ ‫ة‬F F 7FF ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' *‫هد‬6 /N/ ، *g‫ا‬o' o6 O /‫أ‬.F'
L‫ر‬F F F F F F FFF' FG .g' ‫د‬F F F F F F?F' ‫ة‬N'‫د‬. O .F?Fg' 9'?.' ?G ‫ا‬GN7 g J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7F N ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F' N ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..g' N
)‫ر‬G..G J‫ا‬G?) ,0‫ا‬G *‫ >هر‬N *‫ا‬G>FG' F.'/ F7'‫و‬.F' N FG?F' .NF‫ا‬7) *>. J‫ا‬G?g' J‫ا‬o NGG ،N6‫ا‬G'
.N/ 9600 .F?Fg' FG‫د‬. ‫ر?ة‬7 .F‫ا‬G ‫ا‬G‫د‬F? 1994 ‫ة‬F7 // I‫ر‬p JN‫أ‬G )Netscape( ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6 F/G
‫ز&ة‬..F/ ?N.F' J‫ا‬o O )‫ر‬G7 ‫ا‬./‫د‬/) pF' (Amazon) H (eBay) ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6 N )Don , 2014( ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F' O
?F7F' ?N. ‫ر‬F F F F.? 6N?F' FG G‫ه‬FG‫ي‬䩅 ?G.o FF. FG G‫ه‬FNG‫ ⩅ت‬N 1‫ا‬F F F F F ?7g' ‫ى‬F? G‫?ر‬.F' FG GF‫ه‬.7G' .FGG N
17
‫ر‬F F F F F.N‫و‬. N I‫و‬7.NG 1'‫ر‬F F F F > ‫ى‬F? N?‫ا‬F F F F G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' 7F F F F F&‫ا‬7N *‫ا‬G.6 N F>‫ة >و‬G‫ر‬6 *‫ا >هر‬GG ،*‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N
)‫د‬N‫د‬. *'‫و‬FF /.G N ‫ة‬GNFF' F7g7 O )1‫و‬/ +'‫د‬/+ O' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' */) ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ا‬F F F FG> N
‫ها‬.N.N.'?7' O ‫>ر‬FF' )/‫?ا‬+ *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? 6‫ر‬GN */ P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ،‫ة‬NGN>F.F' FG‫ا‬NG' ?N7‫و‬. N ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6G' ‫ة‬GNFF' FFp
FG F&/‫ز‬F' NG‫ ⩅ت‬O' ‫ة‬NG‫و‬NF' )‫ا‬No' O ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF ?7'‫و‬F' ,‫ا‬G‫د‬Fg' O/) ‫ا‬GG ،)Ignat, 2017( ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F'
'‫ا‬F. *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N *‫ا‬..FG' GG7. ../ /N/ *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ?G G‫ه‬F?‫ا‬G. N ‫ة‬GNFF' F7g7 F/'‫ر‬G GF.q O ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G'
. F?‫ا‬G.F' *g‫ا‬N. G‫ذ‬G FNF/ .&‫ا‬.F ‫ى‬F?
GF.q ‫ا‬G// O‫د‬G >F. /N/ ،7FG J‫ا‬G?g' .F‫ا‬. ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' // ‫ر‬7.FN G GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
O' */) ‫ا‬G) O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ * SDGs 3 ‫ة‬G'‫د‬.7G' ‫ة‬NGF.F' G'‫د‬G) ‫ا‬o‫ا‬N?'‫د‬. .F‫ش‬㑅 ‫ا‬GG O‫ر‬.g' )‫ا‬No' .F'‫و‬.
)'N‫ا‬7GgF'N ‫ة‬F‫ا‬7.F' 1‫ا‬6.F' )/o2 ?G )Unctad , 2019( ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬FF' JN‫د‬F' N ‫ة‬G‫د‬F.G' JN‫د‬F' N. )‫و‬.GF' ?N7‫و‬.
(‫ا‬/7) ‫ى‬F? .F7F' )/o2 O' */) ‫ا‬G) GF0 N NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' *o‫د‬/ GG) FG ‫ب‬⠱.?. ../ pF' N 1‫و‬.g' O
‫ا‬GG .)Unctad , 2019( G&‫>ا‬N ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7o' O NN/‫?ا‬F' J‫ا‬G?F' 8‫>و‬/ .6Gp' ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫ها‬G'
2030 K‫ ?ا‬J‫و‬F/ 1‫ا‬NFG 2 O' P‫و‬NFG 2 N. ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F' ..7. G‫?ا‬F' O G&‫و>ا‬F' L'‫د‬FGF ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o' *'‫ر‬N‫د‬F.F' *1‫ا‬6)
)‫د‬N‫د‬n' FG?F' 5‫ر‬G FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' FF. FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' .FGG ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬FG' ‫هة‬n' O N (Zvonka , 2019)
1'‫ر‬G.7/ ‫ها‬NG>‫و‬G .N1‫د‬. ‫ى‬F? FG?F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? 6‫ر‬GN P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫ها‬G' ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬G.‫ر‬. pF'
‫ة‬FGN‫ه‬G > N ‫?ة‬F‫و‬.G > GN‫ >ر‬O FG?F' ‫ى‬F? )1‫د‬FG' .F7.N */ P‫ذ‬F' NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' *‫ا‬.F7.G ?G N6‫ا‬G ..F
. N&N.F' >.F' 1'‫ر‬G.7' N ‫د‬NF?.F' )‫ر‬/G F> O
GB/s 46.000 2017 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ها‬FG‫د‬. .?‫ر‬7 .>F. FN) .F?Fg' GG‫?ر‬. P‫ذ‬F' ?N‫ر‬7F' 1‫و‬7.F' ?G N
)/o2 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ )Unctad , 2019( ]17[GB/s 150700 O' 2022 ‫ة‬F7 F7. L) ?F‫و‬.G' FG N
FG *‫?ا‬G.o' *‫ر‬// ‫د‬FG O‫ر‬.g' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' GF.q N N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' 7&‫ا‬7N N ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' 1‫ا‬6.F'
,‫ا‬G‫د‬Fg' FG /'‫ر‬Gg' .FGG ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬/7F' N GNF?.F' N F7'‫و‬.F' .NF‫ا‬7) *> /N/ ، pF7F' N n‫ا‬ng' N.F‫ا‬n'
.NF‫ا‬7) N7/ O' O/) ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NG‫ذ‬F' L‫د‬G' *‫د >هر‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،*‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7o' N *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ?G
FN‫و‬/" G7/ G‫?ر‬. pF' N )‫د‬/.G' GGg' ‫ة‬G>FG F.F FG .?6 N ‫ة‬N‫ >ا‬169 O' ‫ة‬G7FG G‫د‬G 17 F? )1‫ا‬.? ‫ة‬G'‫د‬.7G' ‫ة‬NGF.F' G'‫د‬G) SDGs *3
.... GNF?.F' )/‫و‬. N ‫ة‬/7F' N7/ N ‫ر‬FGF' N ‫ا?ة‬o' ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬6FF' G‫د‬G ‫ها‬FGN 2030 J‫و‬F/ ‫ها‬FNF/.F J‫ا‬G?) JN‫د‬. ?6N /N/ " ‫ا‬FG‫?ا‬
18
Jg. FG GF0 N ?G.o' FGNG N>. FG N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' F&‫ا‬7N .FGG ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G‫ر‬F' FF. N /'‫ر‬Gg' )‫ا‬N/
‫د‬F F F F F ?. F? *‫ا‬F'‫د‬7 '‫ا‬F. N J‫و‬NG' .7/ *‫?ا‬G. FF. P‫ا‬.F/ N ، *‫و?ا‬Go/ /‫ر‬GF' N /‫ر‬GF/ /‫ر‬GF' 7.1 ‫ها‬FNG‫⩅ت‬
P‫ا‬.F/ N 1‫ا‬7Fg' GF.q FG /'‫ر‬Gg' GF.q N. F?‫ا‬G.F' )/o2 N ‫ر‬/G) -‫ا‬.GFg' FG G‫ه‬7GF) ‫ى‬F? NFF>FG' NG‫ ⩅ت‬N
*'‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N Ig‫ه‬.7g' (‫و‬F7) ‫ى‬F? /‫أ‬.F' Jg. FG /‫ر‬GF' ‫?ة‬N.7 FG ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' *> ‫ا‬GG ، *‫ا‬G‫ا‬F/F' FFF
. N?‫ا‬G..g' .N7FF' ‫ة‬NF. FG > P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' )klaus , 2016 ( ‫ا‬G> N *‫ا‬F'‫د‬7F' '‫ا‬F. ‫ة‬NGNG N
FG /.7) P‫ذ‬F' *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬N7‫و‬7. FG6G -‫ر‬7 O' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' */) ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
L‫ا‬G6 ‫د‬7F NF'‫و‬FF' O ‫>ر‬FF' )/‫?ا‬+ ‫ها‬NF? ..‫و‬.7N */ P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' *‫ا‬G‫و‬Go' G.'‫و‬N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' *o‫د‬/
N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' 7&‫ا‬7N K'‫د‬..7' O )/o‫ز‬F' */) ‫ا‬GG ،G'‫ر‬7g' GF..G ‫ة‬N7.6F' *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o
/N/ N7‫ا‬N7F' .F‫ا‬n' ‫ى‬F? o/ /‫أ‬.F' O' ('‫ز‬/g' N *‫ا‬G>FG' N /'‫ر‬Gg‫ا‬G ?G.o' G‫ا‬N7) GF.q N.
)web 2.0( ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. N .F?Fg' .FGG FN) )‫د‬N‫د‬n' ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F' ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' ,0‫ا‬G FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' 1‫ا* >هو‬7'1‫د‬F' .FN.
FN‫ه‬7. N N7‫ا‬N7F' N?‫و‬F' ‫ر‬6F N /‫ر‬GF' NG‫ ⩅ت‬Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ة‬N7'‫ر‬F‫ي‬䩅‫د‬F' *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' FN‫ه‬7. FG
L) *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' .FN. ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F' *g‫ا‬NGF' N NF7'‫و‬G' N. F7'‫و‬.F' N 4‫ا‬FFF' *‫ا‬NFG?
F? //.F' N ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F' ‫ة‬6F‫ا‬FG' O ‫ة‬F/G.G' N ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F' ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' FG .F'‫و‬. +g/ F‫ه‬7. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
L/ *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' .&‫ا‬.F 6. ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N FN‫ر‬.g' ‫ى‬F? /‫أ‬.FF ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F' *gGo' O ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G'
‫ب‬⠱? *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' N 1‫ا‬..g' 1‫ا‬6.F' L) GF0 N ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F' ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' N. ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬n+ ‫ة‬Fg? I‫ا‬FG
‫ا‬o NG.‫ه‬G' G&FN) N. N G‫ه‬FN. )‫و‬.GF' FNFF. N ‫ة‬7‫ا‬N7F/ NG.‫ه‬G' >F' /'‫ر‬G g' ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬/‫ؤ‬N .F?Fg'
. )Karolina et al ., 2016(
P/‫ا‬7.Fg‫ ا‬I‫>ا‬FF‫ى ا‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ي ا‬䨱/‫ ⨣ت‬-1.2.1
‫ة‬N1‫ذ‬. *'>. ./‫د‬/ /'‫ر‬Gg' I‫و‬F7 N J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7F O ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ها‬./‫د‬/) pF' */'‫ر‬76g' ?G
,‫ا‬.Fg' O' G‫هد‬N JNg' L‫ا‬G /N/ ،/'‫ر‬Gg' /‫ا‬7.F' O' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' /‫ا‬7.F' FG J‫و‬/ P‫ذ‬F' P/‫ا‬7.Fg' K‫>ا‬FF' O
‫ا‬GFN. ،,‫ا‬.Fg' O )'‫ا‬GGF' FNF/ N GNF‫ا‬G.F' N7/ N ?7'N O'‫>ر‬. H‫ا‬7F G'‫هد‬.7' ‫ى‬F? FG?F' N ).G *‫ا‬NGG.
‫ة‬N.F.F )‫د‬N‫د‬. .NF‫ا‬7) /‫ا‬n+ ‫ى‬F? FG?F' N F.‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G N ,‫ا‬.Fg' O 77..F' ‫ى‬F? /'‫ر‬Gg' /‫ا‬7.F' ‫ز‬G‫ر‬N
FNF/ ‫ى‬F? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' /‫ا‬7.F' ‫د‬G.?N O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG N ،)‫د‬N‫د‬n' H'‫و‬7g' G‫ا‬6G.7' N NGF‫ه‬.7G' *‫ا‬.>1
19
‫د‬N‫?د‬F' .FF7) ‫ا‬GG (Marek et al ., 2017) F.F.7G' G71 O' G‫هد‬N /'‫ر‬Gg' /‫ا‬7.F' /.7) ‫ا‬GNG N6‫ا‬G'
*‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' /‫ا‬7.F' N .F?Fg' /‫ا‬7.F' N ‫د‬N‫د‬n' /‫ا‬7.Fg‫ا‬G ‫د‬N‫د‬n' P/‫ا‬7.Fg' K‫>ا‬FF' ‫ى‬F? *‫ا‬/F77G' FG
. NGF‫ر‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' N
NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬/‫ا‬7.Fg‫❖ ا‬
P/‫ا‬7.Fg' ‫د‬F‫ا‬FF' ‫ب‬⠱.?N /N/ ،N6‫ا‬G' L‫ر‬FF' FG .g' ‫د‬F?F' ‫ة‬N'‫د‬. O NGF‫ر‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' /F77G ‫>هر‬
P‫ذ‬F' NGF‫ر‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' G.‫ا‬.G O 1995 ‫ة‬F7 O /F77G' '‫ذ‬G FF7) FG JN) ( Don Tapscott ) NGN‫ر‬Gg'
/‫ا‬7.Fg' L) ..‫ا‬GF' N. FN) ،J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7F N /‫ا‬7.Fg' ‫ى‬F? *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. N .F?Fg' // GNG JN‫ا‬F.
G‫ه‬FG ‫ر‬7F? FG NG‫ة ⩅ت‬NGNG N )‫د‬N‫د‬n' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' N )‫د‬N‫د‬n' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' N. *‫ا‬Fg?F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬G.‫ر‬N NGF‫ر‬F'
G‫ب‬⠱.?' ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ة‬NGF1 L‫و‬G. *g‫ا‬N.F' 9'‫و‬F) FG L/ P/‫ا‬7.Fg' K‫>ا‬FF' '‫ذ‬G ‫ز‬NG.N ‫ا‬GG ،‫ر‬.gF
FG N 'N6 FG ,‫ا‬.F+ ‫ة‬NGNG O ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G' FN.7. G.N GF) GF0 N ‫ة‬F F F F F G‫?ر‬G' /‫ا‬7.F' GF F F F F/ ( Don Tapscott )
1‫ا‬6.F' ?G GF) /N/ ، P‫ر‬6.F' '‫ا‬G‫ذ‬F' N. F7'‫و‬.F' N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G' FN.7.. )N‫ر‬/FF *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' N /'‫ر‬Gg' FF. Jg.
GF?.F' N FG?F' .NF‫ا‬7) N )N‫ر‬/F' FF. H‫ر‬7 .F‫و‬/ NG‫د‬..7G' /‫ ?د‬9‫ا‬G.1' N N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' ?F'‫و‬G
GF) ‫ى‬F? NGF‫ر‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' K‫>ا‬FF' ‫ب‬⠱.?N ( Don Tapscott ) F?. P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' GG.F' H‫ر‬7 o/ N .?FF' N
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F' ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬w)‫ر‬F' /F77G GNF? FF7) GG'‫د‬..7' F.7 (Socialism) /F77G L‫و‬G '‫>ر‬F N N?‫ا‬G..' /‫ا‬7.F'
. (Don, 2014 ) ) Capitalism 2.0(
‫د‬N‫?د‬F' .G‫د‬F /N/ 6‫و‬G>F' FG NGF‫ر‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' /F77G ‫و‬Fp G ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' *‫ا‬/F77G' FG G>G N
‫ى‬F? GGN‫?ر‬. O ( Bea ) NGF F F F N‫ر‬Gg' ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬7.Fg' FF F F F NF‫ا‬/.F' ..GG ‫د‬F F F F FG.?' FN) ‫ة‬F F FGF..G' GN1‫?ا‬.F' FG
*‫ا?ا‬7F +g/ J‫ا‬7.g' N Kg?g' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. 9‫ا‬7F O+ G‫ا‬6) FN) NGF‫ر‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' ‫ها‬FG6N pF' *‫ا?ا‬7FF'
: (Kevin et al ., 2018) NG
GF ‫ة‬F‫و‬F F F F GG' ‫ة‬.F7F' )‫ز‬F F F F F F ‫ه‬.g' N ‫ر‬.‫و‬N.GGF' *‫ا‬F F F F F F ?‫ا‬F7 FG6.. pF' : ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬FF ‫ة‬FGّ G‫ل‬䑅‫ة ا‬N.‫ح‬.F‫ ا‬O.F‫ا‬
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬..FG' ?NF7. ‫ها‬NG G.N pF' ‫ة‬N./.F' F.F' GF.q N ?F‫ا‬7G' O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ *g‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F' ‫ا?ة‬F7 N
.NGF‫ر‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' ‫و‬G‫د‬..7G ‫ها‬NF+ F7N N ‫&ها‬6FN pF' *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' F/‫ ⩅ت‬pF' N : ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬Ig?‫ل‬䐥‫ا&ط ا‬7N
20
‫ة‬N1‫ا‬..F' *gG‫?ا‬G' N ''‫ر‬6F' N ?N.F' *‫ا‬NFG? FG ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' )1‫ا‬..F' FG6. : ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬..F‫ا‬
.F?Fg' *‫ا‬G.6 ‫ب‬⠱? G.. pF'
pF' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ?F7F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬G‫ر‬N P‫ذ‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' GF' ‫ى‬F? NGF‫ر‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' GN‫?ر‬. o GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
K‫ا‬7F) ?.1) O+ ‫ها‬GN7F. FG‫ي‬䩅 pF' N ، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬nN‫ر‬. N ‫?ها‬N. N ‫ها‬.‫ا‬.F+ N ‫ا‬G‫ر‬N‫و‬7. O ‫د‬G.?.
: (Rob & Roberta , 1999) ‫ة‬N?‫ر‬G
*‫ا‬F F F F G.6 ‫ب‬⠱? ‫?ها‬N2‫و‬. G.N pF' ?F7F' ‫ى‬F? 9‫ا‬7FF' '‫ذ‬G P‫و‬.o : ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F‫ة ا‬NF‫ ?ا‬0‫ا‬G‫د‬p‫ ا‬N ?F7F‫ا‬
. ‫ة‬NF‫ة ?ا‬.7F. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫د‬G.?. pF' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N .F?Fg'
.F?Fg' ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ة‬F F F F F F 7‫و‬GFG' ?F7FF ‫ة‬F F F F F&‫ز‬..F/ ?N.F' 9‫ا‬7FF' F/‫ي‬䩅 : ‫طة‬F..‫ل‬䑅‫ة ا‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬G‫د‬p‫ ا‬N ?F7F‫ا‬
. ‫ر‬G7F' ‫ر‬G'‫ذ‬. ‫ز‬./G *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' GF‫ذ‬G N
. *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ى‬F? )‫ر‬/G. ‫د‬G.?. pF' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ?F7F'
*'‫ر‬.‫و‬N.GGF' ‫ة‬F F F F F ?‫ا‬F7G ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F' +g/F' *‫ا‬F F F F ?‫ا‬7FF' G?‫د‬N P‫ذ‬F' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ة‬F F F F F ?‫ا‬F7 9‫ا‬7F
. *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.. ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' *'1‫ا‬6.7g' *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6 N ‫ة‬N?‫ر‬GF' ‫ة‬N.‫و‬7‫ا‬o' *‫ا‬G.6F' ‫ا?ة‬F7 N
O ,‫ا‬.Fg' FG'‫>* ?و‬. ‫د‬FG P/‫ا‬7.Fg' K‫>ا‬FF' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ها‬./‫د‬/) pF' *'>.F' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
(IOT) '‫ا‬N6g' .F?F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F ?7'‫و‬F' 1‫ا‬6.Fg' N .F?Fg' NG‫د‬..7G ‫د‬N'‫ز‬. ?G GF) /N/ ، NGF‫ر‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg'
+'‫د‬/+ O' */) pF' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' GF.q N ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' )1‫ا‬..F' ?7‫و‬. O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ .F?Fg' FG‫د‬. ‫ر?ة‬7 )/o2 N
NN7N&1 FN‫ر‬7F? ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?N NGF‫ر‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' O ‫ة‬GNFF' FF. /.7) *g?‫ا‬G.F' Jg. FG ‫ة‬.‫ا‬FF' *g‫ا‬N.F' O )‫ر‬GN
*gG‫?ا‬G' *‫ا‬7FG ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬GFF O/g' O‫و‬.7G' ‫ب‬⠱.?. pF' N *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ا‬G
?NG. FG FG‫ ⩅ت‬,0‫ا‬G O ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' G‫ذ‬G GNG7. ..‫و‬.7N */ P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' )UNCTAD , 2019(
. *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬G N FN‫ز‬0 N
J‫ا‬w)1 >F. /N/ 91‫ا‬7.G ‫و‬G ‫هد‬6N NGF‫ر‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' /.7 ) ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?g' ‫ة‬76F) ?7‫و‬. ?G N
‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' )1‫ا‬..F' O 1gN/ 1‫ا‬NFG 23 ‫ها‬FG ‫ا‬NG‫ ?ا‬1gN/ 1‫ا‬NFG 32 2015 ‫ة‬F7F NGF‫ر‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' O ‫ر‬G‫>ا‬G'
21
‫ا?ة‬F7 O 1gN/ L‫و‬NFG 418 N '‫ا‬N6g' .F?F' O 1gN/ 1‫ا‬NFG 1.3 N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' O 1gN/ 1‫ا‬NFG 7.3
O ‫د‬N'‫ز‬.G ‫و‬G ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' )1‫ا‬..F' ‫هد‬6.G GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، )UNCTAD , 2019( )/‫ا‬NFF' ‫ة‬N.'0 *'‫ا&ر‬7F'
‫ة‬F F F F FNGF‫ر‬F' *gg?g' ‫ز‬F F F F F N‫?ز‬. O' *g‫ا‬N.F' )/o2 N N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' ?F'‫و‬G 1‫ا‬6.F' O/) /N/ *‫ا?ا‬7FF' GF.q
2019 ‫ة‬F7 O ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *gg?g' F? *'‫?ا&د‬G 1gN/ 1‫ا‬NFG 10 ‫ا‬G‫د‬/‫و‬F )Amazon ( ‫ة‬F F F FG‫ر‬6 .FF/ FN)
)/o2 ..7. F.F.7G' O *'‫?ا&د‬F' G‫ذ‬G G?‫ا‬6. J‫ا‬G./' ?G 2018 ‫ة‬F7 F? ‫ا&ة‬G/ 33 F F . *1‫د‬F ‫و‬G ‫ة‬.7F.
FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' .FGG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، (Perrin , 2019) J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G O ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6F' ‫ا‬G‫ر‬F. pF' *'1‫ا‬G/.7g'
*‫ا‬G‫د‬. ..7. ‫د‬N'‫ز‬. .F?Fg' ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ز‬.o' ‫ى‬F? 'gG?F' J‫ا‬.F' ‫هد‬6 /N/ FFFF' 9‫ا‬7F O ‫ة‬N1‫ذ‬. *'N>. +'‫د‬/'
%10.4 J‫?د‬o 2018 ‫ة‬F7F G‫?ا‬F' O ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' FFFF' *‫?ا‬N.G .?G.1' ‫ا‬GG 1‫?ا‬7g' 6‫ا‬Gp' N ?G‫د‬F' *‫ا‬FN.7.
‫ها‬G) FG pF' N (‫ا‬.7) )‫ ?د‬O' ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' )1‫ا‬..F' O ‫د‬N'‫ز‬.G' ‫و‬GFF' '‫ذ‬G ?.‫ر‬N ‫ا‬GNG ، (McNair , 2018)
?NG.FF ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G ../ pF' ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' -'‫و‬Fg' N ‫ة‬NG‫ذ‬F' G.'‫و‬G‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7o' O /'‫ر‬Gg' )1‫د‬FG
..7 ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' H'‫و‬7g' )'‫ا‬GG ‫ب‬⠱.?. GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،.F?Fg' *‫ا‬G.6. GG‫ا‬7.' N 1‫?ا‬7g' 6‫ا‬Gp' ..7.
‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' H'‫و‬7g' FG )'‫ا‬GG ‫ر‬/G) ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' H'‫و‬7g' L) FN/‫ا‬7.Fg' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' O‫ر‬N /N/ ‫ا‬G‫و‬G O N7N&1
(Michael et al ., 2000) ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬.F' (‫ا‬.7gF '‫>ر‬F
'‫>ر‬F ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' H'‫و‬7g' FG FF) ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' H'‫و‬7g' O 1‫?ا‬7g' ‫ب‬⠱.?. : 1‫?ا‬7‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬O‫و‬.7G
H'‫و‬7g' J‫و‬./ GNF‫ا‬G. 6‫ا‬Gp‫ا‬G H'‫و‬7g' G‫ذ‬G ‫ا‬G‫ر‬G‫و‬. pF' o'‫ز‬G' GF.q O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ //.F' GNF‫ا‬G. 6‫ا‬Gpg
1‫?ا‬7) 6‫ا‬Gp' O' P/‫ؤ‬. pF' ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' H'‫و‬7g' O GNF‫ا‬G.F' ‫ة‬NF. N ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG' )‫د‬/ FG ‫د‬N‫ز‬N P‫ذ‬F'
. ‫ر‬G7F' J/‫?ا‬. ,‫ا‬.Fg' )/‫?ا‬+ GNF‫ا‬G. L) /N/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ?F7F' 7&‫ا‬7. O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،L2'‫و‬.F'
.F7 ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7/ O‫د‬G F? 1‫?ا‬7g' ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G ‫ب‬⠱?. : ) Price Elasticity( 1‫?ا‬7‫ل‬䐣‫ة ا‬FN‫ر‬G
‫ا‬GG ، 1‫?ا‬7g' >.F GF‫ه‬.7G' ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7/ )/o‫ز‬. )'‫ا‬GGF' *'0 H'‫و‬7g' ‫ز‬NG.. /N/ ، 1‫?ا‬7g' >. ‫د‬F? GF‫ه‬.7G'
‫ة‬FN‫د‬NFF.F' 1‫ا‬F F F F F ?7g/ ‫ة‬F1‫ا‬FG ‫ة‬6G.FG 1‫ا‬F F F F ?7g' ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7/ ‫ة‬.1/ ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' H'‫و‬7g' O GF) *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' .FN.
GF‫ه‬.7G/ P/‫ؤ‬N ‫ا‬G *‫ا‬..FG' 7&‫ا‬7. J‫و‬/ *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' 7FF O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ //.F' GNF‫ا‬G. 6‫ا‬Gpg '‫>ر‬F GF0 N
. ‫ة‬N1‫ا‬..F' ‫ة‬Gg?FF 'g‫و‬F' ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?gF
22
pF' N ‫ز&ة‬..F' N?&/ ‫د‬F? +‫د‬/ pF' GNF‫ا‬G.F' GF. F? GNF‫ا‬G.F' ‫ة‬G&‫ا‬F ‫ب‬⠱?. : GNF‫ا‬G.F‫ة ا‬G&‫ا‬F
H'‫و‬7g' O ‫ة‬6G.FG L‫و‬G. GNF‫ا‬G.F' ‫ة‬G&‫ا‬F L) *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' GF.q .FN. /N/ ، 1‫?ا‬7g' ?G1 ‫ا‬G‫ا‬6 FG
. ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' H'‫و‬7g/ ‫ة‬F1‫ا‬FG ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg'
‫د‬N‫?د‬F' G/‫ر‬G P‫ذ‬F' N 1‫?ا‬7g' ..6. ‫ة‬.7F 9‫ا‬G.1/ ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' H'‫و‬7g' ‫ز‬NG.. : 1‫?ا‬7‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬.ّ.6.
L‫و‬GF‫ه‬.7G' 6?. ‫?د‬.7N /N/ ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' H'‫و‬7g' ‫?ة‬N.7 N *‫ا‬..FG' J‫و‬/ *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' 7F‫ا‬. K‫?د‬G (‫ا‬.7g' FG
. ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' H'‫و‬7g' )‫هر‬6 O‫د‬G O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬o‫ر‬G H‫و‬7. ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. F.) FG ‫?ر‬7F/ ‫ة‬N/6.F' O'
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬G‫و‬Go‫ ا‬-2.2.1
‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF ?7'‫و‬F' 1‫ا‬6.Fg' O/) ‫د‬FG *‫ا?ا‬7FF' GF.q ‫ا‬G‫هد‬6. pF' *g‫و‬/.F' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
K‫ا‬F F F F?F' 9‫ا‬7FF F F FF' N 5‫ا‬F F F p' 9‫ا‬7FF' N. *‫ا‬Fg?F' ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6GFF )‫د‬N‫د‬. ,0‫ا‬G FF. N *‫ا‬G‫و‬Go' -‫ا‬.GF' O'
GNG7. N ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7F' *o‫و‬FNg' G71 O ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' N LN‫?ا‬.FF o‫ا‬7G' (‫ا‬/7) GF..G 5‫ر‬GF' ‫ة‬//' ?G *‫?ا‬G.o' N
GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، )‫د‬F?G' FG‫ا‬6GFF J‫و‬Fo' N G7‫ا‬G.F' FG ‫د‬N‫ز‬G' G‫و‬.F ‫ا‬G‫ا‬7N' O ‫ة‬G‫ا‬7G' N ‫ة‬NG‫و‬G?F' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p'
*‫ا‬G‫و‬Go/ Go‫ا‬Fg? J‫و‬/ /'‫ر‬Gg' *‫?ا‬F‫و‬. FG >N *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' ,‫ا‬.F' O ‫ة‬G‫ا‬7G' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' FG NGG.F‫ا‬G
*‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./' ‫ا‬F.7G ?F‫و‬.. pF' ‫ة‬G‫و‬Go' FG J‫و‬/.F' G?‫د‬F )‫د‬N‫د‬. ‫ة‬GG‫و‬/ */1‫ا‬FG N.. ..‫و‬.7N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg'
FG?F' N G.‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./' /‫د‬o FG GG J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7F N /'‫ر‬Gg' F?. O' )/'‫ر‬Gg' ‫ة‬N‫ز‬G‫ر‬G ‫ة‬.1‫ا‬FG( J‫ا‬G?g' N /'‫ر‬Gg'
*/ P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ، ( OECD ,2014) )/'‫ر‬Gg' )/‫ا‬NF ‫ة‬.1‫ا‬FG( *‫ا‬G‫و‬Go' ?G I1‫ا‬6.F' Jg. FG ‫ها‬FNF/ ‫ى‬F?
J‫و‬/.F' Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G' 5‫ر‬GF' FG )/‫ا‬G.7g' F.) FG NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NG./ *‫ا‬G‫و‬Go' ‫ى‬F? 6‫ر‬GN
N.‫و‬F‫و‬GNg' K‫>ا‬FF' O P‫و‬F G‫ر‬7 /.7. L) FG ‫ها‬FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬G4 * ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬G‫و‬Go' O' ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' *‫ا‬G‫و‬Go' FG
Jg. FG GF0 N J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا?ا‬7F N *‫?ا‬G.o' N /'‫ر‬Gg' 7.‫ر‬N P‫ذ‬F' )Social Ecosystem( N?‫ا‬G..g'
‫ة‬7FG *‫ا‬G‫و‬Go' /.7. /N/ ?7N) *'1‫ا‬G..' N *g.‫د‬G F. ) FG ‫ا‬F.7G ‫ة‬FF>G' *g‫ا‬N.F' N *‫ا‬NFG?F' /.G
Jg>.7' ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?.G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬G‫و‬Go' ‫ا‬G' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫>ة‬N7 O' F&/‫و‬F' J‫و‬/ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?. pF' *‫ا‬G‫و‬Go' NG ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' ‫ة‬G‫و‬Go' * 4
.*‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' GNG7. N ‫ة‬7‫د‬FG )/‫?ا‬+ F.' FG ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'

23
Don, ( *‫ز'?ا‬FF' O 77‫و‬.F' N NF'‫و‬FF' F7 N /1'‫و‬G/ ‫د‬NN‫ز‬.F/ K‫و‬F. ‫ا‬GG ،N?‫ا‬G..g' 9'‫د‬.g' N *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' FFp
. )2014 , P.5
GN/G. N *‫ا‬FF F F F G‫و‬Go' I‫ر‬/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )1‫و‬/F' ‫ها‬/‫ر‬7. pF' *o‫د‬/.F' .F7.. 5‫ر‬GF' G‫ذ‬G O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
L‫و‬F‫ا‬F F/G *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬N7‫و‬7. FG6G Fo ‫ة‬GG‫و‬o' ‫ة‬G>F) N NF'‫و‬FF' ‫ر‬F F F F N‫و‬7. Jg. FG ‫ها‬.n‫?ا‬G /‫و‬F F F F F F‫ه‬n'
‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ة‬N7.6F' *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬G/ FF?.G' 2016/04/27 O nN1Ng' /‫ا‬/g' GNF? H/‫ا‬7 P‫ذ‬F' )GDPR(
/N‫د‬/ N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ?G N6‫ا‬G..F .&'‫ر‬6F' ‫ة‬G>F ) ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. O‫ر‬.g' NF'‫و‬FF' GF.q ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. O'
‫ى‬F? .n ‫ا‬GG ، 9'‫د‬.g' G?/ N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫ها‬G' ‫ر‬6F ‫د‬7F )‫د‬N‫د‬. ‫ة‬NGF? .G ‫ا‬FG +'‫د‬/.7' N GNF?.F' ‫ة‬G‫>و‬FG
K'‫د‬..7' L) GF0 N ، ‫ة‬GNFF' FF. N ‫ة‬F'‫ا‬7G' N ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G6F' ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬.F ‫ة‬7‫ا‬F F F FN7G ‫ة‬NG‫و‬Go' *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬//+ *‫ا‬F F F F F G‫و‬Go'
‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬G‫ر‬. pF' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N 9'‫د‬.g' N J‫ا‬G?g' FF. ‫ى‬F? ?.6N *g‫ا‬N.FF P‫ا‬o' ?N2‫و‬.F' N K'‫د‬..7' )/‫?ا‬+ N
*‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG o‫ا‬7G' (‫ا‬/7) ?No ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6o ‫ة‬FG‫ا‬6 ‫ة‬.1‫ا‬FG .F7.N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ، (OECD , 2019 ) F7'‫و‬G'
N7/.F 3‫ا‬7g' ‫ر‬.o' *g‫ا‬N.F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ب‬⠱.?. /N/ ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..g' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' N NF7'‫و‬G' N 5‫ا‬p' 9‫ا‬7FF' N ‫ة‬NG‫و‬G?F'
L) .n ‫ا‬GG ،/'‫ر‬Gg' N ‫ة‬G‫و‬Go' N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' N7/ P‫ا‬.F/ N /'‫ر‬Gg' ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G )/o2 N ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G6F' )/o2 N *‫ا‬G‫د‬p'
‫ها‬NF+ J‫و‬7‫و‬F' ‫ة‬F‫هو‬7 ?G G‫ا‬6.Gg' ‫ة‬F‫ه‬7 L‫و‬G. L ) .n /N/ 7&‫ا‬7p' FG ‫و?ة‬G.o *g‫ا‬N.F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ز‬NG..
(OECD , 2013 ) ‫?ها‬N2‫و‬. N ‫ا‬G‫ا‬G?.7' )/‫ب?ا‬⠥ 7.‫ر‬G N FN‫?د‬.FF ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬F N
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬G‫و‬Go‫اء ا‬F. ❖
‫ة‬F F F F FNG‫و‬G?F' *‫ا?ا‬7FF' O ‫ة‬F F F F FNGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ر‬6F O ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬G‫و‬Go' '‫ا‬F.F NFNFo' P‫د‬/.F' FGGN g
N7/ N J‫ا‬G?g' 7 N NG‫و‬G?F' 9‫ا‬7FF' ‫ة‬F‫ر‬7? F.) FG ‫ها‬G'‫د‬..7' N ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G .G/ ‫ة‬NGNG O ‫ا‬G' N
O' J‫و‬7‫و‬F' ‫د‬7F *‫ا‬N7‫و‬.F' G‫ذ‬G -‫ر‬7 O' ‫ة‬NGF.F' N P/‫ا‬7.Fg' LN‫?ا‬.F' ‫ة‬G>Fo ?G/ P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ، *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG'
: (OECD, 2018) ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬G‫و‬Go'
. ‫ة‬NGF1 ‫ة‬G‫و‬G/ '‫ا‬F. O' G‫د‬o ‫ة‬FF.7G J‫ا‬G?) ‫ة‬7. N ‫ة‬N.N.'?7' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.
. O‫ا‬GF' G?‫د‬F' G&‫ا‬7?+ N G.‫ا‬N/g7 ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ?G NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NFG? )/‫ا‬NF. GFGG ‫ر‬N‫د‬G NN?.
24
. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' /1'‫و‬G/ ‫ها‬G?/ N NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G *‫ا‬N/g7 ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬.
. ‫ة‬NG‫و‬Go' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1/‫ا‬.G' N. FN7F.F' N ‫ة‬.F'‫ر‬o G.o ‫ة‬N1'2N ‫ة‬Fn '‫ا‬6F+
.NG‫و‬G?F' 9‫ا‬7FF' O ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' 1‫ا‬G/.7' 7N7..F ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'N/g' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.
‫ة‬F/F' ‫ة‬N‫و‬F.F ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' O' J‫و‬7‫و‬F' N ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G6F' N -‫ا‬.GFg' O' G‫د‬o pF' *'1/‫ا‬.G' ‫ة‬F7'‫و‬G
. NG‫و‬G?F' 9‫ا‬7FF' O ‫ة‬F'‫ا‬7G' N ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G6F' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬Go' O
‫ة‬NG‫و‬Go' *g‫ا‬N.F' N ‫ة‬N‫ز‬G‫ر‬G' ‫ة‬7‫ا‬N7 ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. Jg. FG ‫ة‬NG‫و‬G?F' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' ‫ي‬䩅‫د‬F. K‫>ا‬F ‫ة‬FGNG )/‫?ا‬+
. NG‫د‬..7GFF ‫ة‬N7G?F' ‫ة‬N‫>ذ‬.F' ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7/FF ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' N ‫ة‬/‫و‬.GG'
‫ذ‬NGF. N FN7F.F ‫ة‬NG‫و‬Go' *o‫و‬.7G' N *‫ا?ا‬7FF' GF.q ‫ب‬⠱? FGg/ 5‫ا‬. ‫ر‬N‫د‬G .7FG FF.
. NGF‫ر‬F' FGg' *‫ا‬7‫ا‬N7
‫ة‬N‫و‬G' K‫>ا‬FG *‫ا?ا‬7FF' GF.q J‫و‬/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬G‫و‬G/FF NGG.F' FG'‫ ?و‬Jg>.7' ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ى‬F? FG?F' N J‫ا‬7.g' N Kg?g' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. J‫ا‬o O 1‫ا‬G/.7g' GNNF. *‫ا‬NF) ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.
. -‫و‬.GG' 1‫ا‬N?G' N -‫و‬.GG' 1‫د‬7G' ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬N7
(‫ذ‬. N .N1‫د‬. )/‫?ا‬g ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. *‫ا‬7‫ا‬N7 '‫ا‬F. N ‫ة‬.‫و‬F7G' *'1‫ها‬G' ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫ها‬G' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.
. ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F' *‫ا?ا‬7FF' GF.q O J‫ا‬7.g' N Kg?g' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. O *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ى‬F? 8‫ا‬Go' N
GNF?.F‫ة ا‬G>F‫ى أ‬F? ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ي ا‬䨱/‫ ⨣ت‬-3.2.1
K'‫د‬..7' O/) FN) ، GNF?.F' 9‫ا‬7F ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N1‫ذ‬. *'// ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ./‫د‬/) ‫د‬FG Gg?) ‫ر‬G0 ‫ا‬G O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
NG‫ ⩅ت‬N GNF?.F' ‫ة‬NFG? O ‫ا‬G‫ه‬.G1‫ا‬6G ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N ‫ا‬Go'1‫ها‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. FG ‫ذ‬NGF.F' N 0‫ا‬.7g' NG‫ ⩅ت‬O' ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' *‫ا‬NFF.F'
Willis , 2021( NGF?F' ,‫ا‬.Fg' N //.F' ‫ة‬NFG? ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N )‫د‬N‫د‬. ‫ة‬NGNF?. ,0‫ا‬G FF. FG L‫و‬NGF‫ر‬F' L‫و‬G F?G'
25
‫ة‬NFG? O ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' G'‫ر‬7g' GF.q ‫ى‬F? /‫أ‬.F' O' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' */) ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، )Burdick &
)Gihan,2005( : Gg/) N.G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG GNNF.F' .NF‫ا‬7) N ‫ة‬NGNF?.F' .G‫ا‬FG' N .F‫ا‬7F'N GF?G‫ا‬G GNF?.F'
GّF?‫ل‬䑅‫ى ا‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ي ا‬䨱/‫❖ ⨣ت‬
/N/ "GF?.F' ‫ة‬F F F F FNFG?F ‫ر‬7NG"

O O+ "*‫ا‬F F F G‫و‬F?GFF 92‫و‬G" FG GF?G' 1N/ J‫و‬/ ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ة‬NG‫?ا‬F' GF?.F' ‫&ة‬N. O
GG/.N g) .n ‫ا‬GG ،PN?GFg' GF?.F' /'‫و‬G K'‫د‬..7' O NG1‫ا‬6G' N76FF' ‫ة‬.F7F' GN.‫و‬. O‫و‬7 GNF? N?.N g
G‫ه‬7GF/ *'1'‫ر‬FF' 6?. 0‫ا‬0'N PN‫?ا‬. FG? ''// ‫ة‬.F7FF -‫ا‬G7F' G‫ه‬NF? .n F. GF?.F' *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G O L‫و‬GF?G'
Jg. FG F.. F. .F‫ا‬7FF )‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G K‫د‬F. g )1‫ها‬G' N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G' L) ‫ى‬F? 5‫ر‬o L) GF?G' ‫ى‬F? .n GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
'‫ذ‬G LN/‫ؤ‬N FN‫ذ‬F' (g7F' ?N.6. ‫ة‬NGNG O GG.F' L‫و‬GF?G' ‫ى‬F? 6‫ر‬GN P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' GF?.F' *‫ا‬NFG? O G‫ه‬.G1‫ا‬6G
.NFF?F' FG?F' FG 9‫و‬FF'
.F‫طا‬F‫ى ا‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬I‫دا‬..7‫ي ا‬䨱/‫❖ ⨣ت‬
GF?.F' ‫ة‬NFG? O NF?‫ا‬G. FG6. ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' GG‫ا‬GG‫ب‬⠥ ‫ة‬.F7F' /.7) ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F/ )‫هز‬o' K‫ا‬7Fg' O
FG ‫ها‬NF+ J‫و‬7‫و‬F' GFG‫ي‬䩅 pF' ‫>ة‬/gG' .7F FG Qg‫د‬. GF?.F' ‫ة‬NFG? ‫ى‬F? FG‫ا‬G FG6. .F‫ا‬7F' ‫ز‬NG‫ر‬. .7FN /N/
FG *'1‫ها‬G'N F&‫ا‬Fo' GF?. /‫ا‬.?' P‫ذ‬F' .F‫ا‬7F' ‫ى‬F? .n ‫ا‬GG ،.F?Fg' ‫ب‬⠱? F/g .FN O ‫ة‬NGNF?.F' /'‫و‬G' Jg.
Jg. FG ‫ة‬N7.6F' ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G' FF. ‫و‬o I‫ر‬/.N L) ‫ة‬NGg?g' /1'‫و‬G'N NGF?G' F.F FG K‫د‬FG' O‫و‬.‫م‬䕱 ' (‫?ا‬N.7' Jg.
*'1‫ها‬G (‫ا‬7.G' ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F' L‫و‬GN /N/ ‫ة‬N7.6F' (1‫ا‬..F'N ‫ة‬NGg?g' /1'‫و‬G'N GF K‫د‬FG' O‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' ‫ى‬F? FG?F'
.P‫د‬FFF' GG.F'N *gG6G' F/ F/G O‫و‬.7G' ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬
.G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅‫ي ا‬䨱N>. ❖
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o' .G‫ا‬FG' L) N/ O *‫ا‬77..F' N. F7GF'N ‫ة‬..6G' ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G' ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬G‫ر‬. .F‫ا‬G ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' .G‫ا‬FG'
Jg. FG I‫ر‬/.F' ‫ى‬F? )1‫د‬FF' O+ ,‫ا‬.o F.F.7G' FN. ‫ى‬/6) /N/ *‫ا‬77..F' )/‫?د‬.G ?N6'‫و‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬G‫ر‬. ../
.FN.7.F'N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G' .G/N GG.F' *'1‫ها‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬NG‫أ‬.F' ..‫و‬.7N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ‫ة‬GF..G' G&‫و>ا‬F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F'
26
GNNF.F‫ ا‬.NF‫ا‬7‫ي أ‬䨱N>. ❖
*gG6G' F/ *'1‫ا‬F F F F ‫ه‬G 1‫ا‬...' F/G ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G' FN.7. ‫ى‬F? *‫ا‬GNNF.F' ‫ز‬G‫ر‬. L) .n NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' O
.9'‫د‬.g'N G‫ه‬GF' 1‫>ها‬g ‫ة‬GF.q K‫ها‬o (g7F' GNFG. ‫ا‬6N)
Q .n ‫ا‬GG ،.F‫ا‬7FF
pF' o'‫ز‬G' FG /‫ة ?د‬NGF‫ر‬F' F&/‫و‬F' )/o2 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' Kg?g' F&‫ا‬7N 1‫و‬7.F L‫ا‬G ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
7FF' (1‫ا‬F.N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' O+ J‫و‬7‫و‬F' ‫ة‬N1‫و‬GN ‫ة‬N7p' K‫?د‬N F?‫ا‬G.F' F/G ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' F&‫ا‬7‫و‬F' O ‫ة‬.&‫ >ا‬L‫و‬G. ‫ا‬G ‫ا‬Q.F‫>ا‬
FG N، G‫هد‬.7G' F.F.7GFF ‫ة‬G'gG ‫ر‬/G) *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' F?. ‫ى‬F? )1‫د‬FF' ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫و‬N‫د‬NGF'N *‫و‬7F'N 1‫و‬7F'N
*‫ا‬..GG' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. L/ *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' .FN. /N/ )''‫ر‬FF' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N1‫ذ‬. *‫ا‬N?'‫د‬. ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' F&‫ا‬7‫و‬F' G‫هذ‬FG ‫ر‬.g' .F‫ا‬n'
( Katherine et al ., 2016) '‫ز‬NG
Q ‫ر‬. FF)N ‫ز&ة‬. ‫ر‬/G)N ‫ة‬F/6 )''‫ر‬F ‫و‬o K‫ ?ا‬N?G.o G‫ا‬.' O I1‫ا‬6N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
G‫ا‬..Fg' *'?G FNFF. 1'‫ى >ر‬F? GNF?.F' J‫ا‬o O ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ها‬. .7. pF' ‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G' 6?. 2N‫ر‬. O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،
G71 ..‫و‬.7N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ‫ا‬G> N ‫ة‬.F7F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬GF.F' *‫ا‬NFG? N ‫ة‬.0‫ا‬GF' *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' 6NG N .F‫ا‬7FF ‫ة‬.7FF/
. GNF?.F' 9‫ا‬7FF NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬F/1 O )‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G' F.F ‫ة‬GGp *‫ا‬N.N.'?7'
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬H‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣‫&ة ا‬N. -4.2.1
‫ا‬o‫ا‬G'‫د‬..7' /‫?د‬. N *g‫ا‬o' o6 O ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ,‫ا‬G‫د‬F' O/) ‫د‬FG Gg?) ‫ر‬G0 ‫ا‬G O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
1‫ا‬6.Fg' N NG‫?ا‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' O ‫د‬F?G' 7.'?F' +‫د‬/) /N/ ، J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. 7&‫ا‬7. ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N1‫ذ‬. *'N>. O'
*‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ?F7F' O N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' 9'‫د‬.g' )/o2 N ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG' )‫و‬F N ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' N 1‫ا‬F F FGGg' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?GFF ?7'‫و‬F'
?G 6‫و‬G>F' N NFNgF' N ‫د‬NF?.F/ ‫ز‬NG.. ./.7' FN) J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. ‫ى‬F? FNG? '// J‫ا‬G?g' ,0‫ا‬G N
(Horney et al ., 2010)5* (VUCA Environment ) GF F F F FNF? /F77N */ ‫ا‬F F FG ‫و‬G N *‫ا‬F F F F.FF.F' ‫ر?ة‬7
FG‫ة ⩅ت‬7‫ا‬. *'1‫د‬F ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. .F7.N N )Simon , 2020( )/‫ا‬NFF' ‫ى‬F? *o‫د‬/ 6‫ر‬GN */ P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg'
5‫ر‬GF' Jg>.7' FG ‫ها‬FNG‫ ⩅ت‬N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. F? ‫ة‬o‫ا‬FF' *o‫د‬/.F' G‫ذ‬G G.N O /‫و‬G7F' FG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G'
)7Gp' O‫و‬FF' ‫ة‬N‫>ر‬F( ‫ر‬.1‫و‬.F ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG' ‫ة‬N.N.'?7+ ‫ة‬N‫>ر‬F N /1'‫و‬G' ‫ة‬N‫>ر‬FG ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' *o‫>ر‬FF' L) GF0 N ،‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G'
Don, ( /‫ا‬./ ‫ر‬/Gg' FG?F' ‫&ة‬N. ?G ‫ها‬.7‫ا‬F.F '‫>ر‬F GF0 N NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' O J‫ا‬F F F FG?g' )1'/g ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G > ./6)
‫ض‬NG‫ الغ‬N 0‫لبا‬F.‫ ال‬/?77 N F‫ي‬FN‫ ال‬G/? N /NF?.‫ال‬. 8‫ي‬G.. ‫ت‬.‫ا‬. ‫ي‬.‫ ال‬/NGF7‫ ال‬H‫ا‬G?‫ ال‬/‫ئ‬N. (VUCA Environment ) ‫ثل‬G. * 5
27
J‫?ا‬G > ‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫ة‬N1'/g' *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' ‫ة‬7‫د‬FG )/‫?ا‬+ (‫و‬F7) L/ *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' .../) ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، )2014
Jg>.7' FG ‫ها‬FG‫'* ⩅ت‬1‫د‬F ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫&ة‬N.F' ..‫و‬.7. ‫ا‬GFN. GNF‫ا‬G.F' 6G. ‫ى‬F? G‫ز‬NG?F ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. O
. )Don, 2014( ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G' 5‫ر‬GF'
L) /N/ *‫ا?ا‬F7F' FGNG N *‫ا‬FF F F F F F77‫ؤ‬G' GN>F. ‫ى‬F? /‫أ‬.F' O' NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' *'‫ز‬NG */) ‫ا‬GG
Zhang ( ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. F> O LN‫?ا‬.. N) 7G‫ا‬F.. ./.7) ‫ى‬6G ‫ا‬GNG )‫ا?د‬..G ‫ب‬⠱.?. .F‫ا‬G pF' *‫ا?ا‬F7F'
?F‫و‬.. *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ./6) ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، N7G‫ا‬FG' J‫و‬./ /‫و‬NF 6G. ..7. GF0 N )et al ., 2017
7FG N7G‫ا‬FG' ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬7.F. ‫?د‬. G N ‫ا?ة‬F7F' ,1‫ا‬. FG o/ H‫و‬7F' O ‫ة‬F?‫ا‬GF' G'‫ر‬7g' ?No FG ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG'
‫ها‬NF? ‫ا‬G'‫ز‬F /.7) FN) ‫?ها‬G FG‫?ا‬.F' ‫ى‬F? )‫ب‬⠱o *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ../ ‫ة‬N&N.F' 7&‫ا‬7p' G‫ذ‬G F> O N )Don, 2014(
N.. )1N‫ر‬6 ?G J‫هو‬o N&N. 77N O ‫ة‬NF‫و‬7F' ‫ها‬.F‫ا‬GG ‫ى‬F? 8‫ا‬Go' N /‫و‬G7F' FG ‫ها‬FG‫ة ⩅ت‬7‫ا‬. *'1‫د‬F G‫و‬.
(Teece et al ) Entrepreneurial Management ( ‫ة‬N/o‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?g/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' ‫ة‬N1'/g' .NF‫ا‬7g'
(Robert , 2011) ‫ة‬N/o‫ر‬F' ?N1‫ا‬6G' (‫ا‬/7) ‫ا‬o ?.G.N pF' *‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F' N *'1‫ا‬F F F ‫ه‬G' ‫ا‬GN7g ., 2016)
GF0 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. O ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' -‫ا‬.FF ‫ة‬NG./ )1N‫ر‬6 ‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G' )1'/+ O' G.‫و‬.F‫ا‬G GF0 O' ‫ة‬F F F F F F G‫ا‬6+
*‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬7.Fg' .&‫ا‬.FF' ./.7) /N/ ، )Zhang et al ., 2017( P/‫ا‬7.Fg' 9'‫د‬.g' FG ‫ها‬F? ..FN ‫ا‬G
P/‫ا‬7.Fg' ‫و‬GFF' G7F ..7N 9'‫د‬.g' /.7) ‫ة‬G‫د‬F.G' *o/‫ا‬7.Fg' O GF) ‫د‬n FN) ‫ة‬N?'‫د‬.g' ‫ا‬o'1‫د‬F ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?.
‫ب‬⠱? 9'‫د‬.gF ‫ة‬G‫د‬F.G' ‫ة‬.7FF' ‫ب‬⠱.?N P‫ذ‬F' NGF‫ر‬F' 9'‫د‬.g' ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. N J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7FF P1N‫ر‬6 9'‫د‬.g' F?n ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N
FG FGG.F' ‫ا‬GN7g *‫ا‬77..F' GF.q FG FGG.F' .F7.N P‫ذ‬F' N )Ignat, 2017( *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.
‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N )Yoo et al ., 2010 ( ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..g' N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬7.Fg' *o‫>ر‬FF' N 77..F' J‫ا‬o N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
*‫ها‬.‫و‬.F' F> O ‫ا‬GN7g *‫ا‬77..F' G‫ذ‬G O FN‫و‬G.F' Jg. FG P‫ر‬6.F' /1‫و‬G' O 1‫ا‬G/.7g' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? 6‫ر‬GN
. J‫ا‬G?g' J‫ا‬o O ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' ‫ها‬.6‫ر‬G pF' ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o'
H‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣‫طاع ا‬F 0‫ها‬.‫و‬.

ّ ❖
O ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7g 91‫ا‬7.G' ‫د‬N'‫ز‬.F' F> O J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. ‫ا‬o‫هد‬6 pF' *'>.F' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
*‫ا?ا‬F7F' GF..G ‫ة‬/N‫د‬/ *‫ها‬.‫و‬. J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7F ‫هد‬6 ‫د‬FG 9'‫د‬.g' )/o2 ?G N J‫ا‬G?g' *g‫ا‬o o6
28
1'‫ى >ر‬F? O‫ر‬.) *‫ها‬.‫و‬. J‫ا‬G?F' G‫هد ?ا‬6 ‫د‬FG ).GF' *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫و‬o G.‫و‬.F' N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6‫إ‬G
. J‫ا‬G?g' *g‫ا‬o O ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' *‫ها‬.‫و‬.F' GG) NFN ‫ا‬GNG N ‫ة‬NG‫ر‬o' .F?Fg' N *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F' ‫ا?ة‬F7 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG'
)Mobile Internet( ‫ة‬NG‫ر‬o‫ ا‬.F?F‫ل‬䐣‫▪ ا‬
F/G ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' Jg. FG ‫ها‬NF' J‫و‬7‫و‬F' FG‫ي‬䩅 pF' .F?Fg' ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NG‫ر‬o' .F?Fg' G‫?ر‬.
F7.N L‫ا‬G ).g' L) /N/ ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' .F?Fg' F? GF.0 pF' N ‫ا‬G> N ‫ة‬F F F F F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' .N7'‫و‬o' N ‫ة‬F F F F FNG‫ذ‬F' G.'‫و‬G'
/‫ ?د‬2N‫ا‬..N L) ?F‫و‬.G' FG GF) GF0 N 91‫ا‬7.G ‫و‬G ‫ة‬NG‫ر‬o' .F?Fg' ‫ا?ة‬F7 ‫هد‬6. ‫ا‬GG ،‫ة‬..‫ا‬/F' .N7'‫و‬o' ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ا‬o
)Reportlinker, 2021( 2025 ‫ة‬F7 J‫و‬F/ K‫د‬..7G 1‫ا‬NFG 5.7 .F?Fg' FG 9‫و‬FF' '‫ذ‬G NG‫د‬..7G'
FG K‫د‬..7. ).g' L) /N/ ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' .F?Fg' F? GF.0 ‫ة‬NG‫ر‬o' .F?FgF NG‫د‬..7G' 7&‫ا‬7. L) GF0 N
*g‫ا‬N.F' ‫د‬NF‫و‬. FG FG‫ي‬䩅 P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' .FN P) O N L‫ا‬GG P) FG ‫ة‬NG‫ر‬o' .F?Fg' K‫د‬..7. ‫ا‬GFN. ‫ة‬../ FG‫ا‬G)
‫ا?ة‬F7F' G‫ذ‬G O' )‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G' G.‫و‬.F' N ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' .F?Fg' N70 ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬FF' *o/‫ا‬7.FgF FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ر?ة‬7. ‫ا‬G1‫ا‬6.F' N
'‫ذ‬G FG6N GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ) Zhu et al ., 2016 , P 68( ).G *'1‫ا‬G/.7' K‫ز‬F.7. g ).g' L) /N/
*‫ا‬FN.7.F' N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' *gN‫و‬/.F' N NGF‫ر‬F' Kg?g' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' (‫?ا‬Fg' F/G *‫ها‬.‫و‬.F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' *‫ا?ا‬F7F' FG 9‫و‬FF'
N7F' O .F?Fg' NG‫د‬..7G FG ‫&ة‬G/ 40 L) /N/ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G *‫ا‬G'‫د‬..7g .GF' ‫د‬N'‫ز‬.F '‫>ر‬F GF0 N
2012 FG )?GF' Jg. ‫د‬F.F' *'0 O PN?GNFg' ?G‫د‬F' H‫و‬7 ‫ة‬GNF *2N‫ا‬. ‫ا‬GG o‫هر‬6 *‫ا‬FN.7.F' FN‫ز‬F.. L‫و‬G‫و‬FN
) Zhu et al ., 2016 , P 43( K‫د‬..7G L‫و‬NFG 125 FG ‫ر‬/G) N NN7 L'‫و‬N L‫و‬NF‫ر‬. 1.2 ‫ة‬GNF 2013 O'
'‫ذ‬G O' J‫و‬/.F' O' ‫?ى‬7. pF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? ..NG ‫ة‬NG‫ر‬o' .F?Fg' ‫ها‬FG‫ ⩅ت‬pF' *‫ا‬N.‫ا‬ng' FG ?G N GF) g+
.F?Fg' *‫ا‬NFG0 /‫ا‬G.?' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ GFGG/ N&N.F' K‫>ا‬FF' G‫ه‬GN ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FGFF ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F' 7‫ا‬FFF' (‫?ا‬N.7' N?‫ا‬F7F' G.‫و‬.F'
L) ‫ها‬NF? '‫د‬.
Q .?7F' FG F?n ‫ها‬NF+ J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NGNG N) ‫ة‬NG‫ر‬o' .F?Fg' ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' 1‫ا‬F.G' L) GF0 N ‫ة‬NG‫ر‬o'
.‫ة‬N‫و‬F ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G )‫ا?د‬F /‫و‬.N ?G o/ /.F.
0‫ا‬N‫م‬䔬‫ب‬⠱F‫ا?ة ا‬F7 ▪
‫ة‬NG‫?ا‬F' *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F' GG) L) /N/ J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7FF ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' *‫ها‬.‫و‬.F' GG) ‫د‬/) *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F' ‫ا?ة‬F7 ‫ب‬⠱.?.
LN2‫ا‬FF F FG) N F>‫ة >و‬G‫ر‬6 ( 1'‫ى >ر‬F? *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FF F F F GNFF' FF. F7g7 N ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F' ‫ها‬.76F) O ‫د‬G.?. ‫ة‬/.‫ا‬FF'
29
6G‫ا‬G *'0N ‫و‬GFF' ‫ة‬NF‫ة ?ا‬NFNF/ J‫ا‬G?) '‫ا‬F.. K‫و‬F. )21‫ا‬.F' )‫د‬N‫د‬n' .F?Fg' *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6 L‫و‬G GF0 N ) ... I‫و‬.7NG N
'0‫ا‬G L'‫و‬F?. GF‫ا‬FG ‫ر‬6FN )Marc Andreessen( F?. P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ).G ‫ة‬.1‫د‬. ‫ها‬F? 9‫ا‬G‫د‬F' FG‫ي‬䩅N ?G.‫ر‬G /.1
P/‫ا‬7.F'N N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. J‫و‬/ G7.FG O G‫?ا‬F' L) ‫ب‬⠱.?' /N/ )Andreessen , 2011( G‫?ا‬F' FG/ *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F'
FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' L/ N. ‫ا‬GG /‫ا‬7.Fg' FG ‫?ة‬7'N *‫ا?ا‬7F ‫ى‬F? )‫ر‬7N7FF *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F' *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6 GNG ‫?د‬.7. ?7'N NGN.‫ا‬G'1/
‫ى‬F? FG?F' ‫ة‬NG./ ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? 6‫ر‬GN P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬G g' *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F' ..7. F7?..7 ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
*‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F' L/ *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' .FN. ‫ا‬GG ، J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7FF ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' *‫ها‬.‫و‬.F' ?G GFF‫أ‬.F' N ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' *'1‫و‬7.F' ‫ة‬.G'‫و‬G
‫ا‬GG )Hardware ( ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬G' )‫هز‬.g' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. GNF‫ا‬G. 6‫ا‬Gp' ?G ‫ا‬GN7 g *g‫ا‬N.FF F/Gg' Jg>.7g' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7.
)‫د‬N‫د‬. ‫ة‬NG‫&ة ?ا‬6g *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6 Hg7+ FG FG‫ي‬䩅 P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ‫ة‬GNFF' FF. ‫ة‬F7F7 O F/'‫ر‬G' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' ‫ر‬7.0 ‫ا‬G)
/‫د‬. NG>‫و‬G .N1‫د‬.N ‫ة‬N./.F' F.F' O 1‫ا‬G/.7g' O+ ‫ة‬.‫ا‬o' LN/ *‫ا?ا‬F7F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' O *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F/ ‫ة‬G‫د?و‬G
)Andreessen , 2011(
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬7F‫ل‬䑅‫▪ ا‬
J‫ا‬G?g' ,0‫ا‬G ‫د‬/) N‫ه‬G NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' O J‫ا‬G?g' G‫ها* ?ا‬.‫و‬. GG) ‫د‬/) ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' ‫ب‬⠱.?.
./‫د‬/) ‫ا‬G) ‫ا‬GG ) Zhu et al ., 2016 , P 43( *‫ا‬FF F G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬FF F F F N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. N .F?Fg' ‫ها‬.FGG pF' ‫ة‬/‫د‬/.7G'
N. *gG‫?ا‬G' G?/ FG‫ة ⩅ت‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' L) GF0 N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬7.Fg' ‫ة‬76Fg' N *‫ا‬G>FG' ‫ة‬.NG‫ر‬. O ‫ة‬N1‫ذ‬. *'N>.
.) Taeuscher & Laudien ,2017( NFF.7G' NGF‫ه‬.7G' N FN/1‫و‬G' GF.q
‫ة‬NG‫و‬NF' )‫ا‬No' o/ N *‫ا?ا‬F7F' N *g‫ا‬o' GF.q F‫ش‬㑅 /N/ ‫?ا‬N‫ر‬7 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' /F77G ‫ر‬6.F'
‫د‬N‫ب ?د‬⠱? *g?‫ا‬G.F' FN‫ه‬7. O )‫ا?د‬7G' ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬G‫ر‬N P‫ذ‬F' J‫ا‬G?g' ,0‫و‬G ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬GN‫?ر‬. o /N/ ، /'‫ر‬GgF
N?&‫ا‬.F'N FN?6G' 7.1 F/G F.g' )7F *gG‫?ا‬G FG6 *g?‫ا‬G.F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ذ‬... L) FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' G'‫ر‬7g'
?N‫ر‬7.F ‫ة‬F7'‫و‬.G /‫هو‬. N) ‫ة‬G?6G ‫ة‬.N.F FNF/.F F.g' FN‫و‬7 LN‫?ا‬. N) ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..' *‫ا‬Fg? FN‫و‬G. FG6.. L) N)
F‫ه‬7. pF' N‫?ا‬G' FG ‫و?ة‬GoN ‫ة‬GG‫و‬/ FGNG G‫و‬. O ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' 1N/ F/G.N ‫ا‬GG ، NG1‫ا‬6G' ''/) N7/
O '1‫ا‬6.F' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' *‫هد‬6 ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، )Deloitte ,2021( ?7N) H‫ا‬7F ‫ى‬F? *g?‫ا‬G.F'
(Lending Club) ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' N )Airbnb( FFF F F F FFFF' N )Uber( ‫ة‬F‫د‬FGF' *‫ا‬G‫د‬. F/G *‫ا?ا‬F7F' GF.q
‫ر‬7?F' O ‫ة‬/.‫ا‬FF' J‫ا‬G?g' ,0‫ا‬G GG) FG ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ها‬F?. P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' (Taeuscher & Laudien ,2017 )
30
N7‫ا‬7) 1‫د‬7GG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' ,0‫و‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?. *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ب‬⠱G) )‫ر‬6? F7) FG 5 ‫د‬.‫و‬N GF) /N/ NGF‫ر‬F'
‫ة‬F7F7 O ‫ز‬G‫ر‬. g ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' L‫و‬G -‫ا‬.FF' '‫ذ‬G /‫?و‬N ‫ا‬GFN. ، ) Zhu et al ., 2016 , P 46( ‫ا‬o'‫?ا&د‬F
*g?‫ا‬G.F' N *g‫و‬G?F' N *gg?g' F/G )/‫?د‬.G .NF‫ا‬7) ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?. F. P/‫ا‬/) .F‫ا‬. ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬o ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' ‫ة‬GNFF' FF.
Zhu et al ., ( ‫ا‬Gg>.7' FG‫ي‬䩅 *g‫ا‬N. FG GGF0 ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬GNFF' FF. 1/‫ا‬7G GG) FG ‫ب‬⠱.?. pF' N G'‫ر‬7g' )/‫?د‬.G
F.‫ا‬F N ../ > ‫ة‬7.'?G' G'‫ر‬7g' /‫ ?د‬L ) /N/ G'‫ر‬7g' )/‫?د‬.G H‫و‬7 F? )1‫ا‬.? N‫ه‬G ) 2016 , P 43
K'‫?د‬F' : O ‫ة‬F/G.G' N ‫ها‬FN. ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬7.'?G FG'‫ ?و‬+g/ ‫ر‬G‫و‬. O' ‫ا&ها‬F. O ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' ,‫ا‬./ ‫ا‬GG ، N>.FF
GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ) Zhu et al ., 2016 , P 47( -‫ا‬.GFg' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ NG‫د‬..7G' ‫ة‬GNF GN>?. N ‫ة‬GFG.F'
‫ة‬GNFF' FF. ‫ة‬F F F F NGNG O ‫ة‬F/G.G ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7) /‫ا‬F F F F ?.) ‫ة‬F F F F F F/g/ ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬GNG7. O ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' ?No /‫ا‬G.?' FG G>‫ر‬F‫ا‬.G
‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FGFF ‫ة‬GF..G' 9'‫و‬Fg' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' ‫د‬.‫و‬N GF) g+ *'‫?ا&د‬F' FN7/ ‫ة‬NGNG O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫?ها‬N2‫و‬. ‫ة‬NGNG N
. 2 -1 JN‫د‬n' O N.G ‫و‬G
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬7F‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬0‫زا‬N‫م‬䕅 •
7F. O *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ?G'/ N F7'‫و‬.F' O L‫ا‬7Fg' )‫ر‬7G pFN P‫ذ‬F' FGGG' .F?Fg' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' ‫ب‬⠱.?.
‫ا‬GG ،NF?GF' .F‫و‬F' O ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G6F'N F?‫ا‬G.F' FG NGG.F' Jg. FG GF0 N .g' K‫د‬..7G' N. N ‫ها‬FN. *‫ا‬G‫ا‬7G'
GNF‫ا‬G. GF.q .G FG6. FFFN ‫ا‬G L‫ا‬GG'N L‫ا‬G‫ز‬FF ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' /‫و‬NFF' ‫ر‬7G ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬o1‫د‬F. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' ‫ز‬NG..
Jg. FG ‫?ها‬NG. o pF' *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬G N FNF/ ‫ب‬⠱? *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N7/ N *g‫ا‬N.F' FG‫د‬. )/o2 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ *gG‫?ا‬G'
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬7FG' O ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' G'‫ر‬7g' GF.q F?‫ا‬G.
FG6.N P‫ذ‬F' N&N.F' K‫>ا‬FF' O JNg' F/G.N /N/ ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬ng' FG N.F‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FGFFG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
FFF F F7'‫و‬.F' F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬FF' ).GF' *g‫ا‬N.F' O ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F' )‫ز‬NG' F/G.. ‫ا‬GFN. G‫ه‬FN. ‫ا‬GNG F?‫ا‬G.F' N G'‫ر‬7g' F7'‫و‬. Jg. FG
. ) Zhu et al ., 2016 , P 47( G'‫ر‬7g' G‫ذ‬G GF.q N. F?‫ا‬G.F' N
N&N.F‫ ا‬I‫>ا‬FF‫ا‬ ✓
‫ة‬NG'‫>ر‬n' ‫ز‬.'‫و‬o' N ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬F7F' ‫ز‬.'‫و‬o' ‫ر‬7GN GF) ‫ة‬FNF/ O ‫ة‬7FGFF N&N.F' K‫>ا‬FF' ‫ة‬GNF FGG.
.o‫ا‬7G' (‫ا‬/7) GF.q N. F?‫ا‬G.F' N F7'‫و‬.F' ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. ?G G'‫ر‬7g' GF.q N. LN‫?ا‬.F' G./ FG ‫د‬N‫ز‬N GF) ‫ا‬GG
31
/‫ي‬䨱.GF‫ ا‬0g‫ا‬N.F‫ا‬ ✓
G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬.7FF/ ‫ة‬GNFFF '1‫د‬7G L‫و‬G. ‫ا‬G1N‫د‬. pF' N ).GF' *g‫ا‬N.FF N7N&1 1‫د‬7G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' ‫ب‬⠱.?.
. *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' J‫ا‬G?g' ,0‫ا‬GFF ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7g' 7&‫ا‬7p' : 2-1 HN‫د‬n‫ا‬
7N7..F‫ا‬ H‫ا‬G?g‫ ا‬.0‫نو‬䙅 0‫ا‬w

PN?GNF' FN.7. .N‫و‬F' ‫ة‬G.6 ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ة‬7FG ‫ة‬7FG' 9‫و‬F
'‫ا‬F.
*o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' '‫ا‬6F' *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬G‫د‬. ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7g' ‫ة‬76Fg'
‫ة‬GNFF‫ ا‬FF. ‫?د‬.

*‫?ا‬G.o'
G/‫د‬o
6N‫ا‬G.F/ )‫د‬N'‫ز‬G/ ?&‫ا‬.F' G/‫د‬n ../ ‫?ر‬7 1‫?ا‬7g' ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G
P?6G'
‫د‬.‫و‬N g ‫ة‬7FG' ‫ا‬o K‫و‬F. ‫?ة‬.'‫ر‬G/ K‫و‬FN K‫د‬..7G' ‫?ة‬.'‫ر‬G' K‫>ا‬F
‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..g' ‫ة‬GNFF' ‫ة‬NG7‫?ا‬F' ‫ة‬GNFF' ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬GF' / ‫ة‬GFG.F' / ‫?ر‬7F' ‫ة‬GNFF' 6‫ ?ر‬3‫ا‬7)
*‫ا‬G‫د‬. ?F7 *gG‫?ا‬G' O‫و‬.q
)Offline( .F?Fg/ F7.G > )Online( 7p' ‫ب‬⠱? *gG‫?ا‬G' 9‫و‬F
‫ة‬GNFF‫? ا‬N2‫و‬. ‫?د‬.
NFG) P/‫و‬G? ‫ا?ة‬F7F' H‫ا‬7F
J‫ا‬G?) ?G J‫ا‬G?) GF‫ه‬.7G ?G J‫ا‬G?) GF‫ه‬.7G ?G GF‫ه‬.7G ‫ة‬7FG' O I'?6g' '‫د‬.G
B2B B2C C2C
NFp P‫هو‬. NG‫?ا‬ O'‫>ر‬n' H‫ا‬7FF'

*‫ا‬G‫د‬p' ?N. *gg?g' *‫ا‬G'?6g' *g‫و‬G?F' *'‫?ا&د‬F' FN7/ 3‫ا‬7)
?7.F' Gg..' H‫و‬7F' G/‫د‬o ‫?ر‬7F' ../ ‫?ر‬7F' ?7.F' 77)
‫ة‬GNFF‫ ا‬FN7‫?د ⨭ت‬.
‫د‬.‫و‬N g ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. ?F‫و‬G' ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. *'‫ز‬NGG' ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. 1‫?ا‬7g' ‫ز‬NN‫⩅ت‬
‫ة‬NGGF'
‫د‬.‫و‬N g /F/ G‫ر‬7 P?6G' ?&‫ا‬.F' ‫?و'&د‬F' 1‫د‬7G
( Zhu et al ., 2016 ) : 1‫د‬7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬
32
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅‫ ا‬-5.2.1
?G ‫ا‬GN7g ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. ‫ز‬N‫ ⩅ت‬../ pF' */'‫ر‬76g' N J‫ا‬G?g' G‫?ا‬F ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' *‫ها‬.‫و‬.F' F> O
‫ة‬GNFF' FNF/ FG FG‫ ⩅ت‬pF' ‫ة‬G'‫د‬.7G' 5‫ر‬GF' N. ‫ز‬NNG.F' O P‫د‬/ G.'‫و‬. *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ./6) ، ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G' 5‫ر‬GF' )/o2
‫ة‬NG./ ‫ها‬NF? 6‫ر‬G ‫ا‬G ، )Urbach & Roglinger , 2019( O‫د‬G' )7F 5‫ر‬GF' N FN‫و‬7F' O‫د‬G' ‫ى‬F?
‫&ة‬N. F> O ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FGFF ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6 ‫ب‬⠱.?. ../ pF' ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F' *'1‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬N‫>ر‬F ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G' )1'/+ ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g'
1‫ا‬G..g' Jg. FG K'‫د‬.7G' ‫و‬GFF' FNF/ *‫ا‬NF( /6‫و‬. pF' ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7g' ‫ة‬N‫>ر‬FF' ./6) ‫ا‬G) ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?g'
‫ى‬F? )1‫د‬FF' N NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' FNF/ F.) FG GF0 N (Kadama , 2018 ,P. 14) *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6FF N.N.'?7g'
.‫ة‬FG'‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬N&N.F' *'‫د‬..7G' F> O ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG'
‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬1‫د‬FF‫ا‬ ❖
‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. K‫ها‬G' FG ‫و?ة‬Go K‫⩅تا‬g *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ا‬o K‫و‬F. pF' *‫ا‬7‫ا‬6FF' FG ‫و?ة‬Go ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? *'1‫د‬FF' G‫?ر‬.
*'1‫د‬FF' N ‫ة‬N/‫?ا‬F' *'1‫د‬FF' O+ ‫ها‬GN7F. FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG، -/1g' FNF/ N *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ?F7F' ?N2‫و‬. N ,‫ا‬.F‫ب‬⠥ /G7.
F/‫ا ⩅ت‬GNG ، K‫ها‬G' K‫⩅تا‬g ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F' ‫ة‬GG‫و‬o' N ‫ة‬NFN>6.F' N ‫ة‬N1'/g' *'1‫د‬FF' GF. ONg' FG6. /N/ ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F'
*‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ?F7F' ,‫ا‬.Fg ‫ها‬.76F) GN.‫و‬. FG *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG‫ ⩅ت‬pF' O‫و‬.7G' ‫ة‬NF‫ة ?ا‬76Fg' ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F' *'1‫د‬FF'
‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p' N ‫ة‬NF.'‫د‬F' ‫ا‬G/1'‫و‬G FN‫?د‬. )/‫?ا‬+ N '‫ا‬F. N .G/ FG *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' NG‫ ⩅ت‬O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، .F7F' 9‫ا‬G.1' ?G
: (Teece & Leih ,2016) G‫ا‬F7) +g/ O+ *'1‫د‬FF' G‫ذ‬G G7FF. ‫ا‬GG FG?F' ‫&ة‬N.F ?N‫ر‬7F' .FF.F' ‫هة‬.'‫و‬G
FG *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG‫ ⩅ت‬pF' *'1‫د‬FF' GF. NG N : " Sensing" 1‫?ا‬6.7g‫ ا‬0‫ا‬1‫د‬F

. 'gG?F' *‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./' ?G ‫ة‬Fg? ‫ا‬G pF' ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' 5‫ر‬GF' GNNF. N ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. O )‫ا?د‬7G' N) ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N ‫د‬N‫د‬/
‫هة‬.'‫و‬G /1'‫و‬G' ‫&ة‬.?. *'1‫د‬FF' G‫ذ‬G FG6.. : " Seizing" ‫رص‬GF‫ ا‬I‫ا‬F.>‫ ا‬0‫ا‬1‫د‬F
. ‫ة‬GNFF' ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7o' N 5‫ر‬GF' N *‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./g'
‫د‬N‫د‬..F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' )1‫د‬F O F/G.. : "Transforming " ‫ة‬NF‫حو‬.F‫ا‬

ّ 0‫ا‬1‫د‬FF‫ا‬
.‫ر‬G.7G'
33
O F/G.. 1N‫ا‬p ?.1) FG6N *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' // L) *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' .FN. ‫ا‬GG
FG? J‫ا‬o ‫د‬.‫ي‬䩅 /N/ ، )Ahmed , 2016 , P. 22( ‫ة‬GNFF' FF. 1/‫ا‬7G N ‫ر?ة‬7F' N G.o' N FG?F' J‫ا‬o
*‫ا‬7FG' ‫ا‬G‫ر‬G‫و‬. pF' *g‫ا‬N.F' )‫ر‬G‫و‬F' O+ G.o' 1‫ا‬N?G F/‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' /N‫د‬o' H‫ا‬7F ,1‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
0‫ا‬0' N )‫د‬N‫د‬n' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N *‫ا‬..FG' Hg7+ ‫ر?ة‬7 ?G1 FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' FG‫ ⩅ت‬GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
N.N NFN ‫ا‬F F F F FGNG N ، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬NF.F' N *‫ا‬G.6F' N *g‫ا‬N.F‫ا‬G ‫ة‬GNFF' FF. 1/‫ا‬7G )/o2 N *'1'‫ر‬FF'
. ‫ها‬F? ‫ة‬..?G' 1/f' N ‫ها‬NF+ ‫ة‬N/‫ؤ‬G' FG'‫?و‬F' N *‫ا‬F F F F 77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬F F F F NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬F F F F /.F' 1-1 FG6F'
*'/‫أ‬.F' N *g‫ا‬o' N FG'‫?و‬F' : ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' : 1-1 FG6F‫ا‬
/NGF7‫ ال‬0‫ل‬䐧N‫ح‬.‫ ال‬7‫'ثا‬ /NGF7‫ ال‬0‫ل‬䐧N‫ح‬.‫ ال‬0‫ل‬䐧‫جا‬G /NGF7‫ ال‬0‫ل‬䐧N‫ح‬.‫ 'لى ال‬/‫ي‬/&‫ل‬䑅‫ل ا‬G‫ا‬N?‫ال‬
N NGF‫ ال‬G‫ل‬0 ‫ا في‬G. ‫ل‬G‫? ك‬G.‫لج‬䑅‫ ا‬N /‫صا‬.F‫ل‬䐧‫ ?لى ا‬7‫'ثي‬.‫ال‬

/7G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬N ‫ل‬G?‫ ال‬/?N‫ب‬7 N /‫ال‬7‫ الب‬N /GNF‫ ال‬/‫ل‬7‫ل‬7 /NF. /N‫م‬F‫ر‬F' 'N‫وج‬F‫تكنو‬F' ‫'نتش'ر‬
0‫ا‬77‫ا‬G‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬N ‫ل‬G?‫ال‬
‫لء‬䐧G?‫ ال‬.7‫جا‬. F‫ي‬7‫ح‬.‫ ك‬H‫ا‬G?‫ا? ال‬7F‫ص ل‬7G‫ ال‬FNF‫ح‬. 0'‫ع‬F‫تو‬F' ‫ و‬GF'‫مو‬F' ‫لفر'د و‬䐣' G‫و‬F‫ س‬N‫ر ف‬N>‫ت‬F'
F‫ي‬7‫ح‬. ، ?‫ا‬/.‫ل‬䐥‫ ا‬6‫ي‬6?. ، 7‫ا‬7F‫ ال‬0‫ا‬..‫ب ا‬N‫ال‬7' N
0‫ا‬G/‫ الخ‬N 0‫جا‬.F‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬
FN‫?ا‬.‫ب ال‬N‫ال‬7' N H‫ا‬G?‫ ال‬0‫ا‬77‫ا‬GG F'‫لسو‬䐣' HN./ F‫ائ‬N?‫ي ل‬.7F‫اض ال‬G.F‫ل‬䐧‫ا‬
‫ثل‬G H‫ا‬G?‫ا? ال‬7F‫ ل‬0‫يا‬/‫ح‬. FG /‫ي‬/?‫ ال‬/FGF7‫ح ال‬77.

H‫ا‬G?‫ج ال‬0‫ا‬GF 7G‫لغا‬䑅‫ ا‬H‫ا‬G7'77GN.
‫ب‬F‫ج‬. /NGN‫ ك‬N /NGF7‫ ال‬0‫ل‬䐧N‫ح‬.‫ لل‬/.‫جا‬.7‫ل‬䐧‫ ا‬/NGN‫ك‬
/NFN7‫ت‬GN‫لل‬䐧‫ ا‬0‫ا‬G‫ الهج‬77‫ا‬.G N 7‫ل‬䐧G‫ل‬䐥‫ا‬
( Kowalkiewicz et al ., 2017) : 1‫د‬7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬
34
I‫و‬F7 >.G *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' O+ ‫ة‬N/‫ؤ‬G' FG'‫?و‬F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' /‫و‬.N O+ 1-1 FG6F' 6N
/N/ ، 9'‫د‬.g' 1‫و‬7. N ‫ر‬G‫>ا‬G' J‫ا‬G' 3)1 )‫ر‬GN N H'‫و‬7g' J‫و‬./ F&'‫ ?و‬6‫ا‬Gp' N NGF‫ه‬.7G' *‫?ا‬F‫و‬. N /'‫ر‬Gg'
J‫ا‬7.g' .NF‫ا‬7) >. N ( ‫ة‬NGN.‫ا‬G‫و‬.') J‫ا‬G?g' ‫ة‬NF( 1‫ا‬6.F‫ا‬G *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' N FG?F' .NF‫ا‬7) ‫ى‬F? FG'‫?و‬F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ر‬/‫ؤ‬.
/‫ا‬G.?g' N N.1‫ا‬p' G‫?ا‬FF -‫ا‬.GFg' ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?. ../ pF' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' /N‫د‬/ N6g. O' ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F' P/‫ؤ‬. ‫ا‬G) O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
,1‫ا‬. FG G'‫ر‬7g' o/ N FN/1‫و‬G' N NGF‫ه‬.7G‫ا‬G ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p' G'‫ر‬7g' GF.q ?G ‫ة‬NFN‫?ا‬.F' *‫ا‬7‫ا‬N7F' ‫ى‬F?
9‫ا‬7.' O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' /N‫د‬o' O‫?د‬.NF ‫ة‬GNFF' FF. '‫ا‬6G 9‫ا‬7.' O' O/) P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ،‫ا?ة‬F7F'
‫ة‬.F'‫ر‬G ‫ة‬NG) 7F‫ا‬F. N FG?F' .FN ?G J‫ا‬G?FF N7.6F' .F‫و‬F' ,‫ا‬G‫د‬F' Jg. FG ‫ة‬GNFF' FFp NG‫ز‬F' J‫ا‬o'
5‫ا‬p' FG?F' /N‫د‬/ 9‫ا‬7.' N ‫ة‬GNFF' FF. '‫ا‬6G ?7‫و‬. P/‫ؤ‬N GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، (Ahmed, 2016) FG?F'
. ‫ة‬GNFF' *‫?ا‬G.o 1‫ >هو‬O+ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G/
)/o2 O ‫ة‬F/G.G /‫?ا‬.) +g/ Jg. FG GF0N J‫ا‬G?g' ‫ة‬GNF N7/ FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' FG‫ا ⩅ت‬GG
‫ر?ة‬7F' Jg. FG )'‫ا‬GGF' ?G‫ر‬. /N/ ،(Marek et al ., 2017) ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F' ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬GF' N )'‫ا‬GGF'
K‫ا‬F F F F‫ه‬G' .G/ FG NGG.F' Jg. FG ‫ة‬F F F F NF‫?ا‬GF' ‫د‬N‫ز‬. ‫ا‬GG *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' ‫ة‬F F F FGF1 N ‫ذ‬NGF.F' O ‫ة‬NFf' N K‫ها‬G' ‫ذ‬NGF. O
GG‫ا‬7. O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG N ،*‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' '‫ا‬G0 ?G1 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ /.‫ر‬F' N ‫ز‬NG?F' )/‫ ا‬F F F F F FN2 O+ P/‫ؤ‬N P‫ذ‬F F F F FF' ‫ر‬Gg'
‫ة‬F F F F F N&N.F' *'>.FF ‫ة‬F F F F F F F.‫ا‬..7g' N *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G ?G1 Jg. FG ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F' ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. O GF‫ذ‬G ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
FG FG‫ا ⩅ت‬GG ‫ة‬F F F F 7‫ا‬7.. NGN>F.F' FGNG' ‫ر‬F F F F F FNN>. ‫ى‬F? )1‫د‬FF' Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ة‬F F F F NGN>F.F' ‫ة‬F F F F F F F F FN‫ر‬G' ?F F F F F F F FG1 N
.‫ر?ة‬7. )‫د‬N‫د‬n' 1‫ا‬GGg' ?G GFF‫أ‬.F' N 9'‫د‬F F F F.g' *‫ا‬F F F F FNFG? (‫?ا‬N.7'
/‫أ‬.F' F> O ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬G > *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' FG‫ا‬NG' ./.7) ‫د‬FG *'‫د‬..7G' G‫ذ‬G F> O N
*/ P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ،J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. ‫ز‬N‫ ⩅ت‬../ pF' */'‫ر‬76g' N *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' .F'‫و‬. GF.q ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF .GF'
‫ة‬FF F F F F /‫ا‬.G' 5‫ر‬GF' K‫ا‬F.>' FG ‫ها‬FG‫ ⩅ت‬N NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' *'‫ز‬NG ?G ‫ى‬6‫ا‬G.. ‫ة‬NFGNG ‫ة‬NF. ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' ‫ها‬NF? 6‫ر‬GN
n‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FGNG' N.N P‫ذ‬F' 2-1 FG6F' O N.G ‫و‬FF F F F FG ‫ا‬GG ‫هها‬.'‫و‬. pF' *o‫د‬/.FF P‫د‬7.F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G‫ا?د‬7. N
/'‫ر‬Gg' ‫ة‬F.7 N J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬F.7 N J‫ا‬F F F F FG?g' ,0‫و‬G O ‫ة‬F/G.G *‫ا‬F.7 7o FG6N P‫ذ‬F' N NGF‫ر‬F' G‫?ا‬F' O
Urbach & ( ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ة‬N./.F' ‫ة‬NF.F' ‫ة‬F.7 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' N *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬F.7 N ‫ة‬NFN.7.F' ‫ة‬G>Fg' N
.)Roglinger , 2019
35
5‫ر‬GF' Jg>.7' FG FG‫ي‬䩅 /N/ ‫ة‬NGg' *'0 ‫ر‬7‫ا‬F?F' FG J‫ا‬G?g' ,0‫و‬G '‫ا‬F. ‫ب‬⠱.N: H‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬.0‫نو‬䙅
‫ة‬GFG.F' O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g/ FN>6.F' ,0‫و‬G N ‫ة‬G‫هد‬.7G' H'‫و‬7g' ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. J‫ا‬G?g' ,0‫و‬G ‫د‬N‫د‬/ G.N ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G'
NG‫هد‬.7G' 'gG?F' ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N ‫ة‬GNFF' FF. ‫ة‬F7F7 J‫ا‬G?g' ,0‫و‬G FG6.N GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، *'/'‫ر‬Ng' FN7/ N
. ‫ا‬GG‫و‬. ‫ى‬F? FG?F' ..'‫و‬F' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ?F7F' N
FG? *'''‫ر‬.+ O' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ,‫ا‬./ ?F'N O' J‫ا‬G?g' ,0‫و‬G FN‫و‬/ F.) FG :H‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬0‫ا‬71‫ما‬䕅
GF.q ‫ى‬7>N N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' /N‫د‬o' O‫?د‬.N 3‫ا‬7) ‫ى‬F? F.. L) .n pF' N ‫ة‬G>FG N G&‫و>ا‬F' )/‫?د‬.G
F.) FG ‫ا‬G‫ذ‬NGF. ..'‫و‬F' K‫ها‬G' /‫د‬/ J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G L) ‫ا‬GG ،‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF N&N.F' K‫>ا‬FF' N ‫ة‬GNFF' FF. *‫ا‬G.6
. )/‫د‬p G'‫د‬G) FNF/
oN‫د‬N ‫ا‬G+ L‫و‬GN J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G FG6 ‫ة‬.1‫د‬G' K‫ها‬G' ‫ذ‬NGF. L+ : ‫ة‬NFN.‫ط‬.F‫ة ا‬G>F‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬N /‫را‬G‫ل‬䐣‫ا‬
FG '‫ز‬. /‫ر‬GF' ‫ب‬⠱.?N GNF? N ‫ا‬G‫ه‬FN. LN‫?ا‬.F/ N ‫ة‬NFN.7.F' ‫ة‬G>Fg' N *gf' ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ا‬NGN.‫ا‬G‫و‬.N' N ) /'‫ر‬Gg' Jg. FG
g P‫ذ‬F' NG‫ر‬G' GN>F.F' .F. N /‫ر‬GF' ‫ة‬F‫ا‬61 ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. ‫ى‬F? FG?F' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG ..‫و‬.7N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' FGNG
N?‫ا‬Gn' FG?F' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F' ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N NG.6F' FGNG' ‫و‬o G.‫و‬.F' N NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' *‫ا‬.F7.G ?G ‫ى‬6‫ا‬G.N
‫ا‬NGN.‫ا‬G‫و‬.' ‫ا‬G‫ذ‬NGF. G.N pF' N J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G FG6 )‫د‬N‫د‬. K‫ها‬G /‫ا‬G.?' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،/'‫ر‬GgF
.)Urbach & Roglinger , 2019( ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' Jg. FG
‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G' *g‫ا‬N.F' G./ )/o2 P' P/‫ؤ‬N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7' )/o2 : 0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬N 0g‫ا‬N.F‫ا‬
Jg. FG *'1'‫ر‬FF' 0‫ا‬0' ‫ى‬F? )‫ا?د‬7G' N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G' FF. FG FG‫ ⩅ت‬pF' N ‫ة‬FGN‫ه‬G >F' N) ‫ة‬FGN‫ه‬G' ‫و'?ها‬F) GF..o
. NG>‫و‬G' N 'gG?F' *‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./' G‫ه‬G O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ F.F.7G' O J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7F *‫ها‬.‫و‬.. ‫ؤ‬.F.F' N ‫ها‬FNF/ N ‫ها‬.n‫?ا‬G
‫ى‬F? .n ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F' F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬FF' 5‫ر‬GFF F/Gg' Jg>.7g' F.) FG : ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ة ا‬N.‫ح‬.F‫ة ا‬NF.F‫ا‬
‫ة‬N7.6F' *'‫ر‬.‫و‬N.GGF' F/G ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' *g‫و‬GG' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ة‬G&gG ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ة‬N./ ‫ة‬NF. N.. *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
*‫ا‬G.6F' N ‫ة‬NFo‫ب‬⠱7F' ‫ة‬G>Fg' F/G ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? .n *‫ا‬G.6F' N K/'‫و‬p' N
. ‫ا‬G> N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' N ‫ة‬NG‫ذ‬F'
36
‫ا‪.F‬حو‪ 0g‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫‪G‬د‪ F.‬ا‪䑉‬ل ّ‬ ‫ا‪ F7GF‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪HN‬‬
‫ا‪NF.F' : 2-1 FG6F‬ة '‪NFGNG‬ة ‪GFF‬ؤ‪77‬ا* '‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫ا‪䐣‬لعمال الرقمية‬
‫خ‪NFF' FF‬م‪FF /‬عم‪䐧‬لء‬
‫‪0NGF‬ج‬
‫ا‪䐧‬ل?‪G‬ا‪H‬‬
‫‪GG‬ا‪77‬ا‪0‬‬
‫ا‪䐧‬ل?‪G‬ا‪H‬‬
‫ا‪䐧‬لضطراب‬ ‫التحول‬
‫الرقمي‬ ‫ال‪7G‬ا‪/‬‬
‫الرقمي‬
‫الب‪N‬ا‪F‬ا‪N 0‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪0‬‬
‫الب‪/NF‬‬
‫ال‪.‬ح‪/N.‬‬
‫& ‪( Urbach‬‬ ‫‪Roglinger , 2019‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪7‬د‪) : 1‬‬
‫‪37‬‬
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ة ا‬G‫ا‬F/F‫ا‬ ❖
..‫و‬.7N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. O ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ,0‫ا‬GFF' G‫ذ‬G N.. FG *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FGG.. o/
J‫ا‬G?g' ‫ة‬F F F F F F &N. GF F F6‫ر‬G. ../ ‫ا‬G ?G GFF‫أ‬.F' FG ‫ها‬FG‫ة ⩅ت‬NGN>F. ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ N.. N ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' ‫ها‬.G‫ا‬F/ ‫ى‬F? NF..F' ‫ها‬NF?
‫و‬o ‫ا‬G1‫ا‬7G O *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' -‫ا‬n ?FF F F F F F F‫ ⩅ت‬pF' F&'‫?و‬F' GG) ‫د‬/) ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F' L) GF0 N ، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
‫ز‬NG?F' )/‫ا‬NFF' ‫ى‬F? .n pF' 1‫و‬Gg' GG) ‫د‬/) ‫ها‬FG F?n P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ،) Goran et al ., 2017( NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬FF F F F F/.F'
,‫ا‬G‫د‬Fg/ GG‫?ر‬6. N /‫ر‬GF' FG‫ة ⩅ت‬G‫ا‬F/F ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' Ig.G' /.7) ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG' N -‫ا‬.FFF N7‫ا‬7) FG‫ا ?ا‬G1‫ا‬..?/ ‫ها‬NF?
I'‫ر‬6+ N ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/FF ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7g' )‫ا?د‬FF' '‫ا‬F. K‫ ?د‬L) /N/ ، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. O P1N‫ر‬6 ‫ر‬G) Go‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G O
-‫ا‬n+ N K‫د‬F.F' FNF/ O ‫ة‬.‫?و‬7 O' P/‫ؤ‬N L) GF‫أ‬6 FG ‫ها‬FNF/.F ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫?ى‬7. pF' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' o*‫ر‬F' O /'‫ر‬Gg'
‫ا?ة‬F7F' FG ,N‫ر‬p' N ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F' ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GG' L'‫د‬FG ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬GG+ ?G J‫ا‬G? g' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬.7FF/ NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NFG?
/‫و‬G7F' FG FG‫ة ⩅ت‬NGF1 ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ N.. ‫ى‬F? FG?F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? 6‫ر‬GN /.7) ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ،)Buvat et al ., 2017(
. NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' O J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. ‫ز‬N‫ي‬䩅 */ P‫ذ‬F' 6‫و‬G>F' N ‫د‬NF?.F' N *‫ا‬.FF.F' F> O -‫ا‬.FF' N
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ة ا‬G‫ا‬F/F‫ة ا‬NG‫ا‬G ▪
‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' H‫ا‬7F F.'/ /'‫ر‬Gg' N. ‫ة‬G?6G' GNFF' GF. ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F' ‫ب‬⠱.?.
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' F.'/ /'‫ر‬Gg' G>F. pF' ‫ا‬o -‫ر‬7G' >F' N ‫ة‬.‫و‬.GG >F' GNFF' N ‫و'?د‬FF' GF. ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G1‫ا‬..?' FG‫ي‬䩅
pF' N ‫ا‬G‫ا‬G?g ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ة‬N// ‫ة‬NGNGF ‫ة‬.N.F ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬GN‫?ر‬. o ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، )Duerr et al ., 2018(
../ ‫ا‬G '‫>ر‬F N )Buvat et al ., 2017( ‫ا‬o L‫و‬FG‫ؤ‬N pF' GNFF' N Go'‫د‬F.?G N /'‫ر‬G g' *'‫ب‬⠱. 9‫و‬Go FG L‫و‬G..
FG?. L) ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F' ‫ها‬.F‫ا‬GG ‫ى‬F? 8‫ا‬G/FF ‫?ى‬7. pF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G'‫ز‬F */ GF‫إ‬G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. G. ‫ز‬NG..
‫ة‬N‫و‬F ‫ة‬NGF1 ‫ة‬F F F F F F FG‫ا‬F/. ?.G.. pF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' L) GF0 N NGF‫ر‬F' G‫?ا‬F' *‫ا‬.F7.G ?G ‫ى‬6‫ا‬G.. ‫ة‬NGF1 ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ N.. ‫ى‬F?
GF‫ه‬.7G' ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F' N *'1'‫ر‬FF' 0‫ا‬0' *‫ا‬NFG? O *g‫ا‬N.F' N ‫ة‬F F F F F F NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬F F F F F ..7' ‫ى‬F? )1‫د‬FF' ‫ها‬N‫د‬F
FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG ، (WEF , 2021) N&N.F' ‫ها‬G‫>ا‬F N) NF.'‫د‬F' ‫ها‬7Np F.'/ ''‫و‬7 N?‫ا‬Gn' FG?F' N 9'‫د‬. g' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
G.'‫و‬. pF' *o‫د‬/.FF ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬GF' ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g' FG ‫ة‬FG‫?ا‬F' O‫و‬FF' NG‫ ⩅ت‬N ‫ة‬F F F F F F F FN‫ر‬G/ ‫ة‬FF?.G ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F' 1‫ا‬..?'
(WEF , 2021) :NFN ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7) 1N‫ا‬p ?.1) O ‫ر‬7.0 L) FG‫ي‬䩅 pF' N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G'
38
F.) FG '‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F' GF.q ?G N&N.F' ‫ها‬G‫>ا‬F FG6 N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' 7Np F.'/ LN‫?ا‬.F' : JN‫?ا‬.F‫ا‬
. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫هها‬.'‫و‬. pF' ‫ة‬N?'‫د‬.g' J‫و‬Fo' O' J‫و‬7‫و‬F'
0‫ا‬0' F.) FG )1N‫ر‬6 NGF‫ر‬F' G‫?ا‬F' O *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' ‫ب‬⠱.?N : 0g‫ا‬N.F‫ى ا‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g‫ا‬
. ‫ة‬GNFF' FF. N ‫ة‬N&N.F' *'>.F/ ‫ؤ‬.F.F' N *'1'‫ر‬FF'
*‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ?F7F' 6‫ ?ر‬Jg. FG ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬n+ 'gG? ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. FF. ‫ى‬F? FG?F' :‫ء‬gG?F‫ى ا‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F‫ا‬
. G‫?ه‬G *‫ا‬Fg?F' N
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? .n /N/ NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' O *o1N‫ر‬6F' GF F F F F G) FG 9'‫د‬F F F F F.g' ‫ب‬⠱.?N : ‫داع‬.‫ل‬䐥‫ا‬
'‫ا‬N6g' .N‫ر‬. Jg. FG )‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G/ )1/‫ا‬.G' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' N *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ?F7FF ‫ر‬G.7G' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F' ‫ى‬F? FG?F'
. )‫د‬N‫د‬n'
‫ى‬F? .n pF' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/FF O‫ر‬.) o'‫ز‬G *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' 6?. .G‫د‬F ‫د‬FG ‫ة‬F F F F ?.1g' 1N‫ما‬䕱' G‫ذ‬F F FG O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
)Buvat et al ., 2017( : NFN ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬F/G.G' N ‫ا‬o NF/.F' ‫ى‬F? FG?F' J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
*'1'‫ر‬FF' 0‫ا‬0' O ‫ر?ة‬7F' N ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G' N ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F/ ?.G.. L) ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? .n : ‫ة‬FN‫لر‬䑅‫ ا‬N ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F‫ا‬
. ‫?ة‬1‫ا‬7.G' *‫ا‬.FF.F' ?G GFF‫أ‬.F' ‫ى‬F? )1‫د‬FF' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
O' J‫و‬7‫و‬F' FG FGG.. o/ NGF‫ر‬F' G.‫و‬.F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? .n : ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F‫ا‬
. ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬FF.. ‫هها‬.'‫و‬. pF' *o‫د‬/.FF ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬Fo'
'‫ا‬F. Jg. FG GF0 N O‫ا‬F/F' -‫ا‬.GFg' ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? .n : ‫ف‬䅊‫ا‬F/F‫ ا‬/‫ا‬.GFg‫ا‬
. ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p' G'‫ر‬7g' ?G ‫ة‬G'‫ر‬6F' *‫ا‬G.6
O G‫ر‬6F ‫ى‬F? 5‫ر‬o' N G.N K‫ا‬G.Gg' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? .n P‫ذ‬F' N7‫ا‬7g' FG‫?ا‬F' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F' ‫ب‬⠱.?.
J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. O 7G‫ا‬F.F' ‫ى‬F? )1/‫ا‬F *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' F?. O ‫ها‬.NGg GF0 N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' *o‫و‬.7G N .F'‫و‬. GF.q
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF J‫?ا‬GF' Jg>.7g' FG ‫ها‬FNG‫ ) ⩅ت‬J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. *‫ا‬.FF. ‫ر?ة‬7 ?G GFF‫أ‬.F' ‫ى‬F? )1/‫ا‬F ‫ها‬F?. Jg. FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
39
O ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F ‫>ة‬F‫ا‬.F' ‫ة‬NGg' G>1 N ، (WEF , 2021) o‫ا‬7G' (‫ا‬/7g K'‫د‬.7G // K‫د‬F. ‫ها‬F?n ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G'
GF0 N *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬.7FF/ P‫د‬/ ‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫ها‬NF+ J‫و‬/.F' L) g+ ، J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬.7FF/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬F/1
‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' N NG>‫و‬G' *‫ا‬NFG0 N I‫و‬FF F F F FF7 O ‫ة‬F/G.G' '‫ا‬N6g' FG ‫د‬FF F F F F F N‫?د‬F' N>. FG G.F7.. ‫ا‬G
(WEF , 2021) . ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' GNF O'
*‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F' O N>. ..‫و‬.7N GF) g+ ‫ة‬F‫ه‬7F' 1‫و‬Gg' FG ‫ب‬⠱.?N /'‫ر‬Gg' I‫و‬F7 N>. : /‫را‬G‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬G‫و‬F7
. GNFF' ?G ‫ا‬F7.G L‫و‬GN L) I‫و‬F7F' ‫ى‬F? .n /N/
. /'‫ر‬GgF ‫ة‬.7.GG' )‫ب‬⠱p' ?G FG6.. ‫ا‬Gg GF0 N .FN *‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F' N>. K‫ز‬F.7N : 0‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F‫ا‬
‫هها‬N.‫و‬. N /'‫ر‬Gg' GNF G‫ه‬G *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? .n GF) g+ )‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G >.. L) GNFFF FG‫ي‬䩅 g : GNFF‫ا‬
. '‫ا‬G.Fg/ 1‫?و‬6F' N N7GFF' L‫ا‬Gg' FF. ‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' GNF H‫ا‬N7 FG6
./.7G' I‫و‬F7F' ?.6N 3‫ا‬7) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' GNG7. .n : ‫ة‬NGN>F.F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬
‫ة‬N‫ز‬NG/.F' .NF‫ا‬7g' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFFF ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F' ''/g' *'‫ر‬6‫ؤ‬G N ''/g' 3‫ا‬NF .NF‫ا‬7) FG6.N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' ، /'‫ر‬GgF
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬NF.F' N.. N
‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬GNG7. N ‫ة‬NF‫و‬/.F' ‫ها‬G'‫د‬G) N ‫ها‬.N.N.'?7' GN.‫و‬. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? .n : ‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅‫ ا‬GNF
. 1‫ذ‬o' N ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G6F' ..‫و‬.7N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' -‫و‬G7F' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N g.F.7G ‫ها‬FN‫?د‬.. /G7N 3‫ا‬7)
FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' ‫هة‬.'‫و‬G ‫ها‬NF? .n ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F' O' J‫و‬/.F' FG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' FGG.. o/ N GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬F/1 O )/‫ا‬NFF' G.'‫و‬. pF' *'‫و‬7p' .?7) FG ‫ب‬⠱.?. O‫ا‬F/F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NFG? L) GF0 N ، O‫ر‬.g' *o‫د‬/.F'
:)Buvat et al ., 2017( : ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F' O' J‫و‬/.F' *o‫د‬/ GG) NFN ‫ا‬GNG N NGF‫ر‬F'
.)/‫ا‬NFF' F.F FG ‫ا‬G‫ا‬G+ N NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NFG? O ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F' ‫ة‬NGg ‫د‬Nn' I'1/g' K‫?د‬
L) LN‫ب‬⠱.?N FN‫ذ‬F' NG>‫و‬G' F.F FG N>.F' ‫ة‬GN‫ا‬FG N ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' FG?F' .NF‫ا‬7) N ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F' .7‫ر‬.
. )‫ر‬7‫ا‬q /‫ر‬o GN>. N -‫ا‬.FF' ..7 P‫د‬NFF.F' G‫ه‬G‫و‬F7
40
‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ?F‫ي‬䩅 N F7'‫و‬.F' FN?N L) GF‫أ‬6 FG P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬Gg' NG>‫و‬G' N )/‫ا‬NFF' N. *‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F' O )‫و‬.GF'
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F'
. ‫د‬N‫د‬. O‫ا‬F/ ,0‫و‬G '‫ا‬F.F NG2gF' ‫ز‬NG/.F' N NGG.F' ‫ى‬F? NG>‫و‬G' J‫و‬7/ K‫?د‬
: ‫ا⩅تة‬p‫ا‬
o6 O ‫ة‬N1‫ذ‬. *'>. ./‫د‬/) ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' L/ /6.N F7GF' '‫ذ‬G O G/‫ر‬7 o ‫ا‬G Jg. FG
G‫ذ‬o '‫ر‬// *g‫ا‬o' ‫ر‬/G) FG ‫ب‬⠱.?N J‫ا‬G?g' 9‫ا‬7F L) /N/ ، ‫ها‬G'‫د‬..7' ‫?ة‬F1 9‫ا‬7.' ?G ‫ا‬GN7 g )‫ا‬No' *g‫ا‬o
‫ى‬F? 8‫ا‬Go' N ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG' O .>‫ر‬. pF' J‫ا‬G?g' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ى‬F? 6‫ر‬GN */ ‫ا‬G ، ‫ها‬FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬GN7 g ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
G.N7 ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬. )1/‫ا‬.G' N ‫?ة‬1‫ا‬7.G' *‫ا‬.FF.F' G‫ذ‬G ?G GFF‫أ‬.F' ‫ى‬F? FG?F' ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F' ‫ها‬.F‫ا‬GG
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' )1'/+ ‫ة‬NGNG JN‫ا‬F.N7 P‫ذ‬F' O P‫ا‬/F' F7GF' O GNF' H‫ر‬7.F'
41
‫ا‪F‬فص‪ F‬ا‪F‬ثان‬
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' )1'/) ‫ن‬䙊‫ثا‬F' F7GF'
‫ة‬G‫ ّد‬FG
?No ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NF. ‫ا‬o‫ا‬7‫ا‬G?F- .F‫ا‬G J‫ا‬G?g- ;‫ا‬7F ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ها‬./‫د‬/) pF- 0-/‫أ‬.F- L+
1-‫ى >ر‬F? ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG- FG 2N‫ر‬p- O- /.GF- 0‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F/ 0/) FN) ،0‫ا?ا‬F7F- GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬76‫ا‬FF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G-
0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? 8‫ر‬G P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ،NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- 0‫ا‬.F7.G ?G GFF‫أ‬.F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬.F6G pF- )Kodak( N )Nokia (
VUCA ( F F F . GNF? /F77N 0/ ‫ا‬G F> ‫ف‬䅊 '‫ا‬F.F- L‫ا‬G6 N ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG- F.) FG NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬NG./
/‫ر‬o 7NF /.g- L) GF0 N ?NG.FF 3‫ا‬.G 7NF NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬F/1 ‫ف‬䅊 3‫ا‬.FF- L) g+ ،)Environment
0‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g- ‫ة‬NFG? G.. GNG N FN ) N oG ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G .n ‫ا‬G+ N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- 0‫ا‬NFF.F- ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g-
‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G ‫د‬N‫د‬/.F H‫ر‬7.F- G.N7 F7GF- -‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 N ، ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF- N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- 0-1‫د‬FF- FG ‫ة‬GNF‫و‬. .F7.N /.7) ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N
;‫ا‬7FF ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0g‫و‬/.F- /1-/+ ‫ة‬NGNG O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ /.g NGF1 J‫و‬/ 1-‫د‬/g ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F- 0‫ا‬.F7.G- N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0g‫و‬/.F-
. J‫ا‬G?g-
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G -1.2
F> ‫ف‬䅊 N6‫ا‬G- L‫ر‬FF- ‫ة‬N‫ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 0‫ >هر‬pF- ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- 0‫ا‬/F77G- FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0g‫و‬/.F- /F77G ‫ب‬⠱.?N
1-‫د‬/+ O- O/)W P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- J‫ا‬G?g- J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G1‫ا‬6.F- //o2 ?G .F?Fg- ;-?.- N ;1‫ا‬7.G- N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- 1‫و‬7.F-
W
N//‫ا‬.F- '-1) .FN‫ا‬.. ‫د‬FG O‫ر‬.g- 0‫ا‬/F77G- FG G>G N ،/‫ا‬No- 0g‫ا‬o GF.q N J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N1‫ذ‬. 0->.
W
‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬o‫ا‬6.G- 0‫ا‬/F77G- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- 1‫? >هو‬G ‫ا‬GN7g /F77G- -‫ذ‬G GN‫?ر‬. J‫و‬/ ‫>ر‬FF- 0‫ها‬.N 0/‫د‬W ?. N
G‫ذ‬G K-‫د‬..7- ‫ة‬NGG ‫ف‬䅊 8‫و‬G> 1‫د‬F F F F/) ‫ا‬G NGF‫ر‬F- .-‫ر‬76g- N ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F- N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0g‫و‬/.F- 1-‫>ر‬
/F77G K-‫د‬..7- o /N/ 0‫ا‬/F77G- G‫ذ‬G H‫ا‬N7 ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ى‬F? FG?F- O- N//‫ا‬.F- ?G/ P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ،0‫ا‬F F F F/F77G-
GNF.‫ا‬7 F? GG‫هو‬GG ‫ف‬䅊 GF.p NGF‫ر‬F- .-‫ر‬76g- /F77G ‫ب‬⠱.?) ‫ا‬GNG ‫ف‬䅊/-‫ر‬. K-‫د‬..7- ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F- N NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F-
J‫د‬N GF) ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG‫ا‬GF ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7g- ‫ة‬N.N.-?7g- 0->.F- FG6..
W /‫ر‬G‫ب >ا‬⠱.?N NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- L) GF0 N
0-‫د‬N‫د‬o 3‫ر‬7 O- NGF‫ر‬F- .-‫ر‬76g- P/‫ؤ‬N ‫ا‬GFN. ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- F? ‫ة‬o‫ا‬FF- ‫ة‬N.N.-?7g- 7‫ر‬GF- ‫ى‬F?
.)Strohmeier, 2020( ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ..7. 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? 8N‫ر‬GG ?F-N GF) ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N.N.-?7-
42
GN‫?ر‬. ‫ى‬F? 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- FG.. G N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0g‫و‬/.F- /‫ر‬G‫ >ا‬GN1‫?ا‬. 0/‫د‬W ?. ‫د‬FG H‫ا‬N7F- 0-0 ‫ف‬䅊 N
GWF) ‫ى‬F? NWFGF- 1‫>و‬FG- FG NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- GN‫?ر‬. o FN) ، )Strohmeier, 2020( /‫ر‬G‫>ا‬F- G‫ذ‬G I?6G
0‫ا‬NFF.F- ‫ى‬F? -/‫ا‬G.?- ‫ا‬o L‫و‬F7-‫و‬.N N L‫و‬F?‫ا‬G.N N LN‫ر‬GW GN N L‫و‬FG?N N 3‫ا‬FF- ‫ا‬o 6N?N pF- ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7F- FNG6. //‫?ا‬+
o ‫ا‬GNG ، )2018 ، ‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 F. NF?( ‫ة‬NFG?F- 0-‫ب‬⠱p- ‫ا>ة‬N7 //‫?ا‬g G&-‫د‬F- N?7F- N ‫ر‬G.7G- 7N7..F- ?G ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G-
0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- N J‫ا‬F F F F G?g- ‫ة‬F F F 76F) ‫ف‬䅊 ;1‫ا‬F F F F F 7.G- N P1‫ذ‬n- N>.F- GWF) ‫ى‬F? J‫ا‬G?g- .F‫ا‬. FG GGN‫?ر‬.
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬FF- 7‫ر‬GF- N 0->.FF F/Gg- Jg>.7g- ‫د‬7F J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G N 0-'‫ا‬GGF- N
K-‫د‬..7- GF) ‫ى‬F? NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F-
W GN‫?ر‬. o O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG N (Betchoo , 2016) ?G.o- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬o-// N
/‫هز‬.g- N 0g‫ا‬N.F- FNF/ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. N ‫ة‬F‫ا‬FFF- G.-‫و‬G- N N?‫ا‬G..g- F7-‫و‬.F- 7&‫ا‬7N F/G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F-
J‫ا‬G?) 20‫ا‬G FF. N 0‫ا‬NFG?F- 7N7.. N 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬..G J‫ا‬G?g- J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 0‫ا‬FN7/ 1-‫د‬/+ F.) FG " ‫ة‬o‫د‬G-
. (Michael et al ., 2013) /‫د‬N‫د‬.
J‫ا‬F.F- ‫ة‬WNFG? GWF) ‫ى‬F? J‫ا‬G?g- .F‫ا‬. FG NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- GN‫?ر‬. FG‫ي‬䩅 GN1‫?ا‬.F- G‫ذ‬G Jg. FG N
GF.q N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF F/Gg- Jg>.7g- Jg. FG /‫د‬N‫د‬. J‫ا‬G?) .NF‫ا‬7) K-‫د‬..7- O- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
F.) FG ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg>.7- ‫ة‬NGG. ‫ة‬7..‫ر‬G NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬NFG? L/ ../N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ،O‫ر‬.g- 0-1‫د‬FF-
GGN7F. Jg. FG GGN‫?ر‬.. .G‫ا‬F pF- P‫ز‬FNG‫ا‬G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G G.‫د‬GW ) ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ‫ها‬NG 1‫ا‬G/.7g- /‫ر‬o
W 7NF N ‫ة‬GNFF- FF.
Jg. FG ‫ة‬GNF FF. N J‫ا‬G?g- G‫?ا‬F /‫د‬N‫د‬. /N‫د‬/ '‫ا‬F. Jg. FG ‫ة‬GNFF- '‫ا‬6F+ ‫ف‬䅊 .FW/‫ ⩅ت‬K‫ا‬7F) 1g/ O+
( Karel & David '‫ا‬F. FG‫ا‬G G?‫د‬. ‫ة‬N77‫ؤ‬G
W 0-1‫د‬F '‫ا‬F. O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ .1‫ا‬..F- ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. 'gG?F- ‫ة‬G‫د‬. ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F-( ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- GF..o ‫ة‬7..‫ر‬G NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬NFG? L/ ‫د‬n GN1‫?ا‬.F- G‫ذ‬G Jg. FG N ، , 2015)
FG /‫د‬W p /‫?د‬. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0g‫و‬/.F-
W GN‫?ر‬. 7.1 F?n P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- JNg- F7GF- ‫ف‬䅊 G/N6‫و‬. o ‫ا‬GG )‫ة‬N&o‫ز‬NGF- N
‫ة‬G7. ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- /F77G K-‫د‬..7- .n /N/ G‫ا‬G > Gg?) GN1‫?ا‬.F- ‫ف‬䅊 G/‫ر‬7 o ‫ا‬GG 0‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F-
K-‫د‬..7- GWF) ‫ى‬F? NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- GN‫?ر‬.. -‫و‬G‫ا‬F FN) G*gG2 N )George Westerman( GG1-‫د‬. ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬
(Ahmed , 2016 , P. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 9‫ا‬6F H‫ا‬7F N) '-/g- O‫و‬.7G ‫ف‬䅊 P1‫ذ‬. N7/ F. ) FG ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F-
. 21)
43
NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' *‫ا‬.F7.G -2.2
% 88 ‫ى‬F? /‫أ‬.F- FG .FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬FN) J‫ا‬G?g- J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ها‬./‫د‬/) pF- 0-/‫أ‬.FF -‫>ر‬F
0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W ‫ى‬F? .n ‫ة‬NG./ /1N‫ر‬6 NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/
W W.F- /.7) ‫د‬FG (Fred et al ., 2017)NGN‫ر‬Gg- /‫ا‬7.Fg- FG
G‫ه‬G ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬F- G‫ذ‬G 8‫و‬p ‫?ى‬7. pF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n ‫ا‬GG ‫ها‬FNF/ ..-‫و‬F- 0o‫و‬FNg- FG ‫ها‬F?. N ‫ها‬NWF..
0‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F- FG % 88 L) FG G>‫ر‬F/ GWF) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. /N/ ،0-1-‫ر‬FF- 0‫ا‬0- ‫ف‬䅊 /‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G- F.F /‫ر‬G‫>ا‬F- G‫ذ‬G
(Bizagi , NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F-
W .n -0‫ا‬G G‫?ر‬. ‫ها‬FG % 25 7FG GF) g+ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/W.F- FNF/.F ‫?ى‬7.
(HEA , 2019) J‫و‬7N ‫ة‬7FF /‫ر‬o
W 7NF N J‫و‬/
W ‫ة‬F/1 F? /1‫ا‬.? NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F-
W L‫و‬G GF0 N 2016 )
O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،( CCL , 2017 ) ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- W 0o‫و‬.7G GF.q F.F FG G‫ه‬GN N 1-‫د‬N L) ..‫و‬.7N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg-
/‫ر‬o ‫ى‬F.. ‫ا‬G) g+ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F-
W 1‫ا‬7G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ة‬WNG) G>1 GF/ I1‫د‬. L) 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W ‫ى‬F? .n GF0
;-‫د‬.g‫ا‬G O‫ر‬.g- 0‫ا‬.WF7.G- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- ‫ر‬WG‫و‬. ..‫و‬.7N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N G‫د‬G- -‫ذ‬G FNF/.F ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G > ‫ة‬FN7N
P/‫ا‬7.Fg- LN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ة‬GW>FG 7Fo ‫ر‬N‫ر‬F. .7/G ،.. ‫ا‬G> N ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- 20‫ا‬GFF- N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- 0-1‫ها‬G- N
‫ة‬NGNG ‫ف‬䅊 FGGN g P‫د‬W /.F- L‫إ‬G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬G‫و‬Go- O- J‫و‬/.F- 0‫ا‬N.N.-?7- '‫ا‬F.F 0‫ا‬N7‫و‬. FG6
W .G- ‫ة‬NGF.F- N
F.) FG ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- G‫ذ‬G 0‫ا‬G-‫د‬..7- .G/ ‫ة‬NGNG ‫ف‬䅊 FGF N ‫ة‬NG‫و‬G?F- 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg>.7- 2-1/+
H‫ا‬N7 '‫ا‬F.F ‫ا‬Gg>.7- ‫ة‬NGNG N J‫ا‬G?g- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N FG?F- 7 .NF‫ا‬7) N7/ N ;‫ا‬7FF- ‫ة‬F‫ر‬7?
0‫ا‬G‫و‬Go- F6G L) ‫ر‬N‫ر‬F.F- N.W ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬GF..G- ‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7G- .‫ا‬/7) N. ‫ة‬Fg?F- N ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. FG FGW ‫ي‬䩅 FG?
H‫ا‬GFg- ‫ف‬䅊 GGW /.F- N 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- O‫و‬.7G W‫د‬.G
W ‫ة‬GF.q 0‫ا‬N?-‫د‬. O- P/‫ؤ‬N
W NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F-
W ‫?ى‬7G FNF/ ‫ف‬䅊
.F7.N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ، (OECD, 2014) 0‫ا‬G‫و‬Go- ‫ف‬䅊 G‫ه‬.F/F NF7-‫و‬G- L-‫د‬FG o/ N ‫ة‬N7‫و‬7p- ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o N
‫د‬N‫د‬/ N ‫ها‬FNF/.F ‫ى‬F/G- ‫ة‬N.N.-?7g- G71 N /‫ر‬77G- G-‫د‬GgF FNF‫د‬F- ‫د‬N‫د‬/.F- ?G ‫ة‬NFG?FF F.7G 7N70
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0g‫و‬/.FF ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- 1/g- 1-2 FG6F- N.N NFN ‫ا‬GNG N NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 3‫ا‬ng ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F- 0‫ا‬.WF7.G-
FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬pF- ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F- 0‫ا‬.F7.G- N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- J‫ا‬G?.7- F? ‫ة‬.W.?G- 1/g- /6‫و‬N P‫ذ‬F- N J‫ا‬G?g- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
.‫ها‬NF+ F7‫و‬.G-
W .&‫ا‬.FF- N NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 1-‫د‬/+ N 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- F.-/ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- G‫ذ‬G F/Gg- Jg>.7g- FG
44
‫)‪/.F' )1'/‬و‪F' *g‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬ ‫'‪F' F7GF‬ثا‪䙊‬ن‬
‫'‪NGN>F.F- 1/g- : 1-2 FG6F‬ة ‪/.FF‬و‪F- 0g‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫ال‪.F‬ائ‪.‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪7.‬ل‪.‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫ال‪'.‬ثي‪7‬‬ ‫ال‪/FGF7‬‬
‫‪7..‬ل‪ .‬ال‪G /FGF7‬ها‪7‬ا‪7/F N 0‬ا‪ 0‬ج‪/‬ي‪//‬‬ ‫ال‪>.‬ي‪ 7‬ف‪/' /FN77 N‬اء ال?‪G‬ل‬
‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪6.F‬ا‪ 7‬ال‪N‬ا‪䐧 ?7‬ل‪/..7‬ا‪G‬‬
‫ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ف‪ N‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪77‬ا‪0‬‬
‫ال‪䐧N/.‬ل‪ 0‬ال‪/NGF7‬‬
‫‪7..‬ل‪ .‬ال‪GF /FGF7‬ا‪NF 00‬ا‪/‬ي‪ /‬ج‪/‬ي‪//‬‬ ‫‪G‬الح‪7N N /.7N‬ائ‪7‬‬
‫‪>.‬ي‪7‬‬
‫ا‪䐧‬لبداع‬ ‫ال‪N.‬ا‪7‬ل ا‪䐧‬لج‪G.‬اع‪N N‬‬
‫ث‪F‬ا‪ /G‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪/77‬‬
‫‪ ...‬ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪.G‬ي‪/7‬‬
‫‪7..‬ل‪ .‬ال‪7/F /FGF7‬ا‪F. 0‬ظ‪ /NGN‬ج‪/‬ي‪//‬‬ ‫‪/ FG /N6.‬ي‪F‬ا‪ /NGNG‬ال‪N>.‬ي‪7‬‬
‫'‪䑅‬ل‪7‬د‪)Kohnke , 2017( : 1‬‬
‫‪45‬‬
0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ة‬76F) GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg>.7g ?7-‫و‬F- 1‫ا‬6.Fg- L) 1-2 FG6F- N.N
‫ا‬G> N FG?F- .NF‫ا‬7) N>. N J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬GFG 0go- GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 0->.F- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- 1-‫د‬/- O- P/‫ؤ‬N
W
..‫و‬.7N NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- L/ Gg?) FG6F- /6‫و‬N ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg>.7- ‫ف‬䅊 ;-‫د‬.g- Jg. FG GF0 N
FW/G.. ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- 0-1‫د‬FF- ONg- FG6. /N/ ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF- N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- 0-1‫د‬FF- FG ‫ة‬GNF‫و‬. ‫ر‬G‫و‬.
FG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- FGW G.. o/ GF0 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N.F ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG- ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF- 0-1‫د‬FF-N 0-'‫ا‬GGF- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF- 0-1‫د‬FF-
F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG- ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- N /‫ر‬W77G- G-‫د‬Gg- FNF/ G‫د‬o ‫ا‬o‫ا‬N.N.-?7g ‫ا‬FGN ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- G‫ذ‬G .7.
/‫د‬N‫د‬. ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ L‫و‬G.7 NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬.N.FF- L) Gg?) FG6F- N.W ‫د‬FG GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- 0‫ا‬.F7.G
. ‫>ة‬G‫ما‬䕱- )‫د‬.G ‫ى‬F? NWF..F- N N>.F- /‫ر‬GG FW.F. 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? 8‫ر‬GN ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N
‫د'ع‬.‫ل‬䐥' -1.2.2
Jg. FG P/‫ا‬7.Fg- ‫و‬GFF- ‫ف‬䅊 GG‫ا‬7N /N/ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 0‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7g- /‫ز‬NG‫ر‬F- ;-‫د‬.g- ‫ب‬⠱.?N
0‫?ا‬-?.g- N7/ N FN‫و‬7.F- .NF‫ا‬7) N7/ O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، /‫د‬N‫د‬n- 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N 0‫ا‬..FG- ‫ة‬GNF N /‫ ?د‬//o2
(World Economic Forum , 2015)J‫ا‬G- 3)1 N ‫ة‬FG‫?ا‬F- ‫د‬NF- K-‫د‬..7- FG F7/
W pF- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N
‫ا‬G ‫ا‬G&-/ 1* )GPT( ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F- 8-‫>ر‬g- 0-0 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫&د‬-‫و‬G FG‫ا‬G ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7o- L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. ‫ا‬GG
FG G1‫ا‬..?/ 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- N NGN>F.F- N>.F- J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 NFNGG.F- ;-‫د‬.g- FG G.WF7.N ‫ا‬G GF0 N ‫ر‬.‫أ‬.G L‫و‬GN
‫ف‬䅊 ;-‫د‬.g- L) ‫ا‬GG ، )Erik & Andrew,2014( ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- G‫ذ‬G F/Gg- Jg>.7g- F.) FG 0o1N‫ر‬6F-
)OECD( ‫ة‬NGF.F- N P/‫ا‬7.Fg- LN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ة‬G>FG G.G‫ ?ر‬/N/ /‫د‬N‫د‬n- '‫ا‬N6g/ L‫ا‬N.g- /1N‫ر‬6F/ 7NF GG‫هو‬GG
-.G
Q ‫ا‬QGg..- GF.0 /N/ ‫ها‬FN. 2‫ز‬G- N) 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- N) 0‫ا‬..FG- ‫د‬N‫د‬. N) N7/ ‫ة‬NFG? GF) ‫ى‬F?
GF) ‫ى‬F? )Gavin Wright( ‫ة‬G‫ا ?ر‬GNG ( OECD, 2018 ) /‫د‬/‫و‬FF ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F- 0‫ا‬NFG?F- N) 0‫ا‬..FG- F?
‫ا‬GNG /‫ا‬7.Fg- 0‫ا?ا‬7F FG ‫د‬F F F F F F N‫?د‬F- ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FWF F F F G‫ه‬G 0-// ‫ا‬G pF- 0‫ا‬NFF.F- N) /‫د‬N‫د‬n- N ‫ة‬FNG?F- 1‫ا‬GGg- GF.
. )Erik & Andrew,2014( ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬.Fg- //o‫ز‬F 0‫ا‬.‫ر‬.G- ‫ف‬䅊 NF F F 7/.F- 0-/‫أ‬.F/ ‫د‬F F F F F 7FN
‫ب‬⠱? F7/.. pF- N 1‫ا‬6.Fg- ‫?ة‬7-N ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- NG )General Purpose Technologies( ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F- 8-‫>ر‬g- 0-0 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- * 1
/‫د‬N‫د‬. 0-1‫ا‬G..- ‫د‬NF‫و‬. ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NF.‫ا‬F ‫ا‬G N FG‫ز‬F-
46
NFNF- K‫ ?د‬N ‫?ة‬1‫ا‬7.G- 0‫ا‬.FF.F- 1-‫ى >ر‬F? ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ‫ا‬o ‫ز‬NG.. ../ pF- 7&‫ا‬7p- ?G N
‫ة‬NG./ 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? 8‫ر‬GN ‫ى‬/6) P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ، ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G > ‫ة‬FF>FG- ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- ‫ة‬N?-‫د‬.g- .NF‫ا‬7g- ./.7)
‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F ‫ة‬FGW G ‫ب‬⠱.?. J‫ا‬7.g- N Kg?g- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. L) N ‫ا‬GN7g ، WN‫?ا‬.F- N) /.GFG- ;-‫د‬.g- .‫و‬F7) ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g-
‫?ة‬N.7 >. O+ 0/) pF- 2 * ;-‫د‬.g- 0‫ا‬7FG ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0‫ا‬7FG- Jg. FG GF0 N ;-‫د‬.g- FG ;‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G
.(UNCTAD , 2019) ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- N LN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ى‬F? -/‫ا‬G.?- ‫ر‬/G) /.7NF ;-‫د‬.g-
‫ن‬䙊‫?او‬.F' ‫د'ع‬.‫ل‬䐥' ❖
GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 //‫و‬.‫و‬G- 0-‫ب‬⠱p- N G1‫?ا‬G- GF.q ?o FG ‫ها‬NF? F7‫م‬䕱-

W .&‫ا‬.FF- GF. GF) ‫ى‬F? ;-‫د‬.g- G‫?ر‬N
‫ة‬NFG? GF) ‫ى‬F? WN‫?ا‬.F- ;-‫د‬.g- GN‫?ر‬. o FF7FG- -‫ذ‬G FG N ، (Thomas & David , 2019 ) 0‫ا‬GW>FG-
F.) FG ‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7G- .‫ا‬/7) GF.qN FN/1‫و‬G-N 'gG?F‫ا‬G " ‫ة‬G>FG- 21‫ا‬. N) F.-/" G-‫ر‬7g- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- ‫ها‬NG GG‫ا‬7N
1‫د‬o L) FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG (Kadama , 2015)...0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- N) 0‫ا‬7‫ا‬N7F- N) 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N) 0‫ا‬..FG- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.N '‫ا‬6F+
GF‫ه‬.7G- ?G LN‫?ا‬.F‫ا‬G ،FN/1‫و‬G- N) NGF‫ه‬.7G‫ا‬G '‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F- GF.q N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- N. ‫ة‬G-‫ر‬6F- Jg. FG WN‫?ا‬.F- ;-‫د‬.g-
‫ة‬N-‫د‬. ‫ة‬7FF ‫ا‬G1‫ا‬..?/ NGF‫ه‬.7G- 0g‫ا‬N. FNF/ Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- N 0‫ا‬..FG- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. 7‫ر‬G FG 2‫?ز‬N
W
1‫ا‬G..- F/-‫ر‬G ?No FG6. F. 7FG /‫ر‬GGF- ‫د‬NF‫و‬. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬7/F. g GF‫ه‬.7G- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬7G L) ‫ا‬GG ، ;-‫د‬.g-
6G. O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ //‫و‬n- //o2 N 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- N 0‫ا‬..FG- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ف‬䅊 FN/1‫و‬G- ?G LN‫?ا‬.F- GG‫ا‬7N /N/ ، 0‫ا‬..FG-
(Thomas & FN/1‫و‬G- /‫ا&د‬GF 0‫ا‬NFN‫ؤ‬7G- 6?. ‫ى‬F? 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- NF0 Jg. FG GF0 N GNF‫ا‬G.F-
J‫ا‬G6) ?n) FG ‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫&ة‬6‫ا‬FF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- N ‫ة‬G&‫ا‬FF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- N. LN‫?ا‬.F‫ا‬G GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ David , 2019 )
?NG. N ‫ة‬NFNGG.F- /1-‫و‬G- ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G Jg. FG GF0 N ;-‫د‬.gF N7N&1 /1‫و‬G ‫ب‬⠱.?. ../ /.g- L) 1‫ا‬..?/ LN‫?ا‬.F-
FG /.GFG- 20‫و‬GFF- -‫ذ‬G ‫ا?د‬7N ‫ا‬GG ، G-‫ر‬7g- FGF ‫ة‬GNFF- FF. ‫ى‬F? /1/‫ا‬FF- ‫ة‬N?-‫د‬.g- 1‫ا‬GGg- G?‫د‬F /‫هو‬n-
;‫ا‬G.1- ‫هد‬6. NF.-‫د‬F- ‫ها‬7Np ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬GW‫ر‬. ‫ى‬F.. pF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- L) N/ ‫ف‬䅊 ، H-‫و‬7g- ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F. ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. ‫ى‬F? ;-‫د‬.g-
‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ف‬䅊 NFGF- /‫ا‬7.Fg- O‫و‬.7G ‫ى‬F? WN‫?ا‬.F- ;-‫د‬.g- GG‫ا‬7N ‫ا‬GG ،N7G‫ا‬F.F- ‫?ها‬F‫و‬G ‫ر‬70 N ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F- GNF‫ا‬G.
(World Economic Forum , 2015) . FG?F- .7‫ا‬FG FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- FF. F‫ا‬.F/ N 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G-
0‫ا‬FN.7.F- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N 0o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱- N 0-‫ر‬G6F- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F /‫ا?د‬7G ‫&ة‬N. FF0 pF- ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0‫ا‬7FG- NG ;-‫د‬.g- 0‫ا‬7FG
W *
2
47
‫ن‬䙊‫?او‬.F' ‫د'ع‬.‫ل‬䐥' )1'/) ❖
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GF..G J‫و‬7‫و‬F/ 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF 3‫ا‬G7F- Jg. FG GF0 N WN‫?ا‬.F- ;-‫د‬.g- /1-/+ ‫ف‬䅊 FGW GG- 1N/ 0‫ا‬G.6F-
‫ا‬GG ، FN/1‫و‬G- 0-1‫د‬F FG‫ا‬G Jg>.7- O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬N‫د‬6‫?ا‬.F- FF. N ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- FG //‫ا‬G.7g- N LN‫?ا‬.F- 0‫ا‬G.6
N7G‫ا‬FG‫ا‬G G-‫ر‬7g- GF..G ‫ة‬7‫ا‬7o-
W 0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G- .‫ر‬7
W . /1‫و‬7. ..7. GF0 N /‫و‬NFF- ‫د‬/) L‫و‬G. L) ‫ها‬FG‫ي‬䩅
2N/‫ز‬G- /‫أ‬.F- -‫ذ‬G ?G N ‫ة‬N1-/g- N ‫ة‬NG‫?ر‬G- N ‫ة‬NFF.F- 0g‫ا‬o- GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 '‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F- ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- /‫ا‬G.?- //o2 N
/N/ ،LN‫?ا‬.F- /1-/g ‫ة‬FN?G ‫ة‬76F/ K‫ا‬NFF- 0‫ا‬G.6F- G‫ذ‬G FG6 76F. pF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG .F7.N 0‫ا‬G.6FF
F/Gg- GN‫ر‬6F- 1‫ا‬N..- NG N ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7) ‫ة‬76F) ?.1) FG6. L) .n ‫ة‬/.‫ا‬FF- LN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ة‬N.N.-?7+ L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN.
(Thomas & David LN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ة‬Fg? /1-/+ N H‫ا‬G.g- ‫د‬F? ‫ا>ة‬N7 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ /'‫ا‬GGF- PN0 /-‫ر‬Gg- ‫ز‬NG/ N
N. N?-‫د‬.g- LN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ة‬NGNG N.N
W 20‫و‬G NG‫?ا‬F- /‫ا‬7.Fg- O‫د‬.FG ‫ر‬N‫ر‬F. N.W ‫د‬FG GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ , 2019 )
N. WN‫?ا‬.F- ;-‫د‬.g/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. FG? ‫ة‬61‫و‬F ‫ة‬.N.F ‫ب‬⠱.?N P‫ذ‬F- N 2-2 FG6F- ‫ف‬䅊 N.GW ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G-
. ‫&ة‬6‫ا‬FF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- N ‫ة‬G&‫ا‬FF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G-
48
‫'‪G : 2-2 FG6F‬و‪.g- 20‬د‪?.F- ;-‬ا‪WN‬‬
‫‪ -.‬الريا‪//‬‬
‫'‪F‬تكيف '‪F‬مستمر من '‪.‬ل '‪g‬زده'ر و تتوي‪F' .‬شر'ك‪/‬‬
‫‪ -.‬ال‪76‬ا‪/G‬‬
‫‪//.‬ي‪76 00NGF /‬ا‪7/G‬ا‪7- /.‬ا‪/.‬‬
‫‪//.‬ي‪G /‬جا‪ H‬ال‪ N //.‬ال‪ /7GG‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪7‬ا‪7NN7. /‬ها‬ ‫ا‪N..‬ا‪ 7‬ال‪ N /7GG‬ا‪䐧7F‬ل‪ F‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪?N76‬‬ ‫'‪䐧7‬ل‪ F‬ال‪ N FN7‬ال‪7/.‬ي‪ H‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪7G.7‬‬
‫'‪ -‬ال‪6/.‬ي‪7‬‬
‫• ا‪䐧>.7‬ل‪ H‬ال‪G.6‬ا‪6.Gg 0‬ا‪ N G‬ج‪ .6‬ال‪G76‬اء‬
‫• ‪ FNF/.‬الث‪F‬ا‪ N /G‬ال‪F.‬ظ‪ GN‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪䐧‬لئ‪G‬ي‪ H‬لل‪?.‬ا‪HN‬‬
‫• ‪//.‬ي‪ /‬ا‪g‬ه‪/‬ا‪/ GNNF. N G‬ال‪ /‬ا‪G?g‬ا‪H‬‬
‫'‪䑅‬ل‪7‬د‪(World Economic Forum , 2015) : 1‬‬
‫‪49‬‬
‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G N /-‫?د‬g- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G- N WN‫?ا‬.F- ;-‫د‬.g- /1-/g ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7) F/-‫ر‬G 1g/ 2-2 FG6F- N.N
. //o‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G N ‫ة‬G-‫ر‬6F-
‫ا‬F F F ‫ه‬.NGg ‫ة‬F‫د‬. ‫و>ها‬F. /-‫ر‬G- G-‫د‬Gg- ‫د‬F F F F F N‫د‬/ ‫ها‬NG G.N pF- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- GF. NG : /'‫ل?د‬䐥' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G
‫ا‬G‫?د‬. G.NF LN‫?ا‬.F- GNF‫ا‬G. ?G .&‫ا‬.FF- ‫ة‬F1‫ا‬FG N FNF/.FF G-‫د‬Gg- ‫ة‬NF.‫ا‬F O‫د‬G GNNF. O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ LN‫?ا‬.F- 3‫ا‬n ‫ف‬䅊
GN‫ر‬6F- 1‫ا‬N..- ‫?د‬.G GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،.F?Fg- 0‫ا‬G.6 Jg>.7- Jg. FG F/Gg- GN‫ر‬6F- 1‫ا‬N..- N .‫ذ‬.
FG‫د‬. N 1-‫و‬/FF ‫ا‬G?/ N ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G ‫ر‬/G) /.7.F ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬F/F- N ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ها‬.?N.7 FG >. L) 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n F/Gg-
‫ة‬NF.F- ‫ة‬NGg -‫>ر‬F GF0 ‫ز و‬NG/.F- ‫ة‬G>F) N7/ N ‫ة‬GF.q FG? H‫ر‬7 GNG7. O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ NG‫ر‬7F- N. 0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G-
N?-‫د‬.g- LN‫?ا‬.F- 3‫ا‬n ‫ف‬䅊 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ N ‫ة‬NGN>F.F-
?G ‫ى‬6‫ا‬G.. FG? ‫ة‬7. ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N LN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ة‬NGNG ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G ‫ز‬GW‫ر‬. : ‫ة‬G'‫ر‬6F' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G
LN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ة‬7. ‫>ى‬/ L) .n ‫ا‬GG ) /.'1 -/.'1 ( LN‫?ا‬.F- FG ?NGn- ‫د‬NG.7N /N/ G-‫ر‬7g- GF.q 0‫ا‬N7‫و‬7.
.n ‫ا‬GG ،0‫ا‬./gF-
W ‫ر‬7. F‫ا‬.F/ N F.F.7G- ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G2‫ا‬G.1- ‫ا‬GN7g ‫ة‬N7‫و‬7. FG G. ‫ز‬NG.. ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G/
‫ة‬N‫ا‬o N K-‫د‬..7- ‫ة‬NGNG 0g‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. G-‫ر‬7g- GF.q N. 0‫?ا‬-‫ر‬7F- P/‫ا‬G.F F7GG
W ‫ة‬G-‫ر‬6F- ‫د‬F? L‫و‬GN L)
. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬GGF- ‫ة‬NGFG-
pF- /‫هو‬n- ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬NG ‫ز‬NG?F- .n pF- N WN‫?ا‬.F- ;-‫د‬.g- F/-‫ر‬G ‫ر‬.) ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G ‫?د‬. : )/o‫ر‬F'
‫ها‬FNF/ N ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬6g- ‫ة‬GNFF- FFp ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬FF- 7‫ر‬GF- F? //.F- N ‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G- /1-/+ N ‫ة‬7‫و‬GFG- .&‫ا‬.FF- FNF/.F ‫هها‬N.‫و‬. .n
Ecosystems ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬GNg' ‫ة‬G‫ظ‬F‫ل‬䐣' ❖
76F. L) 0‫ا‬F F F F77‫ؤ‬G- GF.q ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G-‫ز‬F 0/ ‫ة‬F F F NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ‫ز‬WN‫ ⩅ت‬../ pF- 7&‫ا‬7p- F> ‫ف‬䅊
‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN/ ‫ة‬NF. ‫ة‬G>Fg- G‫ذ‬G FW/‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ )Business Ecosystem( 7‫ا‬. N.‫و‬F‫و‬GN- J‫ا‬G?) K‫>ا‬F F> ‫ف‬䅊
2‫?ز‬.
W ‫ا‬GG (Maria et al ., 2018 ) J‫ا‬G?g- ?G.o FG6. pF- ‫ة‬7.-?G- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG ‫و?ة‬Go FG ‫ة‬F‫و‬GG
W
pF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n GF) ) Kadama , 2018 , P. 9 ( O‫ر‬N /N/ ،WN‫?ا‬.F- ;-‫د‬.g- 0‫?ا‬G.o- G‫ذ‬G
‫ى‬F? FG?F- NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬7.g- N Kg?g- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. 1‫و‬7.
W N N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- .1‫ا‬F.F- ?G GFF‫أ‬.F- O+ ‫?ى‬7.
GF0 N J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G N 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N 0‫ا‬..FG- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N ;-‫د‬.g- FNF/ F. ) FG ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- Jg>.7-
50
‫ب‬⠱? LN‫?ا‬.F- 0‫ا‬N.N.-?7- ‫ف‬䅊 8‫و‬p- N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 21‫ا‬. N F.-/ ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- FF. /1-‫و‬G GF.q .G/ Jg. FG
F.-/ N.N.-?7g- LN‫?ا‬.F- FGW ‫ي‬䩅 GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،) Ecosystem Partners ( NG1‫ا‬6. N&N. K‫>ا‬F FNG6.
‫ة‬NFN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- ‫ها‬NF? FF7N ‫ا‬G‫د‬NFF. .?7N 0-1‫د‬F '‫ا‬F. FG '‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F- GF.q ?G N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- K‫ا‬7F)
Jg. FG g-W L‫و‬G. L) FG‫ي‬䩅 g pF- N 3‫ا‬.GFg- ‫ة‬7‫ا‬N7 ‫ى‬F? 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- /‫ا‬G.?- O- ‫ا&ها‬F. ‫ف‬䅊 2‫ا‬./ pF- N
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF F/Gg- Jg>.7g- ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ة‬GNFF- FF. FG FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬pF- ) Ecosystem ( ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬GNg- ‫ة‬G>Fg- '‫ا‬F.
) Kadama . 2018( . ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G- ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o-
F7.G- .1‫ا‬F.F- ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ) Ecosystems( ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬GNg- ‫ة‬G>Fg- )Skilton, 2016( G‫?ر‬ W
‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ J‫ا‬G?) ‫ة‬76F) FF. N /‫د‬. F&/2 O- J‫و‬7‫و‬F- FG FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬pF- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫ة‬76F) N H-‫و‬7g- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ..7. J‫ا‬7.g- ‫ف‬䅊 9-‫ر‬Gg- L) )Skilton, 2016( N.W ‫ا‬GG ، NG‫د‬..7G- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. N7/ O+
o pF- N ‫ة‬GNFF- 0‫ا‬G.6F N&N.F- K‫>ا‬FF- '‫ا‬6F+ O- P/‫ؤ‬N ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬N&N.F- ‫ة‬G>Fg- G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 F.-‫د‬.F- O- P/‫ؤ‬N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F-
‫ة‬N/‫و‬G?F- N) ‫ة‬NFGg- H-‫و‬7g- FG ‫و?ة‬G.o ‫ة‬F7.G- N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p- ‫ة‬GNFF- ‫ة‬76F) FG ‫و?ة‬Go ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬GN‫?ر‬.
W
Skilton, 2016, P. ( N.
W ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p- ‫&ة‬N.F- ‫ة‬G>F) F/‫ا ⩅ت‬G) /N/ FN/1‫و‬G- N) NGF‫ه‬.7G- N)
FG FGW ‫ا ⩅ت‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- L) 1‫ا‬..?/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- '‫ا‬F.F ‫ة‬G‫ه‬G ‫ة‬7FF ‫ب‬⠱.?N N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- N&N.F- K‫>ا‬FF- G‫ه‬G L) )31
F7g7 0‫ا‬G.6F N&N.F- K‫>ا‬F N N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- N&N.F- K‫>ا‬FF‫ا‬G ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ة‬N&N.F- ‫ة‬G>Fg- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- '‫ا‬F.
. ‫ة‬N&N.F- ‫ة‬G>Fg- FG ‫ا‬G> N ‫ة‬G‫د‬W F.G- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ة‬7‫د‬FG J‫و‬/.F N&N.F- K‫>ا‬FF- N ‫د‬N1‫و‬.F-
‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N&N.F- ‫ة‬G>Fg- ) Kadama, 2018, P. 9( G‫?ر‬W )Skilton, 2016( 7G? ‫ى‬F?
G-‫ر‬7) N. 0gG‫?ا‬G- ‫ر‬/‫ؤ‬. /N/ 0‫ا‬G>FG- N 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- GF.q N. (Synergies) J/‫ا‬..G- 12‫آ‬F F F F F F F F.F- ‫ا‬G)
FG ;-‫و‬F) 1g/ ‫ة‬N&N.F- ‫ة‬G>Fg- G‫ذ‬G L/ N.W ‫ا‬GG ، NG.6F- /‫أ‬.F- Jg. FG G-‫ر‬7g- GF.q ‫ى‬F? N&N.F- K‫>ا‬FF-
:
12‫آ‬.F-
N7/ N /-‫ر‬Gg- N. N?‫ا‬Gn- FG?F- Jg. FG N&N.F- K‫>ا‬FF- '‫ا‬G‫ر‬6 12‫ ⨢ت‬F/‫ي‬䩅 : H‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' 12‫⨢ت‬
‫ة‬GNF FF. O+ '‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F- N. N.N.-?7g- N J/‫ا‬..G- LN‫?ا‬.F- P/‫ؤ‬N /N/ ، 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- N. FN7F.F- N J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G
.'gG?FF /‫د‬N‫د‬.
51
‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7/FF ‫ة‬NFF.F- G1‫?ا‬G- .G/ ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬GG+ '‫ا‬G‫ر‬6FF N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- 12‫آ‬.F- /N.N : N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' 12‫آ‬.F'
. /‫د‬N‫د‬. 0‫ا‬G‫د‬. N 0‫ا‬..FG
W : ‫ة‬G'‫ر‬6F' 12‫⨢ت‬
‫ة‬N‫و‬F. F.) FG '‫ا‬G‫ر‬6FF J/‫ا‬..G- N.N.-?7g- LN‫?ا‬.F- F? 12‫آ‬.F- FG ;‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G ‫ب‬⠱?N
‫ة‬NFN‫?ا‬. ‫ة‬76Fg- 7N7/ O+ F.g- ‫ة‬FN‫و‬7 ‫ة‬G-‫ر‬6F- P/‫ؤ‬. /N/ ، G?6F- 9‫ا‬FF FG 7F..F- N 6?.F- G‫ه‬6?.
. G-‫ر‬7g- GF.q N. ‫ة‬F/F- FF. N ‫ة‬NG1‫ا‬6.F- ‫ة‬GNFF- N
‫ى‬F? G‫?ر‬N
W P‫ذ‬F- N (BA) '‫ا‬6G. GNF? /F77N ‫ا‬G 1‫ >هو‬O- P/‫ؤ‬N ‫ة‬N&N.F- ‫ة‬G>Fg- 1‫ >هو‬L) ‫ا‬GG
(Nonaka & Konno ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬Gn- N) ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF- ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- O‫د‬F.F 3‫ا‬7‫أ‬G ‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫&ة‬6‫ا‬FF- 0‫ا‬Fg?FF I?6G3 * '‫ا‬6G GF-
/‫ ?د‬FW/‫ ⩅ت‬pF- ‫ة‬N.N.-?7g- 0‫?ا‬G.o- /F77G )Kadama, 2018 , P. 11( ‫ها‬NF? FF7) ‫ا‬GG ،, 1998 )
FNG6. G.N /N/ (BA) '‫ا‬6G '‫ا‬6F‫ب‬⠥ K‫و‬F. pF- N N.N.-?7g- ?G.o- G-‫ر‬7) FG6. 0‫و?ا‬Go- FG
. G‫هه‬.-‫و‬. pF- o‫ا‬6FFF ‫ة‬N?-‫د‬.+ J‫و‬F/ FNF/ N /‫د‬N‫د‬n- 0-'‫ا‬GGF- N G1‫?ا‬G-
N.N.'‫⨱ت‬7g' ‫د'ع‬.g' )1'/) ❖
J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ;-‫د‬.g- FNF/ O- P/‫ؤ‬.

W pF- ‫ر‬7‫ا‬F?F- GG) FG ‫ة‬N&N.F- ‫ة‬G>Fg- N ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- ‫ب‬⠱.?.
FNF/ ‫ة‬NGNG 3-2 FG6F- N.N NFN ‫ا‬GNG N ، NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- ‫ز‬WN‫ ⩅ت‬../ pF- 7&‫ا‬7p- F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬GN7 g J‫ا‬G?g-
3‫ا‬.GFg- .‫و‬F7) O- ‫د‬F.7N P‫ذ‬F- N 4 *‫ة‬NFN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- ‫ة‬N‫>ر‬F ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g- Jg. FG ;-‫د‬. g-
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫?ة‬.‫ا‬.F- J‫ا‬G?g- 0-‫د‬/N N K‫ا‬7F) GF.q N. LN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬WNF.G J‫ا‬G?) ‫&ة‬N. FF. N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- F.-/
‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- .G/ Jg. FG ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p- G-‫ر‬7g- GF.q ?G LN‫?ا‬.F- N N.1‫ا‬p- 3‫ا‬.GFg- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
. ‫ة‬NFN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- '‫ا‬F. N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- FF. /1-‫و‬G N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF
" PG0 N) "..‫?د‬. F? ‫ؤ⩅تر‬G N) WN?GF+ ‫د‬N‫ر‬. " ‫ة‬N6-?G- N) "..‫ة‬F‫ر‬G.G J‫ا‬G?) ‫ة‬/‫ا‬7G N) ..GG " ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬G ‫ة‬/‫ا‬7G ‫ا‬G+ L‫و‬GN L) FG‫ي‬䩅 '‫ا‬6GF- * 3
".. 1‫ا‬GGg- N 0-‫ب‬⠱p- I1‫ا‬6.G
?G N.N.-?7g- LN‫?ا‬.F- Jg. FG ‫ة‬N‫و‬F ‫ة‬F/ 0‫ا‬Fg? '‫ا‬F.: NFN ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬FW/G.G ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7) 0o‫>ر‬F 1g/ FG L‫و‬G.. ‫ة‬NFN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- ‫ة‬N‫>ر‬F * 4
. ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- FF. 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G Jg. FG 0-1‫د‬FF- GN>?. O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬GNg- ‫ة‬G>Fg- '‫ا‬G‫ر‬6 ?G ‫ة‬G?6G- 7&‫ا‬7p- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N ، ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬GNg- ‫ة‬G>Fg- '‫ا‬G‫ر‬6
52
‫'‪.g- : 3-2 FG6F‬د‪FF- Jg. FG ;-‬د‪F- 0-1‬د‪FN‬ا‪NGNG‬ة ‪?.F-‬ا‪NFN‬ة‬
‫ال‪F.‬ا‪ .7‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪7F 7N7. N N.N‬ا? ‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ا‪䐧?g‬ل‪ N G‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪7.‬ا‪H‬‬ ‫ا‪/.g‬ا? ف‪G N‬جا‪ H‬ا‪G?g‬ا‪䐧. FG H‬ل‪ H‬ال‪7/F‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪/‬ي‪F‬ا‪ /NGNG‬ال‪?.‬ا‪/NFN‬‬
‫إنش'ء نم'ذ‪F' .‬ت'سيس '‪F‬مشترك و'‪F‬تطور '‪F‬مشترك‬

‫إنش'ء س‪F‬س‪F /F‬يم‪. /‬ديد‪/‬‬
‫ا‪/.g‬ا? " ا‪.Fg‬ا‪ ، 0‬الخ‪G/‬ا‪GF 0‬ا‪ 00‬ا‪G?g‬ا‪" H‬‬
‫مو'رد خ‪F' FF‬معر‪/G‬‬

‫ال‪7/F‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪/‬ي‪F‬ا‪ /NGNG‬ال‪?.‬ا‪/NFN‬‬
‫من خ‪g‬ل دم‪.‬‬
‫'‪F‬معر‪F' /G‬خ'ر‪.‬ي‪ /‬و‬
‫'‪F‬د'خ‪F‬ي‪/‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬لج‪?G.‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪7g‬ت‪7‬ا‪N.‬ج‪/N‬‬
‫ال‪?.‬ا‪ HN‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪7‬ت‪7‬ا‪N.N.‬‬
‫"‪ "BA‬ال‪?.‬ا‪/ HN‬ا‪.‬ل ا‪䑅‬ل&‪77‬ا‪/ "0‬ا‪.‬ل ‪. N‬ي‪7F' H‬ا‪ G‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪"/77‬‬
‫"‪ "BA‬ال‪?.‬ا‪. HN‬ا‪ 07‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪77‬ا‪ "0‬ال‪G76‬اء ‪ ،‬ال‪.6‬ائ‪ N ، F‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪F‬ا‪7G‬ي‪"H‬‬
‫" ‪N.‬ئ‪ /‬ا‪G?g‬ا‪" H‬ال‪F‬ظا‪ G‬ا‪䐧‬لي‪NG‬ل‪ N.N‬ال‪6.‬ا‪NG7‬‬
‫ال‪?.‬ا‪ HN‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪7‬ت‪7‬ا‪/ N.N.‬ا‪.‬ل ‪. N‬ا‪ 07‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪/77‬‬

‫‪NG‬ا‪. /7‬ل‪ F‬ال‪/ /GNF‬ا‪.‬ل ‪. N‬ا‪ 07‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪/77‬‬
‫'‪䑅‬ل‪7‬د‪)Kadama, 2018 , P.5 ( : 1‬‬
‫‪53‬‬
‫ة‬NGN‫ر‬Gg- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG ‫و?ة‬Go .F‫ش‬㑅 ‫ة‬FWN?F P1‫ذ‬n- ;-‫د‬.gF ‫ة‬7-1/ .FWN. O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG
G‫ا‬6G.7g- : ‫ف‬䅊 .FW/‫; ⩅ت‬-‫د‬.g- /1-/g ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7) F/-‫ر‬G 1g/ )O'Connor & Demartino , 2006(
‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- ;-‫د‬.g- 0-1‫د‬F GNF? -‫و‬FF7) ‫ا‬G ‫ا‬Gg>.7- Jg. FG GF0 N ;1‫ا‬7.F- N ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6o- N
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 0-1‫د‬F FW/‫ ⩅ت‬pF- N Major Innovation Dynamic Capabilities ( MIDC )
?G 0-1‫د‬FF- G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬6‫ا‬G.. /N/ ‫ا‬NFG ‫د‬N‫د‬n- N) P1‫ذ‬n- ;-‫د‬.g- FNF/ G‫د‬o G‫ا‬6G.7g- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G 2‫?ز‬.
W pF-
‫ة‬G>F) ‫د‬N‫د‬/ F.) FG N ‫ة‬7-1‫د‬F- G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬FGG. N GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، )Kadama, 2018( NFNF- K‫&ة ?د‬N.
‫ر?ة‬7 N NFNF- K‫ ?د‬J‫?د‬G : ‫ا‬G FN1‫ا‬N?G ‫ى‬F? )Kadama, 2018, P. 30( ‫د‬G.?- ‫ة‬N.N.-?7g- ;-‫د‬.g-
O'Connor & ( ‫ا‬G/‫د‬F F F F F F/ pF- G‫ا‬6G.7g- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G ?G FG-‫و‬.N JNg- J‫ا‬o- L) N.
W /N/ N&N.F- >.F-
;1‫ا‬7.F- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G ?G /F‫ا‬/F- J‫ا‬o- FG-‫و‬.N ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6o- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G ?G FG-‫و‬.N W‫ا‬/F- J‫ا‬o- N )Demartino , 2006
.4 -2 FG6F- ‫ف‬䅊 N.G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG
N.N.-?7g- ;-‫د‬.g- ‫ة‬G>F) : 4-2 FG6F'
?G.7G G‫ا‬6G.7‫ل‬䐧‫ ا‬/‫ل‬/7G" HNg‫ ا‬H‫لجا‬䑅‫"ا‬ /F‫ا‬6‫ الح‬/‫ل‬/7G NF‫ الثا‬H‫لجا‬䑅‫" ا‬

N.N.‫ا‬7‫ت‬7‫ل‬䐧‫ ا‬7N‫الظه‬ N.N.‫ا‬7‫ت‬7‫ل‬䐧‫اء ا‬F.F‫ل‬䐧‫ا‬
/NGNG‫ا‬F‫ي‬/‫ ال‬0‫ا‬7/F‫ ال‬H‫ل‬䐧>.7‫ا‬ /NGNG‫ا‬F‫ي‬/‫ ال‬0‫ا‬7/F‫ ال‬H‫ل‬䐧>.7‫ا‬
G‫ا‬6G.7‫ل‬䐧‫ ا‬H‫ل‬䐧. FG P76‫ا? الج‬/.g‫ا‬
H‫ي‬F‫لي‬䐧‫ ال‬/‫ج‬7/
?.‫ا‬7‫ ال‬H‫لجا‬䑅‫ا‬ ?7‫ا‬7.‫ ال‬/‫ل‬/7G" /‫ الثال‬H‫لجا‬䑅‫"ا‬
/N‫ج‬N.‫ا‬7‫ت‬7g‫ ا‬/‫اء‬GG‫ال‬ N.N.‫ا‬7‫ت‬7‫ل‬䐧‫ ا‬8‫ي‬G7‫الت‬
/N?N.7‫ ال‬0‫ا‬7/F‫ ال‬H‫ل‬䐧>.7‫ا‬ /N?N.7‫ ال‬N /NGNG‫ا‬F‫ي‬/‫ ال‬0‫ا‬7/F‫ ال‬H‫ل‬䐧>.7‫ا‬
H‫ل‬䐧>.7‫ل‬䐧‫ ا‬H‫ل‬䐧. FG P76‫ا? الج‬/.g‫ا‬

6G.FG
N.7‫ الخا‬N N‫ل‬.‫ا‬/‫ئي " ال‬N.‫ ال‬7‫>ي‬.‫" ال‬
)Kadama, 2018, P. 30( : 1‫د‬7‫ل‬䑅'
54
: H‫لو‬䐣' H‫ما‬䕰'
‫ة‬.1/ ;‫ا‬G.1- ?G 'N7. N&N.F- >.F- L‫و‬GN /N/ ;-‫د‬.gF N.N.-?7g- 1‫>هو‬F- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G JNg- J‫ا‬o- F/‫ي‬䩅
‫ا‬GG /‫د‬N‫د‬n- 0-1‫ا‬G..- N ‫ة‬N?-‫د‬.g- 1‫ا‬GG) 3‫ر‬7 G.N /N/ ;-‫د‬.gF ONg- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- /?GF- G‫ذ‬G F/‫ا ⩅ت‬GG، NFNgF-
K‫د‬..7. ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G NGG ) G‫ا‬6G.7g- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G ) P1‫ذ‬n- ;-‫د‬.g- /1-/+ F/-‫ر‬G FG ONg- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- J‫ا‬o- -‫ذ‬G FW/‫ي‬䩅
1‫?ا‬6.7g- 0-1‫د‬F ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- GF.q O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- ;-‫د‬.g- 0-1‫د‬F ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
‫ا‬GN7g ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 0o‫و‬.7G GF.q 12‫ ⨢ت‬N N?-‫د‬.g- GG.F- ‫ى‬F? J‫ا‬o- -‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 .&‫ا‬.FF- FNF/ ‫د‬G.?N /N /
J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G ‫?ة‬N.7 F/G ‫ة‬WF‫د‬. ‫ها‬G-‫د‬G) ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n FN) ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F- N //.F- GF F F F F7F
K-‫ز‬.F- .WF7.N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ، F/Gg- N.N.-?7g- LN‫?ا‬.F- ‫?ة‬N.7 ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G F.) FG GF0 N GFNF/.F ‫?ى‬7. P‫ذ‬F-
‫ا‬GG /‫ر‬W77G- G-‫د‬Gg- FNF/ L‫ا‬G6 ‫د‬7F ;-‫د‬.gF N.N.-?7g- 1‫>هو‬F- ‫ة‬N.N.-?7+ ‫ف‬䅊 8‫و‬p/ ‫ا‬NF?F- /1-/g-
NFN ‫ا‬o J‫ا‬o- -‫ذ‬G ‫ز‬NG.N
/‫ر‬G..G J‫ا‬G?) 20‫ا‬G N ‫ة‬N?-‫د‬.g- 1‫ا‬GGg- 3‫ر‬7 ✓
. /‫د‬N‫د‬n- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- 1‫ا‬G..- ✓
. ‫ة‬/N‫ر‬7G- 0‫ا‬N6‫ر‬GF- 1‫ا‬...- N ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. ✓
: ‫ن‬䙊‫ثا‬F' H‫ما‬䕰'
NGG N&N.F- >.F- ‫ر?ة‬7 ?G ‫?ة‬G.‫ر‬G NFNgF- ‫ة‬.1/ L‫و‬G. /N/ '‫ا‬F.Fg- ‫ة‬N.N.-?7+ W‫ا‬/F- J‫ا‬o- F/‫ي‬䩅
/1-/+ F/-‫ر‬G FG ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- J‫ا‬o- -‫ذ‬G FW/‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬6G.7g- ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- ‫ا‬o-1‫د‬F O- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 2‫ا‬./ ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G
ONg- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫ر‬7G- F6Gg- ‫ة‬N?-‫د‬.g- 1‫ا‬GGg- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- NF.F. /N/ " ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6o- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G " P1‫ذ‬n- ;-‫د‬.g-
‫ة‬NG./ 8‫ر‬GN P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ، /‫ر‬G..G 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G N ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. N /‫د‬N‫د‬. J‫ا‬G?) 20‫ا‬G FG6 ‫ف‬䅊 o1‫ا‬. ‫ا‬G‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ة‬N>.
0‫ا‬N.N.-?7g- ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g- O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ (Seizing) 7‫ر‬GF- K‫ا‬F.>/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p- ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g-
: NFN ‫ا‬o W‫ا‬/F- J‫ا‬o- ‫ز‬NG.N ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N.FN‫ا‬FG- J‫ا‬G?g/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p-
55
. 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- N 2‫ا‬.Fg- 20‫ا‬G GNNF. N ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. ✓
FN‫و‬7.F- 0‫ا‬NFG?F K‫د‬F.G- ‫ذ‬NGF.F- ✓
. ‫ة‬N‫و‬F‫ا‬/F- 0‫ا‬NFG?F- FG 7F..F- ✓
: ‫ث‬F‫ثا‬F' H‫ما‬䕰'
FF.F. NFNgF- /?G ‫ف‬䅊 /‫و‬G7F- FG .FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬pF- N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G*‫ا‬F.F- o pF- 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N 0‫ا‬..FG-
;1‫ا‬7.F- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G J‫ا‬o- -‫ذ‬G F/‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG ، N&N.F- >.F- ‫ر?ة‬7 F7-‫و‬. ?G NFNgF- ‫ة‬.1/ 6G.F. /N/ ‫ة‬/F‫ا‬/F- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- O+
. P1‫ذ‬n- ;-‫د‬.g- /1-/+ F/-‫ر‬G FG
‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا&ها‬F.F/ .G‫ا‬F pF- 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N 0‫ا‬..FG- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F- O+ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 2‫ا‬./ ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊
‫ة‬N>. /‫د‬N‫د‬. 20‫ا‬G 7N7/ N) ‫ا‬G‫ا‬G?) 20‫ا‬G FN‫و‬/ ‫د‬7F ‫ة‬NFN‫و‬/.F- ‫ا‬o-1‫د‬F ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g- ‫ها‬NF? 8‫ر‬GN ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F-
. ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G G. ‫ز‬NG.. P‫ذ‬F- ‫د‬N‫د‬6F- 7G‫ا‬F.F- F> ‫ف‬䅊 '‫ا‬F.F- L‫ا‬G6
FG N ، ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ا‬NF?F- 0o‫و‬.7G- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- Jg>.7/ ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- K‫و‬F.
J‫ا‬o- -‫ذ‬G ‫ز‬NG.N ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬N?N.7F- 0-1‫د‬FF- ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NFN.N‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- 0-0 ‫ا‬NF‫د‬F- 0o‫و‬.7G- ‫د‬G.?. O‫ر‬.) ‫ هة‬.
: NFN ‫ا‬o
?7-N H‫ا‬7F ‫ى‬F? FN‫و‬7.F- ✓
/1-‫و‬G- N GN>F.F- ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g- ✓
. ‫ة‬GNFF- F7g7 '‫ا‬F. ✓
: ?.'‫ر‬F' H‫ما‬䕰'
F.) FG ;-‫د‬.g- /-/‫ز‬N FN) J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N.F n7FF- 0‫ا‬./F- ?G ‫ة‬6G.FG NFNgF- ‫ة‬.1/ L‫و‬G. J‫ا‬o- -‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊
L‫و‬G. 0‫ا‬FNg- .F>) ‫ف‬䅊 ، ‫ة‬N?N.7F- 0-1‫د‬FF- Jg>.7- Jg. FG /'‫ا‬GGF- //o2 N /‫د‬N‫د‬n- J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬.
56
/F‫ا‬/F- J‫ا‬o- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F- ‫&ة‬N.F- ‫ف‬䅊 /‫و‬G7F- FG .FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬pF- 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N ?F7F/ ‫ة‬7..‫ر‬G J‫ا‬o- -‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬G?g-
/F‫ا‬/F- O+ W‫ا‬/F- O+ JNg- J‫ا‬o- FG 1‫ا‬7G- ‫ب‬⠱? 0‫ر‬G pF- /‫د‬N‫د‬n- N ‫ية‬䩅‫د‬FF- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫?ة‬N.7 FN‫و‬/ K‫ز‬F.7. pF- N
: NFN ‫ا‬G J‫ا‬o- -‫ذ‬G ‫ز‬NG.N ‫ا‬GG ، ?.-‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬o/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p- ‫ة‬N.N.-?7g- /'‫ا‬GGF- ‫ة‬N.N.-?7+ K-‫د‬..7/ GF0 N
.‫ة‬G&‫ا‬FF- J‫ا‬G?g- /'‫ا‬GG N7/ ✓
. ‫ة‬N1-/g- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g- ✓
. ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- 3/1) ‫ة‬.7F ✓
. ‫ية‬䩅‫د‬FF- J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G FN‫و‬/ ✓
;-‫د‬.g- 1‫ا‬7G L) ) kadama , 2018( O‫ر‬N N.N.-?7g- ;-‫د‬.g- ‫ة‬G>F) 20‫و‬GFF GFNF/ Jg. FG
NF‫ا‬o- ‫ف‬䅊 G.N /N/ ?.-‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬o- O+ N‫ه‬.FNF /F‫ا‬/F- J‫ا‬o- o W‫ا‬/F- J‫ا‬o- O+ JNg- J‫ا‬o- FG FF7FN N.N.-?7g-
‫ة‬NG‫ا‬6G.7g- ‫ا‬o-1‫د‬FF 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- Jg>.7- Jg. FG GF0 N P1‫ذ‬n- ;-‫د‬.gF ONg- F/-‫ر‬G- Hg7F- W‫ا‬/F- N JNg-
Jg>.7- 0-1‫د‬F FG //‫ا‬G.7g- Jg. FG GF0 N ?.-‫ر‬F- N /F‫ا‬/F- NF‫ا‬o- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬Nn1‫د‬. ;-‫د‬.g- -‫ذ‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. G.NF
. 7‫ر‬GF-
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'‫اء‬GGF' ‫'* و‬1‫لها‬䑅' : 2-2-2
‫ا‬GN7 g ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-'‫ا‬GGF- .‫ا‬7F.7g ‫?ى‬7. 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ./.7) NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- 0‫ا‬.WF7.G F> ‫ف‬䅊
NGF‫ر‬F- /‫ا‬7.Fg- F> ‫ف‬䅊 K‫ها‬G- GF.q '-/g ‫ة‬G2gF- 0-1‫ها‬G/ L‫?و‬W.G.N FN‫ذ‬F- J‫ا‬G?F-
W /‫ف ?د‬䅊 3/‫ا‬GF- 7FFF- F> ‫ف‬䅊
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ى‬F? /.G ‫ة‬.7F. ‫د‬G.?. ../ pF- /‫ر‬G..G J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G 1‫ا‬6.F- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،(Amladi , 2017)
‫ف‬䅊 ‫>ر‬FF- //‫?ا‬+ 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G-‫ز‬F 0/ /N/ ، FG?F- ‫?ة‬N.7 ‫ى‬F? /‫أ‬.F- O- ‫ا‬G1N‫د‬. 0/)W pF- N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F-
‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G‫ا‬G ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. 0-1‫ها‬o ‫ز‬NG.. pF- ‫ة‬FG‫?ا‬F- O‫و‬FF- .‫ا‬7F.7- ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G‫ز‬NG‫ر‬. N '‫ا‬F.Fg- N‫?ا‬G N GN>‫و‬.F- .NF‫ا‬7)
(Carolien , 2017) /‫د‬FW ?G N 1-‫ر‬G.7/ />.G
W N ‫?ة‬WF‫و‬.G > J‫ا‬G?) ‫&ة‬N. ?G GFF‫أ‬.F- N N>.F- ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- N
7Fo- N nN1Ng- L‫ا‬G‫ب‬⠱F- ‫ا‬G‫ب‬⠱.?- ‫ا‬GG ، NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- ‫ف‬䅊 /1-‫و‬G- GG) ‫د‬/) ‫ب‬⠱.?. ../ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-'‫ا‬GGF- L) /N/
(European Parliament and the /‫ا‬No- O‫د‬G GWF?.FF ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G/F- 0-'‫ا‬GGF- FG /‫د‬/-‫و‬G nN1Ng-
57
O/) P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ‫ها‬.7-1/ O- N//‫ا‬.F- FG /GF/ ?G/ ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ‫ها‬.NWG) O‫د‬G 7G?N ‫ا‬G Council , 2006)
0-1‫ها‬G- N ( ICT) J‫ا‬7.g- N Kg?g- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. 0-1‫ها‬G F/G ‫ها‬F? .?.FF 0‫ا‬/F77G- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- 3‫ر‬7 O-
(Ilomäki et al ., ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G- ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- N FN‫ر‬6?F- N ‫د‬/-‫و‬F- L‫ر‬FF- 0-1‫ها‬G N ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F-
/1‫ا‬F F F F‫ه‬G- N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G ‫ر‬7‫ا‬F? ?.1) FG ‫ة‬GNF‫و‬. ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-'‫ا‬GGF- GN‫?ر‬. o ‫ا‬GG، 2011)
‫ة‬FWF?.G- 0-1‫ها‬G- GF. ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬GN‫?ر‬. O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ (Galina & Elena , 2014 ) ‫ة‬NFN‫ؤ‬7G- N ‫ز‬NG/.F- N
F/‫ي‬䩅 NFN ‫ا‬GNG N (Khan , 2019 ) ‫ها‬G-‫د‬..7- ‫ى‬F? /‫ر‬GF- /1‫د‬F O‫د‬G N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F/
. NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬.‫و‬F7G- 0-1‫ها‬G- GG) 1-2 JN‫د‬n-
58
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬FG‫?ا‬F- O‫و‬FF- 0-1‫ها‬G: 1-2 H‫دو‬n'
G7‫و‬F' *'1‫لها‬䑅'
GF? .?.F- G.N ‫ا‬G O‫>ز‬G- N FNG?F- O?G- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- 3‫ا‬7/g-
J/‫ا‬..G- F?‫ا‬G.F- ‫ز‬NG/ N /‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G H‫ر‬7. N FG?. FN‫ر‬.g- ?G F7-‫و‬.F- ‫ة‬NF.‫ا‬F N?‫ا‬G..g- '‫ا‬G‫ذ‬F-
/‫ر‬G..G 0/‫ا‬..7- N J‫و‬F/ 2N‫ر‬p- N GG.F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NG-?/g- GWNG.G- GG.F-
L‫ا‬GG P) ‫ف‬䅊 FG?F- ‫ة‬NF.‫ا‬F N F7W.G G‫ف ?ا‬䅊 N 0‫ا‬G‫ا‬F/F- GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 FG?F- ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- ‫ة‬GF.q ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬F/ 0-'‫ا‬GG
/‫د‬N‫د‬n- Kg?g- F&‫ا‬7N K‫د‬..7. pF- 0o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N GNNF. ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NF.‫ا‬FF- F&‫ا‬7‫و‬. K‫ا‬Gg-
. ?FFG- F7-‫و‬.F- F.- FG F&‫ا‬7‫و‬F- G‫ذ‬G K-‫د‬..7- N /‫د‬N‫د‬n- Kg?g-
0g‫ا‬N.F- ‫?د‬-‫و‬F F7FG G‫ه‬G N /‫ر‬7.q 0-1‫ا‬.? O- /.GF- 0g‫ا‬N.F- ‫ة‬o‫ر‬. ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- n‫ا‬7o- GG.F-
0‫ا‬.‫ر‬.G- N7/.F K‫ها‬G- N FG?F- .NF‫ا‬7) ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N FN/‫ى ⩅ت‬F? /1‫د‬FF- GG7G-
W FF?F-
Jg. FG ‫ف‬䅊‫?ر‬G- '-/g- G‫ه‬G N ‫ة‬NGg- ‫ة‬.1/ .7/ 0g‫ا‬N.F- GNF7. ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- /1-/g-N I-1/g-
0-‫ز‬N‫ه‬..F- N 0‫ا‬NFF.F- GF.q K-‫د‬..7-
0‫ا‬77..F- GF.q FG GNG‫ا‬GG- G‫ه‬G ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- ‫ة‬GF..G- 0‫ا‬77..F-

W
N6-?G- FN‫ر‬G /1‫و‬7 ‫ف‬䅊 N) /‫ر‬GG 1‫و‬6o- 0‫ا‬./+ N ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G- N FG?F- ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- N6-?Gg- LN‫?ا‬.F-
(Carolien , 2017, P. 24 ) : 1‫د‬7‫ل‬䑅'
59
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'‫اء‬GGF' GNF7. ❖
;‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G FG?) G‫ه‬G O+ G‫د‬o ‫ة‬GF.q 20‫ا‬G 0‫ة >هر‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-'‫ا‬GGF- ;‫و‬6‫و‬G ‫ة‬7-1‫د‬. K‫ا‬G.Gg- ‫د‬N-‫ز‬. ?G
‫ا‬GNG .FW/‫ ⩅ت‬pF- N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬GFF ‫ر‬7‫ا‬F? ‫?ة‬.7 FG6N 20‫و‬G ‫د‬N‫د‬/ 2009 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊 o /N/ ،0-'‫ا‬GGF- FG
(Jisc , 2009) : NFN
Kg?g- J‫ا‬.o ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G-
0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G/ ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G-
( ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬G>Fg- ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?. pF- ‫ة‬NF‫ه‬G- N ‫ة‬N‫ي‬䩅/‫ا‬Gg- 1‫ا‬/g- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G- ) ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- /FG-
GWF?.F- 0-1‫ها‬G
J‫ا‬7.g- N Kg?g- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. K-‫د‬..7- ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G
( ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬WN‫و‬G- N ‫?ة‬G7F- /1-/+ ) ‫ة‬N‫و‬G- N P‫ه‬G- 1‫ا‬7G- /1-/+
LN‫?ا‬.F- N J‫ا‬7.g-
‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 NFW/G.G- FN‫ر‬7F?F- .G/ o /N/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫د‬FFF ‫ة‬F‫و‬GG

W ‫ر‬7‫ا‬F? ‫ة‬W.7 ‫د‬N‫د‬/ GF0 ‫?د‬. G.NF
(Biggins et al ., NFN ‫ا‬GG 0g‫ا‬N.F- ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G 1‫و‬p ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ N JNg- 20‫و‬GFF- FG Kg?g- ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G N 0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G-
:2017)
./FG-N NGF‫ر‬F- 1‫ا‬G..g-N ;-‫د‬.g-
.Kg?g- N 0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G- N 0g‫ا‬N.F- ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G
.n-‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F- N NGF‫ر‬F- GWF?.F-
.‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G- N LN‫?ا‬.F- N J‫ا‬7.g-
60
. ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G‫ر‬F- N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬WN‫و‬G-
.J‫ا‬7.g- N Kg?g- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. K-‫د‬..7- ‫ف‬䅊 /1‫ها‬G-
;‫و‬6‫و‬G- JN‫ا‬F. GF) GF0 N F‫ش‬㑅g- ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-'‫ا‬GGFF ‫ة‬N.N1Ng- ‫ة‬N6‫و‬GG-

W GNF7. ‫ب‬⠱.?N GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
‫ة‬FWF?.G- /1‫ها‬G- N GF-‫و‬G- N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- FG ‫ة‬F‫و‬GG
W ‫ة‬GNF‫و‬. ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? 0-'‫ا‬GGF- .G‫?ر‬W /N/ .F-‫و‬n- GF.q FG
/N/ ‫ة‬GF.q 0‫&ا‬G 7o O- ‫?ة‬2‫و‬G W ‫ة‬NGF1 /'‫ا‬GG LN‫ر‬6? N ‫د‬/-N O- ‫ها‬GN7F.. .G‫ا‬F ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F/
‫ة‬N6‫و‬GG-
W GNF7. 7.FNW P‫ذ‬F- N Gg/) 2-2 JN‫د‬n- ‫ف‬䅊 N.G
W ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG 0-'‫ا‬GGF- FG ‫و?ة‬Go ‫&ة‬G FG FG6.
/'‫ا‬GG FGF 0o‫و‬.7G 1g/ ‫ة‬N6‫و‬GG- 0/‫د‬W / ‫ا‬GG )DigComp 1.0( 20‫و‬G GNF? FF7) P‫ذ‬F- ‫ة‬N.N1Ng-
1g/ O‫د‬F. Jg. FG GF0 N K‫د‬W F.G- O‫و‬.7G- N 77‫و‬.G- O‫و‬.7G- N N7‫ا‬7g- O‫و‬.7G- ‫ف‬䅊 .FW/‫ ⩅ت‬pF- N ‫ة‬NGF1
. (Ferrari , 2013) N?G
W O‫و‬.7G G7N FG 7G?N /N/ ‫ة‬NGF1 /'‫ا‬GG FGF G‫ا‬7N)
61
)DigComp 1.0( 20‫و‬G .7/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-'‫ا‬GGF- GN7F. : 2-2 H‫دو‬n'
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-'‫ا‬GGF- ‫&ة‬GF-

0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G- ‫ة‬NG7. N //.F- N /GW 7.F- •
0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G- GNNF. • 0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G-
0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G- ;‫ا‬.?7- N FN‫ز‬0 •
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg. FG F?‫ا‬G.F- •
0o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱- N 0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G- ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G •
.F?Fg- ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ة‬F7-‫و‬G- ‫ف‬䅊 9-‫ر‬ng- • F7-‫و‬.F-
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-‫و‬FFF- Jg. FG LN‫?ا‬.F- •
F7-‫و‬.F- .-/( •
W /1-/+ •
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0o‫و‬G-
0o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. •
‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F- //‫?ا‬+ N .G/ • 0o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱- '‫ا‬6F+
7N.-?F- N ‫ة‬NGFG- H‫و‬F/ •
‫ة‬o‫ب‬⠱F- •
/‫هز‬.g- ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o •
0g‫ا‬N.F- ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o •
W ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o •
‫ة‬/7F- L‫ا‬Gg-
‫&ة‬N.F- ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o •
‫ة‬NFF.F- FG‫ا‬6G- F/ •
‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g- N 0‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./g- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ •
;-‫د‬.‫ب‬⠥ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- K-‫د‬..7- N 1‫ا‬G..g- • FG‫ا‬6G- F/
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-'‫ا‬GGF- ‫ف‬䅊 0-‫و‬.GF- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ •
(Ferrari , 2013) : 1‫د‬7‫ل‬䑅'
62
pF- 0o‫د‬/.F- ‫ب‬⠱G) FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫ها‬G- 7FF ‫ب‬⠱.?N ، O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG N Gg?) G‫ر‬G0 o ‫ا‬G O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
./6) 0g‫ا‬N.F- FNF/ F/G K‫ها‬G- 6?. L) GF0 N ، NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- FNF/.F ‫?ى‬7. pF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- G.-‫و‬. ./.7)
0o‫د‬/.F- G‫ذ‬G ‫هة‬.-‫و‬G ‫ى‬F? FG?F- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? GW.o 0/ P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ، ‫ة‬NF‫ة ?ا‬NGF1 0-1‫ها‬G .F7..
1‫ا‬..?/ ، G1‫?ا‬G- N 0-1‫ها‬G- J/‫ا‬.. G‫د‬o ‫ة‬GF..G- J‫ا‬N.g- N. ‫ا‬GN7g NG>‫و‬G- N. LN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. Jg. FG
G1‫?ا‬G- N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- N ‫ة‬NF‫ه‬G- 0-‫ب‬⠱p- ‫ى‬G-‫د‬FF- NG>‫و‬G- GF.‫ي‬䩅 N/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫ها‬G/ ‫ز‬WNG.N .‫ا‬.6F- FN. L)
.N1‫د‬.F- .G-‫ر‬. Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ها‬NG>‫و‬G 0-1‫د‬F ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G-‫ز‬F /.7) ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬NFG6F-
(Kohnke , ‫ة‬N1N/ ‫ة‬G7. N ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬N.N1‫د‬. .G-‫ر‬. GNG7. ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. GNWF?.F- N
1‫ا‬..?/ ;-‫د‬.g- ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N /-‫ر‬Gg- 0-1‫ها‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. F.) FG ‫&ة‬6‫ا‬FF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ?G 0‫ا‬G-‫ر‬6 ‫د‬F? O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g/ 2017)
Johnson ( ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6 1-‫ى >ر‬F? ) Carolien , 2017( ‫ة‬NF‫ة ?ا‬N?-‫د‬.+ 0-1‫د‬F. ‫ز‬NG.. ‫&ة‬6‫ا‬FF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- L)
F6G. GF0 N )CIO( ?F‫و‬G .7/ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 /‫&د‬-‫ر‬F- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG .GWF7 pF- )Control
0-1‫ها‬G .‫ا‬7.G- G‫د‬o L‫و‬GNFN7F- /-‫و‬. ‫&ة‬6‫ا‬FF- 0‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F- O- ‫ها‬NG>‫و‬G J‫ا‬71+ ‫ها‬FN. FG pF- N ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6F- 0‫ا‬7‫ا‬N7
(Senior , 2020) /‫د‬N‫د‬.
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬NFF' ,0‫نا‬䙅 -3.2.2
K-‫د‬..7g- ..7. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F7‫ا‬o- 0-1‫و‬7.F- F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- 20‫ا‬GFF- ‫?د‬. G
‫ى‬F? /1/‫ا‬F ‫ة‬NGF1 //‫ا‬NF 20‫ا‬G '‫ا‬F. ‫ة‬NG./ 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? 8‫ر‬GN 0/ P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ، ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF ?7-‫و‬F-
0-1‫د‬FF- L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. /N/ ‫ة‬NGF1 0-‫ز‬NG O- ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫ا‬G/.7g- FN‫و‬/ N /.‫ا‬FF- NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 1-‫د‬/+
‫ة‬WNF‫و‬/.F-
W o*‫ر‬F- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7) ‫ر‬7‫ا‬F? ?.1) O- 2‫ا‬./ ‫ة‬/.‫ا‬FF- ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0g‫و‬/.F- 1-‫د‬/g ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG- ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF-
‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ NGF‫ر‬F- 20‫و‬GFF- ?G .7‫ا‬F.N ‫ة‬GG‫و‬/ K‫>ا‬F '‫ا‬6F+ N ‫ة‬FNF/ O- o*‫ر‬F- FN‫و‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G- FG /-‫ر‬Gg- NG‫ ⩅ت‬N
.)George et al 2014 ., P.95( ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- 0-1‫د‬FF- '‫ا‬F. O-
NGF‫ر‬F' H‫و‬/.F' o(1 ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ❖
‫ة‬7F7F- K‫ر‬G ‫ى‬F?) ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G‫د‬N‫د‬/ G.N /N/ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 1‫ا‬7G ‫ف‬䅊 ONg- /‫و‬7p- o*‫ر‬F- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ب‬⠱.?.
‫ة‬F/1 ‫ف‬䅊 Hg7Fg- ‫ة‬7FF ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ا‬NF‫د‬F- N ‫ى‬77‫و‬F- 0o‫و‬.7G- ‫ف‬䅊 /-‫ر‬Gg- GF.q I-‫ر‬6 ‫ب‬⠥ ‫ا‬N?‫ا‬o ‫ذ‬GW F. ‫ا‬GFN.
63
pF- /‫و‬FF- 9‫ا‬FF 0‫?ا‬-‫ر‬G 1-‫ى >ر‬F? ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F- ‫ر‬7‫ا‬F?F- FG ‫و?ة‬Go ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ز‬G.‫ر‬. /N/ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F-
o*‫ر‬F- ?G ‫ة‬FG-‫و‬.G L‫و‬G. L) .n /N/ ‫ة‬N.N.-?7g- /1-‫و‬G- ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ا‬G‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. ‫ى‬F? FG?F- N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ا‬o ?.G..
0‫ا‬F F F F 71‫ا‬GG- ‫ف‬䅊 P1‫ذ‬. J‫و‬/
W 1-‫د‬/+ O- o*‫ر‬F- G‫د‬o L) .n GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، * ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬NF.F.7G-
5
FG GF0 N ‫ها‬FNF/ /-‫ر‬G- o*‫ر‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 /-‫ر‬Gg- ?No I-‫ر‬6+ .n ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg. FG 0‫ا‬..FG- N
‫?ى‬7. P‫ذ‬F- F.F.7G- 1‫و‬7. W FG /-‫ر‬Gg- FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬/.g- L) 1‫ا‬..?/ /‫ر‬W77G- G-‫د‬Gg- N o-‫و‬FF- /N6‫و‬. Jg.
‫ذ‬NGF.FF ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬F N ‫ة‬N?F-N L‫و‬G. L) o*‫ر‬F- ‫ى‬F? .n GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ها‬FNF/ ‫ى‬F? FG?FF GG‫ز‬GW / N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- GNF+
. FG‫ز‬F- ‫ب‬⠱? 1‫و‬7.FF ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬F L‫و‬G. L) ..‫و‬.7N ‫ا‬G ‫?ة‬1‫ا‬7.G- 0‫ا‬.FF.F- ?G ‫ى‬6‫ا‬G.. N
/'‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣' G'‫ر‬6) ❖
FG?F- ‫ى‬F? /-‫ر‬Gg- ?N.6. ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? I-‫ر‬6g- ‫ة‬NFG? )George et al ., 2014 . P ,115( G‫?ر‬
W
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- /-‫ر‬G) GF.q I-‫ر‬6+ Jg. FG g+ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- FNF/ FG‫ي‬䩅 g /N/ ، o*‫ر‬F- FNF/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G‫ا‬7G- N
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg>.7- Jg. FG I-‫ر‬6g- ‫ة‬WNFG? G.. ‫ا‬GG NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- FNF/ O+ G‫د‬o pF- /‫هو‬n- ‫ف‬䅊
‫ة‬G‫ا‬7G- N GG1‫ا‬GG) 3‫ر‬7 FG /-‫ر‬Gg- NG‫ ⩅ت‬N LN‫?ا‬.F- N N?‫ا‬Gn- FG?F- ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N ‫ة‬GW>FG- K‫ا‬7F) FG‫ا‬G 7.‫ر‬F ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o-
‫ة‬NFG? ?N‫ر‬7. FG 1‫و‬Gg- G‫ذ‬G FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- F.-/ 3‫و‬.GG- 1-‫و‬o- ?N.6. O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬WNF‫و‬/.F-
W o*‫ر‬F- '‫ا‬F. ‫ف‬䅊
. NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F-
‫ة‬GG‫و‬/ I‫ظا‬F ‫اء‬6F) ❖
GN.‫و‬. ‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7. pF- N NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- N?‫ا‬7G FNF/.F ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F- 1‫و‬Gg- FG ‫ة‬GG‫و‬o- K‫>ا‬F ‫ب‬⠱.?N
/-‫ر‬Gg- GF.q G2‫و‬o P‫ذ‬F- 0‫ا‬F‫ا‬7F- ;‫و‬F.
W ‫د‬N/‫و‬. O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ /‫ر‬W77G- o*‫ر‬F- FNF/.F /N/7F- 1‫ا‬7G- O- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N 0-‫د‬/‫و‬F- GF.q N. ‫ها‬GN7F. N /1-‫و‬G- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ FG ‫ة‬GG‫و‬o- FGW ‫ا ⩅ت‬GG ، o*‫ر‬F- G‫ذ‬G FNF/.F G.7. N
I1‫ا‬6. N FN7F.F- FG F6G) O‫و‬.7G FNF/ FG NGG.F- N ، ;-‫د‬. g- FNF/.F 0-1‫ها‬G/ ‫د‬NN‫ز‬.F- N ‫ها‬FN. ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G-
FN‫?د‬.FF ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬F N ‫ة‬F‫ر‬G ‫ة‬G>Fg- G‫ذ‬G L‫و‬G. L ) .n F.‫ا‬FG- ‫ف‬䅊 N ، ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- K‫ا‬7F) GF.q N. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1/‫ا‬.G-
‫د‬NFF.FF ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬F > N /1/g N ‫ة‬GWNF L‫و‬G. L) P?. pF- N )VRIN( ‫ة‬GFG ‫ف‬䅊 /‫ر‬7.q 0‫ا‬G7 ?.1/ ‫ز‬NG.. pF- /1-‫و‬G- GF. NG ‫ة‬N.N.-?7g- /1-‫و‬G- * 5
Jg/gF ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬F > N
64
L‫و‬GN L- .n g ‫ها‬GNG7. LW ‫إ‬G GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GG- >.

W N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- 1‫و‬7. .7/
.‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G- 7‫ر‬GF- ?NN6. N ‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G- G.-‫و‬G O- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- 8‫?ر‬.W ‫ة‬7N1‫د‬G- >F- ‫ة‬G>Fg- L) GF0 N، o‫و‬G?
GF.q I-‫ر‬6+ ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬GF-
W ‫ة‬GG‫و‬o- ‫ة‬G>F) '‫ا‬6F+ .F7.N GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، )George et al ., 2014,P. 135(
pF- 0o‫و‬.7G- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N GNG7.F- ‫ة‬WNFG? '‫ا‬F/) ‫ا‬G NF.-‫د‬F- 7N/GFF ‫ة‬NGg- '‫ا‬7?+ ?G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ا‬NF?F- 0-1‫ا‬7g-
.n GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ا‬NF‫د‬F- 0o‫و‬.7GFF ‫ها‬6N‫و‬G. FG‫ي‬䩅 pF- 0-1-‫ر‬FF- N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1-‫ر‬FF- GF.q ‫ا‬G‫ب‬⠱? 6F‫ا‬F. 7
. NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- /1-/‫ب‬⠥ GFGG ‫ا&د‬F GNFG. N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0g‫و‬/.F/ 7‫ا‬. ..GG '‫ا‬6F+ 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F?
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' )/‫ا‬NF *'1‫د‬F ‫اء‬F. ❖
0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? 8‫ر‬GN P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 0‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7N&‫ر‬F- /-/g- ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ب‬⠱.?.
J‫ا‬G?g- 0-‫د‬/N GF.q 7.‫ر‬. pF- ‫ة‬Fg?F- GF. ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬GN‫?ر‬. o pF- N ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- 0-1‫د‬FF- '‫ا‬F.
K‫و‬F. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F- L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. /N/ ، (George et al ., 2014 , P. 153) IT G7F N
L‫و‬G. L) ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- //‫ا‬NFF- FG ..‫و‬.7N ‫ا‬G، N>.F- 1-‫د‬/g ‫ها‬G-‫د‬..7- F.) FG ‫ة‬Fg?F- G‫ذ‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬..
F.) FG J‫ا‬G?g- ‫ر‬N‫د‬G N 0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. G7F ‫ر‬N‫د‬G 0‫ها‬.‫و‬.
W N 0-1‫ها‬G ‫د‬N/‫و‬. N .G/ ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NF.G
‫ة‬NFF.F- ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. 0‫ا‬/-?Fg- GF.q 3‫ر‬7 N 3‫و‬.GG- 1-‫و‬o- ?N.6. N ‫ة‬F/F- ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF F/Gg- Jg>.7g-
. IT G7F /-‫ر‬G) G‫ر‬7 FG ‫ها‬FG
FG L‫و‬GG
W L‫و‬GN L) P?. pF- N ‫ة‬.N/‫ز‬G- ‫ر?ة‬7F- ‫ة‬.1‫ا‬FG ‫ى‬F? IT G7F '‫ا‬F. .n GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
1-‫د‬/+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- G?‫د‬. GWFG. ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F- /‫د‬/‫و‬F- N IT G7F 0‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./- G?/ ‫ة‬F7-‫و‬o K‫و‬F. ONg- N.‫د‬/N
G‫?ا‬F- ?G FG-‫و‬.. pF- ‫ة‬NFG?F- .G‫ا‬FG- N 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N ‫ة‬NGF1 0-1‫ها‬G '‫ا‬F. Jg. FG GF0 N NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F-
G‫ه‬NF? ..‫و‬.N
W /N/ ، IT G7F ‫ا&د‬F N J‫ا‬G?g- ‫ا&د‬FF /N/7F- 1‫ا‬N..g- .F7.N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- NGF‫ر‬F-
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- //‫ا‬NF 0-1‫د‬F '‫ا‬F. 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬G2gF- 0-1‫ا‬G/.7g- 7N70 N 0-1‫ها‬G- N /‫هو‬n- ‫د‬N/‫و‬.
: ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬.F- 1N‫ما‬䕱- Jg. FG
.‫ة‬G-‫ر‬6F- ‫ة‬7g7 N I?6G- G‫ه‬GF-N ‫ة‬F/F- 7p ‫ا‬GNG J‫ا‬G?g-N IT G7F N. ‫ة‬Fg?F- GNNF.
65
0‫ا‬.F7.G ?G GFF‫أ‬.F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر?ة‬7F- N ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F- ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫ها‬G- ‫ة‬N.F . ‫ف‬䅊 IT G7F 0-1‫د‬F GNNF.
.NGF‫ر‬F- /‫ا‬7.Fg-
. ‫ة‬.N/‫ز‬G ‫ة‬NF. N0 IT G7F ‫ة‬.1‫ا‬FG /‫ا‬G.?-
/‫د‬N. ‫ة‬NGF1 ‫ة‬7FG ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7/FF ‫ة‬N&-‫د‬..g- 0-1‫ا‬G/.7g- ‫ز‬NG‫ر‬.
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫ها‬G- '‫ا‬F. ‫ى‬F? FG?F-
.J‫ا‬G?g- J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. G7F 2‫ا‬G/g ‫ة‬N?-‫د‬.+ J‫و‬F/ /‫ا‬n+ ‫ى‬F? FG?F-
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬NFF' 1‫ا‬7) ❖
20‫ا‬GFF- O- 0gG‫?ا‬G- 20‫ا‬G FG ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- 20‫ا‬GFF- 01‫و‬7.

W ‫د‬FG J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ‫ها‬.G‫ ?ر‬pF- 0-1‫و‬7.FF
W -‫>ر‬F
K‫ا‬Gg- ، ) Idealized influence( F‫ا‬/G- /‫أ‬.F- )4 Is( ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬7.0 7&‫ا‬7. ?.1/ ‫ز‬WNG.. ../ /N/ ‫ة‬NF‫و‬/
W .F-
G?‫د‬F- N ، ) Intellectual stimulation( PG‫ذ‬F- ‫ز‬NG/.F- ، )Inspirational motivation( ‫ز‬GW ‫م‬䕱-
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF ?7-‫و‬F- K-‫د‬..7g- G/‫د‬/) P‫ذ‬F- /‫أ‬.F- ?G N ، ) individualized considiration ( P/‫ر‬GF-
20‫ا‬GFF- FG ‫ب‬⠱.?. 0gG‫?ا‬G- //‫ا‬NF N ‫ة‬NF‫و‬/.F- //‫ا‬NFF- ‫ر‬7‫ا‬F? N. 2‫ ⩅تز‬pF- ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- 20‫ا‬GFF- L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F-
P‫ذ‬F- N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- //‫ا‬NFFF K‫?ا‬F- 1‫ا‬7g- 5-2 FG6F- N.N
W NFN ‫ا‬GNG N ، (Simon , 2020) NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬GF-
.n /N/ O?G 0-0 N ‫ة‬/6-N L‫و‬G. L) .n ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬G-‫د‬.7g- N J‫و‬G6F/ G7W.. L) .n ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- o*‫ر‬F- L) N.N
W
‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g/ o*‫ر‬F- G‫ذ‬G FNF/.F ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F- ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫ها‬G- N 0‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F- FG .N‫ز‬G 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ر‬WG‫و‬. L)
‫ر‬Gg- ‫و‬G N ‫ف‬䅊‫ا‬F/F- N>.F- /‫ر‬GG J‫و‬.F N o*‫ر‬F- ‫ذ‬NGF. ?F‫ ⩅ت‬pF- F&-‫?و‬F- 6NG0 ‫ى‬F? FG?F- N ‫ة‬F/Gg/ //‫ا‬NFF- .‫و‬F7)
. NGW>‫و‬G- N 'gG?F- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F- ..‫و‬.7N P‫ذ‬F-
66
‫'‪7- : 5-2 FG6F‬ا‪NFF- 1‬ا‪F- //‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫ال‪N(7‬ا ال‪/NGF7‬‬
‫‪0‬ا‪?G 0‬ني‬
‫‪N‬اضح‪//NG7 N /‬‬ ‫‪6‬ا‪G‬ل‪/.7GN /‬ا‪/G‬‬
‫‪.‬ن‪G‬ي‪ 6‬الرؤيا الر‪GF‬ي‪/‬‬

‫ال‪NF‬ا‪. //‬ا‪Gg‬ثل‪( /‬ال‪F‬ائ‪) /N/F /‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ 6NG..‬ال?‪N‬ائ‪ FN77 F? F‬ال‪NG6‬ل‪/N‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ا‪//‬ا‪ /‬ال‪>.‬ي‪ 7‬الث‪F‬اف‪6F. N‬ا‪7‬‬ ‫•‬
‫الت‪7‬كي‪? 8‬لى ال?‪䐧G‬لء ‪ N‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪G>N‬ي‪H‬‬
‫ال‪6‬هنيا‪ 0‬الر‪GF‬ي‪/‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬لها‪7‬ا‪ 0‬الر‪GF‬ي‪/‬‬

‫• ا‪䐧‬ل‪7.F‬ا‪ 7‬ف‪ N‬ال‪?.‬ل‪ O/G G‬الح‪N‬ا‪/‬‬ ‫• ‪G‬ه‪ N G‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ال‪. /NGF7‬‬
‫• ا‪䐧‬ل‪.GF‬ا‪ F? /‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ال‪ /NGF7‬الج‪/‬ي‪//‬‬ ‫• ‪//.‬ي‪ /‬ال‪ N 77G‬ا‪䑅‬لخا‪ 77‬ال‪F‬اج‪ F? /G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا‬
‫• ال‪ /.>7‬ف‪ N‬ال‪N>.‬ي‪7‬‬ ‫• ال‪7/F‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪N7‬ا‪/‬ي‪/‬‬
‫'‪䑅‬ل‪7‬د‪(Simon , 2020) : 1‬‬
‫‪67‬‬
NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬7?F' ‫ف‬䅊 )/‫ا‬NFF' *o‫ ّد‬/ ❖
J‫و‬7/FF /‫د‬G‫ا‬. 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫?ى‬7. /1/g ‫ة‬FG? NGF‫ر‬F- /‫ا‬7.Fg- 0‫ا‬.F7.G F> ‫ف‬䅊 F‫ا‬/G- ‫ا&د‬FF- ‫ب‬⠱.?N
% 127FG L/ ‫ا&د‬F 4394 .F‫ش‬㑅 ) Douglas et al ., 2020( ‫ا‬o .G‫ا‬F ‫ة‬7-1/ .FWN. /N/ ، ‫ها‬NF?
N/ ‫ف‬䅊 ،‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. 0‫ا‬.WF7.G F> ‫ف‬䅊 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- //‫ا‬NFF ‫ة‬G&gG- 0‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F- GF.‫ ⩅ت‬Go‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
W L) LN‫د‬F.?N
NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬o/ ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- 7FF L) .&‫ا‬.FF- 0‫د‬GW ) ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G/ ‫ا&د‬FF- NWF/ /1N‫ر‬6 ‫ى‬F? L‫و‬FG-‫و‬N G‫ه‬FG % 82
‫ة‬7-1‫د‬F- 0-0 .FN. ‫ا‬GG ، NGF‫ر‬F- /‫ا‬7.Fg- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬GNFF- FF. FG FGW ‫ي‬䩅 g NN‫د‬NFF.F- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F- N I‫و‬F7F/ NF/.F- N
?F‫ ⩅ت‬FG-‫ ?و‬1g/ ‫د‬.‫و‬N GF) 1‫ا‬..?/ ، G?G FG‫?ا‬F- FN‫ر‬GF- N ‫ة‬7GF N>. GNF? .n NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا&د‬FF- L)
O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- 0‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F- N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- 7FF : ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F/G.G- N NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- ‫ف‬䅊 //‫ا‬NFFF ‫ا&د‬FF- ‫ة‬N‫ز‬G‫ا‬.
‫ذ‬NGF.F- 8‫و‬FN P‫ذ‬F- /‫د‬W ?.G- ‫ر‬W.‫و‬.F- N 7>6F- O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ FG?FF /6-‫و‬F- 1‫ا‬7G- ‫ة‬N*1 FG G‫?ه‬F‫ ⩅ت‬pF- '‫ا‬NG?F- 9‫ا‬FFF-
. (Douglas et al ., 2020)N.N.-?7g-
‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' *‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F' .7‫ر‬.

ّ ‫ة و‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬G‫ل?ر‬䑅' 7FF
NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 1-‫د‬/+ ?F‫ ⩅ت‬pF- 0‫ا‬F‫?و‬G-

W GG) FG ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- 0‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F- N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫ها‬G- 6FF ‫ب‬⠱.?.
. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ N FG?F- .NF‫ا‬7) N>. O- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G/ ?G‫د‬N ‫ا&د‬F O- 2‫ا‬./ ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F- L) /N/ 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ف‬䅊
‫اء‬NG?F' 7‫ا‬FFF'
P‫ر‬6.F- J‫ا‬w)‫ر‬F- N ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬F/F- N ‫ة‬N.N.-?7g- 9‫ا‬FFF- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G K‫ا‬7F) ‫?ة‬.1) O- '‫ا‬NG?F- 9‫ا‬FFF- G7FF.
‫هة‬.-‫و‬G 6/.F- N FG?F- 1‫ا‬7G ‫ة‬/6-‫و‬F- o*‫ر‬F- FG ‫ا&د‬FF- ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬+ ‫ا‬G ‫أ‬6 FG pF- N ‫ة‬N7.6F/
W ‫ة‬FF?.G- 9‫ا‬FFF- N
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0g‫و‬/.F- ‫ا‬G‫د‬WF‫و‬. pF- ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF. >F- N /‫د‬N‫د‬6F- ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG-
‫ف‬䅊 J-‫و‬/g- .WFF. ‫ف‬䅊 GG/.F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا&د‬FF- F6GN ‫ا‬G‫د‬F? 9‫ا‬FFF- G‫ذ‬G ‫د‬.‫و‬. : ‫ة‬N.N.'‫⨱ت‬7g' ‫اء‬NG?F' 7‫ا‬FFF' ✓
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- /1‫و‬/F- ..7. ‫ا?ة‬F7F-
W ‫ا‬G‫د‬F? ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬F/F- 9‫ا‬FFF- ‫د‬.‫و‬. : ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬F‫ث‬F' ‫اء‬NG?F' 7‫ا‬FFF' ✓

‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F- N NGN>F.F- I‫و‬F7F- .7?N
. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬G‫و‬. 0-N>. 1-‫د‬/+ N FG?F- .NF‫ا‬7) N7/ N ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F- .?7N /N/ /-‫ر‬Gg- 0‫ا‬NFG0
68
0‫ا‬7‫ا‬N7 N 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G L‫و‬G. ‫ا‬G‫د‬F? '‫ا‬NG?F- 9‫ا‬FFF- G‫ذ‬G FG6.. : ‫ري‬6.F' H‫ا‬w'‫ر‬F‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' ‫اء‬NG?F' 7‫ا‬FFF' ✓
.‫ة‬NF?F- N GN>‫و‬.F- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- .NF‫ا‬7g- G?‫د‬. .G-‫و‬G/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
L‫و‬FGW ‫ي‬䩅 'gG‫ز‬. ‫ة‬7GF ‫ا&د‬FF- 7No ‫ا‬G‫د‬F? 9‫ا‬FFF- FG ;‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G ‫د‬.‫و‬N : ‫ة‬N7.6F‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' ‫اء‬NG?F' 7‫ا‬FFF' ✓
.‫ر‬G.7G- GF?W.F ?6-‫و‬.F- K‫?د‬N ‫ة‬N.FN‫ا‬FG- 0-1‫ها‬G- O- ?F7.F- .WF. N ‫ية‬䩅‫د‬FF- 0‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F- L‫و‬G?‫د‬N N
N.N.'‫⨱ت‬7g' ‫ذ‬NGF.F' 6‫و‬FN

ّ ‫ذي‬F' /‫?د‬.‫ل‬䑅' ‫ّر‬.‫و‬.F'
‫ة‬F/ L-‫د‬FG FG G‫ه‬G‫و‬0
W ‫و‬FWN. )Douglas et al ., 2020( ‫ا‬o K‫ا‬F pF- ‫ة‬7-1‫د‬F- G‫ه‬.F‫ش‬㑅 FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F-
pF- ‫ر?ة‬7F- L) -‫و‬FWN. ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ‫ا‬G‫د‬F‫و‬. pF- 0‫ا‬6N‫ا‬FG- N 0-‫ر‬W.‫و‬.F- FG ‫و?ة‬Go ..7. NG>‫و‬G-
L) ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ا‬G‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N 0‫ا‬Fg?F- ‫ى‬F? :‫ا‬Go- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬.‫?و‬7 O- P/‫ؤ‬. W L) ‫ا‬G‫أ‬6 FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ‫ا‬o ‫ز‬WNG.. ../
‫ة‬/‫ر‬G- 0-1‫ا‬G/.7g- 7N70 ‫ة‬NGNG ‫ف‬䅊 P‫د‬/ K‫ا‬G) ‫ا&د‬FF- F?. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. G. ‫ز‬WNG.. P‫ذ‬F- .WFF.F-
. ‫ها‬F6G N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 7 ‫ة‬F.? GF‫و‬. O- ‫&ة‬7‫ا‬p- 0-1-‫ر‬FF- P/‫ؤ‬. /N/ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF
/.‫ا‬FF' ‫ائد‬FF' *'‫ز‬N‫م‬䕅 ❖
FN‫ذ‬F- 7‫ا‬.6g- '‫ا‬F.F- ‫ى‬F? 7‫ر‬o- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G-‫ز‬F 0/ J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫?ة‬1‫ا‬7.G- 0-1‫و‬7.F-
W ?G
G7FFN P/‫ا‬NFF- I‫و‬F7F- L/ 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. /N/ ، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W //‫ا‬NF L‫و‬WF‫و‬.N7
P‫ذ‬F- I‫و‬F7F- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ GNF? :‫ا‬Go- .n P‫ذ‬F- J‫?ا‬GF-
W I‫و‬F7F-N 1‫د‬/.7G- I‫و‬F7F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G 0‫&ا‬G 1g/ O-
.)Douglas et al ., 2020( GF? NF..F- .n
GF? NF..F' ..'‫و‬F' G‫و‬F7F'
?G 81‫?ا‬.. N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ?G GFF‫أ‬.. g pF- ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- 0‫ا‬G‫ر‬7.F-

W N 0‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F- GF. FW/‫⩅ت‬
. ‫ها‬F? NF..F- ‫ا&د‬FF- ‫ى‬F? ..‫و‬.7N ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬GNFF- FF. ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬+ O- P/‫ؤ‬. ‫ا‬G) ‫ا‬GG /-‫ر‬Gg- 0‫?ا‬WF7.
69
GNF? ‫ظة‬G‫ما‬䕱' .‫ي‬䨬 ‫ذي‬F' G‫و‬F7F'
0‫ا‬.F7.G ?G ‫ها‬GFF‫أ‬.F ‫ها‬NF? :‫ا‬Go- .n pF- N ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- ‫ا‬o ‫ز‬NG.. pF- I‫و‬F7F- GF. NG
.‫ا‬G‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. ‫ى‬F? FG?F- N ‫ا‬o :‫ا‬G./g- ‫ا&د‬FF- ‫ى‬F? .n /N/ FG?F- FN‫ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 2‫ا‬G‫د‬Fg- N ‫ة‬F/F- F/G NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F-
+‫د‬/.7‫ل‬䑅' G‫و‬F7F'
P‫ذ‬F- N NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬G?g- ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NF F.) FG G/-‫د‬/.7- Wo ‫د‬N‫د‬. I‫و‬7 ‫و‬G 1‫د‬/.7G- I‫و‬F7F-
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫ها‬G- FG ‫ا‬G> N 0g‫ا‬N.F- FNF/ ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- F/G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W 3‫ا‬.FF P1N‫ر‬6 ‫ب‬⠱.?N
‫&ة‬G FG6 21‫د‬FN P‫ذ‬F- I‫و‬F7F- ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. ‫ى‬F? FG?N L ) NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- ‫ف‬䅊 /.‫ا‬FF- ‫ا&د‬FF- ‫ى‬F? .n ‫ا‬GG
I‫و‬F7F- ‫&ة‬G FG6 21‫د‬FN I‫و‬F7 P) FG 7F..F- ‫ى‬F? FG?F- N GNF? :‫ا‬Go- ..-‫و‬F- I‫و‬F7F- N 1‫د‬/.7G-
G-‫د‬Gg- ‫د‬N‫د‬/.G 0-1‫ها‬G- N 7&‫ا‬7p- FG ‫و?ة‬G.o ‫ز‬NG.N L ) GNF? .n ‫ا‬GG ، GFG 7F..F- ..-‫و‬F-
GNF? .n ‫ا‬GG H‫ر‬GF- GF.q N. N FG?F- H‫ر‬G F.-/ 0‫ا‬Fg? '‫ا‬F. ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- N F7-‫و‬.F- 0-1‫ها‬o ?.G.F- N ‫ة‬F‫د‬.
0‫ا‬NFG0 ?.1) ‫د‬N‫د‬/ o ‫د‬FG 0‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F- N FF?FF ‫ة‬GN>N F? /1‫ا‬.? I‫و‬F7F- L g N ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬Gn- //‫ا‬NFF- .‫و‬F7) O..N
W L)
. NGF‫ر‬F- /‫ا‬7.Fg- ‫ف‬䅊 /.‫ا‬FF- ‫ا&د‬FF- 0-‫ز‬NG N..
W
‫ة‬NGN‫ظ‬F.F' *'1‫د‬FF' -4.2.2

//o2 FG FGW ‫ة ⩅ت‬NGN>F. 20‫ا‬G '‫ا‬F. 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫ها‬G- N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- 0-1‫د‬FF- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- /1-/+ ,/‫ا‬.G ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬GW‫ر‬. L) 20‫ا‬GFF- G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? .n /N/ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF NGN>F.F- '-/g- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬GF-
G‫ر‬7.F-
W N 1-‫ر‬FF- 0‫ا‬0-W N J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ‫ا‬G‫ر‬WG‫و‬. pF- ‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G- N 7‫ر‬GF- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ FG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬N 'gG?F- N
‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7g- /‫ز‬NG- ./6) NFNF- K‫ ?د‬N ‫?ة‬1‫ا‬7.G- 0‫ا‬.WFF.F- L) 1‫ا‬..?/ ،(Kohnke , 2017) .7‫ا‬FG- .F‫و‬F- ‫ف‬䅊
‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g- FG ‫ها‬FGW ‫ة ⩅ت‬F‫ر‬G ‫ة‬NGN>F. 20‫ا‬G /‫ا‬G.?- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? P1N‫ر‬6F- FG ‫ى‬7G) ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N.F
/‫ا‬G.?- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n GWF) .FWN. NGN>F.F- J‫ا‬o/ G.o pF- 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- ‫د‬N‫ ?د‬L) GF0 N ، 0‫ا‬.WFF.F- G‫ذ‬G
GF‫ه‬.7G- I‫و‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊 '-‫و‬7 0->.F-
W GF..G ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g- N ‫ة‬N&N.F- 0->.G- ?G ?N‫ر‬7F- GFF‫أ‬.F- F.) FG ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F-
. ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- 0-WN>.F- o/ N FN/1‫و‬G-
W N N7G‫ا‬FG- N)
70
20‫ا‬GFF- FG ‫د‬N‫د‬. ;‫و‬F F? ‫ب‬⠱?N W P‫ذ‬F- N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- 0‫ا‬/F77G- FG ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- /F77G ‫ب‬⠱.?N
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N.F ‫ة‬7N&‫ر‬F- /‫ز‬NG- /.7) P‫ذ‬F- NFNF- K‫ ?د‬P‫د‬W / ?G FG‫?ا‬.F- FG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- FGW ‫ي‬䩅 P‫ذ‬F- ‫ة‬NGN>F.F-
0‫ا‬.‫ر‬q ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬G.7G- N GW>FG- >.F-
W ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F?( Agility ) ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- GN‫?ر‬. o /N/ ، (Teece et al ., 2016)
‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F- /‫ز‬NG- FNF/ O+ G‫د‬o ‫ة‬N.N.-?7‫إ‬G ‫ذ‬GW F. N 770 N /‫د‬W / pF- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- N NGN>F.F- FGNG- N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- /1‫د‬F ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- GN‫?ر‬. FG‫ي‬䩅 FF7FG- -‫ذ‬G FG N ، ( Singh et al ., 2013)
FG ‫ها‬F?n ‫ا‬G ، 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- 8‫ ?ر‬N 2‫ا‬.Fg- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫?ة‬N‫ر‬7F- 0gN‫?د‬.F- Jg. FG ‫ة‬N&N.F- 0->.F- O+ ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬o ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g-
‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- O- ‫>ر‬FF- FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG ، (Sasa & Andy, 2018) ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F- /‫ز‬NG- FNF/ O+ ‫ة‬N/‫ؤ‬G- FG-‫?و‬F- GG)
/N/ (Sasa & Andy, 2018) ‫ة‬NFN>6.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- N ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- ‫>ة‬Gp N ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F‫ا‬G G.N) /‫د‬W ? FG
‫ة‬NF.-‫د‬F- ‫&ة‬N.F- ‫ف‬䅊 '-‫و‬7 ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G- /‫د‬N‫د‬n- 7‫ر‬GF- Jg>.7- N ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- ‫ة‬N.N.-?7g- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- FW/‫⩅ت‬
0‫ا?ا‬7F GF.q N. ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬G. N ‫ر?ة‬7. /1-‫و‬G- FN‫و‬/ ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- /1‫د‬F O‫د‬G P?.G ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- ‫>ة‬Gp ‫ا‬GW ) ، ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p- N)
J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G F.-/ 7‫ر‬GF- Jg>.7- ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- /1‫د‬F O‫د‬G ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬NFG?F- N) ‫ة‬NFN>6.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- F/‫ا ⩅ت‬GNG J‫ا‬G?g-
‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N.N.-?7g- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- )Teece et al ., 2016( G‫?ر‬
W ‫د‬FG GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o-
‫ا‬GG، ‫ة‬GNFF- FF. F.) FG J‫ا‬G?g- 1‫و‬p ‫ف‬䅊 N.N.-?7g- G.‫و‬.F-
W P.. N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF F7-‫و‬.G- GWNG.F- N 7.6F-
‫ى‬F? .n GF/ )Teece et al ., 2016( ‫( و‬Sasa & Andy, 2018) F/G 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- .FWN.
FG ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- ‫ة‬N‫>ر‬F /‫ا‬G.?- N ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- '‫ا‬F. F.) FG ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- ‫ا‬o-1‫د‬F Jg>.7- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G-
F.) FG 0-1‫د‬FF- N /1-‫و‬G- FN‫?د‬. N '‫ا‬F. N .G‫د‬. /G7. 0-1‫د‬FF- G‫ذ‬G L) /N/ ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F- /‫ز‬NG- FNF/ F.)
7N7..F- N /1-/g- .NF‫ا‬7) N>. N 0‫ا‬..FG- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- FF. FG6. pF- N ‫?ة‬N‫ر‬7F- ‫ة‬N&N.F- 0->.F- ‫هة‬.-‫و‬G
N.N
W NFN ‫ا‬GNG N ، J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ?G NGN>F.F- GWNG.F- FG ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- FGW ‫ا ⩅ت‬GG PN.N‫ر‬F- N.N.-?7g-
(Sasa & Andy, ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- Jg. FG ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- W FNF/.F NGNG‫ا‬GG- 1‫ا‬7g- 6-2 FG6F-
.2018)
71
S5 ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬FF NGNG‫ا‬GG- 1‫ا‬7g- : 6-2 FG6F'
‫ستشع'ر‬g' ‫تحول‬F'
ّ
Sensing Shifting
‫رص‬GF' G'‫'غتن‬
Seizing
‫بحث‬F' ‫تشكيل‬F'
Searching Shaping
(Sasa & Andy, 2018) : 1‫د‬7‫ل‬䑅'
FW/‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- Jg. FG ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- FNF/ ‫ة‬NGNG Gg?) 6-2 FG6F- F/‫ي‬䩅
‫ز‬GW‫ر‬. ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p- ‫&ة‬N.F- ‫ها‬/‫ر‬7. pF- ‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G- N 7‫ر‬GF/ 1‫?و‬6F- ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W /1‫د‬F O‫د‬G 1‫?ا‬6.7g- 0-1‫د‬F
//.F- 0-1‫د‬F FW/‫ا ⩅ت‬GNG ، FN/1‫و‬G- N N7G‫ا‬FG- N NGF‫ه‬.7G/ ‫ة‬FWF?.G- ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫?ة‬WF‫و‬.G >F- ‫ة‬N&N.F- 0‫ا‬.FF.F- ‫ى‬F?
‫ة‬N?-‫د‬.g- 0-1‫د‬FF- GF.q //.F- FG6.. ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 7Np F.-/ 7‫ر‬GF- FF. ‫ى‬F? 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- /1‫د‬F O‫د‬G
. ‫ؤ‬.F.F- 0-1‫د‬F N
72
‫ة‬7‫ا‬p- 0-1-‫ر‬FF- 0‫ا‬0-W ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-

W /1‫د‬FG O‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 7‫ر‬GF- K‫ا‬F.>- 0-1‫د‬F FW/G.. GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
/N/ 20‫و‬GFF- ‫ز‬G‫ر‬G 7‫ر‬GF- K‫ا‬F.>- 0-1‫د‬F ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ا‬GG، ‫ة‬NFN‫و‬/.F- 0-1‫د‬FF- O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G N ‫ة‬N.N.-?7g/
J‫و‬/.F-
W 0-1‫د‬F FG ‫ة‬NW.‫أ‬.G- 0g.‫د‬G- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ //.F- N 1‫?ا‬6.7g- 0-1‫د‬F FG ‫ة‬F7‫م‬䕱- W ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬G.‫ر‬.
O‫د‬G ‫ف‬䅊 J‫و‬/.F-
W 0-1‫د‬F FW/G.. ‫ا‬GFN. ، ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬NF?F- //‫ا‬NFF- K‫ها‬G FG 0-1‫د‬FF- G‫ذ‬G ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ا‬GNG FNG6.F- N
‫ة‬FG-‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬o- FG FFW F.F- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬G. J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G '‫ا‬F. N /‫د‬N‫د‬n- ‫ة‬N.N.-?7g- ‫ذ‬NGF. ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- /1‫د‬FG
?N7‫و‬. N ‫ذ‬NGF. ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W /1‫د‬F N‫ه‬G FNG6.F- 0-1‫د‬F ‫ا‬G)W ،‫ا‬G77. o pF- ‫ة‬NF.F.7G- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬o- O- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF
‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ا‬GG 0‫ا‬WNFG?F- ‫ف‬䅊 /'‫ا‬GGF- N ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬GF- FNF/ FG6. /N/ ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p- ‫&ة‬N.F- ‫ى‬F? /‫أ‬.F- F.) FG /‫د‬N‫د‬n- 0-1‫د‬FF-
. 2‫ا‬.Fg- 9‫و‬7. ‫ة‬NFN‫ؤ‬7G FG
‫ة‬NGN‫ظ‬F.F' ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F' ‫اء‬F. ❖
0‫ا‬.FF.F- ‫ر?ة‬7 ?G GFF‫أ‬.F- F.) FG 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬.7FF/ ‫ة‬NG./ /1N‫ر‬6 ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- ‫ب‬⠱.?.
P..
W ‫ى‬F? FG?F- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? 8‫ر‬GN P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G- .F. N ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G- 7‫ر‬GF- K‫ا‬F.>- ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- N ‫ة‬N&N.F-
Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ا&ها‬F. ‫ف‬䅊 g‫?ا‬G -1N/ .?FN 0/ P‫ذ‬F- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ G7F ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- 20‫ا‬GFF- G‫ذ‬G
FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬NFF.F- 0-1‫ها‬G- FG ;‫و‬F.G
W .N‫ز‬o H‫ر‬GF- //‫ا‬F N FN6‫ر‬F- ‫ا&د‬FF- ‫د‬NN‫ز‬. N ‫ا‬G‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N 0-'‫ا‬GGF- .F.
.WF7.N GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، /‫ر‬G..G- FG?F- .NF‫ا‬7) G?/ Jg. FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- ‫ذ‬NGF. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا?د‬7. L) ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/g
NFN ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬FW/G.G- N ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬FF ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F- ,/‫ا‬.G- ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬o‫ا‬7‫ا‬N7 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- /‫ا‬G.?- ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- FNF/
(Linda , 2018)
. ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g- N ‫ة‬FG.‫م‬䕱- 0->.F-

W G-‫ر‬6.7- N F.F.7G- ‫ى‬F? P‫و‬FF- ‫ز‬NG?F-
. //‫ا‬NFFF ‫ى‬F?g- O‫و‬.7G- ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬FG.‫م‬䕱- ‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G- N 0‫ها‬.‫و‬.F-

W 7G. N ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF-
. LN‫?ا‬.F- .‫و‬F7) /‫ا‬G.?- N 'gG?F- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F-
. NGG.F- N ;-‫د‬.g- N .N‫ر‬..F- ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g-
73
FG /.7) ‫د‬FG ;-‫د‬.g- N .N‫ر‬..F- .‫و‬F7) /‫ا‬G.?- N G‫ر‬7.F-

W ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر?ة‬7F- F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬FF- '‫ا‬7.gF -‫>ر‬F N
‫&ة‬N. ‫ف‬䅊 '‫ا‬F.F- L‫ا‬G6 ‫د‬7F ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬FF FGGG
W N G?-/ ‫ر‬7F?G ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G- ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? P1N‫ر‬6F-
(Linda , 1-‫ى >ر‬F? ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- N ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G- N. 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- .F‫ر‬GW /N/ ، NFNF- K‫?د‬. ‫ز‬NG.. J‫ا‬G?)
FG‫ي‬䩅 g pF- 0->WF.FF ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g- N ‫ها‬/N/7. N '‫ا‬7.g- I1-‫د‬. ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- F/‫ة ⩅ت‬FN‫ر‬G- LW / O‫ر‬. pF- 2018)
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬.>‫ر‬F- GG L‫و‬G. L) J‫ا‬G?F- FG .WF7.. ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. ‫د‬FG GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ها‬.WF.
FG/
W N NGGW.F/ ‫>و‬o L) N ‫ة‬GW>FG FG? H‫ر‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬G. FG?F- N 'gG?F- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F- /1N‫ر‬6 ?G FG?F-
0g‫ا‬o- ?No ‫ف‬䅊 N>.F- N ‫ر‬G.7G- GF?.F- /1N‫ر‬6 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F- /‫ز‬NG- FFp ;-‫د‬. g- FG G‫ه‬FNG‫ ⩅ت‬N ‫ة‬NFN‫ؤ‬7G-
‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- FNF/ ?F‫ ⩅ت‬pF- F&-‫?و‬F- GG) FG L-‫ب‬⠱.?. N.N7‫ا‬7) N.7FF ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n ‫ا‬GG
P..F
W ‫ة‬6G-‫ر‬F- N N>.FF ‫ة‬GN‫ا‬FG- 0‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F- N ‫ة‬.7?G-
W ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F- ‫ف‬䅊 L‫ا‬.FW/G.G- N ‫ا‬G‫ه‬.n‫?ا‬G ‫ى‬F? FG?F- N
(Linda , 2018) ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬F/.7- ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NF 0-1‫ها‬G .F7.N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- FN‫د‬. P/‫ا‬7.F- F7FG
?G FG-‫و‬.N NGN>F. FGNG GNG7. 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- FNF/ .WF7.N O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG N
FG FWFF. N N?‫ا‬Gn- FG?F- .‫و‬F7) 2‫?ز‬.
W 77) ‫ى‬F? GG7G W L‫و‬GN L) .n /N/ ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F-
W 7&‫ا‬7.
‫ة‬NG‫ر‬G- 0o‫و‬.7G- /‫ر‬/G L) /N/ ، )Teece et al ., 2016( ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- N‫ب ?د‬⠱.?. ../ pF- ‫ة‬NG‫ر‬G- 0o‫و‬.7G-
FF. O- P/‫ؤ‬. ‫ا‬G) ‫ا‬GG K‫ا‬7Fg- GF.q N /-‫ر‬Gg- N. LN‫?ا‬.F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬.>‫ر‬F- /.G. N ‫ة‬N7-‫ر‬FN.F- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- ‫د‬WF‫و‬.
FF>FG- G.‫و‬.F-
W NGN>F.F- FGNG- .WF..N L) .n ‫ا‬GG ،?N1‫ا‬6G- GF.q N. FG-‫ز‬.F- N FN7F.F- K-‫?د‬F- N 0‫?ا‬-‫ر‬7F-
W
‫ة‬N&N.F- 0->.F-
W ?G GFF‫أ‬.F- FG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- NGN>F.F- FGNG- FGW ‫ي‬䩅 L) .n GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+، )SILOS( K‫ا‬7FgF
FG NGG.F- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ N FG?F- K‫>ا‬F. K-‫ز‬.Fg- N F‫?ا‬F- '-/g- ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- FF. 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G G?‫د‬N N ‫?ة‬1‫ا‬7.G-
. (Linda , 2018) 1-‫ر‬G.7/ ‫ة‬N7G?F- ‫ة‬N‫>ذ‬.F- ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7o-
NGF‫ر‬F' H‫و‬/.F' *'1‫ا‬7G -3.2
N.N.-?7g- 1‫ا‬7G- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ?G GGp 7N70 O+ 2‫ا‬./ pF- G-‫د‬Gg- FG NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/W.F- ‫ب‬⠱.?N
0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. /N/ ،GFNF/.F ‫ا‬G.7. N /1-‫و‬G- GF.q ‫&ة‬.?. O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ G?‫ا‬.W.+ ..-‫و‬F-
?G N ، )George et al ., 2014,P. 13( ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 7‫ر‬GF- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬G/.7. GNG N FN) G‫?ر‬. ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 /‫&د‬-‫ر‬F-
FG 9‫ا‬6F ‫?ة‬N.7 ?G .7‫ا‬F.NF NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 0-1‫ا‬7G GF.0 ‫ا‬G‫ا‬G?) ‫?ة‬N.7 N 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ة‬76F) Gg..-
74
George et al ( ‫ها‬N7G‫ا‬FG FG F6G) FN.-‫د‬G ‫ا‬G /N/7F- J‫ا‬o- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬G/.7. pF- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- L) /N/ ، /‫د‬/-N
‫ف‬䅊 FW/G.. pF- N NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.FF ‫ة‬GF.q 0-1‫ا‬7G 1g/ I‫ا‬FG L ) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. ‫ا‬GG ، )., 2014 , P. 18
?o N) 0‫ا‬NFG?F- 20‫ا‬G FN‫و‬/ N) GF‫ه‬.7GFF ‫ة‬G‫د‬W FG- ‫ة‬GNFF- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg>.7- ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬GG+
George ( N.
W ‫د‬FG GF0 FG 7G?F- ‫ى‬F? N ، (Berman , 2012) /‫د‬N‫د‬. J‫ا‬G?) 20‫ا‬G '‫ا‬F. N ‫?ا‬G FN1‫ا‬7G-
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- FG ;-‫و‬F) 1g/ '‫ا‬F.F ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg>.7- ‫ها‬FG‫ي‬䩅 0‫ا‬7 7‫ؤ‬G-
W L) )et al ., 2014
I-‫ر‬6+ ‫ى‬F? FG?F- Jg. FG GF0 N 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G- N NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 0-1‫ا‬7G ‫ا‬G1N‫د‬. FW/‫ ⩅ت‬pF- N
0‫ا‬NFG?F- N7/ F.) FG ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg>.7- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، G‫ه‬F?‫ا‬G. F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬FF- 0g‫ا‬N.F- Jg>.7- N 'gG?F-
‫ا‬GNG N ، /‫د‬N‫د‬. J‫ا‬G?) 20‫ا‬G '‫ا‬F. F.) FG ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg>.7- /F‫ا‬/F- 1‫ا‬7G- FW/‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬NF.-‫د‬F-
NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬F/1 ‫ف‬䅊 8‫و‬.FF ‫?ى‬7. pF- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- K‫ا‬G) ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G- ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫ا‬7G- G‫ذ‬G 7-2 FG6F- N.N F
‫ا‬G‫ا‬G?) J‫ا‬o ?G .7‫ا‬F.. pF- ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- /1‫د‬FF- '‫ا‬F. FG ‫ها‬FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬pF- 0g‫ا‬o- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬o-1‫ا‬G/.7- ?6N ‫ها‬NF? .n /N/
. ‫ا‬o-1‫د‬F N
75
‫'‪7- : 7 -2 FG6F‬ا‪W 1‬‬

‫‪/.F-‬و‪F 0g‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫‪.‬جرب‪ /‬ال?‪䐧G‬لء‬ ‫?‪G‬ليا‪ 0‬ال‪6.‬غيل‬ ‫ن‪G‬ا‪ .0‬ا‪䐣‬ل?‪G‬ال‬
‫‪G‬ه‪ G‬ال?‪䐧G‬لء‬ ‫‪GF7‬ن‪ /‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪G‬ا‪77‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫الر‪GF‬ن‪. /‬غي‪ 7‬ا‪䐣‬ل?‪G‬ال‬

‫ال‪.‬ج‪6‬ئ‪ /‬ال‪/.‬ل‪N‬ل‪/N‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪7/.‬ي‪ H‬ا‪/g‬اء‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ‪N8‬ا‪ //‬الخ‪G/‬ا‪0‬‬
‫• ا‪䑅‬ل?‪䐧. FG /G7‬ل‪ H‬ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬لي‪8‬ا‪ 0‬الج‪/‬ي‪//‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ال‪ FG HN/.‬ا‪䑅‬لل‪' 7NG‬ل‪O‬‬
‫ا‪䐧‬لج‪G.‬ا?‪/N‬‬ ‫ال‪F7‬مي‬
‫الن‪? NG‬لى ‪ ON.7G‬الخ‪ 7N7‬ال?ليا‬ ‫‪G.‬كي‪ H‬ال?‪G‬ال‬ ‫أ?‪G‬ال ‪GF7‬ي‪/. /‬ي‪//‬‬

‫• ‪7/.‬ي‪ H‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪?N.‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫• ال?‪G‬ل ‪GG P' FG‬ا‪ N H‬ف‪.FN P' N‬‬ ‫‪.FG‬جا‪/NGF7 0‬‬ ‫•‬
‫• ال‪. &.F.‬ال‪FNN7.‬‬ ‫ا‪7.‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪. 0‬ا‪7‬ج‪/?N77 /N‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ‪N7‬ا>‪F. /N// /‬ظ‪/NGN‬‬
‫• ‪7/.‬ي‪GG H‬ا‪77‬ا‪ 0‬ال?‪䐧G‬لء‬ ‫‪6G‬ا‪ /G7‬ا‪䑅‬ل?‪/G7‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ج‪/‬ي‪//‬‬
‫إ‪/‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪/‬اء‬ ‫ال‪G?.‬ي‪ G‬الر‪F‬مي‬

‫‪䑅‬ل‪ /7‬ال?‪䐧G‬لء‬
‫•‬ ‫‪G‬ا‪G‬ل ا‪䑅‬ل&‪/77‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ /G/.‬ال?‪䐧‬لء‬ ‫•‬ ‫ال‪G6‬ا‪ /NG‬ال‪N>6.‬ل‪/N‬‬
‫•‬ ‫'?ا‪7 ?N8N. //‬ل‪ /7‬ال‪7F‬ا‪7‬‬ ‫•‬
‫الخ‪ /G/‬ال‪6‬ا‪/N.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪ ?F7. 0‬ال‪7F‬ا‪7‬‬
‫‪6G‬ا‪ /G7‬الخ‪G/‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪/NGF7‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪G.‬ا‪ G7‬ال‪NFF‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪F.‬ا‪/?7‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪G/‬ج ‪.‬كن‪N‬ل‪.N‬يا ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪ 0‬في ا‪䐣‬ل?‪G‬ال‬ ‫•‬

‫‪/N.‬ي‪ /‬البيانا‪ N 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪G‬ا‪77‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪7.‬لي‪ G‬الحل‬ ‫•‬
‫ال‪7/F‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪/.‬ليلي‪/‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ال‪7/F‬ا‪ 0‬الر‪GF‬ي‪/‬‬
‫'‪䑅‬ل‪7‬د‪(Carolien , 2017 , P. 19 ) : 1‬‬
‫‪76‬‬
‫ء‬gG?F' ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. -1.3.2
/‫ز‬NG- FNF/.F N7‫ا‬7) FG‫ ?ا‬N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0g‫و‬/.F- FNF/.F ‫?ة‬.W.G- 0-1‫ا‬7G- FG 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. ‫ب‬⠱.?.
‫ا‬G) ‫ا‬GG ‫&ها‬gG? N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- N. F?‫ا‬G.F- Jg. FG ‫أ‬6F. ‫ا‬G) /N/ ،‫ة‬NG‫?ا‬F- H‫و‬7F- ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F. F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F-
‫و?ة‬Go ‫ة‬7-1/ .FWN. ‫ا‬GG ، '-‫ر‬6F- 1-‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬/‫ؤ‬. pF- FG-‫?و‬F- N GF‫ه‬.7G- 0gN6G. ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N7N&1 -1N/ .?F.
‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- FG-‫?و‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 Gg..g- L) LN‫د‬F.?N ‫ة‬7-1‫د‬F- G‫ه‬.F‫ش‬㑅 FN‫ذ‬F- FN‫ذ‬NGF.F- '-1‫د‬G- FG % 85 L) 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG
'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. .WF7.. ../ pF- ‫ة‬G-‫د‬.7G- ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F- /‫ز‬NG- FNF/.F NGGN ‫?د‬. G //‫و‬n- N ..FG- N ‫?ر‬7F‫ا‬G
'gN N ‫ة‬F/ ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7/FF 1‫ا‬7G- -‫ذ‬G Jg. FG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W G‫د‬o GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، (Chiara et al ., 2007)
‫?ى‬7. ‫ة‬N.N.-?7+ F? /1‫ا‬.? 1‫ا‬7G‫ا‬G ‫ة‬N?-‫د‬.+ N ‫ة‬F‫و‬G.G
W ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. 'gG? ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. '‫ا‬F. ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g/ GF0 N 'gG?F-
J‫و‬7o- O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ?G‫د‬F- N 0‫ا‬NF.FG- ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7o- N 0‫ا‬.F7F- J‫ا‬71+ ‫ة‬NFG? FN‫ه‬7. G‫د‬o 'gG?F- I-‫ر‬6g
Jg. FG /‫ر‬G‫و‬.G- 0g‫ا‬N.F- FNF/ ‫ة‬NFF. /‫ا‬G.?- G.N /N/ .FN P) ‫ف‬䅊 N /‫ا‬FF ‫ة‬N) FG ‫ة‬F7-‫و‬.G ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. G?‫د‬F- ‫ى‬F?
Go-1-‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬/‫ؤ‬. pF- FG-‫?و‬F- N G‫ه‬G‫ر‬7.
W ‫ة‬NGNG N 'gG?FF /6Ng- G‫ه‬GF- ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- ‫ر‬WG‫و‬. pF- N ،'gG?F- F?‫ا‬G.
) Ina-m et al .,2017( ‫ا‬GG‫و‬. ‫ى‬F? FG?F- N 'gG?F- 0‫ا‬.F7.G F.7G- G‫ه‬GF- F‫ا‬.F/ N
‫ء‬gG?F' ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G ❖
‫ب‬⠱.?N P‫ذ‬F- N GF‫ه‬.7G- I‫و‬F7. ‫ة‬FWF?.G- 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- Jg. FG K1980 ‫ف‬䅊 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. /F77G ‫>هر‬
‫ة‬G‫ا‬6) ‫ا‬GG ،GF‫ه‬.7G- I‫و‬F7 ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G// N 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- //‫و‬. N L‫و‬.‫ز‬F- ‫ا‬61 ;‫و‬6‫و‬G ‫ى‬F? 0‫ز‬G1 pF- 0‫ا‬N./gF ‫ة‬FGG.
FNF/ FG 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. FGW ‫ا ⩅ت‬GG، ‫ة‬G‫د‬p- //‫و‬. F? ‫ا‬G‫ز‬WN‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N GF‫ه‬.7G- G7-‫?و‬. G-??g- 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬.
(Graeme & Alan , '-‫ر‬6F- 0‫ا‬NFG? N ?N.F- 9‫ا‬FF /1o2 //‫?ا‬g G‫?ه‬G‫د‬. N F&/‫ز‬FF ‫ة‬.7FF/ ‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- N ‫ة‬F/F-
‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G > N) ‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G F7-‫و‬. Pg GF‫ه‬.7G- ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7- ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬GN‫?ر‬. o ‫د‬FG 3‫ا‬7g- -‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? N ، 2016 )
/1/‫ا‬.G- L‫و‬G. ‫ا‬G ‫ا‬.F‫ >ا‬N 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- O‫د‬F. N) K-‫د‬..7g- N) '-‫ر‬6F- ‫ة‬NFG? ‫د‬F? JNg- 1‫د‬o /N/ ، ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W ?G
‫ا‬o‫ا‬..FG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 8‫د ?ر‬F? 1‫د‬FF F o N GF 7WF7q > ‫ر‬6‫ا‬FF F.G >F- F7-‫و‬.F- L‫و‬GN ‫ا‬GFN. GF‫ه‬.7G- G‫ر‬7 FG
'gG?F- N. 0g?‫ا‬G.F- Jg. FG ‫ة‬.‫ر‬..F- G‫ذ‬G F/.F. ‫ا‬GG ، (Christopher & André , 2007 ) ‫ا‬o‫ا‬G‫د‬. N
FNG?F- ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G /6‫و‬. ‫ة‬N7.6 ‫ة‬.‫ر‬..F- G‫ذ‬G L‫و‬G. L) FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG F?G /1 O+ P/‫ؤ‬. pF- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- N 0‫ا‬..FG- N
77
'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. ‫ب‬⠱.?. GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬NFgF?F- N 3‫ا‬7/g- N 1‫?و‬6F- N ‫ ة‬F F F F N/‫ا‬G- N ‫ة‬F F F F N/N‫ر‬F- 0o‫و‬.7G- GF..o
. (Chiara et al ., 2007) NFN ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬GF.q /‫?ا‬.) ‫ة‬W.7 FG6. /‫?ا‬.g- //‫?د‬.G ‫ة‬NF.
/‫د‬N. ‫ة‬N7/
W ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. K‫د‬W F. N GF‫ه‬.7G- 7N7‫ا‬/) 8‫ر‬/ W pF- Sensorial 1‫?و‬6F' *g‫و‬GG
... 3‫ا‬Go- N ‫ا‬6‫ر‬F/ FNG?F- 1‫?و‬6 FG ?G‫ر‬. N ‫>ر‬FF- N G6F- N ?G7F- N 7o- FG6. pF- N
G7-‫?و‬F- N 2-‫ز‬G- ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬/‫ؤ‬. pF- FNG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. FG6. Emotional ‫ة‬G7‫?ا‬F' *g‫و‬GG
.1‫?و‬6F- N
G6F- N) GG.F/ ‫ة‬7..‫ر‬G- FNG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. FW/‫⩅ت‬ Cognitive ‫ة‬NG'1/‫ل‬䐥' *g‫و‬G‫ل‬䑅'

. ‫ة‬NFF?F- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- N
. ‫ة‬NFG?F- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- FG ‫ة‬NW.‫أ‬.G- FNG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. : Pragmatic ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬G>'‫ب‬⠱F' *g‫و‬G‫ل‬䑅'
‫ة‬7‫ا‬p- 0-‫د‬F.?G- N GNFF- ‫ة‬G‫>و‬FG FG ‫ها‬NF? F7‫م‬䕱- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬..F- NG : )‫ا‬No' (‫و‬F7' *g‫و‬GG
.I‫و‬F7F- N 6N?F- .‫و‬F7) P.. Jg. FG .F‫>ا‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 F/.F. pF- N FNG?F/
6N?F- H‫ا‬N7 N 7.6F- 7Np FG6. pF- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬..F- F/‫ ⩅ت‬: *‫ا‬Fg?F' *g‫و‬GG
ّ
.7‫ا‬.6g- ?G 0‫ا‬Fg?F- N G. 7‫ا‬p-
‫ر‬Gg- ‫ة‬N1‫ا‬..F- ‫ة‬Gg?FF 'g‫و‬F- '‫ا‬F.F N7N&1 FG‫' ?ا‬gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F- /‫ز‬NG- FF. O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
‫د‬F? 0g‫ا‬N.F- GF.q ?NG. N GG‫ر‬7.
W '‫ا‬F/) GF‫ه‬.7G- .FW ?.. G.o pF- N 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. /1-/+ ‫ر‬WG‫و‬. .F7.N P‫ذ‬F-
(Christopher & André ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- J‫و‬/ GF‫ه‬.7GFF ‫ة‬N?‫و‬6‫و‬G- 1‫ا‬GGg- /6‫و‬.F W ‫ها‬FNF/ N '‫ا‬F.Fg- 9‫ا‬FF GF.q
Ig‫ه‬.7g- /‫ب‬⠱. N //.F- /‫ب‬⠱. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬..F- F/-‫ر‬G GF.q 0‫ا‬FN.F- G‫ذ‬G FG6. /N/ ، , 2007 )
G‫ه‬G. L) ‫ة‬/.g 'gG? ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. '‫ا‬F.F ‫?ى‬7. pF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ //.F- ‫ة‬NFG? ‫?د‬. ‫ا‬G /‫ب‬⠱. N
(Verhoef et al ., 2009) : NFN ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬FW/G.G- N ‫ة‬.‫ر‬..F- ‫ى‬F? /‫ر‬/‫ؤ‬G- FG-‫?و‬F- FG ‫و?ة‬Go
GF NGF‫ه‬.7G- N. F?‫ا‬G.F- L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. /N/ ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..g- ‫&ة‬N.F/ 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. ‫ر‬W// ‫ة‬NGNG
. NGF‫ه‬.7G- N. 7.-N1 FF. ..‫و‬.7N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬..F- ‫ى‬F? //
78
. 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G// ‫ة‬NGNG N ‫ة‬N.-‫ذ‬F- ‫ة‬G‫د‬.FF ‫ة‬FGW GG- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F-
0g?‫ا‬G.F- FG N?‫و‬F G‫ه‬G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n FN) 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. N ‫ة‬N1‫ا‬..F- ‫ة‬Gg?F- N. ‫ة‬Fg?F- G‫ه‬G
?G ‫ها‬F?‫ا‬G. ‫ة‬NGNG N ..FG- ‫ة‬Gg? O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ GF‫ه‬.7G- ?G ‫ها‬F?‫ا‬G. N ‫ز&ة‬..F- ?&‫ا‬.F ‫ة‬N1‫ا‬..F- ‫ة‬Gg?F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G- N
. GF‫ه‬.7G-
‫و?ة‬G.o ‫ر‬/‫أ‬.. ‫ها‬FGF N H‫و‬7F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬.‫ر‬..F- ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬7.F. ‫?د‬. G /N/ 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. ‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN/ G‫ه‬G
. Ig‫ه‬.7g- N '-‫ر‬6F- N //.F‫ا‬G FG‫ز‬F- ‫ب‬⠱? 1‫و‬7.. pF- .1‫ا‬..F- FG
‫ة‬.‫ر‬..F- G‫ذ‬G Jg>.7- ‫ة‬NGNG G‫ه‬G 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n FN) : 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. /1-/+ ‫ة‬N.N.-?7+
. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- N GF‫ه‬.7GFF ‫ة‬GNFF- FFp
.G-‫ر‬. F/G 1‫?ا‬7g- N //‫و‬n- N ;‫و‬F.F-

W FG6. pF- N ‫ة‬FNG6.F‫ا‬G O‫ر‬.) FG-‫ ?و‬O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
. .NN?F- N 'g‫و‬F-
J‫ا‬o- -‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 /‫&د‬-‫ر‬F- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- GF..G ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F- .1‫ا‬..F- FG //‫ا‬G.7g- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W ‫ى‬F? .n ‫ا‬GG
‫ف‬䅊 .FN N6F. ‫ا‬NGF1 ‫ة‬.6‫ا‬FF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- L) )George et al., 2014 ,P. 45( 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. /N/
J‫ا‬G?g- ‫ى‬F? G6GFF ‫?ى‬7. /N/ F.-‫د‬F- O- 21‫ا‬p- FG 'gG? ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. GNG7.. K‫و‬F. ‫ا‬GG GF‫ه‬.7G- I‫و‬F7 G‫ه‬G
‫ة‬.‫ر‬. N7/.. ‫ا‬G‫?د‬. K‫و‬F.F ، ‫ا‬o K‫و‬FN FN) N GNG N K‫ا‬NFFF G?G‫د‬. pF- .‫ا‬.7 g- N GF‫ه‬.7G- ‫ا‬o K‫و‬FN pF-
0-‫و‬FFF- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NG‫ذ‬F- 0-1‫ا‬G/.7g- Jg. FG G‫ه‬G-‫ر‬6+ N 'gG?F- O- J‫و‬7‫و‬F- ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. ‫ى‬F? FG?F- N ‫ا‬NGF1 'gG?F-
. 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. .FF ‫ف‬䅊 NGF‫ه‬.7G- 0g‫ا‬N. ?6‫و‬. .g- ‫ف‬䅊 K‫و‬F.F '‫ا‬F.Fg- 9‫ا‬FF '‫ا‬6F+ N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F-
)CRM( 'gG?F- ?G ‫ة‬Fg?F- /1-/+ ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. /1-/+ O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
GF.0 /N/ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ب‬⠱? ‫?ها‬2‫و‬N
W N GF‫ه‬.7G/ ‫ة‬FF?.G- ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- ‫ى‬F? >G‫ا‬o N L‫ز‬p
W N ?Gn K‫>ا‬F F? /1‫ا‬.? NGN
>W.F‫ا‬G ،GF‫ه‬.7G- J‫و‬/ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- GG‫?ر‬. ‫ا‬G F? ‫ب‬⠱?.
W N‫ه‬G G‫ر‬7.F-
W ‫?د‬. GF‫ه‬.7G- .F?.. ‫ا‬G/ 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. /1-/+ F?
/.F. ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬G. ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG- ‫ف‬䅊 /.F. pF- 0‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F- L ) N.W 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g- O- /‫ر‬G‫و‬F- 2‫ا‬.F+ FG ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG- ‫ف‬䅊
FG /.g- FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ GF‫ه‬.7G- ?G ‫ة‬Fg?F- /1-/+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. N ‫ة‬N.N.-?7+ /‫ا?د‬F ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g- Jg. FG
GF.q 3‫ا‬NF N /.‫ر‬F- N GF‫ه‬.7G- 'gN GNNF. FG NGG.F- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ GNF? :‫ا‬Go- J‫?د‬G ?G1 N GF‫ه‬.7G- ‫ا‬61 N7/
79
‫ا?د‬7. GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،GF‫ه‬.7G/ ‫ة‬FF?.G- 0g*‫ا‬7.F- GF.q ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.g- ‫ف‬䅊 /‫ا?د‬7G- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ 0‫ا‬N&‫ا‬7/g-
0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N FN‫و‬7.F- N 0‫?ا‬N.G- F/G ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬Gg- ..‫ا‬GG- 7.1 FG GF‫ه‬.7G- ?G ‫ة‬Fg?F- /1-/g ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- 0‫ا‬FN.7.F-
(Injazz '‫ا‬F.Fg- 9‫ا‬FF ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 'gG? ?G ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G- N 0‫ا‬NFG?F- F/G ‫ة‬NGFp- ..‫ا‬GG- ?G
/1-/+ FG‫ي‬䩅 g ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6 ‫ة‬NG./ L‫و‬.‫ز‬F- ?G 0‫ا‬Fg?F- /1-/+ ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g- F?n P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ،& Karen , 2003)
F.) FG 'gG?F- ?G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- F?‫ا‬G. .N1/ FN‫ز‬0 FG )CRM( FGW ‫ا ⩅ت‬GG ، ‫ا‬GN/ FG ‫ة‬N7‫و‬70 FNG?F-
pF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG '-‫ر‬6F- L‫و‬F6GN
W FG-‫ر‬F- .F‫و‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 F&/‫ز‬F- L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. /N/ ،//‫ر‬GFG ‫ة‬.‫ر‬... ‫د‬NN‫ز‬.F-
0g.7 ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. 0o?6o G‫ه‬/7F. pF- N L‫و‬F6GN -0‫ا‬G / Goo?6G .N1/ G‫?ر‬. pF- N Go‫ا‬N7‫و‬70 G‫ه‬FG‫?ا‬.
0g?‫ا‬G.F- 0g‫ا‬N. Jg. FG GF‫ه‬.7G- 0g‫ا‬N. ‫ة‬7-1/ N FNF/ FG 'gG?F- ?G 0‫ا‬Fg?F- /1-/+ FGW ‫ا ⩅ت‬GG G‫&ه‬-‫ر‬6
/1-/+ L‫إ‬G ، (Injazz & Karen , 2003) ‫ا‬o K‫ا‬F pF- ‫ة‬7-1‫د‬F- .7/ N ، (Jennifer , 2019) ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F-
0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G 77) GNG7. //‫?ا‬+ ..‫و‬.7N ‫ا‬G GF‫ه‬.7G- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬G.‫ر‬N J‫ا‬G? ) 20‫و‬G F? /1‫ا‬.? GF‫ه‬.7G- ?G ‫ة‬Fg?F-
0‫ا‬..FG- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. G‫د‬o GF? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬FF- ‫ة‬N7G?F- ‫ة‬N‫>ذ‬.F- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ GF‫ه‬.7G- 0‫ها‬.‫و‬. FG '-‫د‬..- J‫ا‬G?g-
: Gg/- N.G
W ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG 0-‫و‬7. 7o .F7.N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- GF‫ه‬.7G- 0‫ا‬.>1 ‫ة‬N.F.F 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N
.FG?F- '-/) GF‫ه‬.7G- ‫ى‬F? FN‫ه‬7.
.N&‫ها‬FF- GF‫ه‬.7G- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F-
.‫ة‬NGFp- ..‫ا‬GG- N. N ‫ها‬FN. 0‫ا‬GF?G- FG‫د‬. 1‫ا‬...- N ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬Gg- ..‫ا‬GG- GNG7. //‫?ا‬+
. G?G F?‫ا‬G.F- Jg. FG L‫و‬.‫ز‬F- 'gN ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬.
.‫ر‬G.7G- N7/.F- F.) FG L2-‫و‬.F- N 3‫ا‬NFFF F.‫ا‬F ‫ة‬.F-‫ر‬G K‫>ا‬F '‫ا‬F.
/1-/g- P..
W ?G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ N /-‫ر‬Gg- 0‫ا‬NFG0 >. W )CRM ( 3‫ا‬n .F7.N GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
‫ز‬NG?F- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/. ?W.G.. 0‫ا‬NFG0 'gG?F- ?G 0‫ا‬Fg?F- /1-/+ ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g- ./‫ا‬7N L) .n ‫ا‬GG ، G.‫و‬.F-
W -‫ذ‬G ‫ا‬NF?F-
. GF‫ه‬.7G- ‫ى‬F?
80
‫ة‬NF.'‫د‬F' *‫ا‬NFG?F'- 2.3.2
FG FGW G.. F6Gg- ‫ة‬NF.-‫د‬F- 0‫ا‬NFG?F- 0-0 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- L) )George et al., 2014( O‫ر‬N
F? 0‫ا‬NFG?F- FN‫و‬/ /F77G ‫ب‬⠱?N W /N/ ، ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- N ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬G. 2‫ا‬.Fg- Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F- /‫ز‬NG- FNF/
O- ‫>ر‬FF- G.N /N/ ‫ز‬WNG.F- FG 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬/‫د‬N‫ر‬G ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- N J‫ا‬G?F- N ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- 7.1
‫?ى‬7. pF- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W L- 7-2 FG6F- N.N
W ‫ا‬GG ، 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬FF GG- ‫ة‬N// ‫ة‬NGNG ‫ف‬䅊 GG.F- //‫?ا‬g ‫ة‬7‫ر‬GG ‫ا‬FFN.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F-
Jg>.7- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F/G.G 0‫ها‬.‫و‬.
W 1g/ G.-‫و‬. 0‫ا‬NFG?F- ‫ة‬FGF1 FN‫ر‬7 F? NF.-‫د‬F- ‫ها‬7Np FG6 NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.FF W
/‫د‬N‫د‬. 0-‫ز‬NG '‫ا‬G6+ FG NGG.F- N '-/g- N7/ ‫د‬7F 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- ‫ة‬FGF1 F.) FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F-
0g‫ا‬N.F- G‫و‬. N ‫ة‬NFN>6W.F- ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G6F- FN‫ر‬7 F? '-/g- /1-/+ N J‫ا‬G?F- NG‫ز ⩅ت‬N‫?ز‬. F.) FG ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg>.7- N)
( Kowalkiewicz ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- N ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬GF- N /'‫ا‬GGF- //o2 FG NGG.F- O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،0-1-‫ر‬FF- 0‫ا‬0g ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F-
et al ., 2017)
FN‫ر‬7 F? 2‫ا‬ng- /.N ?N‫ر‬7. Jg. FG /'‫ا‬GGF- ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬: )‫اء‬GGF' N7/
‫ة‬NGN.‫ا‬G‫و‬.- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- 0-‫و‬7. 6?. F?. O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G- 0g‫ا‬N.F- FNF/ FN‫ر‬7 F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬FF- ‫ة‬/6-‫و‬F- O*‫ر‬F- G‫و‬.
. ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6 >F- K‫ها‬G- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬.) ?G
FN‫و‬/ L) /N/ ‫ذ‬NGF.F- /.N ?N‫ر‬7. ‫ف‬䅊 FW/G.. 0-‫و‬7. 1g/ FG X ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬GF- N7/ ..FN : ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬GF' N7/
P/‫ؤ‬. ‫ا‬GG ‫ر?ة‬7. N oN‫د‬N ‫ة‬NF..G- 0-‫و‬7p- ‫ة‬.F-‫ر‬G FG FG‫?ا‬F- FGW ‫ي‬䩅 Ff- FG6F- O- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- 0-‫و‬7. GF.q
. ‫ة‬NG‫ذ‬F- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N J‫ا‬G?F- /‫ ?د‬6NG0 O- ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F-
‫ة‬NGN>F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G N7/ FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- FG‫ ⩅ت‬: ‫ة‬NGN‫ظ‬F.F' ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F' N7/
P..
W ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر?ة‬7F- FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FGW ‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ ‫ة‬N?-‫د‬.g- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- .‫?ا‬.7- FG FGW ‫ا ⩅ت‬GG ‫ا‬G‫ر‬G0 F.7 ‫ا‬GG
. ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o- 0‫ا‬G-‫د‬..7g- ‫ف‬䅊 /‫د‬N‫د‬n- 1‫ا‬GGg-
‫ة‬N1-/g- ‫ة‬N6F‫ا‬F.F- ‫ر‬7G FG FGW ‫ا ⩅ت‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- L) )George et al., 2014( N.W ‫د‬FG GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
: ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F/G.G- N ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- /1-/g- G.-‫و‬. .F‫ا‬G pF- ‫ة‬GNFF- ?G‫ر‬F ‫ة‬N/‫ؤ‬G-
W ‫ة‬W.7F- FG-‫?و‬FF
J‫ا‬G?F- NG‫ ⩅ت‬F.‫ا‬FG K‫ها‬G- 7N70

81
;-‫د‬.g- F.‫ا‬FG ‫ة‬.‫ا‬F‫ر‬F-
J‫ا‬G?FF L‫ا‬F?F- Hg7+ F.‫ا‬FG K‫ها‬G- FN7F.
‫د‬/-N .F‫ا‬. ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F- N ‫ة‬N6F‫ا‬F.F- G-‫ر‬7 ) N. ‫ة‬6N‫ا‬FG- FN‫ذ‬NGF.F- '-1‫د‬G- ‫ى‬F? ..‫و‬.7N L‫ا‬G /N/
. ‫ة‬GNFF- FFp ‫ة‬.7F- FG-‫?و‬F- Jg>.7- N ‫ة‬N6F‫ا‬F.F- ‫ف‬䅊‫ر‬7 G-‫هد‬.7- FG '-1‫د‬G- ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- .FGW G ‫ا‬GFN. 7FG
H‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' ,0‫نا‬䙅 -3.3.2
‫ز‬NG?F- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? P1N‫ر‬6F- FG /.7) ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ‫ز‬WN‫ ⩅ت‬../ pF- ‫ة‬N‫و‬FF- ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG- F> ‫ف‬䅊
‫ر‬Gg- ، /‫د‬N‫د‬. 0‫ا‬G‫د‬. N 0‫ا‬..FG 3‫ر‬7 Jg. FG ‫ة‬GNFF- FNF/ ‫ة‬NGNG N F&/‫ز‬F- 0‫ا‬.WF7.G GF.q ‫ة‬N.F. ‫ى‬F?
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F- /‫ز‬NG- FNF/.F N7N&1 FG‫ ?ا‬./.7) pF- N /‫د‬N‫د‬. J‫ا‬G?) 20‫ا‬G FF. N) FN‫?د‬. ..‫و‬.7N P‫ذ‬F-
. )Berman , 2012( NGF‫ر‬F- /‫ا‬7.Fg- ‫ر‬7?
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ز‬GW‫ر‬N L‫ا‬G P‫ذ‬F- WN?GNFg- J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬GFF /1‫و‬7.G-

W ‫ة‬.7FF- NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G /F77G ‫ب‬⠱.?N
20‫و‬G ‫ز‬WNG.N ‫ا‬GNG 0‫ا‬..FG- N 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- K‫>ا‬F '‫ا‬6F+ N 0‫ا‬..FG- FF. F.) FG ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg>.7- ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N-‫د‬.F-
) Maria et al ., 2018( NG0 n‫ا‬G‫د‬. N N.‫ا‬.F+ K‫>ا‬F '‫ا‬6F+ N J‫و‬Fo- /‫ا‬n+ ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F/ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g-
‫ى‬F? GGN‫?ر‬. o /N/ J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G K‫هو‬GG ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 Gg..- 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .G‫د ?ر‬FG 0‫ا‬/F77G- FG G>G N
‫ا&ها‬G‫ر‬6 N ‫ها‬N7G‫ا‬FG N ‫ها‬NGF‫ه‬.7G ?G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ف‬䅊 FG?F- '-/) ‫ة‬NGNG /‫د‬W / pF- ‫ة‬F7W.G- N ‫ة‬7.-?G- ‫ة‬76Fg- K‫>ا‬F GF)
Go‫ذ‬. N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W G‫ر‬7 FG F&/‫ز‬FF ‫ة‬GNFF- J‫ا‬7N+ ‫ة‬NGNG /‫د‬W o P‫ذ‬F- FG?F- K‫>ا‬F GWF) ‫ى‬F? GGN‫?ر‬. FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG
‫ى‬F? J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G GN‫?ر‬. o ‫د‬FG GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، 3/1) O- ?G‫د‬F- GF0 FN‫و‬/ ‫ة‬NGNG N ‫ة‬GNFF- F.‫ا‬FG ?G‫د‬FF
‫ة‬NGNG N ‫ة‬GNFFF ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- FF. ‫ة‬NGNG GW>FN GFg. FG P‫ذ‬F- N 0‫ا‬7‫ا‬6FF- FG ‫و?ة‬Go ?Gn P‫ذ‬F- K‫>ا‬FF- GWF)
‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬G‫ر‬N J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G L) N..N W GN1‫?ا‬.F- G‫ذ‬G Jg. FG N ،(Chuanpeng et al .,2018) ‫ها‬FN7/ W
‫?ها‬N2‫و‬. N ‫ها‬FF. ‫ة‬NGNG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G- ‫ة‬GNFF- /‫?ا‬.) GF.q ‫د‬N‫د‬. N) FN‫?د‬.F ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg>.7- ‫ة‬NGNG
NG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- .F‫ا‬G -0+ ‫ا‬G Jg. FG NGF1 GF) ‫ى‬F? J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G GNF7. FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG ،‫ها‬FN7/ N
20‫و‬G ‫ز‬WNG.N GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، (Gerrit et al ., 2017) 1g/F- ‫ة‬GNFF- /‫?ا‬.) ‫ف‬䅊 P1‫ذ‬n- N>.F- 1‫د‬/ pF-
PN‫ا‬7. GNF‫ا‬G.. ‫ها‬.‫ا‬.F- /‫?ا‬N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0‫ا‬..FG‫ا‬G 7&‫ا‬7p- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F/ ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- 20‫ا‬GFF- F? NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G? g-
82
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬GNFF- /‫د‬W /.. GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ NG‫د‬..7G- /‫ ?د‬//o2 N) ‫ها‬G-‫د‬..7- //o2 ?G ‫ها‬.GNF ‫د‬N-‫ز‬. ?G ‫ا‬.N‫ر‬F. ‫ر‬G7F-
(Gerrit et al ., ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 20‫ا‬GFF- ‫ف‬䅊 N7N&1 FG‫ة ?ا‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0‫ا‬7FG-
W ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ا‬GG K-‫د‬..7g- ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 20‫ا‬GFF-
2017)
H‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' ,0‫نا‬䙅 ‫اء‬F. ❖
‫ذ‬.g- .n /N/ ، 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- F6G N) 3‫ا‬n /‫د‬W / pF- 0-‫و‬7p- GG) FG J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G '‫ا‬F. ‫ب‬⠱.?N
?G.o H‫ا‬WN7 ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G O.N L) .n ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7G- .‫ا‬/7) GF.q ?G 7.-N‫ر‬F- FF. ‫ة‬NGNG 1‫ا‬..?g- N?.
‫ا‬o K‫ا‬F ‫ة‬7-1/ .FWN. ‫ا‬GG، ICT J‫ا‬7.g- N Kg?g- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g- .F7.N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬G g- J‫ا‬G?g-
20‫و‬G G‫ا‬6.G- NF ‫ة‬FW/G.G- N J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G '‫ا‬F.F F/-‫ر‬G ?.1) I‫ا‬FG LW ) (Gerrit et al ., 2017)
20‫و‬GFF- ‫ا?ة‬n O‫د‬G /‫د‬W / pF- F/-‫ر‬G- GG) FG G‫ا‬6.Gg- ‫ة‬NFG? ‫ب‬⠱.?. /N/ GGNNF. N G‫ر‬6F N G‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N J‫ا‬G?g-
: NFN ‫ا‬GG F/-‫ر‬G 1g/ FG L‫و‬G.. ‫ا‬G1N‫د‬. pF- N
pF- 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N) 0‫ا‬..FG- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ G.N ‫?د‬.F- -‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 : ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' ‫ا* و‬..F‫ل‬䑅' ‫د‬N‫د‬/
‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،GF‫ه‬.7G- 0‫ها‬.‫و‬. ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. GG-‫هد‬.7g ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫?ى‬7. P‫ذ‬F- H‫و‬7F- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N ‫ها‬NF? ‫ز‬NG?F- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫?ى‬7.
‫ة‬FN‫د‬.F- 0‫ا‬..FG- GF.q ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N H‫و‬7F- GF‫ذ‬F G.‫و‬.
W pF- ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o- 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N 0‫ا‬..FG- ‫ة‬F‫د‬. ‫د‬N‫د‬/.F- .n GF0 O-
. ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
W GF‫ه‬.7G- 0‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./- 7GF G‫هد‬.7. pF- N ‫ها‬..F. pF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- 1‫ا‬..?- N
‫ا‬o 7‫ا‬p- J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G GNGG. .n 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N ?F7F- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫?د‬. : H‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' ,0‫نو‬䙅 GNGG.
20‫و‬G J‫و‬7 ‫ى‬F? 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N ?F7F- G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬.7FF/ ‫ة‬GNFF- FF. GF.0 GNG ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N ‫ة‬76Fg- FG ‫و?ة‬Go O-
?F7F/ 7‫ا‬p- J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G GNGG. G.N /N/ ‫ها‬.G‫ا‬6+ ..-‫و‬F- /‫?ا‬.g- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ J‫ا‬G?g-
. ‫ة‬GF.q /‫?ا‬.) 7o ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F- Jg. FG GF0 N VISOR 20‫و‬G K-‫د‬..7/ 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫?هد‬.. pF- ‫ة‬GNFF- ‫?ة‬N.7 ‫د‬N‫د‬/ : Value proposition ‫ة‬GNFF' 6‫✓ ?ر‬
.‫ا‬GG‫و‬..
. 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- 0‫ا‬7FG
W N GF‫ه‬.7G- N. F?‫ا‬G.F- G.N GNG ‫د‬N‫د‬/ : Interface F?‫ا‬G.F' ✓
83
0‫ا‬..FG- N 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- ?N2‫و‬. G.N GNG FNF/ : Service Platform *‫ا‬7F‫ل‬䑅' *‫ا‬G‫د‬. ✓
0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- 0‫ا‬7FG Jg. FG
?G..o ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- N ‫ة‬NF.F- FW/‫ي‬䩅 : Organizing Model NGN‫ظ‬F.F' ,0‫و‬GFF' ✓

. J‫ا‬G?g-
?G.o F.-/ GNF‫ا‬G.F- N FN.-‫د‬G- G7N F/‫ي‬䩅 : Revenue Model FN7/.F' ,0‫نو‬䙅 ✓
8‫ة ?و‬F7‫م‬䕱-
W ‫ة‬GNFF- NG N ‫?ة‬G7F- N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G- F/G ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G- N- " F.‫د‬F-" ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬G- ‫ة‬GNFF- FN7/ ‫ة‬NGNG N J‫ا‬G?g-
.F&/‫ز‬FF ‫ة‬G‫د‬W FG- ‫ة‬GNFF-
‫ا‬G‫ا‬G?) 20‫ا‬G FNF/ N ‫ة‬G‫هد‬.7G- 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N ?F7F- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫?د‬. : )‫د‬N‫د‬. *gN‫?د‬. ‫اف‬6.G'
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o- J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G FN‫?د‬. ‫ة‬WNGNG /‫د‬/ pF- ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G n/ VISOR 20‫و‬G /‫?ا‬.g ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F-
. ‫ا‬G*‫ا‬F. ..-‫و‬F- ‫ة‬NFNGG.F- 20‫ا‬GFF- NG ‫ا‬G N
‫?ة‬N.7G 0-1‫ا‬..?- /‫ى ?د‬F? '‫ا‬F. O‫ر‬.g ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G FG GF.p J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G '‫ا‬F. L‫إ‬G GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
'‫ا‬6F+ FG ‫ها‬FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- .FGW G /N/ ، ‫ة‬G‫د‬..7G- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- N ‫ا?ة‬F7F- N 9‫ا‬6FF-
J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ 4.0 ‫ا?ة‬F7F- N G-‫ر‬7g- //‫د‬W ?.G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0‫ا‬7FG- F/G /‫ر‬G..G- J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F-
(Chris et al ., NGF‫ر‬F- /‫ا‬7.Fg- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/.‫ا‬FF- 20‫ا‬GFF- GG) FG ‫ب‬⠱.?. ../ pF- N NG1‫ا‬6.F- /‫ا‬7.Fg/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p-
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G- N J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G '‫ا‬F.F 0‫ها‬.‫و‬.
W 7o 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- K‫ا‬G) ‫د‬.‫و‬N GF/ 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. ‫ا‬GG ، 2017 )
?N2‫و‬. 20‫و‬G FN‫?د‬. //‫?ا‬+ ، ‫د‬N‫د‬. NGF1 J‫ا‬G?) 20‫و‬G 1‫ا‬G..- ، 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N ?F7F- N>. ، ‫ا?ة‬F7F- 1‫ا‬G..- //‫?ا‬+
)George et al ., 2014, P. 78( ‫ة‬/N‫ر‬7G- ‫ة‬GNFF- ‫?ة‬N.7 ‫ف‬䅊 GG.F- //‫?ا‬+ ، ‫ة‬GNFF-
I‫و‬F7F- O- ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g- FG6.F ‫ا?ة‬F7F- ‫ة‬NF. G71 //‫?ا‬+ FG6.N : ‫ا?ة‬F7F' 1‫ا‬G..' )/‫)?ا‬
.NF‫ا‬7) N /‫د‬N‫د‬. 0-'‫ا‬GG .F7.N N ‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G/ G‫و‬Gp N ‫د‬FW ?G G.‫و‬.F-
W -‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 N?7F- ‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫ا‬GNG ، 'gG?FF ‫د‬N‫د‬n-
. ‫د‬N‫د‬. P/‫ا‬7.F- 20‫و‬G N /‫ر‬G..G FG?
N>. O- ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- P/‫ؤ‬. W -‫ذ‬G P.. G.N : *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' ‫? و‬F7F' N>.
W ‫ا‬G‫د‬F? G.‫و‬.F-
. ?F‫و‬G.F- //‫?ا‬+ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG ..‫و‬.7N ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N ?F7F-
84
0‫ا‬G‫د‬. N 0‫ا‬..FG 1‫ا‬G..- 20‫ا‬GFF- FG ;‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G FG6.N

W : ‫د‬N‫د‬. NGF1 H‫ا‬G?' ,0‫نو‬䙅 1‫ا‬G..'
‫ها‬NF? .?7N pF- /.GF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ?G 20‫ا‬GFF- FG ;‫و‬FF- -‫ ذ‬G .7‫ا‬F.N /N/ F.‫د‬F- ?G1 ‫ف‬䅊 GG‫ا‬7. /‫د‬N‫د‬.
. /‫د‬N‫د‬. ‫ا?ة‬F7 1‫ا‬G..- //‫?ا‬+
0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N 0‫ا‬..FG- ?o O- 20‫ا‬GFF- FG ;‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G G‫هد‬N : ‫ة‬GNFF' ?N2‫و‬. ,0‫نو‬䙅 FN‫?د‬. )/‫)?ا‬
20‫و‬G FN‫?د‬. L‫و‬GN L‫ا‬N/g- .F‫ف >ا‬䅊 GF) /N/ ، ‫ة‬GNFF- ‫ة‬F7F7 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 1N/ N>. F. ) FG 0g‫ا‬N.F- N
0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N 0‫ا‬..FG- FG 7.1 FN‫ر‬7 F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg. FG ‫ة‬GNFF- ?N2‫و‬. 20‫و‬G FN‫?د‬. //‫?ا‬+ Jg. FG J‫ا‬G?g-
. NGF‫ه‬.7G- ?G 7.-N‫ر‬F- '‫ا‬F. G‫د‬o 0g‫ا‬N.F- N
20‫ا‬GFF- FG ;‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫د‬G.?. : ‫ة‬/‫رو‬7‫ل‬䑅' ‫ة‬GNFF' ‫?ة‬N.7 ‫ف‬䅊 GG.F' )/‫)?ا‬
. ‫?د‬. F.
W G pF- NGF‫ه‬.7G- 0‫ا‬.>1 GF.q ‫ة‬N.F.F ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- ‫ى‬F?
‫?د‬. 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? 8‫ر‬GN ‫ا‬G ‫د‬.gF KN‫د‬N L) FG‫ي‬䩅 g /.‫ا‬FF- J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G L‫إ‬G GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
F.) FG FG‫ز‬F- ‫ب‬⠱? FN‫?د‬.FF F.‫ا‬F N L‫ر‬G 20‫و‬G L‫و‬GN L) ‫ى‬F? FG?F- G‫د‬G.?.7 P‫ذ‬F- 20‫و‬GFF- ‫?ة‬N.7 ‫د‬N‫د‬/
George et al ., ( NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- ‫ز‬WN‫ي‬䩅 0/ P‫ذ‬F- NFNF- K‫? ?د‬G ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p- ‫&ة‬N.F- FG-‫?و‬F ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g-
. )2014, P. 90
‫ها‬NF? .n J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G GNG7. ‫ف‬䅊 FW/G.G- JNg- P‫د‬/.F- ‫هة‬.-‫و‬G FG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- FGW ‫?د ⩅ت‬. N
..‫و‬.7N P‫ذ‬F- N ‫د‬N‫د‬n- 20‫و‬GFF- O- P‫د‬NFF.F- 20‫و‬GFF- FG J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬NGNG ‫ف‬䅊 FW/G.G- W‫ا‬/F- P‫د‬/W.F /-‫?د‬.7g-
‫ة‬6F‫ا‬FG N G‫ا‬6G.7g G‫د‬o pF- ‫ة‬NFGNG- ‫ة‬NF.F- FN‫ر‬7F- ‫ة‬71‫ا‬. ‫ب‬⠱.?. /N/ ،G‫د‬G- -‫ذ‬G <‫و‬F.F FN‫ر‬7 ‫ة‬71‫ا‬. ‫د‬N‫د‬/
pF- N (Marked et al ., 2013) FG‫ز‬F- ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- N 0‫ا‬..FG- N H-‫و‬7g- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N 1‫و‬7.
W N. ‫ة‬Fg?F-
‫ة‬.‫ر‬o- 0-1-‫ر‬FF- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ G‫هد‬.7G- 20‫و‬GFF- <‫و‬F.F P/‫ؤ‬.
W pF- ‫ة‬76Fg- N 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- GF.q /‫د‬W / L) .n
‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG- 0o‫و‬FNg- '‫ا‬6F+ ‫ى‬F? FN‫ر‬7F- ‫ة‬71‫ا‬. ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ا?د‬7N ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ا‬G0‫ا‬0- ..-‫و‬F- 0-‫و‬7p- ON) N
P‫د‬G- FN‫و‬7 7N7..F- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F- FG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- NG‫ ⩅ت‬O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ F7-‫و‬.F- N7/ N ..FG- N H‫و‬7F- N ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF
K‫ا‬G.Gg- N G‫ا‬..Fg- N .F‫و‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G- FN‫ر‬7F- ‫ة‬71‫ا‬. G7‫ر‬F ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F- 0‫ا‬.F7.G- G‫و‬. ..‫و‬.7N ‫ا‬G 0o‫و‬FNg- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N
‫ة‬N7-‫ر‬FN.F- .F. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n ‫ا‬GG ، (Marked et al ., 2013) LN‫?ا‬.F- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬F/F- N
/‫د‬W / /N/ ، ‫ة‬N7G?F- ‫ة‬N‫>ذ‬.F- ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬7p- ‫ذ‬NGF. ‫ف‬䅊 /‫ا‬G.?g- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ NGG.F- N 3‫ا‬.GFg- F7FG P..
W N
85
‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬F/G.G- N /‫د‬N‫د‬n- J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬GFF J‫و‬/.F-

W 1‫ا‬7G G7‫ر‬F ‫ة‬N7N&1 0-‫و‬7. ?.1) (Marked et al ., 2013)
: NFN
. J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G ‫ف‬䅊 /‫و‬6FG- N>.F- ‫د‬N‫د‬/
. 0g‫ا‬o- NF/ ‫ى‬F? P?G- 20‫و‬GFF- J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 >.F- // FNF/
.‫ذ‬NGF.FF ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬F ‫ة‬76F) O- J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫و‬G ‫ف‬䅊 >.F- ‫ة‬o‫ر‬.
.F‫ا‬/G- 1‫ا‬7G- G71 N GNNF.F- F.) FG '-1‫و‬FF ‫>ر‬FF-
NGF‫ر‬F' H‫و‬/.F' )1'/) -4.2
0/-1) ‫ا‬G -0- ‫ا‬G1‫ا‬G> 8‫و‬. ‫ى‬F? /‫ب‬⠱o 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ../ pF- K‫ها‬G- .?7) FG NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ب‬⠱.?N
1‫ا‬..?- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? ..‫و‬.7N ‫ا‬G ، J‫ا‬G?) ‫&ة‬N. ‫ز‬WN‫ي‬䩅 0/ P‫ذ‬F- NFNF- K‫ ?د‬F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬GN7 g ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG- N '‫ا‬F.F-
‫ها‬NF? ..‫و‬.7N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ، ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G- /1-‫و‬G- Jg>.7- Jg. FG GFNF/ .n N.N.-?7- G‫د‬G NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F-
‫ها‬NG 76F. pF- ‫ا?ة‬F7F- ‫?ة‬N.7 .F‫ا‬G ‫ا‬G‫ه‬G ‫ر‬G7F- FG FF7F. g J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬F/1 L) GF0 N ،‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o- ‫ها‬.F‫ا‬GG ‫د‬N‫د‬/
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-‫و‬FFF- FF.G ‫ا‬G J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ها‬.76F) ‫ف‬䅊 FG?.7. 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- .F>) L) /N/ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
‫ها‬.76Fg F/Gg- NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 1‫ا‬7G ‫ا‬G‫د‬N‫د‬/ '‫ا‬F/) 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- .n GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،‫ا‬G> N ‫ة‬NF?‫ا‬G.F- ?F-‫و‬G- N
‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G‫ا?د‬7N ‫ا‬G O‫ر‬.g- 0‫ا?ا‬F7FF N.N.-?7g- I‫ر‬/.F-
W ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G- N ‫ة‬GF.q N‫?ا‬G 1g/ G‫ه‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?. L)
O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 0o‫و‬.7G GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 NGF‫ر‬F- 2‫ا‬G/g- ‫ة‬.1/ ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ها‬NF? .n ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG- 0-1-‫ر‬FF- 0‫ا‬0-W
76F. pF- ‫ا?ة‬F7F/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p- 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p- N 0‫ا‬..FG- ‫ف‬䅊 NGF‫ر‬F- .6FF- <‫و‬F. ‫ة‬7FF ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W ‫ى‬F? .n GF0
. (Berman, 2012) ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W ‫ها‬NG
P1‫ذ‬. FG6. '-/g- N7/.FF ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- K-‫د‬..7- GF) ‫ى‬F? NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- GN‫?ر‬. ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?- N
NGF‫ر‬F- .6FFF 0o‫و‬.7G ?.1) ‫د‬.‫و‬N GF) )MIT Sloan & Cap Gemini . 2011( ‫ا‬o .G‫ا‬F ‫ة‬7-1/ .FWN.
8-2 FG6F- ‫ف‬䅊 N.G
W ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- 0-1‫د‬FF- N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- ‫ا‬G FN1‫ا‬N?G ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. ‫ا‬G‫د‬N‫د‬/ G.N
(Ahmed, 2016,P.21)
86
NGF‫ر‬F- .6FF- 0o‫و‬.7G :8-2 FG6F'
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Fashinistas Digital Masters
Biginners Conservatives
‫ض‬G‫منخ‬
/‫ي‬/‫يا‬F‫ ال‬0‫ا‬7/F‫ال‬ ‫ع‬G‫مرت‬
(George et al ., 2014 , P. 15) : 1‫د‬7‫ل‬䑅'
N>G‫ما‬䕱- N )Biginners( N&‫د‬..G- NG N NGF‫ر‬F- .6FF- FG 0o‫و‬.7G ?.1) 8-2 FG6F- N.N
W
)Digital Masters( ‫ة‬F F F F F F FNGF‫ر‬F- 0‫ا‬F F F F77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ة‬F F F FG‫ا‬6+ )Fashinistas( ‫ة‬6‫و‬G- N )Conservatives(
.‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫د‬FF- N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- //‫ا‬NFF- P1‫ا‬N?G ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. ‫ا‬G‫د‬N‫د‬/ FG‫ي‬䩅 pF- N
0-1‫د‬FF- O‫و‬.7G 8‫ا‬Gn/ 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG ;‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G ‫ز‬WNG.N : )Biginners( N‫دئ‬..‫ل‬䑅'

. NGF‫ر‬F- .6FF- 0o‫و‬.7G O/) ‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫ا‬GG /‫د‬G.?G- ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬/GF- 7FF O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF-
87
FG F‫ ?ا‬O‫و‬.7o 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG ;‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G ‫ز‬NG.N : )Conservatives( N‫ظ‬G‫ما‬䕱'

‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- ‫ها‬FF FG? .NF‫ا‬FF7) FFFN‫و‬/ N ‫ة‬F F NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g- ‫ب‬⠱? /‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G- ‫د‬N‫ر‬. g ‫ا‬G) g+ ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- 0-1‫د‬FF-
FG ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7o- O- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG ;‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G ‫?ى‬7N : )Fashinistas( ‫لوضة‬䑅'

0-1‫د‬FFF ‫ا‬G-‫د‬FG L) g+ ‫ة‬NF‫ة ?ا‬NGF1 0-1‫د‬F. ‫ز‬NG.N GF?n ‫ا‬G 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬.‫ا‬G/+ N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F-
. N7G‫ا‬FG- F? ‫ز‬WNG.F- N ‫ة‬GNFF- FFp ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- G‫ذ‬G Jg>.7- ‫ى‬F? /1/‫ا‬F > ‫ها‬F?. ‫ة‬NF‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF-
pF- N ‫ا‬NGF1 ‫ة‬.6‫ا‬FF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- NG : )Digital Masters( ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅'

‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF F/Gg- Jg>.7g- FG ‫ها‬FG‫ة ⩅ت‬NF‫ة ?ا‬NF‫و‬/ ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NF 0-1‫د‬F O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬NF‫ة ?ا‬NGF1 0-1‫د‬F. ‫ز‬NG..
‫ة‬.7F. H‫و‬G..
W ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬FF ‫ة‬FF.G- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬GNFF- FF. N ‫ز‬WNG.F- N FG?F- .NF‫ا‬7) ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F
0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG ‫ا‬o-‫>ر‬F. ‫ة‬F1‫ا‬FG 0-/-‫ر‬Ng- FN7/ /'‫ا‬GG ‫ف‬䅊 % 9 + ‫ة‬.7F O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ 3/1g- FG % 26 +
‫ة‬.7FF/ J‫و‬7‫و‬F- ‫ة‬7FF ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F- L‫ا‬F.+ O‫و‬.7G ‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫ا‬GG ) George et al ., 2014,P. 18( O‫ر‬.g-
0-‫و‬7p- FG ‫و?ة‬Go .F7.N ‫ة‬N‫>ا‬F- G‫ذ‬G FNF/ L) gW+ /.g NGF1 J‫و‬/ FNF/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫?ى‬7. pF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF
. 9-2 FG6F- ‫ف‬䅊 N.G
W ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬GGp ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NF 0-1‫د‬F /‫و‬.N ?G ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F-
88
‫'‪FG : 9-2FG6F‬ا‪.1‬ة ‪/.F- /1-/+‬و‪F- J‬ر‪NGF‬‬
‫ض‪G‬ا‪ H‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪/.7‬ا‪/G‬‬ ‫‪/G‬ا‪0‬ا‪ /‬ال‪F‬يا‪//‬‬
‫➢ ‪..‬ني ال‪F.‬ظ‪ GN‬ال‪77‬مي ‪.‬‬ ‫➢ ا?‪G.‬ا‪ /7N76 /7GG /‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪.7‬عجا‪ H‬ف‪ N‬ال‪ HN/.‬ال‪F7‬مي ‪.‬‬
‫➢ ‪..‬ني ا‪䑅‬ل&‪76‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪.G‬ا‪ /N/‬ل‪/g‬اء ‪N‬ا‪Fg‬ظ‪ /G‬ال‪G/.‬ي‪8‬ي‪/‬‬ ‫➢ ‪N(7 7NN7.‬ا ‪/?FFG /NGF7‬‬
‫➢ ‪7G‬ا‪ /.F‬ال‪ HN/.‬ال‪F7‬مي لل‪GG‬ا‪77‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫➢ ‪G6‬ا‪ H‬ا‪//.7‬ا‪N/' /‬ا‪ 7‬ا‪/g‬ا‪ /7‬ال?ل‪N‬ا‬
‫إ‪/‬ا‪/7‬‬
‫ال‪N/.‬ل‬
‫بناء ال‪7/F‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫‪?.‬بئ‪ /‬ا‪䑅‬لن>‪/G‬‬
‫الر‪F‬مي‬
‫➢ ا‪7F.7‬ا‪. .‬ا‪䑅‬لها‪7‬ا‪ N 0‬ال‪7/F‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪. /NGF7‬‬ ‫➢ ‪'. GNNF.‬ثي‪7‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪ HN/.‬ال‪F7‬مي ‪.‬‬
‫➢ ‪GN.‬ي‪ 77G 7‬ال‪?.‬ل‪ N GN‬ال‪.N7/.‬‬ ‫➢ ‪ /7GG 6N6?.‬ال‪䐧. FG /FGF7‬ل‪ H‬ال‪N.‬ا‪7‬ل‬
‫➢ ا‪䐧>.7‬ل‪GG H‬ا‪77‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪/N76.‬‬ ‫➢ ‪F.‬اء ‪/. /G.6‬ا‪? ?G‬ل‪ /7GG O‬ال‪ HN/.‬ال‪F7‬مي‬
‫'‪䑅‬ل‪7‬د‪(Kohnke , 2017) : 1‬‬
‫‪89‬‬
)/‫ا‬NFF' )'0‫ما‬䔭
0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ا‬NF?F- //‫ا‬NFF- ‫ى‬F? .n /N/ ، NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 1‫ا‬7G ‫ف‬䅊 0-‫و‬7p- GG) FG /‫و‬7p- G‫ذ‬G ‫ب‬⠱.?.
‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- K‫ ?د‬N J‫و‬/.F- /‫ر‬GG. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- /-‫ر‬G) FG ;‫ا‬FF+ ?G NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 1-‫د‬/‫ب‬⠥ J‫ا‬.?.7g- /1N‫ر‬6 I1‫د‬. L)
K‫ا‬NFF- N GNF+ J‫و‬7‫و‬F- ‫د‬N‫ر‬. ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬N?F-N N ‫ة‬/6-N o*1 ?6. L) ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF F‫ا‬o- '-/g- ‫ى‬F?
W N ‫ة‬FG‫ا‬6 o*‫ر‬F- L‫و‬G. L) .n GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 0o‫و‬.7G GF.q ?G ‫ها‬.G1‫ا‬6o

..7 F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.g- FG6..
‫ف‬䅊 G‫ر‬7 GG‫أ‬G LN‫?ر‬6N /-‫ر‬Gg- F?. ..‫و‬.7N ‫ا‬G ، F.F.7G- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- /1‫و‬7 L‫و‬G.7 GNG N NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F-
P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 3‫ا‬n ‫ف‬䅊 N7‫ا‬7) FG‫ا ?ا‬NF?F- /1-/g- K-‫ز‬.F- ‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫ا‬GG ، G‫ه‬/‫و‬G7 FFW / ‫ا‬G) N o*‫ر‬F-
GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬F/1 Jg. ‫ا‬NF?F- /1-/g/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p- 0‫ا‬NFN‫ؤ‬7G- 1-‫د‬/.7- ..‫و‬.7N
‫ها‬Fg7F- ‫ة‬7FF I1‫د‬. L) 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 GWF) )George et al ., 2014 , p. 174( N.
. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬.7FF/ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬NG) J‫و‬/ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- F.-/ I-1/g- FG ;‫و‬F FF. ?G
‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅' ‫ة‬.?.
pF- 0g‫ا‬o- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N ‫ا‬G‫ا‬G?) ‫&ة‬N. ‫ى‬F? NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- // L‫و‬GN7 GNG ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n
F7-‫و‬.F- Jg. FG NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- /‫ر‬GG ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬NF? ..‫و‬.7N ‫ا‬GG ، NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F/ ‫ر‬/G) ‫ر‬/‫أ‬..7
George et al ., 2014 ,p ( O‫ر‬N ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ها‬F? ?G-‫د‬. N ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F- /‫ر‬GG ‫د‬WN‫ؤ‬. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- F.-/ 0‫ا‬G.6 '‫ا‬F. N
‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.. /1/‫ا‬.G- N NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 3‫و‬G7 F? Lg?g- Jg. FG L‫و‬G. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫&ة‬.?. L ) ).174
G?‫د‬F- ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7/FF FG?F- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ?G K'g.. pF- I‫و‬F7F- FG /‫د‬N‫د‬. ;-‫و‬F) '‫ا‬F. N
. NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬F/1 1‫ا‬G> 8‫و‬. ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FG-‫و‬G- N
*'1‫د‬FF' ‫اء‬F.
.‫ا‬7F.7- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n /N/ 0-1‫د‬FF- N 0-1‫ها‬G- 77) ‫ى‬F? /.‫ا‬FF- NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- O.N
‫ة‬.N1‫د‬.F- .G-‫ب‬⠱F- N GNF?.F- 7‫ر‬G G‫و‬. Jg. FG ‫ة‬NF‫م‬䕱- ‫ا‬o-'‫ا‬GG .N1‫د‬. O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0-1‫ها‬G- PN0 FG /-‫ ر‬Gg-
‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G- G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 G.N ‫ا‬GG ، NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬F/1 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6GFF ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- G7F .G/ Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬GF-
W
90
K‫>ا‬F '‫ا‬6F+ ‫ى‬FFF- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬FF F F F77‫ؤ‬G- 0o‫و‬.7G GF.q ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬GN7F. ?G ‫ة‬GF.q K‫ها‬G O- o*‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬o‫ر‬.
. NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.FF ‫ة‬G2gF- 0-/‫ا‬G.?g- 7N70 N G&gG ‫ة‬GG‫و‬/
‫ة‬G'‫د‬.7g' J‫ا‬G‫ض‬
‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G- P/‫ا‬G. N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ة‬G-‫د‬.7- L‫ا‬G6 O- P/‫ؤ‬. /N/ ‫ة‬NGg- 0-0 F/-‫ر‬G- FG /‫و‬7p- G‫ذ‬G ‫ب‬⠱.?.
‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F- ..GG 7N&1 .7FG '‫ا‬6F+ F/G Nw‫ر‬F- GN>F.F- .NF‫ا‬7) ‫د‬G.?. L) ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n ‫ا‬GG ،‫هها‬.-‫و‬. pF-
P.. N NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 3‫ا‬n ‫ى‬F? ‫هر‬7F- N ;-‫د‬.g- ‫ى‬F? /-‫ر‬Gg- // F.) FG ‫ز‬NG/.F- ‫ة‬G>F) /‫ا‬G.?- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
. 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- ‫ة‬FGF1 0o‫و‬.7G ?...F ‫ة‬.‫ا‬F‫ر‬F- ‫ة‬7‫ا‬N7 N )KPI( '-/g- 0-‫ر‬6‫ؤ‬G Jg. FG '-/g- 3‫ا‬NF .NF‫ا‬7)
: ‫ا⩅تة‬p'
0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- GF..G ‫ة‬NG./ /1N‫ر‬6 ../ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- /‫ر‬G‫ >ا‬L) Gg?) G/‫ر‬7 o ‫ا‬G Jg. FG /6W.N
NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬WNFG? L) ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. 0‫ا‬.WF7.G F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG- N ‫ها‬.F‫ا‬GG ‫ى‬F? :‫ا‬G/FF ‫?ى‬7. pF-
0‫ا‬.WF7.G- FG ‫و?ة‬Go ..‫و‬.7. J‫و‬/ ‫ة‬F/1 F? /1‫ا‬.? NG F. ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- 0‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g- /‫ر‬o W 7NF
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G- ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF- 0-1‫د‬FF- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- 0-1‫د‬FF- N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- 0-1‫د‬FF- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FW/G.G- ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G-
W 0-1‫د‬FF‫ا‬G
Jg>.7/ /G7. /N/ ‫ة‬G&gG- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. L‫و‬G. L) ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F- .WF7.. ‫ا‬GG NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬o- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF- 0-'‫ا‬GGF-
NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 0-1‫ا‬7G L) ‫ة‬7-1‫د‬F- .FWN. ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬GNFF- FF. N NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- F.) FG ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- 0‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F-
0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF1 FG.6. pF- N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF
W ‫ة‬NF.-‫د‬F- 0‫ا‬NFG?F- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. 1‫ا‬7G 1-‫ى >ر‬F? O‫ر‬.g ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G FG GF.0
. /F‫ا‬/F- F7GF- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬NF- H‫ر‬7.F- G.N7 pF- N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+
91
‫ا‪F‬فص‪ F‬ا‪F‬ثا‪F‬ث‬
‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F‫ ا‬/1‫لوا‬䑅‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬/‫ ل‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬F‫و‬/.F‫ا‬ /F‫ا‬/F‫ ا‬F7GF‫ا‬
: ‫ة‬G‫د‬FG
3‫ا‬n+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬7G- N 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬F/1 ‫ف‬䅊 o‫ز‬G‫ر‬G -1N/ .?F. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ ./.7)
K‫>ا‬FF- N. L2-‫و‬G- ‫ب‬⠱.?. ./6) /N/ (Torre & Sarti , 2018) ‫ة‬NG‫ذ‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- 20‫ا‬G ‫ذ‬NGF.
‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 0‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬.NG) ‫د‬N-‫ز‬. ?G N ، 1* 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG? K‫>ا‬FF L‫و‬GG- PF.F- N N?‫ا‬G..g-
.F‫و‬/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. G6‫ر‬G. ../ P‫ذ‬F- ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- F.-/ 0-‫د‬/‫و‬F- N K‫ا‬7Fg- GF.q N. LN‫?ا‬.F- /1N‫ر‬6 O-
/1‫و‬GFF ‫ة‬NG) P‫و‬. pF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬.7FF/ ‫ا‬GN7g ‫ة‬N.N.-?7+ ‫ة‬GN>N O- ‫ة‬N1-/+ ‫ة‬GN>N FG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+
NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- 0‫ا‬.F7.G ?G GFF‫أ‬.F- F.) FG ‫ة‬NG./ /1N‫ر‬6 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 F?n P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ، P‫ر‬6.F-
(Piotr & Jordan , 2017) NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- 0‫ا‬.F7.G F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F- ‫ة‬F‫ا‬GG- L‫ا‬G6 N
‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F‫ ا‬/1‫لوا‬䑅‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬/‫ة إ‬FGF1 -1.3
//‫ا‬NFF- 77) ‫ا‬G NF/+ NFG‫ى ?ا‬F? ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 ‫ز‬G.‫ر‬. NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 0-1‫ا‬7G FG G>G
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F/G.G- ‫ة‬NFF.F- 77g- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF- 0-1‫د‬FF- N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- .G-‫و‬G- FG6. pF- N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F-
(Piotr & ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- N N?‫ا‬G..g- F7-‫و‬.F- 7&‫ا‬7N N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F- ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o- F/G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F-
/1-‫و‬G- /1-/g NGF‫ر‬F- .6FF- ‫ة‬.1/ 0/-2 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- O‫د‬F FN‫?د‬.F- 0o‫و‬.7G .?G.1- ‫ا‬GFG /N‫ب‬⠭ Jordan , 2017)
GF7. ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬NF.-‫د‬F- FG-‫?و‬F- FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- //‫ا‬NFF- 77) ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ا‬GG ، 1-3 FG6F- ‫ف‬䅊 N.G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F-
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Gg..g -‫>ر‬F N (Simon, 2020) NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.FF ‫ة‬N/‫ؤ‬G- ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p- FG-‫?و‬F- FG6 ‫ة‬NFF.F- 77g-
‫د‬FG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- G‫ا‬F... P‫ذ‬F- NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- 1‫ا‬7G N 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- 9‫ا‬6F ‫?ة‬N.7 .7/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0g‫و‬/.F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬.‫و‬F7G-
‫ز‬G.‫ر‬N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/g NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- L) )Oxford Economics( ‫ة‬Fo ‫ا‬o .G‫ا‬F pF- ‫ة‬7-1‫د‬F- .FN.
N?‫ا‬G..g- F7-‫و‬.F- 7&‫ا‬7N F/‫ ⩅ت‬pF- N )SMAC( /F77G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G1‫ا‬7..- FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬/ 0‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ?.1) ‫ى‬F?
‫ا‬GNG (Oxford Economics , 2012 ) ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- N 0g‫ا‬N.F- FNF/ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F- ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o- N
/1-/+ 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬G ‫ة‬NFF.G )Internet of Things( '‫ا‬N6g- .F?F) ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. O‫ر‬.) 0‫ا‬7-1/ .G‫ا‬6)
( Betchoo, 2016) ) SMACI( /F77G ‫ف‬䅊 /‫ر‬7.q 7Gp- 0‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- /.7. /N‫ب‬⠭ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G-
/-‫ر‬Gg- FG L‫و‬G.G N?‫ا‬G..- K‫>ا‬F O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- N K‫ها‬G- ‫ف‬䅊 F/G.G- N PF. K‫>ا‬F : N7.-?G NN‫و‬F/ NG‫>ا‬F FG L‫و‬G.N FG? K‫>ا‬F P) * 1
. ‫ة‬7F7F- FGNG N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- F.-/ 0‫ا‬Fg?F- N
92
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/g NGF‫ر‬F- .6FF- : 1-3 FG‫ش‬F‫ا‬
/7‫ا‬N‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬/7‫ا‬/‫ إ‬/FGF7

/‫ي‬7‫ش‬.‫ال‬
/‫ي‬FF.‫ ال‬77‫ل‬䐣‫ا‬
/‫ي‬GF7‫ ال‬//‫يا‬F‫ ال‬77‫أ‬
(Piotr & Jordan , 2017 ) : 1‫د‬7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬
‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F‫ ا‬/1‫لوا‬䑅‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬/‫ة إ‬FGF1 ‫ى‬F? /‫ا?د‬7‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬FG‫?وا‬F‫ ا‬-2.3
.g- ‫د‬F?F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 ;‫و‬6‫و‬G .FN‫ا‬F. pF- 1‫با‬⠭g- GF..G ‫ها‬.?.-‫ر‬G Jg. FG
/1-/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 ‫ى‬F? /‫ا?د‬7G- FG-‫?و‬F- GN7F. FG‫ي‬䩅 GF/ ( Mosca, 2020 ) //‫ا‬.F- ‫ا‬o K‫ا‬F pF- ‫ة‬7-1‫د‬F- .FN.
‫ة‬FF?.G- FG-‫?و‬F- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- FG-‫?و‬F- N ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- FG-‫?و‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F/G.G 0‫&ا‬G 1g/ O- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G-
. 1g/F- FG-‫?و‬F- FG FG‫ ?ا‬FG. ‫ة‬FF?.G- G‫ا‬7Ng- N.N P‫ذ‬F- 1-3 JN‫د‬n- ‫ف‬䅊 N.G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG /-‫ر‬Gg/
93
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 ‫ة‬NFG? 3‫ا‬.FF ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F- FG-‫?و‬F- : 1-3 F‫دو‬n‫ا‬
G7‫و‬F‫ا‬ FG‫?وا‬F‫ا‬
7&‫ا‬7p- N 0‫ا‬FN.7.F- -1 ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- FG-‫?و‬F-
J‫ا‬G?.7g- ‫ة‬F‫ه‬7 •
//‫ا‬Gg- •
0g‫ا‬N.F- 7&‫ا‬7. -2
( 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- .G/) 2‫ا‬G‫د‬Fg- -3
‫ة‬NGN>F.F- 7&‫ا‬7p- -1 ‫ة‬NGN>F.F- FG-‫?و‬F-
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- G./ •
;‫ا‬7FF- 7&‫ا‬7. •
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ G7F G./ •
J‫ا‬G?g- J‫ا‬o •
‫ف‬䅊-‫>ر‬n- ?F‫و‬G- •
/1-‫و‬G- N 0-1‫د‬FF- -2
‫ة‬NF-‫ز‬NG- /N‫د‬/ N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G- /1-‫و‬G- •
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ G7F ‫ة‬NG) I-1/+ •
/1-/+ NG>‫و‬G FG6 N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- J‫ا‬o- ‫ف‬䅊 0-1‫ها‬G- .‫ا‬7F.7- ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- •
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G-
‫ا‬NF?F- /1-/g- G?/ -1 /-‫ر‬Gg/ ‫ة‬FF?.G- FG-‫?و‬F-
K‫د‬..7G- J‫و‬.F -2
.. /‫ب‬⠱p- N ، 7Fn- ، N7-1‫د‬F- O‫و‬.7G- ، K‫د‬..7G- F7 •
'gG?F- ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G •
(Mosca , 2020 ) : 1‫د‬7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬
94
‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F‫ ا‬/1‫لوا‬䑅‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬/‫ إ‬0‫ا‬71‫ما‬䕅 ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫ ⨣ت‬-3.3
GF.q ‫ى‬F? 0-// 1-‫د‬/+ O- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F ?7-‫و‬F- Jg>.7g- O/)
0‫ا‬NFG? F7/ N NG>‫و‬G- 0g‫ا‬N. F? .NFF.F- ‫ة‬NFG? F‫ه‬7. ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F- L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .FN. /N/ ، ‫ا⩇تا‬71‫ا‬G
..-‫و‬F- 0o‫و‬FNg- FG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/g NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- L) 0‫ب‬⠱.?- ‫ا‬GG ، .G-‫و‬G- ‫ى‬F? :‫ا‬Go- N .‫ا‬7F.7g-
:)Anita , 2017( ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F/G.G- 0-‫ز‬NGG- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- FNF/ FG FGG.FF ‫ها‬FNF/ ‫ى‬F? FG?F- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F?
. F7-‫و‬.F- .NF‫ا‬7) N7/ N '-/g- GNNF. N 0-'‫ا‬GGF- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N GN>‫و‬.F- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.
. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- 0g‫ا‬N. FN‫ز‬0 GNF‫ا‬G. 6G.
.‫ة‬G.6F- 0g‫ا‬N.F- ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬G N FNF/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر?ة‬7F-
. .7‫ا‬FG- .F‫و‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p- 0g‫ا‬N.F- ‫ة‬//+ N K‫ها‬G- 1-‫ر‬G. .F.
. 0g‫ا‬N.F- FNF/ 0‫ا‬NFF. K‫د‬..7- Jg. FG ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG- 0-1-‫ر‬FF- 0‫ا‬0- FG NGG.F-
. 0o‫و‬.7G- ?No ‫ى‬F? P‫ه‬G- 1‫ا‬7GFF F/Gg- 7N7..F-
. ‫ة‬N&N.F- 0->.FF ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g- ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- FG NGG.F- N ‫ر‬N1‫ا‬F.F- //‫و‬. N7/
NGN>‫و‬F‫ ا‬FNF/.F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬NFG? ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫ ⨣ت‬-1.3.3

FNF/.F- L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- .../) /N/ n‫ا‬n+ ‫ر‬/) NGN>‫و‬F- FNF/.F- 0‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- K-‫د‬..7g
N. F7-‫و‬.F- 0‫ا‬NFG? F‫ه‬7. ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- L) 1‫ا‬..?/ ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- .NF‫ا‬7g- FG ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬G ‫ر‬/G) ‫ب‬⠱.?N G&‫و>ا‬FF NN?GFg-
O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ة‬GN>‫و‬F/ ‫ة‬7‫و‬FG- 0‫ا‬..-‫و‬F- GF.q J‫و‬/ 0g‫ا‬N.F- N 0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G- J/‫ا‬.. N FG‫ا‬Gg- GF.q FG '-‫ب‬⠱p-
‫ف‬䅊 N G&‫و>ا‬FF g‫شو‬㑅 ‫ر‬/G) G7N O‫د‬F. ‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- .7‫ا‬FG- /6?G- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G‫ر‬G‫و‬. ..-‫و‬F- 0‫ا‬.F7.G-
( Roni et al ., 2006).‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- .NF‫ا‬7g/ ‫ة‬F1‫ا‬FG ‫ر‬7F) .FN
95
GN>‫و‬.F‫ة ا‬NFG? ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫ ⨣ت‬-2.3.3

0/ P‫ذ‬F- NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ر‬7?F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G GG ) FG GN>‫و‬.F- ‫ة‬GN>N ‫ب‬⠱.?.
(Pradeep , ،FG?F- H‫و‬7 ‫ف‬䅊 /1/‫ا‬FF- 0-1‫ها‬G- N 0-'‫ا‬GGF- GN>‫و‬. N .‫ا‬7F.7- ‫ى‬F? /‫د‬N‫د‬6F- ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG/ ‫ز‬NG.N
GF0 N 0‫ا‬N.F7F- 6?. ‫ا‬G GN>‫و‬.F- 0‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- K-‫د‬..7- L ) .../) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- L) g+ 2017)
.NF‫ا‬7) L) ‫ا‬GG /6?GFF NFNFo- O‫و‬.7G- 7G?N g NN?GNFg- GN>‫و‬.F- 0‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 N/6?G- GNNF. L)
P‫ذ‬F- 2‫ها‬n- N) ‫ر‬.‫و‬N.GGFF GN7. ?G ‫ا‬FG-‫ز‬. 0-1‫ا‬...g- N 0g.‫ا‬FG/ K‫ا‬NFF- /6?G- ‫ى‬F? 8‫ر‬G. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- GN>‫و‬.F-
'‫ا‬F/) ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7o- FG L‫و‬F‫?ا‬N N) ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. 0-1‫ها‬G L‫و‬GF.‫ي‬䩅 g FN‫ذ‬FF ‫ة‬.7FF/ F&‫ب ?ا‬⠱.?N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- GFG?.7N
‫ة‬NF‫ه‬G- N ‫ة‬NGF?F- 0‫ا‬NGFp- PN0 N/6?G- FG‫ي‬䩅 NN?GNFg- GN>‫و‬.F‫ا‬G GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،/‫هز‬.g- GF.F GG‫ا‬G?.7-
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- K-‫د‬..7gG O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG N ، (Stone et al., 2015) ‫ة‬GN>‫و‬FF K‫د‬F.F/ ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG >F-
FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG GN>‫و‬.F- ‫ة‬NF?‫ا‬G //o2 N ‫ذ‬NGF.F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر?ة‬7F- 1-‫ى >ر‬F? 0‫ا‬N.‫ا‬ng- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- GN>‫و‬.F- 0‫ا‬NFG?
J‫و‬7‫و‬F- N GNF‫ا‬G.F- 6G. FG 0‫ا‬.F7F- J‫ا‬.F.7- N /‫ا>ر‬6F- G&‫و>ا‬F- F? Lg?g- ‫ف‬䅊 .F?Fg- K-‫د‬..7-
(Ellen et al ., % 50 O- GN>‫و‬.F- .FN 1‫ا‬7..- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬NG-‫>ر‬n- /N‫د‬o- 2N‫ا‬. N .G-‫و‬G- GF..G
.NF‫ا‬7g- FG .N‫ز‬G ‫د‬G.?. 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- F?. GN>‫و‬.F- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F- // ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.-N/2g- L) ‫ا‬GG 2002 )
Novo ( F/G O‫ب‬⠱GF- 0‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F- ./.7) .N/ ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G- 0-'‫ا‬GGF- F6G) GN>‫و‬. ‫د‬7F ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o-
0‫ا‬.F7F- J‫ا‬.F.7- N G&‫و>ا‬F- F? Lg?g- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- F>.7. ) Ornua( ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6 N )Nordisk
/‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G- 0g.‫ا‬FG- ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g- O- FF.F. N/6?G- ‫ة‬G&‫ا‬F 1‫ا‬7..- ‫?د‬. N ‫ة‬N&-‫د‬..g- 0g.‫ا‬FG- '-‫ر‬.+ O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
. F6Gg- 1‫ا‬N..g
‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F‫ و ا‬.N1‫د‬.F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬NFG? ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫ ⨣ت‬-3.3.3

./6) ‫ة‬GNFF- FFp P/‫ؤ‬G- N7N&‫ر‬F- FG‫?ا‬F- G1‫ا‬..?/ P‫ر‬6.F- /1‫و‬G- ‫ا‬o ‫ ز‬NG.N 0/ pF- ‫ة‬NGg- ?G
0‫ا‬N.N.-?7- FG ‫ب‬⠱.?N J‫ا‬G?F- 0-1‫ها‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. /.7) /N/ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- 0o‫و‬FN) FG J‫ا‬G?F- .N1‫د‬. N GNF?. 0‫ا‬NFG?
FF. N /‫د‬N‫د‬. 0-'‫ا‬GG .‫ذ‬n ‫ة‬G‫ه‬G J‫ا‬G?F- .N1‫د‬. N GNF?. ‫ى‬F? 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- /1‫د‬F L) ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G-
‫د‬N‫?د‬F- ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- .FN. ‫ا‬GG ،(Jokic et al ., 2012) ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬G FG? .NF‫ا‬7)
GF?.F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر?ة‬7F- N ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬GF- //o2 N GNF‫ا‬G.F- 6NG..G .N1‫د‬.F- N GNF?.F- 0‫ا‬NFG? ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬ng- 1/ g- FG
N. /‫و‬.GF- FNN6. GF‫ذ‬G N 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- 21‫ا‬. N F.-/ G.‫ا‬Fg? ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.. G>‫و‬G FF ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- /G7. GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
96
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ا‬o .G‫ا‬F ‫ة‬7-1/ .FN. ‫ا‬GG ، (Ellen et al ., 2002 ) ‫ة‬.‫و‬F7G- 0-1‫ها‬G- N G>‫و‬G- 0-1‫ها‬G
(Barbara et al ., GNF?.F- .&‫ا‬.F N7/ O- P/‫ؤ‬. NN?GNFg- GNF?.F- .NF‫ا‬7) K-‫د‬..7- L) )Capgemini(
2‫?ز‬. N /‫د‬N‫د‬n- 0-1‫ها‬G- GF?. ‫ى‬F? /‫ا?د‬7G N /‫ر‬G.7G N ‫ة‬F‫ر‬G ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg- GNF?.F- .NF‫ا‬7) ‫ب‬⠱.?. /N‫ب‬⠭ 2013)
(Jokic et al ., 2012) ;-‫د‬.g- N FG?F- H‫ر‬G .NF‫ا‬7)
O- P/‫ؤ‬. ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg- .N1‫د‬.F- N GNF?.F- .NF‫ا‬7) L) 0‫ا‬7-1‫د‬F- 6?. .FN. ‫د‬FG O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG N
F6GN .1‫د‬.G- ‫ى‬/6) /N/ ‫ة‬N.N1‫د‬.F- .G-‫ب‬⠱F- F? ‫ا‬6‫ر‬F- K‫ ?د‬O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ N.1‫د‬.G- N. F7-‫و‬.F- O‫و‬.7G 6G.
P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ،N.1‫د‬.G- GF.q N N.1‫د‬G- ?G ‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G- F7-‫و‬.F- N F?‫ا‬G.F- ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬GG+ GF /N.. pF- ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- .NF‫ا‬7g-
O‫و‬.7o /G7N ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- N ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- .N1‫د‬.F- .G‫ا‬FG FG .N‫ز‬G K-‫د‬..7/ ‫ة‬N7‫و‬.F- O- N//‫ا‬.F/ O/)
<‫و‬F. N N.1‫د‬.G- ‫ز‬NG/ FG ;‫و‬FF- -‫ذ‬G FG‫ي‬䩅 GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ .N1‫د‬.F- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 GG/.F- N F7-‫و‬.F- FG P‫?ا‬
. (Stone et al ., 2015) F6G) ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G 0o‫و‬.7G
O- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- GF..G ?7-‫و‬F- K-‫د‬..7g- O/) ‫د‬FG GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
‫ة‬N‫>ذ‬.F- .NF‫ا‬7) K-‫د‬..7‫ا‬G '-/g- /1-/+ 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G 01‫و‬7. /N/ ، O‫ر‬.g- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- ‫ى‬F? /‫أ‬.F-
‫ة‬F‫د‬F- ?G NFNFo- .F‫و‬F- ‫ف‬䅊 0g‫ا‬N.F- O- J‫و‬7‫و‬F- FG NGG.F- N ،2 * NG>‫و‬G- GNNF. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬.1/ 360 ‫ة‬N7G?F-
:‫ا‬Go- N 0-1‫ها‬G- .‫ا‬7F.7- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N7N&1 -1N/ .?F. ../ pF- K‫د‬..7G- ‫ة‬Gg? ‫ة‬N‫و‬F. O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ 0-1-‫ر‬FF- 0‫ا‬0- ‫ف‬䅊
/1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G N. ‫ة‬F1‫ا‬FG 2-3 JN‫د‬n- F/‫ي‬䩅 NFN ‫ا‬GNG N ،(Barbara et al ., 2013) ‫ها‬NF?
P‫ر‬6.F- /1‫و‬G/ ‫ر‬/G) G.‫ ⩇ت‬../ /.g- L/ /6.N FN) ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg- /1-/g- N ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- /1-/g- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F-
‫ب‬⠱.?. FG. G pF- N ‫ة‬NF‫ه‬G- N ‫ة‬N7.6F- G.‫ا‬N/ N. FNG‫و‬.F G&gG- ‫و‬n- GF G‫و‬. N G.N‫ا‬o ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G‫ز‬NG‫ر‬. Jg. FG
. ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- /1-/g- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N1‫مو‬䕱- 9‫ا‬FFF- FG
‫ة‬N‫>ذ‬. O‫د‬F. FG ) ‫ا‬N7.6 G>‫و‬G- O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ NGF‫ه‬.7G ، 'gG2 ، G‫ر‬6G( G>‫و‬G- 7Np FG‫ة ⩅ت‬71‫ا‬G NG ‫ة‬.1/ 360 ‫ة‬N7G?F- ‫ة‬N‫>ذ‬.F- *2
. GGNNF. ‫ف‬䅊 F>.7. pF- G>‫و‬G- J‫و‬/ ‫ة‬N7G?
97
‫ة‬NFN?GNFg- N ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ N. ‫ة‬F1‫ا‬FG : 2-3 F‫دو‬n‫ا‬
‫ة‬NF‫⨱تو‬GNF‫ل‬䐧‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬/‫ال‬ ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬/‫ال‬ ‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F‫ ا‬/1‫لوا‬䑅‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬/‫ إ‬0‫ا‬71‫ما‬䕅

‫ة‬N.-‫ذ‬F- 7F- J‫ا‬.F.7- N G&‫و>ا‬F- F? Lg?g- GN>‫و‬.FF FN‫و‬7 .FN ، ‫ة‬NF1N ‫ة‬N.-0 7
. .F?Fg- FN‫ر‬7 F? ‫ة‬NG-‫>ر‬. F7‫ا‬FG FG N/6?G- '‫ا‬F.F- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- GN>‫و‬. N 1‫ا‬N..-
-‫د‬. ‫ز‬N.N .FN ‫ف‬䅊 L‫و‬GN GN>‫و‬.F- //N‫د‬p
GF.q ‫ب‬⠱? 0-'‫ا‬GGF- GF..G J‫و‬7‫و‬F- ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬GG+ .‫ا‬7F.7gF 770 GNF‫ا‬G.F-
F7‫ا‬FG- oN‫د‬N ‫ة‬N.-‫ذ‬F- 7F- ‫?ة‬.-‫ر‬G
1‫ا‬N..gF 770 GNF‫ا‬G.F- G.‫و‬F G.N 0g.‫ا‬FG-
‫ا‬NFN?GNF- ‫ة‬N.-‫ذ‬F- 7F- ‫?ة‬.-‫ر‬G
ONg- F/-‫ر‬G- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫?د‬. F? .N‫ز‬G 0g.‫ا‬FG-
/‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G O‫ر‬.)N
) ‫ة‬N7G?F- ‫ة‬N‫>ذ‬.F- ( ‫ة‬.1/ 360 GNNF. G‫ر‬6G- GNNF. ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g- GNNF. N P‫ر‬6.F- /1‫و‬G- /‫ا‬G‫ا‬GG
GNNF.F- .G-‫ر‬. K-‫د‬..7- ‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G- GNNF.F- .‫و‬F7) ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g- '-/g-
H‫و‬7 ‫ف‬䅊 ..-N‫ر‬F- GNNF. ‫ف‬䅊 .F‫و‬F- Ig‫ه‬.7- ‫ة‬NF1‫و‬F- J‫ا‬G?g- ‫ف‬䅊 .F‫و‬F- Ig‫ه‬.7- 0‫ا‬6N‫?و‬.F- N ‫&د‬-‫و‬GF-
FG?F- 0-Ng?F- N ..-N‫ر‬F- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F-
/‫ا‬No- //‫و‬. N ‫ة‬NGFG- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F- P/‫ ?ا‬G>‫و‬G
‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G/ L‫?و‬.G.N /-‫ر‬Gg- ‫ة‬NF.-‫د‬F- /-N‫ا‬7G- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F-
‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p- /-N‫ا‬7G- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ ‫ة‬77-‫و‬. 1‫د‬o N>.F-
‫?د‬. F? NG>‫و‬G- Jg. FG L‫و‬GN N>.F-
‫ة‬F‫ر‬G ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. N ‫?د‬. F? .N1‫د‬. .N1‫د‬.FF K‫ا‬7F- 7N70 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.
NG>‫و‬G- G/‫و‬FN 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ G/‫و‬F. 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ) ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F- N .N1‫د‬.F-(
/1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ ?G P‫ه‬G- G1‫ا‬7G ‫ر‬N‫د‬N G>‫و‬G- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- P‫ه‬G- 1‫ا‬7G- /1-/+ N
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- P‫ه‬G- 1‫ا‬7G- /‫د‬/ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- Jg>.7- Jg. FG NF‫ا‬..7- 7N70 NG>‫و‬GFF
‫ة‬NFN?GNF- N ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..- 0‫ا‬G.6 F?G //1 F? /1‫ا‬.? 0-1-‫ر‬FF-
‫ة‬NFp ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..- 0‫ا‬G.6F-
G>‫و‬G- ‫ة‬/-‫ر‬. K‫ا‬G.Gg- 0-‫ز‬N‫ه‬..F- N N‫ا‬.G- ‫ة‬Gg7 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o
PG0 L‫و‬GN .?.F- P‫د‬7n- .?.F- L‫ا‬Gg- N ‫ة‬/7F-
98
7>6F- GNG..F ‫ة‬GG7G ‫ة‬N/7 .G-‫ر‬. //1 F? /1‫ا‬.? ‫ة‬N/7F- .G-‫ب‬⠱F- G>?G
N7.6F- N ‫ة‬GN>‫و‬F/ FF?.G 7>6F- F?G
7FG ‫ة‬GN>‫و‬F/ FF?.G 7>6F-
NG>‫و‬G- N. 0‫ا‬Fg?F- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F- N /1-/g- N. ‫ة‬Fg?F- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F- L‫و‬F‫ا‬FF- / NG>‫و‬G- 0‫ا‬Fg?
GN?6 n‫ا‬FF 1‫و‬6/ NG>‫و‬G-
‫ة‬N7.6F- 0g‫ا‬N.F- ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬GGF- ‫ة‬NGFG- P‫و‬F n‫ا‬FF 1‫و‬6/
K‫ها‬G- '-/) ‫ى‬F? G-‫ر‬6gF ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- K-‫د‬..7- ‫ة‬NN‫ا‬7.G 7‫ر‬GF-
N7Fn- ‫ز‬NNG.F-
K‫ها‬G- '-/) ‫ى‬F? G-‫ر‬6g-
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/g ‫ة‬w‫ا‬o- ‫ة‬76Fg- FG ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ة‬N1‫مو‬䕱- 9‫ا‬FFF- FG ‫ب‬⠱.?. g ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o
‫?د‬. F? G‫&ه‬-1( '-‫د‬.g NG>‫و‬GFF ‫ة‬7‫ر‬GF- ‫ة‬//- /‫ا‬No- N FG?F- N. L2-‫و‬.F- N
‫ة‬F‫?ا‬G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ '‫ا‬F. ‫ة‬N7.6F-
N ‫ة‬NFN.N‫ر‬F- K‫ها‬G- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g-
‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ?G ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F- K‫ها‬GFF ‫ر‬/G- .FN 7N70
.G-‫ب‬⠱F- ‫د‬71N
/N‫د‬o- ‫ة‬F-2+ N N>F‫ا‬.F- N J‫ا‬G7gF ‫ة‬N‫ر?ا‬F- O‫د‬F.
FG?F- .FN N N7.6F- .F‫و‬F- N.
)Mamoudou & Joshi , 2014( : 1‫د‬7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬
99
) Gamification( ‫ة‬.?F‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬0‫ا‬NFF. -4.3

F.) FG 0‫ر‬G..- pF- ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- 0‫ا‬NFF.F- FG " /‫ا‬n- .?FF- " N) ) Gamification( ‫ة‬.?Fg- ‫ب‬⠱.?.
L) /N‫ب‬⠭ .?FF- H‫ا‬N7 21‫ا‬. .‫?ا‬Fg- 0‫ا‬G‫ز‬NF‫ا‬GG K-‫د‬..7- F/‫ ⩅ت‬pF- N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G N7/
;-‫د‬.g- ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7. ‫ا‬GG ‫ها‬.N‫و‬F. N 0‫ا‬Fg?F- '‫ا‬F. FG NGG.F- N G‫ا‬..Fg- .GF ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- ‫ا‬G .‫?ا‬Fg-
0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- ‫ة‬.?F) FG6. ‫ا‬GG NGN>‫و‬F- L-1N‫د‬F- J‫?د‬G 6NG0 N ‫ا‬G‫ز‬NG/ N .G-‫و‬G- .‫ا‬7F.7- N /-‫ر‬Gg- ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. N
GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- F6G/ ‫ة‬FF?.G- 1‫ا‬GGg- Jg>.7- Jg. FG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G GNG7. ‫ة‬NFG?
/‫د‬N. ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. N F6Gg- FNF/.F G‫?ه‬G/ N J‫ا‬G?F- ;‫ا‬FF+ 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF FG‫ي‬䩅 G.‫و‬.F- -‫ذ‬G Jg. FGG ،0g‫ا‬o-
‫ى‬F? .‫?ا‬Fg- H‫ا‬N7 P- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G FN‫و‬/ ‫ا?د‬7N ‫ا‬GG ( Deotima & Deepika , 2017)
2012 ‫ة‬F7 )Capgemini( ‫ة‬7-1/ .FN. /N/ 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G/ G‫ه‬FG? /?G Jg. NGF?.GFF n-‫ذ‬F- ‫ز‬NG/.F-
O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، (Barbara et al ., 2013) % 40 ‫ة‬.7F. GF?.FF /-‫ر‬Gg- ‫ة‬NF.‫ا‬F FG ‫د‬N‫ز‬. ‫ة‬.?Fg- 0‫ا‬NFF. L)
NG>‫و‬G- ‫ز‬NG/ N .N1‫د‬. N .‫ذ‬. F.) FG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬.1‫ا‬FG- G‫ذ‬G K-‫د‬..7- G.N GF0
Digital ( 3* G‫ه‬FG NGF‫ر‬F- FNn- ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. J‫ا‬G?g- J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 G‫ه‬.G1‫ا‬6G ‫ر‬N‫?ز‬. N G‫⩇ت‬-1‫ها‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N G‫ه‬NF? :‫ا‬Go- N
‫ة‬.7FF/ P‫د‬/ ‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫ة‬GF.q GF-‫و‬G N 0-1‫ها‬o ‫ز‬NG.N 0/ P‫ذ‬F- FNn- -‫ذ‬G //‫ا‬NF /.7) FN) ، )native
‫ى‬F? H‫و‬G.F- FG 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- FG‫ ⩅ت‬N '-/g- /1-/+ N7/ ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬.?Fg- ‫ا?د‬7. GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF
( Deotima & ‫ة‬NF‫ة ?ا‬NGN>F. ‫ة‬F‫ا‬61 N ;-‫د‬.+ J‫?د‬G FF. Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ها‬.?‫ا‬F7 J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫⩇تا‬->F
‫ا⩇تا‬N.F7 P/‫ا‬G. ‫ى‬F? FG?F- ‫ة‬.1‫ا‬FG- G‫ذ‬G P..F ‫?ى‬7. pF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n ‫ا‬GG Deepika , 2017)
: NFN ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬F/G.G-
0‫ا‬N?-‫د‬. ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/G >F- 0‫ا‬GNG7.FF L‫و‬GN L) FG‫ي‬䩅 FN) ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/G ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- GNG7.. K‫و‬F. L)
. ‫ا‬G 77.G- .&‫ا‬.FF- FNF/.. /G7. g N ‫ة‬N.F7
FNn- ‫ز‬NG.N /N/ ، 7FG J‫ا‬G- ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NF.G .F‫ا‬G L+ J‫ا‬G?F- ‫ز‬NG/ FG 7./. L) ‫ة‬.?FgF FG‫ي‬䩅
G‫د‬o 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- GNG7. 8‫ر‬GN P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ‫ة‬NGg- 0-0 K‫ها‬G- ‫ة‬N// N 0o‫د‬/.F- 8‫و‬. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬.>‫ر‬F/ NGF‫ر‬F-
. GNF?.F-
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- ‫ر‬7? ‫ف‬䅊 ;‫ر?ر‬. N ‫د‬FN P‫ذ‬F- J‫ا‬G?F- FN. ‫و‬G )Digital native( NGF‫ر‬F- FNn- *: 3
100
O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ N ، 0‫ا‬No‫ر‬. N 0-‫ز‬N‫ه‬. ‫ا‬G‫ذ‬NGF. ‫ف‬䅊 .F7.. /N/ ‫ة‬GFGG ‫ة‬.1‫ا‬FG- G‫ذ‬G GNF‫ا‬G. ‫ب‬⠱.?.
. J‫و‬7) .FN H‫>ر‬.7N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- F.7G 7N70 N 1‫بو‬⠭ .F7.N ‫ة‬.?FF- '‫ا‬6F‫إ‬G .N1‫د‬.F- GNF‫ا‬G.
‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F‫ ا‬/1‫لوا‬䑅‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬/‫ ل‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬F‫و‬/.F‫ ا‬1‫ا‬7G ‫ة‬71‫ا‬. -5.3
L‫و‬GG ‫ها‬FG FG ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7) 1N‫ا‬p ?.1) ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬G.‫ر‬N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 1‫ا‬7G L) 2-3FG6F- N.N
:0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- GF.q ‫ى‬F? n‫ا‬ng- ‫ر‬/g- 0-0 ‫ة‬76Fg- FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F- FG
‫ا‬NF?F‫ ا‬//‫ا‬NFF‫ى اⱅجاع ا‬F? F‫و‬7o‫ا‬
/1-/+ G7F FG ..‫و‬.7N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ‫ا‬NF?F- /1-/g- G?/ N ‫ة‬FG-‫و‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- 0g‫و‬/.F- 3‫ا‬n ‫د‬G.?N
.n ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬FG-‫و‬G- ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7o- N ‫ا‬NF?F- /1-/g- 1-‫ر‬F ‫ى‬F? /‫أ‬.F- FG FG‫ة ⩅ت‬/6-N ‫ة‬NGF1 o*1 ?6N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G-
‫ة‬F F F F F GG‫و‬/ ‫ة‬F F F FG>F) o*‫ر‬F- ./‫ا‬7N L) .n GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬F F F F G‫?ا‬F- G-‫د‬Gg- ?G o*‫ر‬F- G‫ذ‬G FG-‫و‬.. L)
. ‫ة‬N.F7F- 1/g- 1N‫د‬/ ?F‫ ⩅ت‬N ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- K-‫د‬..7- 7.6. ‫ة‬N‫ه‬N.‫و‬. ,/‫ا‬.G N
: NN.F‫ ا‬FN‫شغ‬.FF F.‫ا‬F ‫ و‬H‫ر‬G ‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F‫ ا‬/1‫لوا‬䑅‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬/‫ ل‬IT G‫>ا‬F ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ة‬G>F) '‫ا‬6F- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n N?‫ا‬Gn- LN‫?ا‬.F- N FG?F- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G- O- J‫و‬7‫و‬F- F. ) FG
GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 ;N‫ر‬GF- GF.q ?G N 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- F.-/ K‫ا‬7Fg- GF.q LN‫?ا‬. FG FG‫ة ⩅ت‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/g 0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G-
‫ة‬F F F F F FF‫و‬G‫م‬䕱- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- K-‫د‬..7- G?‫د‬N K‫>ا‬FF- L‫و‬GN L) .n ‫ا‬GG O‫ب‬⠱GF- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬.7FF/ ‫ة‬F F F FNG-‫>ر‬n- 0‫ا‬F‫ا‬7FF-
. ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- GF.q N N?‫ا‬G..g- F7-‫و‬.F- 7&‫ا‬7N N
//‫? ّد‬.G ‫ة و‬7F7 1‫ضو‬/ 0‫وا‬FF G‫و‬.
‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- N N?‫ا‬G..g- F7-‫و‬.F- 0‫ا‬7FG Jg. FG F7-‫و‬. 0-‫و‬FF '‫ا‬6F+ 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n
K‫د‬..7GFF F‫ه‬7N FG6. 0‫ا‬7FG- G‫ذ‬G GG7. L) .n ‫ا‬GG ، N?F‫و‬.G- N NNF‫ا‬o- NG>‫و‬G- N. ‫ة‬N‫و‬F 0‫ا‬Fg? '‫ا‬F.F
0‫ا‬N7‫و‬7. FG-‫و‬N 3‫ا‬7) ‫ى‬F? GNG7.F- ‫ز‬G.‫ر‬N L) .n GF0 O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬7F7 ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. F?‫ا‬G.F- N ‫ها‬G-‫د‬..7-
. 0-‫و‬FFF- G‫ذ‬G ‫ر‬G.7G- N7/.F- /1N‫ر‬6 ?G K‫د‬..7G-
101
‫ا‪/.F‬و‪ F‬ا‪F‬ر‪ NGF‬ل‪/‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪.F‬شر‪N‬ة‬ ‫ا‪ F7GF‬ا‪/F‬ا‪/F‬‬
‫ا‪..7‬دا‪ G‬ا‪N.F‬ا‪䘧‬ن‪䅊 0‬ف ا‪0‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪FF‬را‪1‬ا‪0‬‬
‫‪⠱.?N‬ب ‪G.?g-‬ا‪F? /‬ى ‪N.F- FNF/‬ا‪䅊 0g‬ف ?‪NFG‬ة ‪0-‬ا‪FF- 0‬ر‪6 0-1-‬ر‪NG./ /1N‬ة ‪䅊‬ف ‪F/1‬ة ‪/.F-‬و‪F- J‬ر‪/1-/g NGF‬‬
‫‪G-‬و‪6.F- /1-‬ر‪N‬ة ‪Gg-‬ر ‪F‬ذ‪N.F- GF.q ?o .F7.N P‬ا‪.G- 0g‬ا‪/‬ة ‪䅊‬ف ‪>F‬ا‪/-N K‬د ‪G/.7g- N‬ا‪䅊 1‬ف ‪FG.‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا ‪G N‬ها‪0-1‬‬
‫‪N.F- FNF/‬ا‪?G F.) FG 0g‬ا‪.n‬ها ‪..7- N‬د‪G-‬ها ‪䅊‬ف ?‪NFG‬ا‪0- 0‬ا‪FF- 0‬ر‪6+ 0-1-‬ا‪G‬ة ‪G.?g- O-‬ا‪F? /‬ى )‪7‬ا‪NFF- .NF‬ا‪3‬‬
‫‪NFF‬ا‪G N '-/g- 3‬ا?‪NF‬ة ‪.G-‬ا‪. 0-1/‬‬
‫ا‪F‬ش‪7G : 2-3 FG‬ا‪FGF1 1‬ة ‪G- /1-/+‬و‪6.F- /1-‬ر‪N‬ة‬
‫تط‪N‬ي‪F 7‬ظا‪䐥 IT G‬ل‪/‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪.‬ش‪7‬ي‪F N F7G /‬ابل‬ ‫الحص‪N‬ل ?لى ‪NG‬ا‪ /FG‬ال‪F‬يا‪ //‬ال?ليا‬
‫لل‪.‬شغيل ال‪.‬يني‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ال‪NG‬ائ‪/‬‬ ‫ا‪䐣‬ل‪F‬شط‪: /‬‬ ‫ال‪NG‬ائ‪:/‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪F‬شط‪: /‬‬

‫* ‪G/‬ج ا‪䑅‬ل‪G‬ا‪77‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫* ‪..‬ني ‪>F‬ا‪GG N H7G IT G‬ه‪GN‬‬ ‫* ‪ G?/‬ا‪/g‬ا‪ /7‬ال?ل‪N‬ا‬ ‫*‪N7.‬ي‪ 7‬ال‪(7‬يا‬
‫* ‪ 7N7..‬ا‪/g‬ا‪/7‬‬ ‫* ‪?.‬زيز ا‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ا‪䑅‬لح‪NG‬ل‪/‬‬ ‫* ا?‪G.‬ا‪ /‬إ‪/‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪/7‬‬ ‫*‪F.‬اء ‪ 77.G‬ال?‪G‬ل‬
‫* ا‪䐧7‬ل‪ F‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪.‬ا‪7/‬ا‪. 0‬ش‪G‬ل‬ ‫‪7N N‬ا&‪ 7‬ال‪N.‬اصل ا‪䐧‬لج‪G.‬اعي‬ ‫ال‪.‬ش‪7‬ي‪ /‬كش‪7‬ي‪ G‬ا‪.7‬را‪.N.‬ي‬ ‫*ا‪F‬شاء ‪>F‬ا‪N/ G‬ك‪.G N /G‬ا‪&/‬‬
‫'‪?77‬‬ ‫ل‪ /NGNG‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪.N‬ي‬
‫ت‪GN‬ير ‪NFF‬ا‪ 0‬الحض‪7 7N‬ل‪ّ N /7‬‬

‫‪///?.G‬‬ ‫ا‪.7‬خ‪/‬ا‪ G‬ال‪.‬يا‪F‬ا‪ 0‬في اتخا‪ 0‬ال‪7F‬ا‪7‬ا‪0‬‬
‫ال‪NG‬ائ‪: /‬‬ ‫ا‪䐣‬ل‪F‬شط‪: /‬‬ ‫ال‪NG‬ائ‪/‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪F‬شط‪: /‬‬

‫* ‪G‬شا‪7‬ك‪ /‬ا?‪ FG‬ل‪7Gg‬ا‪/‬‬ ‫* ‪.‬ل‪NFF F‬ا‪ّ 0‬‬
‫‪///?.G‬‬ ‫* ?‪ّ 67‬‬
‫‪ //NG‬ل‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪G>N‬ي‪H‬‬ ‫* ‪G/‬ج ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪.? 0‬ر ال‪>F‬ا‪G‬‬
‫* ‪NF.‬ي‪䐧? /‬ل‪ /G‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪G/..7‬‬ ‫* ‪GN.‬ير ‪.‬جا‪. .7‬اص‪/‬‬ ‫* ‪//.‬ي‪N' /‬ل‪N‬يا‪ 0‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪.7‬ث‪G‬ا‪* 7‬‬ ‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪.7‬ث‪G‬ا‪ 7‬في ‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ‪/.‬ل‪N‬ل‬
‫* ا‪䐧‬له‪G.‬ا‪7'. G‬ال‪ .N‬الح‪? 7N6‬ن ‪/?.‬‬ ‫* ال‪.‬را‪G‬ج ا‪䑅‬ل‪7‬ته‪/G/‬‬ ‫ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪ N 0‬ا‪7F.7‬ا‪ .‬ا‪䑅‬لها‪7‬ا‪0‬‬
‫* ‪ ?6N‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪F‬اي‪7N‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪7‬د‪(Barbara et al ., 2013) : 1‬‬
‫‪102‬‬
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ FG NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- .F7.N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- //‫ا‬NFF- N ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- 0-1‫د‬FF- ‫ر‬G‫و‬. O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n /N‫ب‬⠭ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬N.N.-?7- ‫ها‬NF? O.. L) .n pF- 0-'-‫ر‬.g- FG ‫و?ة‬Go P..
(Piotr & Jordan , 2017) : ‫ة‬N.f- 1N‫ما‬䕱- ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F-
NFGF‫ ا‬F7‫ا‬F.F‫ا‬
K‫ا‬7F) GF.q ‫ى‬F? 3‫ا‬.GFg- /‫ر‬GG P.. N Hg>Fg- /‫ر‬GG F? NF..F- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- G7F /1-/+ ‫ى‬F? .n
. G.‫ا‬G‫ا‬p N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- J‫ا‬G?) 7 20‫و‬G ?G N6‫ا‬G.F- GNF? .n ‫ا‬GG 0-1‫ها‬G- N 0g‫ا‬N.F- I1‫ا‬6. N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G-
‫ة‬GG‫و‬o‫ة ا‬G>F‫أ‬
'‫ا‬6F+ 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n /N/ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬F/1 3‫ا‬ng ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F- FG-‫?و‬F- FG ‫ة‬GG‫و‬o- ‫ة‬G>F) ‫ب‬⠱.?.
: ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬.F- ‫ة‬7N&‫ر‬F- .F-‫و‬n- FG6. ‫ة‬/6-N ‫ة‬N‫ه‬N.‫و‬. ,/‫ا‬.G N ‫ة‬GG‫و‬/ K‫>ا‬F
0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G‫ل‬䑅‫د ا‬N/‫و‬. ‫ة‬.1/ ✓
‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- N ‫ا‬G‫د‬N/‫و‬. .n pF- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- ‫ة‬F‫د‬. /‫د‬o L) ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- G7F ‫ى‬F? .n
. /-‫ر‬GgF ‫ة‬.7FF/ K‫ها‬G- ‫ة‬71‫ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬o- H‫ا‬7F ‫د‬N‫د‬/ O-
0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬GNG7. ✓
.n ‫ا‬GG ، 'gG?F- ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. 0‫ا‬.F7.G 3‫ا‬7) ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬N‫د‬n- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- G7F J‫ا‬G?) 20‫و‬G O.N L) .n
P‫ا‬.F/ N /‫د‬N‫د‬n- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- GNNF. FG FGG.. o/ K‫ها‬G- GF.q N. 0g‫ا‬N.F- 1‫ا‬7G GNNF. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ ‫ى‬F?
. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- G7F .Gg‫ر‬. ‫ذ‬NGF. FG ‫د‬G‫أ‬.F-
‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F‫ ا‬/1‫لوا‬䑅‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬/‫ إ‬1‫وا‬/‫ و أ‬FGN‫✓ ه‬
J‫ا‬G?g- ‫&ة‬N. ‫ف‬䅊 0‫ا‬NFN‫ؤ‬7G- N K‫ها‬G- GF.q /‫د‬o L) ‫د‬N‫د‬n- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ J‫ا‬G?) 20‫و‬G ‫ى‬F? .n
NF..F- ..-‫و‬F- 1-N/g- N ‫ا‬G*‫ا‬6F+ .n pF- /‫د‬N‫د‬n- 1-N/g- N ‫ة‬N‫ز‬G‫ر‬GgF- N ‫ة‬N‫ز‬G‫ر‬G- K‫ها‬G- ‫د‬N‫د‬/ O- ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،/‫د‬N‫د‬n-
. ‫ها‬F?
103
/1‫ا‬/‫ة ال‬F‫اء‬7G ✓
.‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G6F- FF. ‫د‬7F GF0 N /-‫ر‬Gg/ ‫ة‬FF?.G- 0-1-‫ر‬FF- ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬GN7g ‫ة‬F'‫ا‬7G- FG FG‫ي‬䩅 J‫ا‬G?) 20‫و‬G '‫ا‬F.
0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬.G/
‫ر‬Gg- ‫ا⩇تا‬71‫ا‬G GF.q N. ‫ة‬N‫د‬6‫?ا‬.FF ‫ا‬G1‫ا‬F.G/ ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ J‫ا‬G?) 20‫ا‬G G>?G ‫ز‬NG..
1‫ا‬N..g- N .‫ا‬7F.7g- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G .G‫د‬G ‫ة‬.1‫ا‬F.G- 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- GF.q .G/ FG FG‫ي‬䩅 J‫ا‬G?) 20‫و‬G P.. 8‫ر‬GN P‫ذ‬F-
. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- /-‫ر‬G) GF.q ?G .7‫ا‬F.N FG6. 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG- O.. L) .n ‫ا‬GG
‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F‫ ا‬/1‫لوا‬䑅‫ ا‬FNF/
FNF/ FG‫ي‬䩅 /N‫ب‬⠭ NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ة‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 /‫ا?د‬7G- 0-‫و‬7p- GG) FG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- FNF/ ‫ة‬NFG? ‫ب‬⠱.?.
?.1) ‫ف‬䅊 0-1‫ها‬G- 1‫و‬7. .F7.N P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- ، 1-‫ر‬FF- 0‫ا‬0- ‫ة‬NFG? FN‫ه‬7. N /1‫و‬7F- 3‫ا‬6N+ FG ‫ها‬o/ N 0g‫ا‬N.F-
: ‫ف‬䅊 F/G.. ‫ة‬N7N&1 0g‫ا‬o
‫د‬/) ‫ب‬⠱.?. pF- N 0‫ا‬N6‫ر‬GF- ‫ا>ة‬N7 ‫ة‬NGNG G‫ه‬G FG6.. pF- N : ‫ة‬NFNF/.F‫ة ا‬F7GF‫✓ ا‬
. ‫ة‬N.N1‫د‬.F- N ‫ة‬NGNF?.F- .G-‫ب‬⠱F- 3‫ا‬7) L‫و‬G. L) .n pF- ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7g- 0-1‫د‬FF-
‫ة‬7‫ا‬. N ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 /-‫ر‬Gg- 0-‫ب‬⠱. ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n : ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫✓ ا‬
. ‫ة‬FN6‫ر‬F- GNF?.F- .G-‫ر‬. G?/ N 0g‫ا‬N.F- FNF/ 1‫و‬p
. FN‫ر‬.g- ‫ى‬F? /‫أ‬.F- N J‫ا‬G?g- ‫هة‬.-‫و‬G ‫ى‬F? /1‫د‬FF- 1‫مو‬䕱- -‫ذ‬G FG6N : FG?F‫✓ ا‬
‫ا‬G/-‫ر‬G) 0-1‫د‬F ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G- ‫ى‬F? .n /N/ : 0‫ن‬䘧‫ا‬N.F‫? ا‬G FG‫?ا‬.F‫ى ا‬F? /1‫د‬FF‫✓ ا‬
. ‫ة‬NFNF/.F- 20‫ا‬GFF- N 0g‫ا‬N.F- ?G FG‫?ا‬.F- ‫ى‬F?
104
: ‫ا⩅تة‬p‫ا‬
‫ا‬G-‫د‬G >F. ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- K-‫د‬..7g ?7-‫و‬F- 1‫ا‬6.Fg- 0‫ا‬N?-‫د‬. L) N..N Gg?) G/‫ر‬7 o ‫ا‬G Jg. FG
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ ‫ة‬NG) ‫د‬N-‫ز‬. ?G N ، G&‫و>ا‬F- GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 o1‫ذ‬. -‫ ر‬// 0‫هد‬6 pF- ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F- ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F- GFG‫ ⩅ت‬./.7) ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NG./ /1N‫ر‬6 ‫ة‬GN>‫و‬F- G‫ذ‬G NGF‫ر‬F- J‫و‬/.F- ‫ى‬/6) J‫ا‬G?g- 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊
FG "SMACI" ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g- G‫ذ‬G //‫ا‬NF ‫ى‬F? ..‫و‬.7N 0/ P‫ذ‬F- ‫ر‬Gg- G&‫و>ا‬F- G‫ذ‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. FG
FN) /.g- G‫ذ‬G ‫ا‬o ‫>ى‬/ ../ pF- ‫ة‬NGg- ?G ‫ا‬GN7 g ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F- /1-‫و‬G- /1-/+ ‫ة‬GN>N 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF1 N ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. F.)
. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G- G-‫د‬G) FNF/ ‫ف‬䅊 GG‫ا‬7. ‫ة‬N.N.-?7- ‫ة‬GN>N ‫ب‬⠱.?. ../
105
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2019 )
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L'‫و‬F?. 2018 ‫ة‬F7 *‫ر‬6F nF' G.7'1/ ‫ف‬䅊 ) Kotarba, 2018 ( //‫ا‬.F' G.G'
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L'‫و‬F?. /‫ب‬⠭ ‫ر‬6F. )Norbert Jesse( //‫ا‬.F' K‫ا‬F ‫ة‬F7F' 7GF ‫ف‬䅊 N
Organizational Evolution : How Digital Disruption Enforces (
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112
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.)Christian et al ., 2015( ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' .F'‫و‬n' O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
?G LN‫?ا‬.F/ )MIT Sloan Management Review ( *‫ر‬.) ‫ها‬.‫ه‬. FG N

Strategy, not Technology, Drives ( L'‫و‬F?. ‫ة‬7'1/ 2014 ‫ة‬F7 )Deloitte (
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Digital Platforms ( L'‫و‬F?. GG ‫ة‬7'1/ ‫ف‬䅊 L‫و‬//‫ا‬.F' FG ‫و?ة‬Go ‫ر‬6F 2013 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊
as Sources for Organizational and Strate Transformation : A Case
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113
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(Westerman et al ., 2012 ) Fashionistas , Conservatives , Digirati
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114
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challenges for digital transformation ( L'‫و‬F?. J‫ا‬FG ‫ر‬6F. ) Daniel J. Power( ‫و‬
‫ا‬G‫ا‬F /N/ ) towards a conceptual decision support guid for managers
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'‫د‬.F' ‫ة‬7FF ‫د‬N‫د‬/ F.) FG FG'‫?ة ?و‬.7 FNF/ N ‫ة‬7'1/ Jg. FG GF0 N NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬F/1 G?‫د‬N FNF/
F.) FG GG'‫د‬..7' FG‫ي‬䩅 P‫ذ‬F' ''1‫د‬GFF G?‫د‬F' FNF/ -'?F' O+ .&‫ا‬.FF' .7F. FN) /.‫ا‬FF' NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.FF
FG *o‫و‬.7G +g/ FG G?‫د‬F' FNF/ L‫و‬G.N /N/ ‫ة‬FG‫ا‬G.G ‫ة‬N.‫ه‬FG ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' +'‫د‬/+
FG N (Ciara & Daniel .J , 2018) ‫ة‬NFN>6.F' N ‫ة‬NGN.G.F' N ‫ة‬N.N.'?7g' NG N ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' K‫ها‬G'
Challenges ( L'‫و‬F?. ‫ة‬7'1/ ‫ر‬6F. 2018 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊 )Miroslava Boneva( ‫ة‬//‫ا‬.F' .G‫ا‬F ‫ها‬.‫ه‬.
FG G‫د‬o )Related to the Digital Transformation of Business Companies
.7F. /N/ NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' 1‫ا‬7G Jg. *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G.'‫و‬. nF' *o‫ ىد‬/.F' ‫ة‬6F‫ا‬FG N ‫ة‬7'1/ O' ‫ا‬Gg.
‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7. ‫ة‬NG21'‫و‬. ‫د‬N‫د‬/ o ‫ا‬GG *‫و?ا‬Go )‫ ?د‬O+ ‫ها‬GNF7. FG‫ي‬䩅 NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' *o‫د‬/ L) O+ ‫ة‬7 '1‫د‬F'
‫د‬N‫د‬/ o ‫ة‬N.N.'?7g' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. o P‫ا‬G' FNF‫د‬.F/ )‫د‬.. nF' N *o‫ ىد‬/.F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬GN‫ا‬FG N NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ذ‬NGF.
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N7/.F' *‫ا‬/?FG ‫ا‬G‫?د‬. N ‫ر‬/g' GNNF. ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G n/ o *o‫و‬FNg' ‫د‬N‫د‬/ O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ 3‫ا‬NFFF ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬FF' G'‫د‬Gg'
L'‫و‬F?. ‫ة‬7'1/ ‫ر‬6F 2016 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊 L‫و‬/// K‫ا‬F *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ا‬GN?‫د‬. N )Miroslava .B , 2018(
‫ف‬䅊‫ا‬6G.7g' (‫و‬F7g' ‫ى‬F? G‫ه‬.7'1/ ‫ف‬䅊 'N‫د‬G.?' FN) )Digital transformation challenges(
*g‫و‬/.F' L) ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .F‫ى‬N. /N/ J‫ا‬G?g' J‫ا‬o NF NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' *o‫د‬/ N *'// ‫د‬N‫د‬/ G‫د‬o
-‫ا‬.FF' L‫ا‬G6F ‫ة‬G‫>ى‬FGFF ‫ا‬NF?F' )1'/g' K'‫ز‬.F' ..‫و‬.7N ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬F/ N ‫ة‬NGN>F. N ‫ة‬N.N.'?7+ *o‫د‬/ 8‫ر‬G. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
. )Henriette et al ., 2016( NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫?ى‬7G FNF/ ‫ف‬䅊
L) ‫ا‬G‫ا‬6 FG nF' F&'‫?و‬F' FG ‫و?ة‬Go */‫ ىد‬/ ‫د‬F ‫ا‬G) ‫د‬n nF' *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' G‫ذ‬G ‫?ة‬.'‫ر‬G Jg. FG N
J'‫ز‬. g N ‫ة‬.‫ى‬N> ‫د‬F FG'‫?و‬F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' L) ‫د‬n O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬n' FG N GF) g+ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' ‫?ى‬7G FNF/ ?Fo
J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬F1‫ا‬FG O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' 9‫ا‬6F L‫ا‬GG N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ N ‫ف‬䅊'‫>ر‬n' H‫ا‬7FF' 1'‫ى >ر‬F? ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' O' ,‫ا‬./
‫ة‬/.‫ا‬FF' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G‫د‬..7G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ة‬7'1/ N *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' J‫ا‬G?) ‫ة‬76F) GF..G NGF‫ر‬F'
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. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' FNF/ LN/ J‫و‬/ .F' ‫ة‬FNFo' F&'‫?و‬F' ‫د‬N‫د‬/.F
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‫ى ى‬.F' ?G N
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‫و( ى‬F7g' ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g/ ‫وع‬6‫و‬G' '‫ذ‬G .FN‫ا‬F. nF' ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F' *‫ا‬N./g' ‫?ة‬.'‫ر‬G
/N/ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' O+ ,‫ا‬.o J'‫ز‬N g G‫ى‬F) ‫ا‬GG .6FF' ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G O+ ‫?د‬. F7N G ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 ‫وع‬6‫و‬G L)
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‫ى‬
7G?N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N 2020 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊 NGF? /‫ب‬⠭ 11 ‫ا‬G‫?د‬. N 2019 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊 +‫بو‬⠭ ?7. *‫ر‬6F FN) ).g'
F? //.F' *‫ا‬G‫ر‬p‫ ى‬GF.q ‫ ?ب‬//.F/ ‫ا‬FGF GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫وع‬6‫و‬G' '‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬7'1/ ‫ى‬F? N//‫ا‬.F' J‫ا‬.F+
‫ة‬GF.q .F'‫و‬. FG ‫وع‬6‫و‬G' '‫ذ‬G JN‫ا‬F. o GF) /6‫ى‬.NF ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 ‫وع‬6‫و‬G .FN‫ا‬F. nF' *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F'
O‫د‬G N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫?ة‬.‫ى‬.G' ‫ة‬.1‫ا‬FG' L/ N.‫ ( ى‬Niina Ketolainen ) //‫ا‬.F' L‫ ) ى‬/N/
GF ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' G./ L) .&‫ا‬.FF' .F‫ى‬N. ‫ا‬GG ‫ف‬䅊'‫>ر‬n' ?F‫و‬G' GF‫ذ‬G N ‫ها‬7‫ا‬6F ‫?ة‬N.7 N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' G.‫ب‬⠭ ‫ر‬/‫أ‬.. ‫ها‬/‫ا‬n
116
(Ketolainen , 2018)).GF' N ‫ة‬77‫و‬.G' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬/G) ).g' ‫ىى‬F... /N‫ب‬⠭ ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F' ?G ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬n+ ‫ة‬Fg?
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‫ة‬.‫ا‬FF' *‫ا‬N.‫ا‬ng' Jg>.7' ‫ى‬F? )1‫د‬F ‫ر‬/G) ‫ب‬.?N 7‫ا‬p' ‫اع‬7FF' L) .F‫ى‬N. nF' N ‫ة‬N‫د‬FG' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG ‫و?ة‬Go
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Abdali ( N.‫ ى‬/N/ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 G.'‫و‬. nF' *o‫ ىد‬/.F' ‫وع‬6‫و‬G N//‫ا‬.F' 6?. JN‫ا‬F.
*‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' ‫ة‬FGF1 -‫ا‬n O‫د‬G )/‫م ىد‬䕱' ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F' FG'‫?و‬F' FG L'‫ب‬.?N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' /1'‫و‬G' N ‫ة‬NF'‫ز‬NG' FG‫ ?ا‬L‫ ) ) ى‬Munaal
''1‫د‬G L) O' .7F. nF' G.7'1/ ‫ف‬䅊 ( Alan Murphy ) //‫ا‬.F' G‫د‬G‫ا ) ى‬G ‫و‬G N(Abdali , 2019)
+'‫د‬/+ N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g' ‫ف‬䅊 N7N&‫ر‬F' F&‫?ا‬F' ‫ب‬.?N ‫ة‬NF'‫ز‬NG' 7FF L) LN‫ب‬.?N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+
) Bloom Moa ( FG FG N.‫د ى‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ (Murphy , 2018) ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F'
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*‫ر‬6F nF' ) Dana Minbaeva ( ‫ة‬//‫ا‬.F' 1'‫ى >ر‬F? ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 ‫وع‬6‫و‬G J‫و‬/ FG?) G‫ه‬GF
‫وع‬6‫و‬G J‫و‬/ )‫و‬.GF' ‫د‬7 O' G‫د‬o .F‫ا‬G nF' N ) Disrupted HR ? ( L'‫و‬F?. 2020 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7'1/
‫ة‬/g/ ‫ى‬F? *‫ز‬G‫ى‬1 N ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F' *‫ا‬N./g' ‫?ة‬.'‫ر‬o ‫ة‬//‫ا‬.F' .G‫ا‬F /N/ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/' G.'‫و‬. nF' */'‫ر‬76g'
N?‫ا‬F77g' '‫ا‬G‫ذ‬F' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ J‫ا‬G?g' ,0‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF1N ‫ة‬F‫ر‬G' ‫ة‬FG‫?ا‬F' O‫و‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F‫ى‬/G.G' O‫ب‬G ‫ة‬NG‫ا* ?ا‬G‫ا‬.'
H‫ا‬N7 ‫ف‬䅊N K‫ ?ا‬FG6. (HRM) ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ J‫ا‬o ‫ى‬F? FG'‫?و‬F' G‫ذ‬G // ‫ة‬7'1/ N Pf' GF?.F'N
N>. *‫ا‬NF‫ا‬GGg ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ +‫با‬⠭) J‫ا‬G>+ ..7 ‫ة‬//‫ا‬.F' .6Fg ‫ا‬GG )COVID- 19( ‫ة‬/&‫ا‬.
‫ها‬..7. nF' */'‫ر‬76gF ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7gF ‫ة‬G2gF' ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G/ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' N71‫ا‬G /N‫ز‬N L) FG‫ي‬䩅 P‫ذ‬F' FG.‫م‬䕱' ,0‫و‬GFF'
L'‫و‬F?. 2020 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7'1/ *‫ر‬6F H‫ا‬N7F' 7GF ‫ف‬䅊 N ( Minbaeva , 2020) ‫ة‬G.6F' *‫ا‬G‫ا‬.g' G‫ذ‬G
Reinventing HR functions with SMAC technologies- an exploratory (
)1'/g ‫ة‬GF..G' G&‫و>ا‬F' ‫د‬N‫د‬/ G‫د‬o ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F' *‫ا‬N./g' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N//.F' ‫ة‬F1‫و‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 /‫ا‬G.?g' o /N/ ) study
''‫ر‬.+ ‫ ?ب‬GF0 N J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G‫د‬..7G' *‫ا‬NFF‫ى‬.F' FG ‫د‬G‫أ ى‬.F' N ‫ا‬QNGF1 .F‫>ا‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬FN‫و‬/ G.N nF' ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G'
117
FN) SMAC *‫ا‬NFF. K'‫د‬..7' J‫و‬/ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 N77..
‫ ى‬G' 1‫و‬7. FG ‫د‬G‫ىأ‬.FF ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬6G.7' ‫ة‬7'1/
SMAC *‫ا‬NFF. K'‫د‬..7g NNF‫ه‬G' 'g‫ؤ‬G 1‫و‬7. ‫ف ى‬䅊 '.G
Q ‫ا‬QGg..' I‫ا‬FG L) O+ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .7F.
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The use of social network Sites as ( L'‫و‬F?. ‫ة‬7'1/ ‫ف‬䅊 2015 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊 GF0 N GN>‫و‬.F'
*‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' 7&‫ا‬7N K'‫د‬..7' L/ .F‫ى‬N. nF' N )an E-recruitment tool
K'‫د‬..7' L) L‫و‬//‫ا‬.F' N.‫ا ى‬GG ‫ها‬G'1/+ *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? .n nF' ‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G' 6?. /‫و‬.N ?G n‫ا‬n+ ‫ر‬/) GF GN>‫و‬.F'
.(Melanthiou et al ., 2015 ) GN>‫و‬.F' *'1'‫ر‬F 0‫ا‬.'
‫ى ى‬F? ‫ر‬/‫ؤ‬N *‫ا‬.F7F' ‫ة‬NG7. ‫ة‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/g ‫ة‬NF.F.7G' *‫ها‬.‫و‬.F'

‫ة ى‬7'1/ O' N//‫ا‬.F' 6?. G.‫و‬.
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O' G‫د‬o .F‫ا‬G nF' N )Strategic HR Review( ‫ة‬Fo ‫ف‬䅊 2017 ‫ة‬F7 *‫ر‬6F nF' ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' 1'‫ى >ر‬F?
GF.q ‫ى‬F? // ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' L/ .F‫ى‬N. ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/‫ى‬.F' F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ G.‫و‬.
‫د ى‬N‫د‬/
F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/g ‫ة‬NF.F.7G' *‫ها‬.‫و‬.F'
‫ى‬ GF.q ‫د‬N‫د‬/.. .&‫ا‬.FF' 7F..F ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬76F)
?7‫و ى‬. F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1‫ا‬G' )1'/g ‫ة‬NF.F.7G' H‫ا‬Gg' -‫ر‬7 o ‫ا‬GG (Pradeep , 2017) ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F'
the influence of .( L'‫و‬F?. 2015 ‫ة‬F7 *‫ر‬6F nF' ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 GF0 N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7'
.F‫ا‬G nF' N) )technology on the future of human resource management
‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F' *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫?ة‬.'‫ر‬G Jg. FG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' // ‫ة‬7'1/ O' G‫د‬o
nF' ‫ة‬7'1‫ ىد‬F' ‫د‬n *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' G‫ذ‬G O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،)Stone et al ., 2015( ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G *‫ا‬N.‫ا‬n+ ‫ة‬6F‫ا‬FG N
FG gN‫ا‬F. nF' N 2017 ‫ة‬F7 )Deepika Pandita( ‫) و‬Deotima Saha ( L‫ا‬//‫ا‬.F' ‫ا‬o K‫ا‬F
‫ب‬.?. nF' ) Gamification( *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' ‫ة‬.?F) 1‫>و‬FG FG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 ‫وع‬6‫و‬G ‫ا‬Gg.
Digitalizing ( L'‫و‬F?. ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .F‫و‬F? /N/ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 *‫ها‬.‫و‬.
‫د ى‬/)
Digitalizing Human Resources through Gamification for employees
GF0 N J‫ا‬G?F' ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬.?Fg' *‫ا‬NFF. GG‫ا‬7. GNG G‫ه‬G O' ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' G‫د‬o )engagement
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Deotima & Deepika , ( /'‫ر‬Gg' N. F7'‫و‬.F' .NF‫ا‬7) N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬.Fg' FN‫ه‬7. N G ‫&ه‬gN N 'gG?F' ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G
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‫' ى‬N‫د‬G.?' N//‫ا‬.F' 6?. ‫د‬n GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ) 2017
2017 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊 /‫ب‬⠭ ‫ر‬6F. '‫و‬G‫ا‬F FN‫ذ‬F' )Deborah Sharon( ‫ ) و‬Vaneeta Aggarwal(
‫ة‬7'1/ O+ G‫هد‬N L‫ا‬G P‫ذ‬F' N )Digital Human Resource Management( L'‫و‬F?.
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Role of ( ‫ا‬G'‫و‬F? ‫ة‬7'1/ ‫ر‬6F. )Anita Shrama( .G‫ا‬F ‫ة‬F7F' 7GF ‫ف‬䅊 N Deborah , 2017)
.F‫ى‬N. FN) ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F' 1N/ ‫ة‬7'1/ P' G‫د‬o .F‫ا‬G /N/ )digitization in HR
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‫ا‬G'‫و‬F? L‫ا‬G nF' N 2016 ‫ة‬F7 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' *‫ر‬6F /N/ ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬.Fg' N7/ ‫ف‬䅊 GG‫ا‬7. N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+
Digital revolution in the mauritian public service : a human resource (
(Betchoo.N, )development perspective in two unrelated companies
.2016)
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G.‫و‬.
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119
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120
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121
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GF1 F/FG' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G' ‫ ى‬L‫ا‬N..7g' Jg. FG ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫'* ى‬1‫د‬FF' ‫ة‬7'1/ o ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
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‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' *'1‫د‬FF' GNNF. N ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' O‫و‬.7G
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‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬F‫ى‬N? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
‫ة ى‬N/‫ا‬G' N
NGF‫ر‬F' .6FFF " FG?7N " ‫ة‬G‫و‬G7G Jg. FG J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N. ‫ة‬7'1 / o J‫ا‬G?g' ‫&ة‬N.
‫ا‬G FN‫?د‬. ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' Jg. FG NGF‫ر‬F' .6FF' ‫ة‬7'1/ O' G‫ د‬o nF' N
‫ف‬䅊 ,0‫و‬GFF' '‫ذ‬G K'‫د‬..7' o /N/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫د‬FF' N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' *'1‫د‬FF'
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FG ‫ها‬.7'1/ G.N7 nF' N /'‫ر‬GgF ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF' *'1‫د‬FF' F‫ى‬/G.. ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF' *'1‫د‬FF'
P‫ذ‬F' N )DigComp 1.0( ‫ة‬N.N1Ng' ‫ة‬N6‫و‬GG'‫ ى‬,0‫و‬G ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' Jg.
O‫و‬.7G ,0‫و‬GFF' G7FN
‫ى‬ /N/ /'‫ر‬GgF ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' GNNF. O' G‫هد‬N
O‫و‬.7G' N N7‫ا‬7g' O‫و‬.7G' NG *o‫و‬.7G +g/ O' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ف‬䅊 /'‫ر‬Gg'
FGF ‫ة‬GF.q G‫ا‬7N) +g/ ‫د‬N‫د‬/ ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. GF0 N K‫ ىد‬F.G' O‫و‬.7G' N 77‫و‬.G'
03 F/FG' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G
‫و ى‬G ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬NGF1 )'‫ا‬GG
‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬N.‫ه‬FG ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. //‫ا‬.F' /'‫?د‬+ FG : ‫در‬7‫ل‬䑅'
122
‫'‪䐥‬لطار '‪䑅‬ل‪F‬ه‪ N.‬و‪G‬ر'‪?.‬ة '‪䐣‬لد‪N.‬ا* '‪7F‬ا‪.‬قة‬ ‫'‪F‬ف‪F' F7‬ر'‪?.‬‬
‫'‪F‬ش‪G : 2-4 FG‬و‪F' ,0‬د‪7'1‬ة‬
‫ال‪7/F‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪/7G‬ي‪/‬‬ ‫ال‪7/F‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪77‬ات‪/N‬‬
‫‪GF' -‬فاء) ‪䅊‬ف ‪䔬‬مال '‪䑅‬ل?‪F‬و‪G‬ا*‬ ‫‪F' -‬قدر'* '‪F‬ق‪N‬اد‪N‬ة‬

‫‪NG‬اء‪/G‬‬
‫‪GF' -‬فاء) ‪䅊‬ف ‪䔬‬مال '‪F‬تو'‪F7‬‬ ‫‪F' -‬قدر'* '‪F‬ت‪F‬ظ‪NGN‬ة‬
‫ب‪N‬ئ‪/‬‬
‫‪GF' -‬فاء) ‪䅊‬ف ‪䔬‬مال '‪F‬شاء '‪䕱‬متو‪䨧‬ي*‬ ‫‪F' -‬قدر'* '‪䑅‬لا‪NF‬ة و '‪䑅‬لاد‪N‬ة‬
‫‪GF' -‬فاء) ‪䅊‬ف ‪䔬‬مال '‪䐣‬ل‪G‬ان‬ ‫ا‪䐣‬لع‪G‬ال‬
‫‪GF' -‬فاء) ‪䅊‬ف ‪䔬‬مال ح‪䑅' F‬لشا‪FG‬‬
‫ال‪7/‬ا‪ /7‬با‪7‬تخ‪/‬ا‪G‬‬
‫ال‪7/‬ا‪ /7‬با‪7‬تخ‪/‬ا‪0NGF G‬ج‬ ‫ال‪7/‬ا‪ /7‬با‪7‬تخ‪/‬ا‪G‬‬
‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪7‬ت‪N.‬ا‪ F‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪.‬ي‪F‬‬
‫‪DigComp1.0‬‬ ‫‪G‬ص‪7N /GNG‬تر‪G‬ن‬ ‫في ا‪䑅‬للح‪02 F‬‬
‫‪GF7‬ن‪/' /‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪.‬ش‪7‬ي‪/‬‬
‫'‪䑅‬ل‪7‬در ‪?+ FG :‬د'‪.F' /‬ا‪//‬‬
‫‪123‬‬
‫ة‬7'‫در‬F' ‫ة‬FN? ❖
?7. ‫ف‬䅊 76F. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ر ى‬6? 19 .G6 ‫ة‬FN? 1‫ا‬N..' o ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'1‫د‬FF' 1‫ا‬...' G‫د‬o
‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' ‫ة‬F.7F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' L‫ا‬N..7' ?N2‫و‬. o .N/ 3-4 JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬GF.q *‫ا?ا‬F7
‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ G.o' ).G O‫ر‬.) N ‫ة‬77‫و‬
‫ ى‬.G *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬7'1/ o FN) G.o' 1‫ا‬N?G Jg. FG ‫ىة‬FN?F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G .?‫و‬F.
‫ى‬
‫ر‬.g' .F‫ا‬n' FG N . ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫?ها‬No 76F. ‫ة‬NF7N O‫ر‬.) N ‫ة‬N.F.) *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
‫ة ى‬7'1‫د‬F' .F‫ى‬N? .G6
‫ ى‬GF0 O'
GF.q FG G>‫و‬G 121 .G6
‫ة ى‬N&'‫و‬6? ‫ة‬FN?F ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ة‬7'1/ o ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF' *'1‫د‬FF' 1‫ا‬...' ‫د‬7F N
. 7G‫ا‬p' F7GF' ‫ف‬䅊 /6‫و‬G ‫و ى‬G ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G : 3-4 ‫لدول‬䐬'
‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅' G7' ‫ال‬G?‫ل‬䐣' ‫مال‬䔬

CASNOS ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G SAA ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G *‫ا‬FNG‫أ‬.F'
P‫ز‬N. 7NFN.‫و‬G N‫د‬N1N) ‫ز'&ر‬n' *g‫ا‬7.' *g‫ا‬7.g'

CPA GF. N BDL GF. BNA GF. Natixis ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G I‫و‬F.F'
J‫ا‬7GF ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫د‬N‫ر‬. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G )1‫ا‬..F'
I'‫ر‬7F‫و‬7 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G 2‫>ا‬FF‫و‬7 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬F‫ا‬7F'
‫ن‬䙅‫>ا‬.7G ‫ة‬N‫هو‬n' ‫'?ة‬0g' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G Kg?g'
J‫ا‬.NG7 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ا?ة‬F7F'
AZ H‫د‬FG N 1‫و‬G‫ز‬F' H‫د‬FG ‫ة‬F‫د‬FGF'
NG‫و‬G?F' ‫ة‬GN>‫و‬FF ‫?ة‬./ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G K‫?ا‬F' ‫اع‬7FF'
//‫ا‬.F' /'‫?د‬+ FG : ‫در‬7‫ل‬䑅'
124
‫ا‪F‬فص‪ F‬الامس‬
‫ة‬NFN.7.F' ‫ة‬7'‫در‬F' 7G‫ا‬n' F7GF'
‫لز'&ر‬䐬' ‫ف‬䅊 H‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' ‫&ة‬N. ‫ة‬7'‫ در‬- 1.5
*‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬F/1 -‫ا‬.FF ‫ها‬.G''‫و‬G O‫د‬G N ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' ‫&ة‬N. 1‫ا‬...' F.) FG
O‫و‬.7G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .‫ ⩅ت‬FN) *g‫ا‬7.g' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ز'&ر‬n‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬76‫ا‬FF' "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬F‫ا‬/ ‫ة‬7'1/ o ، J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣'
FG ?.?N *g‫ا‬7.g' ;‫ا‬7F L) GF0 N *'1‫ا‬..?' )‫?د‬F ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G 1‫ا‬N..' o ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ز'&ر‬n‫ب‬⠧ )‫د‬GNG7 ‫ة‬NgN
J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬76‫ا‬FF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NFG? L) ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ب‬⠧ *‫ر‬// pF' *‫ا?ا‬F7F'
"N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GG
ّ GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F' ‫ها‬.F‫ا‬GG ‫ى‬F? :‫ا‬Go' N *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G -‫ا‬.FF ‫ة‬NG./ )1N‫ر‬6 *‫ب‬⠧
‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣' /.g NGF1 J‫و‬FF F F F F / FNF/ FG ‫ها‬FF F F F FGّ ‫ ⩅ت‬pF' ‫ة‬NF.'‫د‬F' *‫ا‬G‫و‬FG'
ّ GF.q GF.‫ ⩅ت‬pF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG ?.?.
J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' ‫&ة‬N. 1‫ا‬...' FG FGّ G.7 ‫ها‬.F‫ا‬/ ‫ة‬7'1/ P‫ا‬.F‫ب‬⠧ N ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p' ‫ها‬.&N.F G/‫ر‬G
ّ NGF‫ر‬F' .6FF' ‫و>ها‬F. K‫ ?د‬F?n P‫ذ‬F'
. J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' FNF/.F ‫ها‬G?/ O‫د‬G ‫ا‬G N ‫ة‬N‫ز'&ر‬n'
N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) ‫ة‬77‫بؤ‬⡅ GN‫?ر‬.F' -1.1.5
.N1‫ا‬.F' ‫و‬G N 2003 ?G7N/ 23 ‫ذ‬FG ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 76F. G‫ه‬7) *'0 ‫ة‬FF F F F 77‫ؤ‬G "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ?.?.
P1‫ا‬..F' Hg7g' ‫ا‬G‫?د‬. G.NF ،‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬FFF' G.‫ا‬G' *‫ا‬G‫د‬. O‫د‬F.. ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' ‫ة‬7 .‫ر‬F' ‫ى‬F? GNG .F7/ P‫ذ‬F'
?GG‫و‬F 21 ‫ف‬䅊 "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N)" GF0 ‫?د‬. /.7.F " ‫ة‬G‫ن‬䘬 " ‫ة‬N1‫ا‬..F' ‫ة‬Gg?F' ./ 2004 *N) 24 .N1‫ا‬.. *‫ا‬G‫د‬.FF
.FG‫?ا‬.G L‫و‬NFG 13,8FG ‫ر‬/G) ‫ة‬G‫ر‬6FF Nw‫ر‬F' ?F‫و‬G' .7/ "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G
ّ ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬/ G6. ،2013
‫ة‬7'‫در‬F' )'‫ )د‬-2.1.5
GF0 N 1 F/FG' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FّN.G' ‫ة‬7'1/ )'/‫أ‬G L‫ا‬G?7N ‫ة‬G‫و‬G7G ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' o ‫ة‬F‫ا‬o' ‫ة‬7'1/ F.) FG
'‫ذ‬G G/N.N P‫ذ‬F' 1‫ا‬...g' Jg. FG "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G NGF‫ر‬F' .6FF' O‫و‬.7G O‫د‬G ‫د‬N‫د‬/ F.) FG
/‫د‬7. Fo pF' *'‫ر‬6‫ؤ‬G' N /‫?ا‬.‫ل‬䐣' GF.q ‫ى‬F? G‫و‬F‫و‬F' ‫د‬7F ‫ة‬NF/ ‫ة‬7'1/ )'/‫أ‬G ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬FG‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬F‫?ا‬.7g' o ‫ا‬GG ،,0‫و‬GFF'
:‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .&‫ا‬.F FNF/ ‫ة‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬o‫ا‬.‫ر‬q ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' o pF' ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' *'N/) -‫ر‬6 NFN ‫ا‬GNG N ‫ها‬.7'1/
125
FG‫⨱ت‬7N ‫ة‬G‫و‬G7G ‫ار‬...' ❖
/N/ 1 F/FG' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG ‫ّة‬NGNNF.F' *'1‫ا‬.?F' FG ‫و?ة‬Go F? )1‫ا‬.? ‫و‬G FG?7N ‫ة‬G‫و‬G7G 1‫ا‬...'
*‫ا‬FF F F77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫د‬FF' GNNF. O+ JN‫ل‬䐣' JN‫د‬n' G‫هد‬N ،NF7GFG NFN‫د‬. O' *'1‫ا‬.?F' GN7F. o
‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' *'1‫د‬FF' GNNF. O+ G‫د‬o O‫ر‬.) *'1‫ا‬.? 10 N‫ا‬/F' JN‫د‬n' FG6N ‫ا‬GNG ، *'1‫ا‬.? 10 FG6N P‫ذ‬F' N
‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' Fp ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF P/‫ا‬NFF' O‫و‬.7G' ‫ى‬F? NFN‫د‬n' ?N2‫و‬. o )'/‫ل‬䐣' G‫ذ‬G K'‫د‬..7' F.' FG N ،*‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF
O+ 7 GF1 N P/‫ا‬N/ O+ 4 GF1 N FG'‫و‬G > O+ 1 GF1 6N /N/ 7 O+ 1 FG )1‫ا‬.? FG GNNF.. .No' K‫و‬FNF
O‫و‬.7G' O+ 42 o/ 01 FG *‫ا‬GNNF.F' 6. /N/ JN‫د‬. FGF *'1‫ا‬.?F' *‫ا‬GNNF. ?o GF0 ‫?د‬. G.NF ، FG'‫و‬G
.?G.‫ر‬G' O‫و‬.7G' O+ 70 o/ 43 FG *‫ا‬GNNF.F' 6. N ،6G.FG'
‫ة‬F.‫ا‬FG' ❖
)'/) ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬FG' FG F?. G.‫و‬F G.‫و‬F' ‫ة‬Fg? L) GF0 N ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬FG' )'/) W..
ّ o FG?7N ‫ة‬G‫و‬G7G O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
GF.q ?G ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬FG' ''‫ر‬.+ o /N/ ، ‫ها‬FN7/ /'‫ر‬G' *g‫ا‬N.F' N ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.g' ;g7.7' FG ‫ا‬G‫و‬G? //‫ا‬.F' FGّ ‫ة ⩅ت‬F‫ر‬G
: NFN ‫ا‬G ‫ها‬FG G‫د‬G' L‫ا‬G N )‫د‬GNG7 ‫ة‬Ng‫و‬. "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬o )/‫ا‬NFF' O‫و‬.7G ‫ى‬F? *'1‫ا‬7g'
.J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' *''‫ا‬GGF' (‫ا‬7F.7' O‫و‬.7G ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G ✓
.‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫ا‬N. ‫و'?د‬F Ig.G' ‫ة‬NG) ✓
.‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG ‫ها‬GF.‫ ⩅ت‬pF' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )‫هز‬.‫ل‬䐣' N F&‫ا‬7‫و‬F' GF.q ‫ى‬F? G‫و‬F‫و‬F' ✓
.‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ر‬7 FG )‫ا‬F..G' )‫د‬N‫د‬n' *‫ا‬NFF.F' N *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' GF..G J‫ا‬G?F' Fّ.F. ‫ة‬NG) ✓
‫ا‬Go‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ر‬7 FG ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬/ ‫ة‬G‫د‬..7G' *‫ا‬G.6F' N .G'?F' GG) F? G6GF' ✓
.‫ة‬NGN>F.F'N ‫ة‬NN7.F'
126
N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) ‫ة‬77‫بؤ‬⡅ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬n' FG‫⨱ت‬7N ‫ة‬G‫و‬G7G FNF‫ ⨭ت‬-3.1.5
*'1‫ا‬.?F' GF.q -‫ر‬6. ‫ا‬FGF ،‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' Fp ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G‫ب‬⠧

ّ GN>‫و‬.F' JN‫ؤ‬7G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬G‫و‬G7G' JN'‫د‬. ?N2‫و‬. ‫?د‬.
NFN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FّN.G' ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬.F' .&‫ا‬.FF' ‫ى‬F? J‫و‬7o' o FN) ،‫ة‬NF7FG .&‫ا‬.F O+ J‫و‬7‫و‬F' ‫د‬7F GF0 N ‫ها‬GNNF. ‫ة‬NGNG N
"N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' *'1‫د‬FF' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫د‬FF' O‫و‬.7G L‫ا‬/6‫و‬N FN‫ذ‬FF' N 2-5 JN‫د‬n' N 1- 5
. .N.?F' ‫ى‬F?
ّ Ig.G+ O‫و‬.7G : 1-5 HN‫د‬.

‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫د‬FFF N‫د‬N1N) ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G
GNNF.F' 4 ‫ة‬GNFF' N '‫د‬. FG'‫و‬G ‫ غ‬1 ‫ة‬GNFF' Fّ/‫ ⩅ت‬/N‫ ح‬7 ‫ل‬䑉' 1 FG )‫ار‬.?F' GNNF.. J‫و‬G. ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.‫ل‬䐥'
'‫د‬. FG'‫و‬G 7 ‫ة‬GNFF' N ‫د‬N‫ا‬o
7 ).. ، ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ، *g‫ا‬N.F' FNF/ ، N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.( ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' FG?.7F Fo
‫ا‬FF&‫ب‬⠧2 G‫ه‬GF
6 FN‫و‬7.F *‫ا‬FN.7.F' N F7'‫و‬.F' *‫ا‬G.6 N ‫ة‬NGF1 *‫ا‬7FG F/G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'‫و‬FFF' K‫د‬..7F Fo
*‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N *‫ا‬..FG'
3 )online( ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'‫و‬FFF' ?? *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ?F7F' ?N.. K‫و‬FF
7 )‫د‬N‫د‬. .NF‫ا‬7/ K‫ها‬G' GF..o K‫ا‬NFF' N F&‫ب‬⠧‫ز‬F' ?G F7'‫و‬.F' FG ‫ا‬F.FGG ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
7 ) ‫ا‬NGN.‫ا‬G‫و‬.N'( ‫ة‬NF( ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. ‫ز‬.F. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' *‫ا‬NFG?F'
5 H‫ر‬7. ‫ة‬NFN>6.F' *‫ا‬NFG?F' 2‫ا‬n+ '‫ذ‬G N N7.6 FG6. 'gG?F‫ب‬⠧ 9‫ا‬..1g‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ا‬FF /N..
)‫د‬N‫د‬.
7 F&‫ب‬⠧‫ز‬F' F?‫ا‬G. FG ‫ها‬NF? F7‫م‬䕱'
ّ *g‫ا‬N.F' ?G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' *‫ا‬NFG?F' .G‫د‬. ‫ا‬FGF
7 *g‫ا‬N.F' FNF/ ‫ى‬F? *'1'‫ر‬FF' 0‫ا‬0' *‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 )1'/g' ‫د‬G.?.
6 *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N *‫ا‬..FG' ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ *'/'‫ر‬Ng' ‫ة‬GNF )/o2 N ''/‫ل‬䐣' N7/.F ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K‫د‬..7F
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o'
7 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' 77) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NF.G )‫د‬N‫د‬. J‫ا‬G?) ,0‫ا‬G Hg7‫ب‬⠥ ‫ا‬FGF
‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .&‫ا‬.F ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. //‫ا‬.F' /'‫?د‬+ FG : ‫در‬7G'
127
Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' Fp ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫د‬FF' O‫و‬.7G GNNF. O+ Gg?) JN‫د‬n' 6N
،‫ة‬7FF 62 :‫و‬G ‫ها‬NF? F7/.G' *‫ا‬GNNF.F' ;‫و‬Go J‫?د‬G '‫ا‬. /N/ ، JN‫د‬n' ‫ها‬FG6.
ّ pF' *'1‫ا‬.?F' GF.q GNNF.
*'1‫ا‬.?F' .Fg ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫د‬FF' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ?G.‫ر‬G' O‫و‬.7G' ‫ى‬F? "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬777‫ؤ‬G G. F7/.. ;‫و‬Go ‫و‬G N
‫ة‬FG‫ا‬GF' ‫ة‬Gg?F' F&‫ب‬⠧‫ز‬F' ?G ‫ة‬Fg?F' N ‫ّة‬FF NN7.F' N ‫ة‬FF F FNGN>F.F' *‫ا‬FF F F NFG?F' N7.F ‫ة‬G2gF' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' Ig.G‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p'
F&‫ا‬7N FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' GF.‫ة ⩅ت‬77‫ؤ‬G' L) ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬Gّ ) /N/ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G‫ب‬⠧ 7‫ا‬p' ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' G>FF' JN‫ؤ‬7G G‫د‬G) ‫ا‬G '‫ذ‬G N
9‫و‬7. ، ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' )‫هز‬.‫ل‬䐣' ، ‫ها‬F/'‫و‬F N ‫ر‬.‫و‬N.G‫و‬GF' )‫هز‬.)( )1‫و‬7.G' N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.
Fp ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G‫ب‬⠧ )1‫و‬7.G' .N7'‫و‬o' NG )‫هز‬.‫ل‬䐣' G‫ذ‬G GG) F?F
ّ N ،)‫ة‬N?‫ا‬F7F' 1‫ا‬GF‫ل‬䐣‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬7..‫ر‬G' G.'‫و‬G' ،‫ة‬N‫ر‬7.F' G‫ا‬NF‫ل‬䐣'
G.‫ا‬F/FG ?NG. ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬/ ‫ر‬.‫و‬N.G‫و‬GF' )‫هز‬.) +‫د‬/) FG ?.?. pF' N )I5 et I7( J‫ا‬N.) ‫ف‬䅊 .F/‫ ⩅ت‬pF' N ‫ا‬F.7'1/
*‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬G' ‫ة‬N./.F' ‫ة‬NF.F' ?.?. ‫ا‬GG W7‫و‬F' ('?F' O‫و‬.7G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ;N‫ر‬G ?NG. ‫ر‬G‫و‬.. pF' N
‫ة‬N1'/g' o‫ا‬7G' ?No ‫ى‬F? ;2‫و‬.. /N/ ،*‫ا‬G.6F' GF..o ‫ها‬7.1 N .G'?F' GF..o ‫ا‬G‫ز‬N‫ه‬. G.N pF' N J‫ا‬7.g' N
‫ها‬7.1 N ‫ة‬o‫ر‬6F‫ب‬⠧ GN‫?ر‬.F' N ?N.F' ‫ة‬NFG? FN‫ه‬7.F ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. )‫هز‬./ )/N‫ز‬G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫?ة‬.‫ا‬.F' ?N.F' 9‫ا‬FF L) ‫ا‬GG ،‫ها‬FG
JN‫ؤ‬7G *‫ا‬o‫ر‬7. .7/ '‫ذ‬GN ،‫ا‬F/g F&‫ب‬⠧‫ز‬F‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬FF?.G' *g‫ا‬N.F' J‫ا‬./+ O+ ‫ة‬.‫ا‬o' LN/ )‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ة‬G.6.
)‫هز‬.‫ل‬䐣' ;‫و‬F. G.o ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G'
ّ L) ‫ى‬F? G7G. FG‫ي‬䩅 P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣'، ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' Fp ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G‫ب‬⠧ Pf' Kg?g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' G>F
G‫ر‬7 FG ‫ا‬Gg>.7' G.N pF' N *'‫ز‬N‫ه‬..F' +‫د‬/) Ig.G' ‫ى‬F? 7‫ر‬/ N ‫ا‬o K‫د‬..7G' N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' /‫ا‬.?F' N
‫ا‬F&'‫ر‬.+ ‫د‬F? "3 ( " )‫ّد‬N7F' J‫ا‬7.g' ‫ة‬FN‫ؤ‬7G ‫ا‬FF *‫د‬G) ‫ا‬GG ، GGp N FNF/ FG6. ‫ها‬GN>‫و‬. o pF' *''‫ا‬GGF'
*‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.. 7‫ا‬FF p' /‫ا‬.?F' N )‫هز‬.‫ل‬䐣' ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g‫ب‬⠧ K‫و‬FF F F. " N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G L) ‫?ها‬G ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬FGFF
/N/ ‫ا‬NF‫ا‬/ ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F' o'‫ز‬G' GG) ‫د‬/) ?.?N P‫ذ‬F' N ،P‫ا‬o' ‫ر‬7?F' *‫ا‬.F7.G N ‫ها‬FF F.‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./' .7/ J‫ا‬7.g' N
.‫ة‬NFN?GFg' *'‫ز‬N‫ه‬..F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬G/.7. pF' *‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F'
ّ L) N..
FFF FG ‫د‬N‫ز‬G' Gّ>‫و‬. N '1‫ا‬G..' ‫ر‬/G) ‫ها‬FF) O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬.Fg' FG J‫ ?ا‬O‫و‬.7o GF‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ز‬NG..
>/gF GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F' N //.F' *‫ا‬7‫ا‬6F ‫ف‬䅊 I1‫ا‬6. ‫ا‬G ‫ا‬.F‫ >ا‬N‫ه‬G GF0 FG ‫ر‬/G) N ،‫ة‬FGّ G.G' ‫ة‬FG‫?ا‬F' ‫د‬NF'
?? *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ?F7F' ?N. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F/G.G' N )‫د‬/'N )1‫ا‬.?. 7‫ا‬. L‫ا‬G Gg?) JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 *'1‫ا‬.?FF GNNF. G?6) L)
‫ى‬F? FN‫و‬7.F' ‫ة‬FN‫ؤ‬7G ‫ا‬FF G.‫د‬Gّ ) P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣' ‫و‬G N ،7FG ‫اط‬FF 03 Jg P‫ذ‬F' N )online( ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'‫و‬FFF'
?F'‫و‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬o‫ب‬⠧‫ا‬7/ N ‫ة‬FF F NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ة‬FF F F F 77‫ؤ‬G' *‫ا‬7FG ?No L) N ‫ة‬NFN?GFg' ?N.F' *‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 G?6 I‫ا‬FG L)
Kg?+ N ‫ا‬o‫ا‬G‫د‬p .NN?F' N ‫ا‬o GN‫?ر‬.F' F.) FG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ّها‬F>.7. ‫ا‬G+ N ?N.FF ‫ة‬77q
ّ > ‫ة‬N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F'
128
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *gG‫?ا‬.F' G?6 O+ GF0 N‫?ز‬F L) FG‫ي‬䩅 N ‫ة‬G‫د‬FG' 8N‫?ر‬F' +‫د‬/) N *'‫د‬..7G' GF..o ‫ها‬F&‫ب‬⠧2
)‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G' *gG‫?ا‬G' L‫و‬F6GN ‫ا‬G‫و‬GF.‫ي‬䩅 FN‫ذ‬F' o/ N NN?GFg' ?G‫د‬F' *‫ا‬F‫ا‬7.F NN‫ز'&ر‬n' G>?G Ig.G' K‫ ?د‬N ، ‫ز'&ر‬n'
.J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 )‫ر‬.‫أ‬.G J'‫ز‬. g ‫ز'&ر‬n' L) 1‫ا‬..?‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬NFG?F' ‫ف‬䅊 G‫ه‬.F/ K‫ ?د‬N ‫ة‬NFG?F' FG G‫ه‬G‫و‬..F
ّ
‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' *'1‫د‬FFF N‫د‬N1N) ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G
ّ Ig.G' O‫و‬.7G : 2-5 ‫ول‬/‫ج‬
GNNF.F' 7 ‫ة‬GNFF' N ‫د‬N‫ا‬o 4 ‫ة‬GNFF' N '‫د‬. FG'‫و‬G ‫ غ‬1 ‫ة‬GNFF' F/‫ ⩅ت‬/N‫ ح‬7 ‫ل‬䑉' 1 FG )‫ار‬.?F' GNNF.. J‫و‬G. ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.‫ل‬䐥'
'‫د‬. FG'‫و‬G
7 J‫و‬/.F' G‫د‬G ( NGF‫ر‬F' G‫?ا‬F' *‫ا‬.F7.G ?G .7‫ا‬F..F ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F G‫د‬o o*1 GF K‫?ا‬F' ‫ر‬N‫د‬G'
) ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF NGF‫ر‬F'
7 NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' o*‫ر‬F' 7GF L‫و‬G1‫ا‬6.N ‫ى‬77‫و‬F' *o‫و‬.7G' ‫ف‬䅊 ''1‫د‬G' N K‫?ا‬F' ‫ر‬N‫د‬G'
7 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬FF?.G' G1‫ا‬GG) N G&'1( ''‫د‬.g ‫ة‬7‫ر‬G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 /‫ر‬G FGF
7 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' ‫&ة‬N. ?G ‫ر‬/G) K'g..F FG?F' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ >.F ,N‫ر‬.
ّ ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G
7 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫ها‬G' *'0 *''‫ا‬GGF' '‫ا‬F.Fg ‫ر‬G/.7. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G
6 N. FN7F. G‫ا‬FG (‫?ها‬N‫ر‬G N *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' K‫ا‬7F) GF.q ‫ها‬G1‫ا‬6.. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ها‬FF7. pF' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1/‫ا‬.G'
)‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' I‫ا‬7F' GF.p
6 -‫و‬6‫و‬. )/‫ ّد‬p ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )*'1/‫ا‬.G'( ?N1‫ا‬6G' ‫ذ‬NGF.F *‫ا‬NFN‫ؤ‬7G' N K‫ها‬G'
7 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1/‫ا‬.G' -‫ا‬n N K‫د‬F. O‫د‬G GNNF.F ‫ة‬/6'N 7NN‫ا‬FG I‫ا‬FG
7 *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ة‬G>F) G7F ‫ر‬N‫د‬G IT '‫ا‬G‫ر‬6 GG‫أ‬G o‫و‬7
ّ L‫و‬FG?N K‫?ا‬F' ‫ر‬N‫د‬G' N
5 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' *‫ا‬.F7.G ‫ب‬⡑FN
ّ *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. G7F ''/)
‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .&‫ا‬.F ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. //‫ا‬.F' /'‫?د‬+ FG : ‫در‬7G'
129
J‫?د‬o *'1‫د‬FF' G‫ذ‬G GNNF. o /N/ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' Fp ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' *'1‫د‬FF' GNNF. Gg?) JN‫د‬n' Fّ/‫ي‬䩅
‫ة‬G‫و‬G7G' ‫ف‬䅊 GF‫ذ‬G ?G.‫ر‬G O‫و‬.7G ‫ى‬F? F7/ " N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G F?n ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬7FF 66 :G1‫د‬F *‫ا‬GNNF.F' ;‫و‬Go
J‫و‬/ ‫ة‬/6'N ‫ة‬N*1 /‫و‬.N ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F/G.G' N ‫ة‬FG‫ا‬GF' ‫ة‬Gg?F' ‫ى‬F? *'1‫ا‬.?F' .F>) .Fg ‫ا‬GG ،‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬NFF' 1‫ا‬N?G ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧
?G ‫ا‬NF?F' *o‫و‬.7G' ‫ف‬䅊 o*‫ر‬F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G N J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬N‫د‬. ‫و‬G ‫ا‬G FG ‫ة‬.G'‫و‬G N NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/. F' *‫ا‬.F7.G
GG1‫ا‬GG) N G‫'&ه‬1( ''‫د‬.+ ‫ف‬䅊 Fo' G‫ه‬/FG O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ذ‬NGF.F' *‫ا‬NFG?F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FN‫ؤ‬7G' ‫ى‬77‫و‬F' *o‫و‬.7G'
FG G.N P‫ذ‬F' N N>.F' ‫ة‬GN‫ا‬FG ‫هة‬.'‫و‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا?د‬7N P‫ ذ‬F' ‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣' ،‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬7.g' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/F' FG '‫ز‬.G
GF0 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' N *'1‫ها‬G' *'0 *''‫ا‬GGF' GF.q (‫ا‬7F.7' J‫و‬/ 1‫ا‬GG‫ل‬䐣' N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G' G7‫ا‬F. Jg.
7G?N ‫ا‬G ،J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 *''‫ا‬GGF' (‫ا‬7F.7' ‫ى‬F? 7‫ر‬/ " N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G
ّ Lّ )
Ig.G' G.NG) H‫و‬G. pF' N ،*‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' G>F )1'/+ N FN>6. ‫ف‬䅊 'GGF' P‫ر‬6.F' /1‫و‬G' Ig.G' ‫ة‬NG‫ل‬䐣 ‫ة‬77‫ ؤ‬G' I'1/+
)‫>ر‬FF ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' Ig.G‫ب‬⠧ G7G. FG‫ي‬䩅 '‫ذ‬G N، *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' G‫د‬Gّ‫ؤ‬. ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N .G ‫و‬o ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬G' *‫ا‬G‫ز‬F.7G'
n‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' 7G‫ا‬F.F' )/o2 N ;1‫ا‬7.G' N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' 1‫و‬7.F' F> ‫ف‬䅊 /N‫د‬o' /‫ا‬7.FgF ‫ة‬NG‫?ا‬F' *‫ا‬.F7.G' J‫و‬/ ‫ة‬NF.F.7G
*''‫ا‬GGF' G‫ذ‬G (‫ا‬7F.7g N‫?ا‬G N 9N‫ر‬6 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' .?6N /N/ ،NGF‫ر‬F' /‫ا‬7.Fg' O+ J‫و‬/.F' N N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' N
Kg?g' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 *''‫ا‬GGF' (‫ا‬7F.7' ‫ة‬.7F .F‫ا‬G /N/ ،J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ف‬䅊 GGّ /.F' ‫ها‬G) FG
‫ى‬F? )1‫د‬FF' N ‫ها‬NG GG/.F' ‫ى‬F? )1‫د‬FF' '‫ذ‬G N ‫ة‬.‫و‬F7G' *‫ا‬7‫ا‬7..g' FG % 60 P'‫و‬/ *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' G>F N Pf'
W.. O+ GF0 /‫ُ ّر‬N L) FG‫ي‬䩅 ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G‫ب‬⠧ GN>‫و‬.F' JN‫ؤ‬7G ‫ا‬FF G‫د‬G) ‫ا‬G '‫ذ‬G N ،‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' *'1‫و‬7.F' )‫ر‬N‫ا‬7G
pF' N J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 *''‫ ا‬GGF' W.. ‫ى‬F? G&‫ا‬FF' ‫ة‬N.N.'?7g' ‫>ة‬FNF' K‫هو‬GG ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G'
‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F. )‫ز‬NG FNF/ F.) FG ‫ا‬G‫ر‬6F N ‫ها‬.n‫?ا‬o GF0 N ‫ا‬Gg>.7' G‫د‬o *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' N7.. ‫ة‬7..‫ر‬G' ‫ة‬76F‫ل‬䐣' JN‫ا‬F..
*''‫ا‬GGF' NFF G 1‫ا‬G/.7g‫ب‬⠧ K‫و‬F. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' L) ‫ا‬FF /6.N ‫ا‬FG FG ، g.F.7G NNGF1 )/‫ا‬F (‫ا‬7.G' '‫ذ‬G N ،‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF
‫ة‬NN7.F' ‫ا‬o‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./' N .7‫ا‬F.. J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬F FG. J‫ا‬FF o NFF FG G‫أ‬GG ‫ة‬FF N‫ر‬6. /1'‫و‬G )‫ا?د‬F (‫ا‬7.Gg
‫ة‬o‫ر‬. N *''‫ا‬GGF' G‫ذ‬G .N1‫د‬.. K‫و‬F. ‫ا‬GG ،P‫ا‬o' g‫ر‬7? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F' o'‫ز‬G' GG) ‫د‬/) ?.?. pF' N ،‫ة‬NFN‫و‬7.F' N
‫ة‬o?. K‫و‬F. ‫ا‬G) GF0 N NNG‫ ?ا‬N NNFp ''?. G'‫ر‬6+ ./ ‫ها‬.1‫ا‬. N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' F.'/ ‫ا‬o ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NFN‫و‬G. *'1N/
Nّ70 F.) FG ،J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫هر‬6) ‫ة‬.7 FG FF‫ل‬䐣' ‫ى‬F? )‫د‬/'N ‫ة‬NFN‫و‬G. )1N/
Jg. FG ‫ة‬N‫ز‬NG/ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬N7 ?... ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' L) ‫ا‬GG ،GGp FG6. *'‫?د‬G'N )‫هز‬.‫ل‬䐣' ‫ف‬䅊 GGّ /.F' L‫ا‬G6 N ‫ة‬NF‫ه‬G' *‫ا‬.F?F'
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' K‫ا‬G.G' O‫د‬o ‫ر‬7GN
ّ P‫ذ‬F' N ‫ة‬N.N1‫د‬.F' N ‫ة‬NFN‫و‬G.F' *'1N‫د‬F' FG /‫? ?د‬G) ‫ف‬䅊 I1‫ا‬6. pF' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ة‬NF‫ر‬.
130
O‫و‬.7G' O+ NF.‫ر‬. 7NN‫ا‬FG FGN ‫ة‬N.N1‫د‬. .G'‫ر‬. FN.7. Jg. FG ‫ها‬.G'‫و‬G FF7 N ‫ا‬G‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ى‬F? FG?F' N ‫ا‬o''‫ا‬GG.
.N1‫د‬.F' FG6.. pF' N J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG' N ‫ة‬FF?.G' *'1‫ها‬G' N7/ FN‫ر‬7 F? ، NG‫?ا‬F'
. F7'‫و‬.F' N *'/‫ها‬6F' 1'‫د‬7+ N Gّ/GG'
‫ة‬7'‫در‬F' .&‫ا‬.F -4.1.5
P‫?ا‬F' O‫و‬.7GFF '‫>ر‬F GF0 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG ?.?. " N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G L) ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .&‫ا‬.F ‫>هر‬.
F/G‫ل‬䐣' Jg>.7g' FG *'1‫د‬FF' G‫ذ‬G ‫ها‬.FGّ G /N/ ، Gg/) 1-5 FG6F' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G ّ ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' ‫ا‬o'1‫د‬FF
FG NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ها‬.6F ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،‫ة‬G‫ا‬6G' ‫ة‬GNFF' N ‫ز‬NG.F' FF. N FG?F' .NF‫ا‬7) ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF
‫ى‬F? ?.6.
ّ N NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' 2‫?ز‬.
ّ ‫ة‬NGN>F. ‫&ة‬N. FFp J‫ا‬G?F' ?G LN‫?ا‬.F' N ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G' GNFF ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬NFF' G?/ Jg.
‫و‬o N?7F' N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' W.. Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ FG '‫ز‬.G N>.F' )‫ر‬GG Fّ.F.
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫د‬FF' N )/‫ا‬FF F F F NFF' FG FG .F./' /N/ G. ‫ا‬FGF P‫ذ‬F' 1‫ا‬...g' G‫د‬G) ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ،‫ها‬NG GG/.F'
‫ة‬G‫و‬G7G .7/ ‫ة‬.6‫ا‬FF' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ا‬7G ‫ف‬䅊 " N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ?6N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ?G.‫ر‬G O‫و‬.7G
‫?ى‬7. pF' o*‫ر‬F' Jg. FG GF0 N 1-5 FG6F' ‫ها‬FّN. pF' .&‫ا‬.FF' *g.‫ا‬FG' *‫ا‬.‫ر‬q .G?/ ‫ا‬GG ،FG?7N
: NFN ‫ا‬G ‫ى‬F? *g.‫ا‬FG' *‫ر‬G7) /N/ ‫ها‬FNF/.F ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G'
‫ا‬o‫ا‬FN.7. Jg. FG J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. Jg>.7' ‫ى‬F? "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G 7‫ر‬/ ✓
FG FG ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬F‫هو‬7. ‫ها‬FNG/ FG‫ي‬䩅 pF'N ، My Ooredoo Algerie FN.7. F/G .F?Fg' ‫ة‬G.6 ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o'
.‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ?G )‫ر‬6‫ا‬.G F?‫ا‬G.F' N Google play ) . ( App Store and App Gallery( :) ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬.F' ?F'‫و‬G'
ّ ‫ة‬NGF1 *g‫ا‬N. ‫و'?د‬F Ig.G' ‫ى‬F? "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G 7‫ر‬/

،‫&ها‬gG? ،‫ا‬G‫ا‬G? F? ‫ة‬F7GG ✓
FG'1N) .Gg?G .G'?F' +‫د‬/) K‫د‬..7. /N/ ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG' *'1'‫ر‬FF' 0‫ا‬0' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G‫ا?د‬7N ‫ا‬G ‫ها‬N7G‫ا‬FG N ‫ها‬N/1‫و‬G
. )Oracle(
‫ا‬ogG‫?ا‬. ?No ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' GF.q " N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G K‫د‬..7. ✓
)code de barre QR( ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. *'‫ر‬G6. ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G'

ّ ‫ة‬NFN?GFg' /‫و‬F?FF ‫ها‬G'‫د‬..7‫ا‬G ،‫ة‬NN7.F' N ‫ة‬NGN>F.F'
.‫د‬F.7G' ‫ة‬/7 FG ‫د‬G‫أ‬.FF ‫ا‬N&‫و‬6 ‫ها‬/7G G.N pF' N
131
F? ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' 8N‫?ر‬F FN‫و‬7.F' N .NN?F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' J‫ا‬7.g' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' Jg>.7' ✓
I‫و‬.7N‫ا‬G ?F‫و‬G F.o /N/ ?F'‫و‬G' G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? ).G ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬o )‫ا?د‬F GF.‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' ?F'‫و‬G FN‫ر‬7
‫ف‬䅊 K'‫>ر‬.7Fg' F.o N ، I?6G GF) 178 :FF F F F . ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F' ‫ة‬..‫ر‬G' (‫و‬N.‫و‬NF' GNFN ، I?6G L‫و‬NFG 13،8 :FF . ON‫ل‬䐣' ‫ة‬..‫ر‬G'
.I?6G GF) 163 :FF . ‫ة‬/F‫ا‬/F' ‫ة‬..‫ر‬G'
‫ة‬NG)N J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. *‫ا‬FN.7.. ‫ا‬o'1‫ا‬7 + GF..G "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G
ّ ‫ة‬N?‫و‬. ✓
.‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG' )‫د‬N‫د‬6 H‫و‬7 ‫ف‬䅊 1'‫ر‬G.7g' N '‫ا‬F.F‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G /G7. )‫د‬N‫د‬. ‫ة‬NF‫و‬7 77/ .7GF ‫ها‬FG )/‫ا‬G.7g'
‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬o‫ا‬NFG? )'‫ا‬GG ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G K‫د‬..7. ✓
:NFN ‫ا‬G FN‫ر‬7 F? GF0 N N.1‫ا‬p' N NF.'‫د‬F' NN‫و‬.7G'
1'‫ر‬G.7‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬NF.'‫د‬F' ‫ها‬.&N. FG? *'>.G J‫?ا‬G N FNF/ 7N.6.. "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G K‫و‬F. ➢
/N/ ‫ها‬G?6 9‫ا‬FF N ،‫ها‬FG )/‫ا‬G.7g' ‫ة‬NGNG N ‫ا‬o‫و‬F 9‫ا‬FF ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G " SAP HR" .Gg‫ر‬. ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g‫ب‬⠧ GF0 N
.‫ها‬.n‫?ا‬G ‫ة‬NGNG J‫و‬/ *‫ا‬/'?Fg' FG ‫و?ة‬Go .Gg?F' /N.N
9‫ا‬FF N ‫ة‬NF‫و‬7F' 77/FF ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/g' .G'?F' Jg. FG ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p' ‫ها‬.&N. FNF/.. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' K‫و‬F. ➢
‫ها‬GF‫و‬G ‫ا‬o 2‫?ز‬.

ّ L) FG‫ي‬䩅 pF' ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬ng' 7‫ر‬GF' ‫ى‬F? G‫و‬F‫و‬FF ،‫ة‬7G‫ا‬FG' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ?N2‫و‬.F' N ?N.F'
. ‫ا‬o ‫ة‬7N‫م‬䕱' ‫ر‬7‫ا‬.G' ‫ى‬F? /‫ر‬FF ‫ة‬G2gF' *‫ا‬G‫و‬N1‫ا‬FN7F' 6/ GF‫ذ‬G N N7G‫ا‬F.F'
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G‫ب‬⠧
ّ ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' N ‫ة‬NN7.F' *‫ا‬NFG?F' 7NFF. ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. .G‫ا‬7 ➢
G‫و‬. N ،‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' ‫ا‬o‫ا‬F‫ا‬7 ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g' N )1‫و‬7.G ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. K'‫د‬..7‫ب‬⠧ ،‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6 > *‫ا‬NFG?F' FG 7F..F' ‫ة‬.N.F
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G‫ب‬⠧ FG‫ ?ا‬FGF NG0 G.‫ا‬G N ‫ة‬NF‫ه‬G ‫ة‬o‫ر‬6 G‫و‬.G *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G W.. ‫ى‬F? GG‫ا?د‬7. pF' F&‫ا‬7‫و‬F' FG GG
)/o2 N G‫&ه‬gN .7GF F&‫ب‬⠧‫ز‬FF *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G G‫و‬. N FG?F' *'''‫ر‬.+ FN‫ه‬7. N 7N7..F .G'‫ر‬. /‫ا‬n+ F.' FG
N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' *‫ا‬G.6 Jg. FG GG/‫?د‬
*‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬77..G ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6. 1/'‫و‬G "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G GF.‫⩅ت‬ ✓
‫ر?ة‬7 O‫د‬o ‫ها‬N?‫و‬F ‫ر‬G.7G N P1N/ FG6. ‫&ة‬GF' G‫ذ‬G FN‫و‬G.F' N .N1‫د‬.F' G‫و‬. ‫ى‬F? 7‫ر‬/ ‫ا‬GG J‫ا‬7.g' N
. J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 +‫د‬/ pF' *'1‫و‬7.F'
132
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.. ‫ة‬FF?.G' *'‫?د‬G' N )‫هز‬.‫ل‬䐣' FG ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬GF' /1'‫و‬G' " N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G GF.‫⩅ت‬ ✓
/N‫د‬/.. K‫و‬F. ‫ا‬GG ،p'....7G‫ا‬G ، G.'‫و‬G N ‫ة‬N&‫و‬6 *‫ا‬/7‫ا‬G N *‫?ا‬.‫ا‬7 N .N7'‫و‬/ FG J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G'
. ‫ة‬NF.F.7G' ‫ها‬G'‫د‬G) ‫ا‬G FF/ pF' N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬.Fg' N ‫ة‬NN7.F' ‫ا‬o‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./' .7/ 1'‫ر‬G.7‫ب‬⠧ *'‫?د‬G' G‫ذ‬G
J‫ا‬7.g' N *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G‫ا‬G ‫ة‬N./ ‫ة‬NF. "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G O‫د‬F ‫ر‬G‫و‬.. ✓
)1‫و‬7.G *‫ا‬G.6 K'‫د‬..7' '‫ذ‬G N ، *‫ا‬NFG?F' N7/ N FN‫ه‬7. ‫ف‬䅊 GG‫ا‬7. pF' ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' *‫ا‬No?F' ;‫و‬Go ‫ف‬䅊 F/G..
‫?ة‬N‫ر‬7 )1‫و‬7. ‫ة‬F7‫ا‬o' '‫ا‬7.‫ل‬䐣' F? >NF..F' N J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' 7 ‫ة‬NFG? F‫ه‬7N ‫ا‬G ‫?ها‬N‫ر‬G N ‫ها‬..‫ا‬GG ?No ?G. F7'‫و‬.
. ‫ة‬FNF/ N
N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G NGF‫ر‬F' .6FF' O‫و‬.7G : 1-5 FG‫ش‬F'
)62,66(
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‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .&‫ا‬.F ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. //‫ا‬.F' /'‫?د‬+ FG :‫در‬7G'
133
‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
ّ *'‫در‬FF' ‫ة‬7'‫ در‬-2.5
O‫د‬F ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF1 ?F‫ ⩅ت‬pF' F&'‫?و‬F' ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G6+ ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.g' G‫د‬o
*‫ا‬.F7.G' /‫ ّد‬o P‫ذ‬F' N‫ا‬/F' F7GF' FG 1-2 FG6F' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G' ّ ,0‫و‬GFF' ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' o ‫ة‬N‫ز'&ر‬n' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'1‫د‬FF' O' ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬N.‫ه‬FG ‫ف‬䅊 G‫ر‬G0 F.7 ‫ا‬GG ‫ها‬GN7F. o pF' N /.g NGF1 J‫و‬/ +'‫د‬/g ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F'
/‫ا‬G.?g' o ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'1‫د‬FF' ‫ّر‬G‫و‬. O‫د‬G 1‫ا‬...' F.) FG N ،‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF' *'1‫د‬FF' N
‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F' *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. GGNG7. o P‫ذ‬F' N ‫ة‬7'1/ )'/‫أ‬G 02 F/FG' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G'
ّ N7‫ا‬Gp' *‫ر‬GNF L‫ا‬N..7' ‫ى‬F?
)SMAC( ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' G.N O‫د‬G P) O' N ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 ?F'N ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G G‫د‬o N
*'1‫د‬FF' ‫ى‬F? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G ‫ّر‬G‫و‬. O‫د‬G 1‫ا‬...g GFG 1N‫ا‬p ‫?ة‬.1) 7N70 o ‫ا‬GG ،‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬G' /1'‫و‬G' N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' *'1‫د‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬Fّ/G.G' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' +'‫د‬/g ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6 ..‫ب‬⠧ pF' ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
. ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' *'1‫د‬FF' O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'‫در‬FF' ‫ة‬7'‫در‬F *g‫ا‬N.F' ?‫ة ⱅج‬NF( -1.2.5
‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' ‫ة‬F.7F' ‫ى‬F? 02 F/FG' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G'

ّ L‫ا‬N..7g' ?N2‫و‬. Jg. FG *g‫ا‬N.F' ?NG. o
‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ) ‫ة‬/F7G 7N&1 ، ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ر‬N‫د‬G ، ;‫ر‬FF F F F G ‫ر‬N‫د‬G ، ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ر‬N‫د‬G ( ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F'
/N/ .&‫ا‬.FF' ‫ة‬6F‫ا‬FG ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬o‫ا‬.‫ر‬.o Jg‫د‬.7g' G.NF *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
ّ FG ‫و?ة‬Go NFّ/G ?G *g.‫ا‬FG' 6?. ''‫ر‬.‫ب‬⠥ ‫ا‬FGF
K‫?ا‬F' N?‫ا‬7FF' FG6 76F. pF' N ) G.o' ).G N G.o' ‫ة‬77‫و‬.G ( G.o' ‫ة‬GF.q ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G 19 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬. ‫ا‬FGF
.F.‫ا‬7F' F7GF' FG ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬N.‫ه‬FG ‫ف‬䅊 N.G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG *‫ا?ا‬F7 GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 N 7‫ا‬p' N
134
‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'‫در‬FF' *g‫ا‬N. G.‫و‬.

ّ – 2.2.5
''‫ر‬.+ Jg. FG GF0 N ).‫ا‬.FN‫ر‬G α ‫ة‬F/‫?ا‬G( K'‫د‬..7‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬FGF ‫ة‬F‫ا‬..7g' *‫ا‬./ FG ‫د‬G‫أ‬.F' F.) FG
7G?N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ) α= 0.90( *‫ا‬./F' FG‫?ا‬G L‫ا‬G /N/ ، /‫ر‬G 39 FG ‫ة‬F‫و‬GG ‫ة‬N?g7.7' ‫ة‬FّN? ‫ى‬F? 1‫ا‬...g'
‫?د‬. G.NF ، ‫ة‬NFN.7.F' ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' K‫⩅تا‬g GNF? /‫ا‬G.?g' FG‫ي‬䩅 P‫ا‬.F‫ب‬⠧ N *‫ا‬./F' FG ‫ة‬NF‫ة ?ا‬.1‫د‬. ?.G.N L‫ا‬N..7g' L)
.Fّ/G pF' N ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.+ 53 ‫ ?د‬o N.No' FG *‫ب‬⠧‫ا‬.g' ;‫ا‬.?7' ‫?د‬. N ?7N) ‫ة‬FّN? ‫ى‬F? L‫ا‬N..7g' ?N2‫و‬. GF0
FG GF0 N 26 ‫ة‬.7F )SPSS( .Gg‫ر‬. ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' Jg. FG *g‫ا‬N.F' FNF/ o /N/ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN?
: 3-5 JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? /'‫ر‬G) *‫ب‬⠧‫ا‬.+ ‫د‬N‫و‬G. Jg.
*'?GF' N GNFF' .7/ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G' *‫ب‬⠧‫ا‬.+ GNNF. : 3-5 HN‫لد‬䐬'
)‫⨱ت‬GF' H‫و‬7 )‫⨱ت‬GF' ‫ة‬.‫در‬F' O‫و‬.7G'
0.80 [1.80 -1[ 1 '‫د‬. FG'‫و‬G >
0.80 [ 2.60 -1.80[ 2 FG'‫و‬G >
0.80 [ 3.40 – 2.60 [ 3 P/‫ا‬N/
0.80 [ 4.20 – 3.40 [ 4 FG'‫و‬G
0.80 ] 5 – 4.20[ 5 '‫د‬. FG'‫و‬G
N7‫ا‬Gp' *‫ر‬GNF 3‫ا‬NFG ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. //‫ا‬.F' /'‫ )?د‬FG : ‫در‬7G'
135
‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F' ‫و'رد‬G' )‫ة إد'ر‬FGF‫ور ر‬o ❖
O+ G‫د‬o *'‫ر‬FG ‫?ة‬.7 ‫ى‬F? P‫و‬.o P‫ذ‬F' N L‫ا‬N..7g' FG JN‫ل‬䐣' 1‫مو‬䕱' *g‫ا‬N. 4-5 JN‫د‬n' Fّ/‫ي‬䩅
pF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' L/ .&‫ا‬.FF' 6. /N/ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. O‫د‬G GNNF.
P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' N 2.42 PN‫ا‬7N 1‫مو‬䕱' 77‫و‬.G L) GF0 N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 FG FGG.. G ‫ها‬.7'1/ o
G.N G ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬N.F>) L/ .&‫ا‬.FF' .FّN. /N/ ، FG'‫و‬G > O‫و‬.7G' FG'‫و‬N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N 0.67
.‫ ⩅ت‬P‫ذ‬F' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' ?? GN>‫و‬.F' F? Lg?g' '‫ا‬F/.7‫ب‬⠧ ‫ ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' Jg>.7' Jg. FG ‫ا‬G‫ر‬N‫و‬7.
FNF/.F' ‫ة‬GN>N ‫ا‬G) ، 0.95 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 3.67 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G‫ب‬⠧ GNF? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.g'
7G?N P‫ذ‬F' N 1.18 P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 2.6 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o /‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠧ ‫ها‬F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.g' .‫د ⩅ت‬FG NGN>‫و‬F'
.F‫ا‬G % 47.1 ‫ة‬.7F L) ‫د‬n /N/ *'1'‫ر‬G.F' GNF G‫د‬Gّ‫ؤ‬. ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? /'‫ر‬G) *‫ب‬⠧‫ا‬.+ .ّ.6. O‫د‬G
. /‫ا‬No' G‫ه‬..‫ا‬.+ .F‫ا‬G % 20.8 ‫ة‬.7F O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ FG'‫و‬G >F' N '‫د‬. FG'‫و‬G >F' N. G‫ه‬..‫ا‬.+
''‫ر‬.+ N GN>‫و‬.F' *‫ا‬GFG PN‫ل‬䐣' GNNF.F' N GN>‫و‬.F' *‫ا‬.F7 J‫ا‬.F.7' *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G)
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' Jg. FG ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F' O+ ,‫ا‬./ J'‫ز‬. g ‫ا‬G) *g‫ا‬N.F' *1‫ا‬6) ‫د‬FG NG>‫و‬G' FN‫و‬G. ‫ة‬GN>N N *g.‫ا‬FG'
n‫ا‬7o' 77‫و‬.G' ‫ة‬GNF .F‫ا‬G FN) ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/F' N ON‫ل‬䐣' N.71‫ا‬GG' ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. FG'‫و‬G >F‫ب‬⠧ ‫ها‬FG ‫ها‬F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.g' o /N/
I‫ا‬FG L/ ‫د‬n ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' .7FF' N *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. N GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ،1.12 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' N 1.86
35.8 ‫ة‬.7F L) ‫د‬n /N/ NG>‫و‬G' GNNF. N FN‫و‬G.F' *g‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ,‫ا‬G/+ FG .FGّ ‫ا* ⩅ت‬77‫ؤ‬G' 6?.
‫ى‬F? L‫و‬FG'‫و‬N %32.1 F.‫ا‬FG FN‫و‬G.F' *‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K‫د‬..7. Go‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G L) ‫ى‬F? L‫و‬FG'‫و‬N %
. GNNF.F' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬G'‫د‬..7'
136
4-5 HN‫لد‬䐬'
137
‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F' ‫و'رد‬G' )‫ف إد'ر‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' I'‫د‬..7' ‫ور‬o ❖
‫ا‬o‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ /‫ا‬G.?' O‫د‬G 1‫ا‬...' O+ 5-5 JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G'
ّ N‫ا‬/F' 1‫مو‬䕱' G‫هد‬N
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G J‫ا‬G?.7' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G) ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G K‫ ?د‬.&‫ا‬.FF' .FّN. /N/ ،)SMAC( ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ى‬F?
> GNNF.F' ?G FG'‫و‬.N P‫ذ‬F' N 2.37 PN‫ا‬7N 1‫مو‬䕱' '‫ذ‬G n‫ا‬7o' 77‫و‬.G' L) GF0 N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊
.0.93 PN‫ا‬7N 1‫و‬/GFF P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' L) ‫ا‬GG FG'‫و‬G
7&‫ا‬7N L) O' *g‫ا‬N.F' *1‫ا‬6) ‫د‬FG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G'‫د‬..7' ‫ر‬/G‫ل‬䐣' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF ‫ ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G)
G.N GF) ‫ى‬F? L‫و‬FG'‫و‬G ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G) FG % 50.9 L) /N/ ‫ا‬G'‫د‬..7' ‫ر‬/G‫ل‬䐣' ?.?. N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F'
‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. L/ ‫د‬n O‫ر‬.) ‫ة‬N/g FG ، ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G K'‫د‬..7'
P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' ‫ا‬G) ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G' K‫ ?د‬GNNF. ?G .7‫ا‬F.N P‫ذ‬F' N 1.90 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o ‫ا‬G'‫د‬..7' FF‫ل‬䐣' NG
N. Go‫ب‬⠧‫ا‬.+ .F‫ا‬G ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? /'‫ر‬G) FG % 79.2 L) ‫د‬n ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' .7FF' 7‫و‬70 N 1.30 PN‫ا‬7N L‫ا‬GG
. )‫د‬6. ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G' K‫ ?د‬N ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G' K‫?د‬
‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' Fp *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
ّ L) O' *g‫ا‬N.F' 6.G *g‫ا‬N.F' FNF/ ‫ة‬NFF. N ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G)
‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' )‫ر‬FGF ‫ة‬.7F. n‫ا‬7o' 77‫و‬.G' L) ‫د‬n /N/ (‫و‬F7G' FG6F‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G‫ا‬F... G
*g‫ا‬N.F' FNF/ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G) 1.38 P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' N 2.22 PN‫ا‬7N ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7‫ب‬⠧
. 1.37 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' N 2.24 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7o' 77‫و‬.G' L‫ا‬GG
138
139
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )‫اد‬NFF' ‫ور‬o ❖
G‫د‬o *'‫ر‬FG ‫?ة‬.7 ‫ى‬F? P‫و‬.o P‫ذ‬F' N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' *'1‫د‬FF' 1‫و‬p *g‫ا‬N. FNF/ .&‫ا‬.F 6-5 JN‫د‬n' N.N
ّ
GF.‫ها ⩅ت‬.7'1/ o pF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' L/ .&‫ا‬.FF' .FّN. FN) ، ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' *'1‫د‬FF' 1‫ا‬...' O+
FG'‫و‬G O‫و‬.7G' ?G .7‫ا‬F.N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N 3.71 PN‫ا‬7N L‫ا‬G 1‫مو‬䕱' '‫ذ‬G n‫ا‬7o' 77‫و‬.G' L) GF0 N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' *'1‫د‬FF'
‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣' 77‫و‬.G' ‫ة‬GNF FG ‫ا‬o1‫ا‬F. N GNFF' .ّ.6. K‫ى ?د‬F? J‫د‬N P‫ذ‬F' N 0.40 P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' ‫ة‬GNF .F‫ا‬G ‫ا‬GNG
.‫ة‬FّN?F' /'‫ر‬G) *‫ب‬⠧‫ا‬.+ ‫ّد‬N‫ؤ‬N P‫ذ‬F'
*‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 )/‫ا‬NFF' *o‫و‬FN) FG ?.?N g ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 O+ G.‫و‬.F'
ّ ‫د‬.FG *'‫ر‬FGF' .7/ ‫ا‬G)
PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 3.01 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o /‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠧ )‫ر‬FGF' G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.g' .‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ ‫ة‬7N1‫د‬G'
‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G' K‫ ?د‬N) /‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠧ G‫ه‬..‫ا‬.+ .F‫ا‬G ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? FG /‫ر‬G 53 F7) FG 36 L) O+ *'1'‫ر‬G.F' 6. ‫ا‬GNG 1
‫ف‬䅊 )/‫ا‬NFF' L) O+ .&‫ا‬.FF' .FN. ‫د‬FG GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ها‬NF? L‫و‬FG'‫و‬N 53 F7) FG /‫ر‬G 17 7FG ‫ا‬GNG )‫ر‬FGF' G‫ذ‬G
3.98 )‫ر‬FGF' G‫ذ‬G n‫ا‬7o' 77‫و‬.G' L‫ا‬G /N/ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ة‬NG) I1‫د‬. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G'
g ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 )/‫ا‬NFFF ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ة‬NGFp' 7G?N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N 0.89 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' ?G
‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? /'‫ر‬G) L) GF0N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G'
ّ ‫ة‬76F) ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' // ‫هة‬.'‫و‬G ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG' .'‫د‬.F' GG0‫ا‬0' ?G ‫ا‬GN7
.0.81 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 4.05 n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o )‫ر‬FGF' G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? '‫و‬FG'N
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/G' )/‫ا‬NFF' *‫ا‬G7'‫و‬G GF.‫ا* ⩅ت‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 )/‫ا‬NFF' L) O+ *g‫ا‬N.F' *1‫ا‬6) ‫د‬FG GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
/'‫ر‬G) L) ‫ا‬GG '‫ا‬7.‫ل‬䐣' Jg. FG GF?.FF 7‫ر‬GF' '‫ا‬7?+ N J‫ا‬G?F' ‫ز‬NG/ 1'‫ى >ر‬F? ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' -‫ا‬ng ‫ة‬G2g F'
77‫و‬.G' L‫ا‬G /N/ ‫ا‬G‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ى‬F? FG?F' N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' G.'‫و‬. pF' J‫و‬Fo' F? ‫ر‬G.7G' //.F' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ GF.‫ة ⩅ت‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN?
. FG'‫و‬G' O‫و‬.7G' ?G .7‫ا‬F.N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N 1.15 P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' N 3.56 PN‫ا‬7N )‫ر‬FGF' G‫ذ‬G n‫ا‬7o'
140
141
‫ة‬N.N.'‫⨱ت‬7‫ل‬䐥' ‫ور‬o ❖
‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G L) O+ *g‫ا‬N.F' 6. /N/ ‫ة‬N.N.'?7g' 1‫و‬p *g‫ا‬N. FNF/ 7-5 FG6F' N.N
ّ
PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o 1‫مو‬䕱' '‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G' .‫ ⩅ت‬GF) GF0 N NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' FNF/.F G‫د‬o ‫ة‬N.N.'?7' GF.‫⩅ت‬
J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬N.N.'?7+ .G‫د‬. K‫و‬F. *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 )/‫ا‬NFF' L) ‫ا‬GG 0.41 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 3.30
‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? /'‫ر‬G) ‫ة‬N.F>) L/ .&‫ا‬.FF' .FّN. ‫د‬FG GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬G‫?ا‬F' ‫ة‬N.N.'?7g' FG6 NGF‫ر‬F'
G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G' .‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ ‫ها‬.76F) 6?.F ‫ة‬NGF1 (1‫ا‬. Hg7‫ب‬⠥ *1/‫ب‬⠧ ‫د‬F Go‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G L) ‫ى‬F? L‫و‬FG'‫و‬N
J‫ا‬G?FF /N.. *‫ا‬7FG '‫ا‬6F‫ب‬⠥ .G‫ا‬F ‫ا‬GG 0.51 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 4 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7o' 77‫و‬.o )‫ر‬FGF'
. ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F' O' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G G.‫و‬. 7G?N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N 7-5 JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG ‫?ها‬G F?‫ا‬G.F'
*‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 )/‫ا‬NFF' L) ‫ى‬F? L‫و‬FG'‫و‬N ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' /'‫ر‬G) ‫ة‬FN? L) O' .&‫ا‬.FF' 6. GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
GN>‫و‬.F' *‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' (‫ا‬7F.7g ‫?ى‬7. ‫ا‬G) /N/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' )‫ر‬GGF G&'‫د‬F' 1‫ها‬6g‫ب‬⠧ K‫و‬F.
. 7-5JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG NG>‫و‬G' N. F?‫ا‬G.F' N LN‫?ا‬.F' *‫ا‬G.6 ?N7‫و‬. ‫ى‬F? FG?F' N G‫ه‬FN‫و‬G. N
/'‫ر‬G) GF.q <g.‫ب‬⠥ K‫و‬F. Go‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G L) ‫ى‬F? L‫و‬FG'‫و‬N g ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? /'‫ر‬G) L) ‫د‬n O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG
L/ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .FّN. ‫د‬FG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ .F‫ا‬. FG ‫ا‬G) ، GG ‫ها‬/‫ر‬6 N ‫ها‬FNF/ O+ ‫?ى‬7. pF' o*‫ر‬F‫ب‬⠧ *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
G‫ذ‬G n‫ا‬7o' 77‫و‬.G' L‫ا‬G /N/ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F ‫ة‬/6'N ‫ة‬N.N.'?7+ GF.‫ ⩅ت‬g ‫ة‬7'1 ‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
ّ
1.11 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' N 2 PN‫ا‬7N )‫ر‬FGF'
142
143
‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F' N ‫ة‬N‫اد‬G' N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' *'‫در‬FF' ‫ور‬o ❖
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' *'1‫د‬FF' GF.‫ة ⩅ت‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G

ّ L) ‫د‬n 8-5 JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/6‫و‬G'
ّ *g‫ا‬N.F' Jg. FG
PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' N 4 PN‫ا‬7N 1‫مو‬䕱' '‫ذ‬G n‫ا‬7o' 77‫و‬.G' L) GF0 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.FF ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F' ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬G' N
J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬NGّ>‫و‬G ‫ة‬NFN‫و‬G. *'1N/ GN>F. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬GG+ O+ *g‫ا‬N.F' *1‫ا‬6) ‫ا‬GG 0.69
O+ ‫?ى‬7. pF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ P1N‫ر‬6 ?.?N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g' N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
FG FGّ ‫ة ⩅ت‬7'1‫د‬F' Fp *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬N./.F' O.F' L) .&‫ا‬.FF' .../) ‫د‬FG GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، /.g NGF1 J‫و‬/ FNF/
P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 4 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o )‫ر‬FGF' G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G' .‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7'
.0.82 PN‫ا‬7N
*''‫ا‬GGF' GF.‫ة ⩅ت‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G

ّ L) O+ *g‫ا‬N.F' *1‫ا‬6) ‫د‬FG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' .F‫ا‬. FG ‫ا‬G)
G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G' .‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ ، ‫ها‬/N.. pF' *‫ا‬NF‫ا‬GGg' FG )/‫ا‬G.7g' N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' Jg>.7g ‫ة‬G2gF'
‫ة‬FN? /'‫ر‬G) (‫ا‬.) ‫د‬FG GF0 ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، 0.91 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 4 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o )‫ر‬FGF'
1‫مو‬䕱' '‫ذ‬G FG ).‫ل‬䐣' )‫ر‬FGF' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G' .‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ ‫ة‬N?'‫د‬.g' *'1‫د‬FF' ‫ى‬F? Go‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
ّ ‫ّر‬G‫و‬. ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F'
. 1.2 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 4 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o
144
145
GN>F.F' ‫ور‬o ❖
'‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G) ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G .&‫ا‬.FF' .FّN. /N/ GN>F.F' 1‫و‬/o ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' *g‫ا‬N.F' 9-5 JN‫د‬n' N.N
ّ
‫ها‬.7'1/ o pF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' L/ 7G?N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N 0.53 P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 3.93 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o 1‫مو‬䕱'
FG ‫ة‬7.'?G *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'‫د‬/N N K‫ا‬7F) GF.q L) GF0 N ،/.g NGF1 J‫و‬/ +'‫د‬/g ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' *'1‫د‬FF' ‫ها‬N‫د‬F
N.ّ ‫ا‬GG 0.8 P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 3.68 n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o )‫ر‬FGF' G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G' .‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ ‫ة‬NGF1 ‫ة‬7FG Jg.
‫ة‬F/1 -‫ا‬ng P1N‫ر‬6 ?.?N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ‫?د‬. F? LN‫?ا‬.F' GF0 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬o FG?F' H‫ر‬G (‫و‬F7) ‫د‬G.?. Go‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G L) L‫و‬.No'
PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 3.94 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o )‫ر‬FGF' G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G' .‫ ⩅ت‬FN) NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F'
FG FGّ ‫ة ⩅ت‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ N F7'‫و‬.F' ‫ة‬G>F) L) O+ .&‫ا‬.FF' 6. GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، 0.41
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' FNF/
FG ?.?. pF' N ‫ة‬G2gF' ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬G' O+ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G L'‫د‬FG O+ .&‫ا‬.FF' .FّN. ‫د‬FG O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG
F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.g' .ّ‫ ⩅ت‬/N/ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G'
ّ *'‫د‬/N N K‫ا‬7F) N. /1'‫و‬G' GF.q FN‫و‬/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' *o1N‫ر‬6
L) ‫ا‬GG 1.23 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 2.15 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o GF0 N FG'‫و‬G >. )‫ر‬FGF' G‫ذ‬G
‫ر‬7‫ا‬F?F' GG) ‫د‬/) ?.?N P‫ذ‬F' N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' )1'/g 77q FG? FN‫ر‬G GF.‫ ⩅ت‬g ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬FG'‫و‬G' K‫?د‬. '‫و‬.‫ا‬.) 53 F7) FG /‫ر‬G 31 L) ‫د‬n /N/ ‫?ى‬7G' '‫ذ‬G FNF/ ‫ف‬䅊 *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' -‫ا‬.FF ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F'
. ‫ا&ة‬G‫ب‬⠧ 58.5 ‫ة‬.7F FG'‫و‬N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N )‫ر‬FGF' G‫ذ‬G
146
147
‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F' ‫و'رد‬G' )‫ة إد'ر‬FGF‫ ر‬N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'

ّ *'‫در‬FF' N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' ‫ة‬7'‫ در‬-3.2.5
/1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 N ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'1‫د‬FF' GF.q N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' ‫ة‬7'1/ F.) FG
P‫ذ‬F' N L‫و‬7. 9‫ا‬..1g' FG‫?ا‬G ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' o ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7' O‫د‬G N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F'
‫ة‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ) SPSS ( .G‫ا‬FF F F FF‫ر‬. K'‫د‬FF F F F..7' o /N/ ،NN/‫ ?د‬FN>.G
ّ N. ‫ة‬FF F F Fg?F' ‫ة‬FF F F 7'1/ FG FGّ ‫ي‬䩅
02 F/FG' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G'
ّ L‫ا‬N..7g' 1N‫ا‬p GF.q N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' N.N ّ P‫ذ‬F' N 11-5 JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G ّ ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG FNF/.F'
JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G ‫و‬G ‫ا‬FF GG 9‫ا‬..1g' )‫و‬F ‫ة‬.1/ ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' o 9‫ا‬..1g' FG‫?ا‬G FNF/ F.) FG N ، GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
: NFN ‫ا‬GNG 10-5
9‫ا‬..1g' FG‫?ا‬G GNF 7G. : 10-5 HN‫لد‬䐬'
7G.F' R ‫اط‬..‫ر‬g' FG‫?ا‬G ‫ة‬GNF
'‫د‬. GN?‫ض‬ 0.2 FG FF)
GN?‫ض‬ 0.39 ‫ل‬䑉‫ إ‬0.2 FG
77‫و‬.G 0.59 ‫ل‬䑉‫ إ‬0.4 FG
P‫و‬F 0.79 ‫ل‬䑉‫ إ‬0.6 FG
'‫د‬. P‫و‬F 0.8 PN‫ا‬7N N) ‫ب‬⠱G)
) Lehman,2005 ( : ‫در‬7G'
148
‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'1‫د‬FF' N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' :11-5 HN‫لد‬䐬'
‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬ I'‫د‬..7' )‫اد‬NFF' ‫ة‬N.N.'‫⨱ت‬7‫ل‬䐥' ‫و'رد‬G' GN>F.F' ‫ر‬N‫ما‬䕱'

(I‫إ‬ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
( I ‫ف إ‬䅊
N=53 R=0.856** R=0.398** R=0.693** R=0.278* R=0.676** ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬
(I‫إ‬
N=53 R=0.181 R=0.491** R=0.192 R=0.539** I'‫د‬..7'
Sig= 1.96 Sig = 1.68 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
( I ‫ف إ‬䅊
N=53 R=0.576** R=0.410** R=0.486** )‫اد‬NFF'
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
N=53 R=0.634** R=0.663** ‫ة‬N.N.'‫⨱ت‬7‫ل‬䐥'
N=53 R=0.283* ‫و'رد‬G'
N=53 GN>F.F'
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ : ( K +

0.01 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ N0 9‫ا‬..1g' **
0.05 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ N0 9‫ا‬..1g' *
SPSS *‫ا‬.‫ر‬q ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. //‫ا‬.F' /'‫?د‬+ FG : ‫در‬7G'
149
‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'‫در‬FF' N ‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F' ‫و'رد‬G' )‫ة إد'ر‬FGF‫ ر‬N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' ❖
/N/ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'1‫د‬FF' GF.q N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' 11-5 JN‫د‬n' /6‫و‬N ّ
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7' N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 N. ‫ة‬..‫و‬G 9‫ا‬..1' ‫ة‬Fg? ‫د‬.‫و‬. GF' JN‫د‬n' FG >/gF
0.01 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg?F' F?n P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣' R=0.856 G.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o
.‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 )SMAC( *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ة‬NG) ../N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N
‫ة‬FF F F F N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 N. ‫ة‬GN?6 ‫ة‬..‫و‬G ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N JN‫د‬n' N.N
ّ GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg?F' F?n ‫ا‬G R=0.398 G.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o GF0 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬NFF' N
. 0.001 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G
)1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 N. N ‫ها‬FN. ‫ة‬N‫و‬F ‫ة‬..‫و‬G ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N .&‫ا‬.FF' .FّN. ‫د‬FG ‫ة‬N.N.'?7g' *'1‫د‬FFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧
)1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬. ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' *'1‫د‬FF' 7.‫ر‬. pF' ‫ة‬Fg?F' 7GF NG N ، R=0.693 G1‫د‬F 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G'
O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 N.Fg?F' L) ‫ا‬GG R=0.676 G.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o GF0 N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G'
.0.001 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G
/1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 N /1'‫و‬G' *'1‫د‬F N. ‫ة‬GN?6 ‫ة‬..‫و‬G ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N *g‫ا‬N.F' N..
ّ O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG
O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg?F' F?n ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N R=0.278 G.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o GF0 N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F'
. 0.05 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G
150
‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'‫در‬FF' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' I'‫د‬..7' N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' ❖
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬NFF' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7' 1‫و‬p N. ‫ة‬Fg‫د‬F' O‫و‬.7G L) 11-5 JN‫د‬n' N.N
ّ
/‫ا‬G.?' O‫د‬G N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬NFF' N. 9‫ا‬..1' /‫و‬.N K‫ ?د‬7G?N ‫ا‬G 0.05 FG ?G) ‫ة‬GNF NG N 0.196 PN‫ا‬7N
N. ‫ة‬Fg‫د‬F' O‫و‬.7GG GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
N. ‫ة‬..‫و‬G ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N NGFN ‫ا‬G 0.05 FG ?G) ‫ة‬GNF NG N 0.168 L‫ا‬G /1'‫و‬G' N ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7' 1‫و‬p
.‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7' N /1'‫و‬G'
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7' N. ‫ة‬77‫و‬.G ‫ة‬..‫و‬G ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N O' Gg? ) JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 GF‫ذ‬G *g‫ا‬N.F' 6.
0.491 G.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o GF0 N GN>F.F' *'1‫د‬F N ‫ة‬N.N.'?7g' *'1‫د‬FF' N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊
‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 N.Fg?F' L) ‫ا‬GG GN>F.F' *'1‫د‬FF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ R= 0.539 G.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬G N ‫ة‬N.N.'?7gF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧
0.001 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+
‫ة‬7'‫در‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'‫در‬FF' N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' ❖
)‫و‬F GF.0 N/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'1‫د‬FF' GF.q N. ‫ة‬..‫و‬G ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N 11-5 JN‫د‬n' N.N ّ
*'1‫د‬FF' N ‫هة‬. FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬NFF' N. ‫ة‬77‫و‬.G ‫ة‬..‫و‬G ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N O+ *g‫ا‬N.F' 6. /N/ ، 9‫ا‬..1g'
R = 0.576 ‫ها‬.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' *gG‫ا‬FF F F F ?o GF0 N O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG GN>F.F' *'1‫د‬F N /1'‫و‬G' N ‫ة‬FF F F N.N.'?7g'
‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 *‫ا‬Fg?F' L) ‫ا‬GG P'‫و‬.F' ‫ى‬F? R= 0.486 N R= 0.410 N
. 0.001
GN>F.F' N /1'‫و‬G' N ‫هة‬. FG ‫ة‬N.N.'?7g' *'1‫د‬FF' N. ‫ة‬N‫و‬F ‫ة‬..‫و‬G ‫ة‬Fg? I‫ا‬F‫ ه‬G GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg? NG N R =0.663 NR= 0.634 ‫ها‬.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' *gG‫?ا‬o GF0 N O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG
. 0.001 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+
‫ة‬GN?6 ‫ة‬..‫و‬G ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N *g‫ا‬N.F' .FّN. ‫د‬FG GN>F.F' *'1‫د‬F ?G /1'‫و‬G' *'1‫د‬F ‫ة‬Fg?F ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧
. 0.05 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg? NG N R =0.283 G.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o
151
‫ة‬N‫رد‬GF' *'‫در‬FF' ‫ة‬7'‫ در‬-3.5
NG>‫و‬G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF' *'1‫د‬FF' Fّ/G.. ?.'‫ر‬F' F7GF' FG ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬N.‫ه‬FG ‫ف‬䅊 GFN7G. o ‫ا‬GG
FG 2-2 JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G'
ّ )DigComp 1.0( ,0‫و‬G ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' o /N/ ،‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
GNF7. N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫د‬N‫د‬/ O' G‫هد‬N P‫ذ‬F' N ‫ة‬N.N1N‫ل‬䐣' ‫ة‬N6‫و‬GG' G.‫د‬G.?' ,0‫و‬G ‫و‬G N N‫ا‬/F' F7GF'
‫?ة‬2‫و‬G )'‫ا‬GG LN‫ر‬6? N ‫د‬/'N O' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' ,0‫و‬GFF' G7FN
ّ /N/ *''‫ا‬GGF' G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 /'‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣' *o‫و‬.7G
N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F/G.G *o‫و‬.7G +g/ O' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' O‫و‬.7G ,0‫و‬GFF' G7F
ّ ‫ا‬GG ، *‫&ا‬G 7o ‫ى‬F?
.K‫ ّد‬F.G' O‫و‬.7G' N 77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' N
O‫و‬.7G GNNF. FG FGّ ‫ي‬䩅 GF) /N/ ، (‫ا‬.7) )‫? ّد‬F )DigComp 1.0( ,0‫و‬G ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' o GF) ‫ا‬GG
‫ة‬NGF1 )'‫ا‬GG FG F.‫ا‬FG GF) GF0 N ‫ة‬N?F'N ‫ر‬/G) N ‫ة‬NF7FG .&‫ا‬.F '‫ا‬7?+ N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F ' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G)
.7‫ا‬FG' G7‫و‬F' 1‫ا‬N..‫ب‬⠧ .No' K‫و‬FN FN) ، 03 F/FG' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G ّ ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬GF.q G‫ا‬7N) +g/ .No' ‫د‬n
‫ة‬N?F'N N ‫ة‬NF7FG ‫ر‬/G) *‫ب‬⠧‫ا‬.g' F?n ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N G1‫ا‬N..' o P‫ذ‬F' G7‫و‬F' GNF?N P‫ذ‬F' O‫و‬.7GFF GG'1/+ LN/ GF
"SPSS " .Gg?. ‫ها‬.n‫?ا‬G N N/g/ L‫ا‬N..7' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫>ها‬N‫ر‬G. *g‫ا‬N.F' ?o ‫ة‬NFG? ‫?د‬. G.NF
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬n' ‫ة‬7'‫در‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? -1.3.5
NG>‫و‬G' FG ‫ة‬N&'‫و‬6? ‫و?ة‬Go ‫ى‬F? 3 F/FG' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G'

ّ L‫ا‬N..7g' ?N2‫و‬. o *g‫ا‬N.F' ?o ‫ة‬NFG? F.) FG
‫?د‬. G.NF ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' N ‫ة‬NF1‫و‬F' N..7FF' ‫ى‬F? ?N2‫و‬.F' ‫ة‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 /‫ا‬G.?g' o /N/ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' Fp *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF NG.FG'
..7. ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.+ 17 6G1 o( ‫ة‬GF.q (‫ا‬.7‫ل‬䐣 ‫ها‬.?.'‫ر‬G ‫?د‬. ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.+ 29 ‫ها‬FG 6G1 o ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.+ 150 ;‫ا‬.?7' GF0
‫ى‬F..F )L‫ا‬N..7g' *g‫ا‬N. ?No &FG K‫ ?د‬..7. ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.+ 12 6G1 o ‫ا‬GNG )'‫ا‬GGF' 7GFF G7N FG ‫ر‬/G) 1‫ا‬N..'
‫ا‬GG ، 26 ‫ة‬.7F )SPSS( .Gg‫ر‬. K'‫د‬..7' Jg. FG ‫ها‬FNF/ o /N/ ، ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? .Fّ/G ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.+ 121
N.G
ّ ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG K‫ ّد‬F.G' O‫و‬.7GFF 3 ‫ة‬GNFF' N 77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7GFF 2 ‫ة‬GNFF' N N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7GFF 1 ‫ة‬GNFF' '‫ا‬7?+ o
G‫ه‬N‫د‬F G‫ّه‬FGG /‫ر‬G 121 FG ‫ة‬F‫و‬GG'
ّ N ‫ها‬.7'1/ o pF' ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN?F ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G) Gg/) 12-5 JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊
GFG ‫ر‬G?F' 1‫ا‬N?G .7/ ‫ا‬G) ، +g+ % 57 ‫ة‬.7F F.‫ا‬FG % 43 ‫ة‬.7F 1‫و‬G‫ذ‬F' Fّ/G /N/ N?G‫ا‬. O‫و‬.7G'
‫ها‬NFN o % 62.8 ‫ة‬.7F. Y FNn' FG L‫ا‬G ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G) ‫ة‬N.F>) L) GF0N ‫&ة‬G‫ا‬G.G ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? FG.
152
1969 ‫ة‬F7 F.F LN‫د‬F‫و‬G' L‫و‬Gّ>‫و‬G' .‫ل‬䐣' ‫ف‬䅊 N % 13.2 ‫ة‬.7F. M FNn' o % 19.8 ‫ة‬.7F. X FNn'
. % 4.1 G‫ه‬..7F .F‫ا‬G FN‫ذ‬F' N
*'?GF' N ‫ة‬.1‫د‬F' .7/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' *o‫و‬.7G : 12-5 HN‫لد‬䐬'
)‫⨱ت‬GF' H‫و‬7 )‫⨱ت‬GF' ‫ة‬.‫در‬F' O‫و‬.7G'
0.67 [1.67 -1[ 1 N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G'
0.67 [ 2.33 -1.67[ 2 77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G'
0.67 ] 3 – 2.33 [ 3 K‫د‬F.G' O‫و‬.7G'
N/g/F' *‫ر‬GNF ‫اس‬NFG '‫ا‬F. /‫اح‬.F' ‫ '?د'د‬FG : ‫در‬7G'
153
‫ة‬7'‫در‬F' ‫ة‬FN? NG>‫و‬G ‫ة‬N‫رد‬GF' *'‫در‬FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬n' *g‫ا‬N. G.‫و‬. -2.3.5
‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG NG7‫و‬F' N&‫ا‬7/g' FNF/.F' .NF‫ا‬7) ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' o ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? *g‫ا‬N. G.‫و‬. ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G F.) FG
: Gg/) N.G
*g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ور‬o ❖
O‫و‬.7G O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬NFN? /'‫ر‬G) *‫ب‬⠧‫ا‬..7g ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' .7FF' N *'1'‫ر‬G.F' 13-5 JN‫د‬n' N.N
L) .&‫ا‬.FF' .FّN. /N/ ، *''‫ا‬GG +g/ FG6N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫ا‬N.F' ?G FG‫?ا‬.F' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' Go''‫ا‬GG
PN‫ا‬7N 1‫مو‬䕱' '‫ذ‬G n‫ا‬7o' 77‫و‬.G' L) GF0 N 77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7GFF G.ّ.N *g‫ا‬N.F' 1‫مو‬䕱 ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬FّN?F' /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G
‫ة‬FّN?F' /'‫ر‬G) L/ .&‫ا‬.FF' N..G
ّ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G) ، 0.56928 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬og' N 1.9697
n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.G' L) /N/ ‫ها‬.NG7. N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' N *g‫ا‬N.F' F? //.F' )'‫ا‬GG ‫ف‬䅊 K‫ ّد‬F.G' O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F
GNNF. J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' N ، 0.6342 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬og' N 2.3719 PN‫ا‬7N )'‫ا‬GGF' G‫ذ‬G
;‫ا‬.?7' N FN‫ز‬0 J‫ا‬o N 0.83435 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 1.7355 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G'
GNNF. )'‫ا‬GG ?.?. ‫ا‬GG ، 0.86236 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 1.8017 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o *g‫ا‬N.F'
G‫ه‬.F‫ش‬㑅 FG 121 F7) FG G>‫و‬G 62 L) /N/ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣 ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ *''‫ا‬GGF' .?7) FG *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G'
.77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F FN‫ر‬.) 29 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F Lّ / '‫و‬../) ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F'
154
13-5 HN‫لد‬䐬'
155
F7'‫و‬.F' ‫ور‬o ❖
FG6N P‫ذ‬F' N F7'‫و‬.F' 1‫و‬/o ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p' *g‫ا‬N.F' FNF/ FG ‫ها‬NF? F7‫م‬䕱' .&‫ا‬.FF' 14-5 JN‫د‬n' N.N
ّ
F7'‫و‬.F' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G L) O' .&‫ا‬.FF' 6. /N/ ، Gg/) JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G
ّ ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG *''‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬.7
. 0.4985 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 1.7617 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o 77‫و‬.G ?.?N
‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G L/ .&‫ا‬.FF' .FّN. ‫د‬FG F7'‫و‬.F' 1‫و‬p FG6 ‫ة‬.1‫د‬FG' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G)
O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F ‫ة‬FّN?F' /'‫ر‬G) L) O' *g‫ا‬N.F' *1‫ا‬6) /N/ 77‫و‬.G' N N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' N. -N'?N ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F'
‫ة‬G‫ا‬6g‫ب‬⠧ .F?F‫ل‬䐣' ?? ‫ة‬F7'‫و‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 9'‫ر‬pg' )'‫ا‬GG N ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ?? F?‫ا‬G.F' NG ‫ة‬NGF1 *''‫ا‬GG +g/ ‫ف‬䅊 N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣'
‫ة‬FّN?F' /'‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣 ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ .?7‫ل‬䐣' J‫ا‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ?? F?‫ا‬G.F' J‫ا‬o ?.?N ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *o‫و‬G'
ّ ?G FG‫?ا‬.F' )'‫ا‬GG
O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F % 16.5 7FG N/ ‫ف‬䅊 N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F ‫ة‬FN?F' /'‫ر‬G) FG % 61.2 ‫ة‬.7F L) GF0 N
.K‫د‬F.G'
F7'‫و‬.F' 1‫مو‬䕱 O‫ر‬.‫ل‬䐣' +g/F' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ف‬䅊 77‫و‬.G ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G ?.?N O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG
2.05579 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.G' L‫ا‬G /N/ *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' N *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G NG J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 )'‫ا‬GG F6G) N
. 0.63636 P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬og' N
156
14-5 HN‫لد‬䐬'
157
*o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' '‫شا‬F' ‫ور‬o ❖
*o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' '‫ا‬6F+ 1‫و‬p FG6 ‫ة‬.1‫د‬FG' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G 15-5 JN‫د‬n' F/‫ي‬䩅
N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' ‫و‬G 1‫مو‬䕱' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FN?F' /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G L) O' .&‫ا‬.FF' 6. /N/ ، *''‫ا‬GG ?.1) FG L‫و‬G.N P‫ذ‬F' N
1‫مو‬䕱' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G) ، 0.54123 P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 1.5806 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o
N7‫ا‬7) ‫ها‬NG O‫و‬.7G' L‫ا‬G ‫?ة‬.1) F7) FG *''‫ا‬GG +g/ L) /N/ GN?6 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G ?.?NG
G'‫ر‬o' N 1.8678 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o 77‫و‬.G *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. )/‫?ا‬+ N .G/ J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 GG'‫و‬.7G L‫ا‬G ‫ا‬GFN.
)'‫ا‬GGF' G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬FN?F' /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G ‫ف‬䅊 *N‫ا‬G.F' P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' ‫ة‬GNF 7G?. /N/ 0.91234 P1‫ا‬N?G
% 35.5 F.‫ا‬FG N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' ‫ها‬N‫د‬F ‫ة‬FN?F' /'‫ر‬G) FG % 48.8 L) GF0N ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' .7FF' G../. ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N
. 77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' ‫ها‬N‫د‬F % 15.7 7FG ‫ا‬GNG K‫د‬F.G' O‫و‬.7G' ‫ها‬N‫د‬F
77‫و‬.G' L) /N/ *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 G?6) ‫ة‬FّN?F' /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G ?.?NG O‫ر‬.‫ل‬䐣' *''‫ا‬GGFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G)
FG % 71.9 ‫ة‬.7F J/‫?ا‬N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G 0.61725 P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' N 1.3554 PN‫ا‬7N )'‫ا‬GGF' G‫ذ‬G n‫ا‬7o'
GF0 ‫?د‬. n‫ي‬䨣 o K‫ ّد‬F.G' O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F % 7.4 7FG ‫ا‬GNG J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F ‫ة‬FN?F' /'‫ر‬G'
F.‫ا‬FG J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' ‫ها‬N‫د‬F ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G) FG % 70.2 ‫ة‬.7F L) /N/ ‫ة‬o?F' J‫ا‬o
P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' N 1.4793 >F. )'‫ا‬GGF' G‫ذ‬G n‫ا‬7o' 77‫و‬.G' L) ‫ا‬GG K‫د‬F.G' O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F % 18.2
.0.78633
158
15-5 HN‫لد‬䐬'
159
J‫ا‬G‫ل‬䐣' ‫ور‬o ❖
?.1) FG6N P‫ذ‬F' N L‫ا‬G‫ل‬䐣' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' O‫و‬.7G 16-5 JN‫د‬n' N.N
ّ
N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' ‫و‬G L‫ا‬G‫ل‬䐣' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G Lّ ) O' *g‫ا‬N.F' 6. /N/ ، ‫ة‬NGF1 *''‫ا‬GG
O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F ‫ة‬FّN?F' G‫ذ‬G /'‫ر‬G' L) ‫ا‬GG 0.44965 P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 1.6198 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o
‫ة‬N‫ا‬o )'‫ا‬GG N ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' )‫هز‬.‫ل‬䐣' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o ‫ا‬G N NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 NN7‫ا‬7) N.'‫ا‬GG ‫ف‬䅊 N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣'
‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ *''‫ا‬GGF' .?7) FG ?.?. ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' )‫هز‬.‫ل‬䐣' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o )'‫ا‬GG L) .&‫ا‬.FF' .FّN. ‫ا‬GNG، ‫ة‬N7.6F' *g‫ا‬N.F'
n‫ا‬7o' 77‫و‬.G' L) ‫ا‬GG N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F % 76.9 ‫ة‬.7F L) /N/ J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣
*g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o )'‫ا‬GGF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G) ، 0.58658 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' N 1.2975 PN‫ا‬7N )'‫ا‬GGF' G‫ذ‬G
‫ة‬.7F N 77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F % 28.1 ‫ة‬.7F L) GF0 N ON‫ل‬䐣' )'‫ا‬GGF' FG FNFF. F6G) ?.?.G ‫ة‬N7.6F'
n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' ‫و‬G ‫ة‬FN?F' /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G ?.?N GF0 ?G N ، 77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F % 14
. 0.72907 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 1.5620 PN‫ا‬7N
77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' ‫و‬G ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G ?.?NG ‫&ة‬N.F' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o N ‫ة‬/7F' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o *''‫ا‬GGF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G)
77‫و‬.G N ‫ة‬/7F'
ّ ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o )'‫ا‬GGF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ 0.863 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 1.7686 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o
‫&ة‬N.F' ‫ة‬N‫ا‬o )'‫ا‬GGF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ 0.792 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 1.851 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/
160
16-5 HN‫لد‬䐬'
161
FG‫شا‬G' F‫ور ح‬o ❖
P‫ذ‬F' N FG‫ا‬6G' F/ J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' O‫و‬.7G 17-5 JN‫د‬n' N.N ّ
J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F ‫ة‬FّN?F' /‫ر‬G) L) O' *g‫ا‬N.F' 6. /N/ ، ‫ة‬NGF1 *''‫ا‬GG ?.1) FG L‫و‬G.N G1N‫د‬.
/'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G (1‫ا‬F. O‫د‬G ‫د‬G‫ؤ‬N P‫ذ‬F' N 0.487 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 1.7066 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o
*''‫ا‬GG +g/ ‫ف‬䅊 77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? /'‫ر‬G) L) O' 6. .&‫ا‬.FF' L) ‫ا‬GG ،J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬FّN?F'
‫د‬N‫د‬/ )'‫ا‬GG O‫و‬.7G' /N/ FG ON‫ل‬䐣' ‫ة‬..‫ر‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 n/ /N/ 1‫مو‬䕱' '‫ذ‬G FG6 ‫ة‬.1‫د‬FG ‫?ة‬.1) F7) FG ‫ة‬NGF1
‫و?ة‬..G 0.86411 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 1.8926 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ف‬䅊 )‫و‬.GF'
0.82664 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 1.7273 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' Jg. FG ;'‫د‬.g' )'‫ا‬GG.
‫ا‬G)، 0.6611 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G G'‫ر‬o' N 1.7190 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7/ 77‫و‬.o ‫ة‬NFF.F' FG‫ا‬6G' F/ )'‫ا‬GG ‫ها‬NF. o
/N/ J‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 GN?6 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G ?.?NG ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g' N *‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./g' ‫د‬N‫د‬/ )'‫ا‬GG
N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' FG'‫و‬N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N 0.6845 PN‫ا‬7N P1‫ا‬N?G' G'‫ر‬og' N 1.4876 PN‫ا‬7N n‫ا‬7o' 77‫و‬.G' L)
162
17-5 HN‫لد‬䐬'
163
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' ‫ة‬7'‫ در‬-3.3.5
‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g' o ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G NG>‫و‬G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' GF.q N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' ‫ة‬7'1/ F.) FG
) SPSS ( N&‫ا‬7/g' FNF/.F' .G‫ا‬FF F F FF‫ر‬. K'‫د‬FF F F F..7‫ب‬⠧ *g‫ا‬N.F' FNF/ Jg. FG GF0 N L‫و‬7. 9‫ا‬..1g' FG‫?ا‬G
.‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' N.N
ّ P‫ذ‬F' N Gg/) 18-5 JN‫د‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 N.G
ّ ‫و‬G ‫ا‬GG
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' :18-5 HN‫لد‬䐬'
*g‫ا‬N.F' F7'‫و‬.F' '‫شا‬F‫إ‬ J‫ا‬G‫ل‬䐣' FG‫شا‬G' F‫ح‬ ‫ر‬N‫ما‬䕱'

*o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱'
N= 121
R= 0.332** R= - 0.139 R= 0.237** R= - 0.140 *g‫ا‬N.F'
Sig= 0.130 Sig= 0.126
N= 121
R= 0.216* R= 0.420** R= 0.227* F7'‫و‬.F'
N= 121
R= 0.189* R= 0.577** *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' '‫شا‬F‫إ‬
N= 121
R= 0.281** J‫ا‬G‫ل‬䐣'
N= 121 FG‫شا‬G' F‫ح‬
0.01 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N **
0.05 ‫ة‬Fg/ O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N *
SPSS *‫ا‬.‫ر‬q ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. //‫ا‬.F' /'‫?د‬+ FG : ‫در‬7G'
164
*g‫ا‬N.F' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' N. ‫ة‬GN?6 ‫ة‬..‫و‬G ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬. N Gg?) 18-5 FG6F' N.N
R=0.332 G.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o GF0 N O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG L‫ا‬G‫ل‬䐣' 1‫و‬p N F7'‫و‬.F' 1‫و‬p N ‫هة‬. FG
6. GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+، 0.01 PN‫ا‬7N ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg? NG N ، R=0.237 N
FG‫ا‬6G' F/ 1‫و‬p N *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' '‫ا‬6F+ 1‫و‬FF F F F Fp N *g‫ا‬N.F' 1‫و‬p N. ‫ة‬N7G? ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N K‫ ?د‬O+ *g‫ا‬N.F'
0.05 FG ?G) NG N .N.?F' ‫ى‬F? Sig=0.126 N Sig= 0.130 PN‫ا‬7N ‫ة‬Fg‫د‬F' O‫و‬.7G L) GF0 N
. FN>.G'
ّ N. ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N NGFN P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣'
1‫مو‬䕱 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' N. ‫ة‬GN?6 ‫ة‬..‫و‬G ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N Gg?) 18-5 JN‫د‬n' Nّ GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg? NG N FG‫ا‬6G' F/ 1‫و‬p N *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' '‫ا‬6F+ 1‫و‬p N F7'‫و‬.F'
‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N JN‫د‬n' 7GF N.N
ّ ‫ا‬GG ، .N.?F' ‫ى‬F? R=0.227 N R=0.216 G.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o 0.05
‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg? NG N R=0.420 G.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o L‫ا‬G‫ل‬䐣' 1‫و‬p N F7'‫و‬.F' 1‫و‬p N. ‫ة‬77‫و‬.G ‫ة‬..‫و‬G
. 0.01 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+
‫ة‬GN?6 ‫ة‬..‫و‬G 9‫ا‬..1' ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N *g‫ا‬N.F' .FN. ‫د‬FG *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' '‫ا‬6F+ 1‫مو‬䕱 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧
‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg? NG N R= 0.189 G.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o L‫ا‬G‫ل‬䐣' 1‫و‬p N. N ‫ها‬FN.
F/ 1‫و‬p N *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' '‫ا‬6F+ 1‫و‬p N. ‫ة‬77‫و‬.G ‫ة‬..‫ و‬G 9‫ا‬..1' ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N O+ *g‫ا‬N.F' 6. ‫ا‬GG ، 0.05
.0.01 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg? NG N R = 0.577 G.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o FG‫ا‬6G'
FG6 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' N. ‫ة‬GN?6 ‫ة‬..‫و‬G 9‫ا‬..1' ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N 18-5 JN‫د‬n' N.N
ّ GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬Fg? NG N R= 0.281 G.GNF 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o GF0 N FG‫ا‬6G' F/ 1‫و‬p N L‫ا‬G‫ل‬䐣' 1‫و‬p
. 0.01 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F?
165
.&‫ا‬.FF' ‫شة‬F‫ا‬FG - 4.5
" N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬F‫ة حا‬7'‫ در‬.&‫ا‬.F ‫شة‬F‫ا‬FG -1.4.5
NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NFG? G?‫د‬. ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' ‫&ة‬N. L/ "N‫د‬N‫ر‬N'" ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬F‫ا‬/ ‫ة‬7'1/ Jg. FG /6ّ.N
*'1‫د‬FF' N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'1‫د‬FF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬Fّ/G.G' N NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/ّ.FF ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F' *‫ا‬.ّF7.G' *‫ر‬G‫و‬.ّ ‫ا‬G '0+ J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
ّ
J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' ‫&ة‬N. FG6 76F. ‫ا‬G) G>1 ‫ة‬NGF1 ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ا‬G) ‫ى‬F? ‫ها‬GNNF. o ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' Fp ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G'
ّ L) GF0 N ، ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF'
*1‫ا‬6) ‫د‬FG GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' Fp ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬F/1 ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p' ‫&ة‬N.F' FG'‫? ?و‬F‫ ⩅ت‬G N ‫ة‬N‫ز'&ر‬n'
‫ة‬NFN?GNFg' )1‫ا‬..F' /‫ا‬G.?' N NN?GNFg' ?G‫د‬F' .NF‫ا‬7) W.. 1'‫ى >ر‬F? *g‫ا‬o' 6?. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ر‬./ L) O+ .&‫ا‬.FF'
‫ا‬o‫ا‬7FG K'‫د‬..7' FG FGG.. G /N/ " N‫د‬N‫ر‬N) " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G NGF‫ر‬F' .6FF' O‫و‬.7G )/o2 ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬/‫ل‬䐣' GF L‫ا‬G
*g‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬G'‫د‬..7‫ب‬⠧ NG.G. ‫ها‬F?. ‫ا‬G F&‫ب‬⠧‫ز‬F' ?G ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' *gG‫?ا‬.F' N NN?GNFg' ?N.F' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg'
. ‫ة‬N1‫ها‬6g' *gg?g' N F7'‫و‬.F'
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫د‬FF' FG J‫ا‬FF F F? O‫و‬.7G GF.‫" ⩅ت‬N‫د‬N‫ر‬N'" ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G

ّ L/ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .FّN. ‫د‬FG O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG
*'1‫د‬FF' GNNF. o /N/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ها‬.F/1 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬/‫ا‬n N ‫ها‬FG? .NF‫ا‬7) ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. FG ‫ها‬FGّ G ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' *'1‫د‬FF' N
?No GNNF. o GF) *g‫ا‬N.F' Jg. FG >/gF ‫ا‬GG ?G.‫ر‬G O‫و‬.7G ‫و‬G N 70 FG 62 O‫و‬.7o ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
‫ى‬F? .F7/ pF' *‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ?F7F' ?N.. ‫ة‬FّF?.G' ‫ة‬/F‫ا‬/F' )1‫ا‬.?F' '‫ا ?د‬G ‫?ة‬G.‫ر‬G *‫ا‬GNNF.. 1-5 JN‫د‬n' *'1‫ا‬.?
GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'1‫د‬FF' GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ؤ‬G‫ا‬G. /‫و‬.N 7G?N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣' ‫و‬G N 7 FG 3 GN?6 GNNF.
GF) >/gF /N/ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ?? 'gG?F' ?G 9‫ا‬..1g' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F' O+ ,‫ا‬./ J'‫ز‬. g ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' Fp ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G‫ا‬G
. ‫د‬N‫ما‬䕱' O‫و‬.7G' FG .N‫ر‬F ?.?. pF' N 5 ‫ة‬GNF. 1-5 JN‫د‬n' FG ‫ة‬7/‫ا‬7F' )1‫ا‬.?F' GNNF. o ‫د‬F
‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NF *'1‫د‬F GF.‫" ⩅ت‬N‫د‬N‫ر‬N' " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G L/ N..N 2-5 JN‫د‬n' Jg. FGG ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF' *'1‫د‬FFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G)
L) ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ا‬7G FG ‫ها‬F?n ‫ا‬G 70 FG 66 PN‫ا‬7N NGG'‫ر‬. J‫?د‬o ‫ها‬GNNF. o /N/ ‫?ة‬G.‫ر‬G
‫ها‬GNNF. o pF' )‫ر‬6‫?ا‬F' )1‫ا‬.?F' '‫ا?د‬G JN‫د‬n' *'1‫ا‬.? GNNF. ‫ف‬䅊 F7‫ا‬o' ‫ؤ‬G‫ا‬G.F' O‫د‬G 7G?. 2-5 JN‫د‬n' *g‫ا‬N.
*‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. G7F ‫ة‬N.F. O‫د‬o ‫ة‬FّF?.G )1‫ا‬.?F' G‫ذ‬G L) GF0 N P/‫ا‬No' O‫و‬.7G' FG (?F. pF' N 5 J‫?د‬o
. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' *‫ا‬.ّF7.G
166
NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.FF ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F' *‫ا‬.ّF7.G' GF.‫ ⩅ت‬pF' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' L/ N..N

ّ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' Jg. FG N GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
7o g+ .F7.. g ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 L) N ‫ا‬GN7 g ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' ‫ا‬G/1'‫و‬G )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF1 ‫ف‬䅊 -‫ا‬.FF' ‫ها‬FG‫ي‬䩅
J‫و‬/.F' K‫ا‬G) F&‫? ?ا‬.?. g ‫ز'&ر‬n' ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' ‫&ة‬N. L) /N/ )SMACI( ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬Fّ/G.G' N *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.
. J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G NGF‫ر‬F'
‫ة‬N‫رد‬GF' N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G'
ّ *'‫در‬FF' ‫ة‬7'‫ در‬.&‫ا‬.F ‫شة‬F‫ا‬FG -2.4.5
)1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 ‫ّة‬NG‫ل‬䐣 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 )/‫ا‬NFF' I'1/+ G>1 GّF/ /6ّ.N ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .&‫ا‬.F Jg. FG
‫ر‬FF F F N‫و‬7. FG FGّ G.. G *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G .F>) L) g+ّ Go‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬.G‫ا‬7G O‫د‬G N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G'
‫ى‬F? '/G ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫د‬G.?. g ‫ها‬.7'1/ .‫ ⩅ت‬pF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' L) GF0 N ، ‫ة‬FF F F F FGN>‫و‬F' G‫ذ‬G *‫ا‬FF F F F F71‫ا‬G
‫ة‬FF F F F F NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG' ?? GN>‫و‬.F' *‫ا‬FF F F F FFg?+ ‫ر‬6F ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬FF F F F F N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7' ‫ر‬7.FN ‫ا‬GFN. SMAC ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.
G/‫ر‬G
ّ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫ذ‬G W.. K‫ ?د‬L/ *g.‫ا‬FG' ‫ف‬䅊 *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ''1‫د‬G 6?. N.ّ ‫ا‬GG، N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' 7&‫ا‬7N N
L) ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o' N ‫ة‬FF F F F F F FF‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF ‫ة‬FF F F F.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬GN7g *g‫ا‬N.F' ‫ة‬N7‫و‬7. N ‫ة‬F7‫ر‬FF' FG G‫و‬..F'
ّ
‫ة‬GN>N ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬/ *‫ا‬No‫ر‬. K‫د‬..7. ..‫ب‬⠧ pF' ) SAA ( ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G F/G ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G 6?. ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.
‫ة‬N.N.'?7+ LN/ FG *‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.FF .G/ /‫ر‬o ّ ‫ا‬G+ N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/ّ.F ‫ة‬.N.F 7NF 1‫و‬.‫ل‬䐣'
‫ة‬FF F F F F N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F ‫ة‬/6'N *‫ا‬N.N.'?7+ /‫و‬.N K‫ ?د‬.FّN. ‫د‬F *g‫ا‬N.F' Lّ ) GF0 N ‫ة‬FF F F /6'N
‫ّر‬G‫و‬. G>1 )/‫ا‬NFF' *o‫و‬FN) FG 7NF ‫ة‬NGN>‫و‬F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬FGF1 L/ 7G?N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣' ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FF F F FFN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊
(1‫ا‬... K‫ا‬NFF' FG ‫ها‬FGّ ‫ ⩅ت‬O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' )/‫ا‬NFF ‫ة‬G2gF' *'1‫د‬FF' ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
. ‫ة‬GF.q G&‫>ا‬N N ‫ة‬76F‫ل‬䐣 ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7 ‫ة‬NGF1
g ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 )/‫ا‬NFF' L/ .N

ّ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' *g‫ا‬N. FNF/ FG N GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
G‫ذ‬G L) ‫ى‬F? *‫د‬Gّ ) N‫ا‬/F' L‫ا‬N..7g' *g‫ا‬N. L) GF0 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' J‫و‬/ ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬GF' ‫ة‬NG‫?ر‬G' ‫ة‬NGFp' GF.‫⩅ت‬
*''‫ا‬GGF‫ب‬⠧ 7‫ا‬p' L‫ا‬N..7g' *g‫ا‬N. .../) ‫ا‬GNG NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' )/‫ا‬NFF ‫ة‬G2gF' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' GF.‫ا* ⩅ت‬77‫ؤ‬G'
G‫ذ‬G 7FF F?n ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ف‬䅊‫ا‬GF' O‫و‬.7G' GG 7NF ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G NG>‫و‬G L/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
/1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' W.. O+ G.‫و‬.F' LN/ J‫و‬/ pF' F&'‫?و‬F' ‫د‬/) ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF'
*''‫ا‬GGFF 7Gp' *g‫ا‬o' ‫ف‬䅊 77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' N N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' N. -N'?N GG'‫و‬.7G L) GF0 N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F'
167
FN‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? /'‫ر‬G) O‫و‬.7G L) .&‫ا‬.FF' .FّN. /N/ *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' '‫ا‬6F+ N L‫ا‬G‫ل‬䐣' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
.N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' ‫و‬G NF‫ا‬o'
FFF F F F 7'‫و‬.F' *g‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 F6G) ?.?N ‫ة‬FF F F F F7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? /'‫ر‬F F F F FG) )'‫ا‬GG L) .&‫ا‬.FF' .../) ‫د‬FG GF0 O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
nN1N‫ل‬䐣' /‫ا‬FF F F F F F/g' W7'‫و‬G ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ها‬.FN. pF' .&‫ا‬.FF' 7GF NG N O‫ر‬.‫ل‬䐣' *g‫ا‬o‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬F1‫ا‬FG *g‫ا‬N.F' N
'‫ا‬6F+ J‫ا‬o ‫ا‬GN7 g ، FG‫ا‬6G' F/ N L‫ا‬G‫ل‬䐣' *g‫ا‬o ‫ة‬.‫?و‬7 7G?N ‫ا‬G ) Biggins et al., 2017(
K‫د‬F.G' O‫و‬FF F F F.7G' G‫ه‬N‫د‬F ‫ة‬FF F F F F F7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FF F F F F FN? /'‫ر‬G) L) O' .&‫ا‬.FF' *1‫ا‬6) ‫د‬FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G) ،*o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱'
G?6 7G?N ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' N *‫ا‬FF F F F FF‫ا‬N.F' F? //.F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬Fّ/G.G' N )'‫ا‬FF F F F FGG 21 F7) FG )‫د‬/'N )'‫ا‬FF F F F F FGG ‫ف‬䅊
‫ر‬N‫د‬G ?G .N‫ر‬.) ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬FG .../) ‫ا‬GG ، O‫ر‬.‫ل‬䐣' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G NGّ>‫و‬G O‫و‬.7G
*''‫ا‬GGFF NFNFo' O?G' I1‫د‬. g )/‫ا‬NFF' L/ " G ) " ‫د‬N7F' *‫ا‬FNG‫أ‬.F' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬76‫ا‬FF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫د‬/)
‫ة‬F7 ‫ذ‬FGG G?F " F F F. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' (‫ا‬7F.7g GG.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫?ى‬7. FG : J'‫ؤ‬7 F? (‫ا‬.) GF) GF0 N ‫ة‬FF F NGF‫ر‬F'
‫ى‬7?. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬NF?F' .7‫ا‬FG' L) ‫ا‬GG 7F‫ا‬7NF )/‫ها‬6 FG FF) O‫و‬.7G GF FG G>‫و‬. g ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G 2006
FG6 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ر‬7o .No' L) ‫د‬n ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.g' G‫ذ‬G Jg. FG N " ‫ة‬N?G‫ا‬n' *'/‫ها‬6F' (‫ا‬/7‫ل‬䐣 7FG
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 *'/‫ا‬NFF' O‫د‬F ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' K‫هو‬GG NFNFo' I'1/g' K‫ ?د‬7G?N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ‫ة‬FF N‫ي‬䩅/‫ا‬G‫ل‬䐣' *'/‫ها‬6F'
.‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN?
)1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G 6?. ‫ة‬FGF1 FG .FGّ ‫ة ⩅ت‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G 6?. L) .&‫ا‬.FF' 6. O‫ر‬.) ‫ة‬N/g FG
*‫ا‬76FF' G‫ذ‬G ‫ر‬/‫أ‬.. G7G. FG‫ي‬䩅 P‫ذ‬F' N *g‫ا‬7.g' N ‫ا?ة‬F7F' *‫ا?ا‬7F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬76‫ا‬FF' GF. ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G'
I'1/+ O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ *'/‫أ‬.F' G‫ذ‬G *‫ا‬N?'‫د‬.F ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g' )1N‫ر‬6 *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G ‫ى‬F? 8‫ر‬G P‫ذ‬F' ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ب‬⠧
‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬7‫ا‬N7 ‫?ة‬.'‫ر‬G Jg. FG ‫د‬G‫أ‬.N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬GN>N ‫ة‬GNFF *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G )/‫ا‬NF
ّ FN) ‫ا?ة‬F7F' ;‫ا‬7F ‫ف‬䅊 76F. pF' N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 )Cevital(
L) ?.?. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' L/ N..N
‫ة‬NF‫ه‬G' ‫ة‬NGF.F' L‫ا‬G6F ‫?ى‬7. GF‫ذ‬F ، ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N ‫و‬GFF ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' ‫ا&ز‬G‫ر‬F' FG NG>‫و‬G' *'1‫ها‬G ‫ة‬NGF. N FN‫و‬G.
Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ة‬NF?‫ا‬G. N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬..7' ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬GN>N F?n ‫?ى‬7. ‫ا‬G) ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ها‬NG>‫و‬G ‫ة‬G>.FG' N ‫ة‬G>‫ا‬F.G'
FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' GNG7.. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' *1/‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬GG ،FG? H‫ر‬G FG6 L‫و‬FG?N G‫ه‬F?. N .G'‫و‬G' F6G) (‫ا‬7F.7' ‫ى‬F? FG?F'
GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ . P‫?ا‬F' 2'‫ر‬7F' FG GN.FN‫ا‬FG ‫و?ة‬Go N .G P/‫ا‬7.F' F/G ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' F?n G‫د‬o ‫ة‬N.N1‫د‬.F' .G'?F'
168
)/‫ا‬NF ‫ة‬G‫?ر‬G 7G?N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ‫ز‬NG/.F' ‫ة‬7‫ا‬N7 *‫ا‬N7‫ا‬7) FG G'??g' N G‫ا‬7Fg' )‫د‬.G ?.?. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' )/‫ا‬NFG
. NG>‫و‬G' ‫ز‬NG/ ‫ة‬NG/ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G'
FG *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' K‫ا‬G) F&‫? ?ا‬.?. g ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬G' /1'‫و‬G' L/ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .&‫ا‬.F 6. ‫ر‬.‫ل‬䐣' .F‫ا‬n' FG N
J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7gF ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' /1'‫و‬G' GF.‫ا* ⩅ت‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G L) GF0 N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' ‫ا‬G/1'‫و‬G )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF1 F.)
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G‫ا‬G?F ‫ة‬NFN‫و‬G. *'1N/ GN>F. ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬GG+ O' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ‫ة‬GN>‫و‬F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F ‫ة‬G2gF' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G) ، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' Jg>.7‫ب‬⠧ *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF /G7. ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬N./.F' O.F' L) ‫ا‬GG ،‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F'
‫ا‬G) g+ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' )1'/g ‫ة‬G2gF' ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' *'1‫د‬FFF ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G Ig.G' G>‫ر‬G ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' *'1‫د‬FFF
‫ا‬GG‫و‬. ..'‫و‬F' *'‫و‬7p' GG) FG ?.?N P‫ذ‬F' N NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F‫ب‬⠧ 7‫ا‬. ..GG '‫ا‬6F+ ‫ا‬G N7‫ا‬7) FN‫ر‬7F?F ‫د‬F.G.
‫ة‬FF F F FFN‫ر‬G' ‫ر‬7F?F ‫د‬F.G. ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G 6?. L) ‫د‬n GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+ ، NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F'
ّ ‫ة‬F/1 ‫ف‬䅊 8‫و‬.FF
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' ‫&ة‬N. F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬GN7 g 7‫ر‬GF' FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? *‫و‬GN
ّ L) GF‫أ‬6 FG P‫ذ‬F' N ‫ة‬FF F F F F NGN>F.F'
. NFNF' K‫ ?د‬N *‫ا‬FF .FF.F' ‫ر?ة‬7. ‫ز‬NG.. ..‫ب‬⠧ pF'
‫ة‬N‫رد‬GF' N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'‫در‬FF' N ‫ة‬N‫شر‬.F' ‫و'رد‬G' )‫ة إد'ر‬FGF‫ ر‬N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' ‫شة‬F‫ا‬FG -3.4.5
g+ ، ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF1 N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' N. ‫ة‬N‫و‬FF' ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N .&‫ا‬.FF' .../)
*o‫و‬FN) FG .7NF ).‫ل‬䐣' L) G..7 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF1 O+ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G G.‫و‬. K‫ ?د‬L)
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬NFF' N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' G.../) ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ،‫ها‬.7'1/ .‫ ⩅ت‬pF' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 )/‫ا‬NFF'
0.001 ‫ة‬N‫و‬F?G O‫و‬.7G ‫د‬F? ‫ة‬N&‫ا‬7/+ ‫ة‬Fg/ *'0 ‫ة‬GN?6 ‫ة‬..‫و‬G 9‫ا‬..1' ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N O+ .&‫ا‬.FF' .FN. /N/
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬NFF' N. 9‫ا‬..1' ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬. N K‫ ?د‬GF0 ‫د‬Gّ ) ‫ا‬GG R= 0.398 G1‫د‬F 9‫ا‬..1' FG‫?ا‬o N
‫هة‬. FG N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7g G.‫و‬.F' O‫د‬G N ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
)1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 N ‫هة‬. FG ‫ة‬NGN>F.F' *'1‫د‬FF' N ‫ة‬N.N.'?7g' N. ‫ة‬N‫و‬F 9‫ا‬..1' ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N O+ .&‫ا‬.FF' 6. O‫ر‬.)
7N70 FN‫ر‬7 F? FFّ / L) .n NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NFG? L) ../N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N O‫ر‬.) ‫هة‬. FG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G'
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/g NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NG) I1‫د‬. L) ‫ة‬NGF1 )/‫ا‬NFF' FG ..‫و‬.7N P‫ذ‬F' ‫ر‬G‫ل‬䐣' F.7G N.N.'?7'
.&‫ا‬.FF' .?.1) /N/ *‫ا‬7'1‫د‬F' G.../) ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ،‫ة‬N.N.'?7g' G'‫د‬G‫ل‬䐣' G‫ذ‬G FNF/ F.) FG J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G
7NF *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G L) O+ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' ‫ا‬G/1'‫و‬G )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF1 FG ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G FGّ ‫ ⩅ت‬K‫ ?د‬..7 L)
169
.NF‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' ‫ى‬F? ‫د‬G.?. J'‫ز‬. g ‫ا‬G) ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/g NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NFG?F ‫ة‬/6'N ‫ة‬N.N.'?7+ ‫ها‬N‫د‬F
J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NFG? )1'/g 7‫ا‬. ..GG .F7.. ..‫ب‬⠧ NGF‫ر‬F' J‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬NFG? L) N/ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F' ‫ة‬NGN>F.F'
‫ها‬FN. ‫ة‬GN?6 9‫ا‬..1' ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N O+ ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' .&‫ا‬.F .../) ‫د‬FG ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬G' N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' *'1‫د‬FF' 7‫و‬70 ‫ا‬G) ،NGF‫ر‬F'
N. ‫ة‬Fg? /‫و‬.N K‫ ?د‬.&‫ا‬.FF' *‫د‬Gّ ) ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' ‫ة‬FّN? *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ا‬G GFGF1 N. N
*‫ا‬NF‫ا‬GGg' G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬7'1‫د‬F' Fp *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G Ig.G' G>1 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' K'‫د‬..7' N /1'‫و‬G'
*‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *o‫و‬FN) FG .7NF ).‫ل‬䐣' L) N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫ذ‬G G.‫و‬. K‫ ?د‬../N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N
. ‫ها‬.7'1/ .‫ ⩅ت‬pF'
‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬Fّ/G.G' ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF' ‫ا‬o'1‫د‬F ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ى‬F? FG?F' *‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ى‬F? ..NG ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'1‫د‬FF' O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6+
*‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G FGGNG ‫ة‬GN?6 ?.?. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' GF.q N. ‫ة‬Fg?F' L‫و‬G '‫>ر‬F N ، NGّ>‫و‬GFF ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF'
‫ف‬䅊 GG'‫و‬.7G .7/ NG>‫و‬G' GF..G N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' *g‫ا‬o GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NFN‫و‬G. .G'‫ر‬. W..F G.‫و‬.F'
ّ J‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣'
. ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.G' ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' /1'‫و‬G' Jg>.7' Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫ا‬o'
170
‫لا⩅تة العامة‬䐮‫ا‬
: ‫لا⩅تة العامة‬䐮‫ا‬
‫ى‬F? .n nF+ ‫ة‬NGg+ .+0 ?N6+‫لو‬䑅+ FG N/6' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .g‫و‬/.F+ ?‫و‬6‫و‬G L/ _..N
‫ة ن‬7+1‫د‬F+ K‫ا‬.. ‫ف‬䅊
.F‫ن‬N. /N/ J‫ا‬G?g+ ?‫ا‬7F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F+ ‫ها‬./‫د‬/' nF+ .+/‫أ‬.F+ ?G ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ها‬.7+1/ ‫ف‬䅊 F G?.F+
‫_ ن‬//‫ا‬.F+
G‫ف ?ا‬䅊 ‫ة‬N1‫ذ‬. .+>.
‫ ن‬O+ O/' ‫ها‬G+‫د‬..7+ ‫?ة‬F1 ?‫ا‬7‫ن‬.+ N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o+ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG‫ن‬.F ?1‫ا‬7.‫ل‬䑅+ 1‫و‬7.F+ ‫ ن‬L/ ‫ة‬7+1‫د‬F+
.‫ا?ا‬F7F+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬76‫ا‬FF+ GF. ‫ا‬GN7 g .‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬GFF ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬NG./ -1N‫ر‬6 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .g‫و‬/.F+ FG .F?. J‫ا‬G?g+
FG‫ا‬G. ‫ة‬.N.F NG ‫ا‬G) N ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o+ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F+ ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g+ /‫ر‬o 7NF NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ L/ .&‫ا‬.FF+ .F‫ن‬N. ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+
-.g+ ‫ب‬⠱.?. /N‫ب‬⠭ ‫ة‬/‫ا‬.‫ل‬䑅+ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG‫ن‬.F F/Gg+ Jg>.7g+ FG FG‫ ⩅ت ن‬nF+ N ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF+ N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ .+1‫د‬FF+ FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F+
o ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N&o‫ز‬NGF+ N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F+ O+ ‫ها‬GN7F. FG‫ي‬䩅 nF+ N NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ /+‫د‬/) ‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7. ‫ة‬FN7N /‫ر‬o
. JNg+ F7GF+ ‫ف‬䅊 GFN7G.
.‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F+ K+‫د‬..7+ 1‫ا‬6.F+ L' ‫ها‬FG .&‫ا‬.FF+ FG ‫و?ة‬Go O+ ‫ة‬7+1‫د‬F+ .F7‫و‬. ‫د ن‬FG GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6)
.‫ا‬.FF.F+ ‫ر?ة‬7 N 8‫و‬G>F+ N _FNF+ K‫ ?د‬N ‫د‬F F F NF?.F‫ب‬⠧ ‫ز‬NG.. ..‫ب‬⠧ nF+ J‫ا‬G?g+ ‫&ة‬N. ‫ى‬F? /‫أ‬.F+ O+ O/' ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o+
‫ة‬N‫>ر‬F N " /1+‫لو‬䑅+ ‫ة‬N‫>ر‬F" F/G .‫&ا‬N.F+ G‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ -1+/g ‫ة‬NG‫ا‬G > ‫ة‬N‫د‬NFF.F+ .o‫>ر‬FF+ FG F?. P‫ذ‬F+ ‫ر‬Gg+
‫ة‬NGNG‫ا‬FN‫د‬F+ .+1‫د‬FF+ .o‫>ر‬F F/G ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o+ .o‫>ر‬FF+ ‫ى‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g+ .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬G+‫ز‬F /.7NF " ‫ر‬.1‫و‬.F 7Gp+ O‫و‬FF+
7F..F+ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫ا‬G?g+ ‫&ة‬N. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬76‫ا‬FF+ .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ ‫ى‬F? o1N‫ر‬6 .‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬GG J‫ا‬G?g+ -/o‫ر‬. ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p+ .NF‫ا‬7g+ N
GF.q ?G ‫ا‬N.1‫ا‬. N ‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ .+‫د‬/N N K‫ا‬7F' GF.q _. ‫ا‬NF.+/ 1‫ا‬.GFg+ ,‫و‬F7' W..
‫ ن‬N ‫ة‬FF>F‫ل‬䑅+ .NF‫ا‬7g+ FG
. G&gG N&N. K‫>ا‬F ‫اء‬F. Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ة‬N.1‫ا‬p+ G+‫ر‬7g+
O‫ر‬.' O+ ‫ا?ة‬F7 FG GF.p ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o+ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F+ // L/ ‫ة‬7+1‫د‬F+ ./6N' ‫د‬FG O‫ر‬.' ‫هة‬. FG N
.+1‫د‬FF+ FG6.. nF+ N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ .‫ا‬.F7.‫ل‬䑅+ FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F+ .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ FG ..‫و‬.7. NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ ‫ة‬F/1 L' N
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .+‫اء‬GGF+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F‫ن‬/G.‫ل‬䑅+ N ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF+ .+1‫د‬FF+ O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6) ‫ة‬N/‫لا‬䑅+N ‫ة‬NF‫لا‬䑅+ /1+‫لو‬䑅+ N ‫ة‬NGN>F.F+ .+1‫د‬FF+ N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬NFF+
00‫ا‬G ‫اء‬F. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F‫ن‬/G.‫ل‬䑅+ N ‫ا?ها‬..) ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF FG‫ي‬䩅 nF+ NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ .+1‫ا‬7G GF.q ‫ة‬7+1‫د‬F+ .F‫ن‬N. ‫ا‬GG _G‫و>ن‬GFF
‫ة‬FGF1 GF0 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬o ‫ة‬NF.+‫د‬F+ .‫ا‬NFG?F+ ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. 1‫ا‬7G ‫و‬o G.‫و‬.F+
‫ ن‬N' ‫ء‬gG?F+ ‫ة‬.‫ر‬. ‫ى‬F? ‫ز‬NG?F+ N' -‫د‬N‫د‬. J‫ا‬G?'
O‫و‬.7G /‫د‬/ L' NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬. ‫دء‬.FF ‫?ى‬7. nF+ .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ ‫ى‬F? .n ‫ا‬GNG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F+ /1+‫لو‬䑅+ -1+/' .‫ا‬71‫ا‬G
‫ى‬F? ‫اء‬F. G‫د‬N‫د‬/ FG‫ي‬䩅 NGF‫ر‬F+ .6FF+ ‫ف‬䅊 _?G O‫و‬.7G ‫ها‬N‫د‬F ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G FG L' GF0 N ‫ا‬o 7‫ا‬p+ NGF‫ر‬F+ .6FF+
171
: .f‫ا‬G NG N NGF‫ر‬F+ .6FFF .o‫و‬.7G ?.1' GF? ..FN ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FF F F F N/‫ا‬NFF+ .+1‫د‬FF F F F F FF+ N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .+1‫د‬FF+ ‫ا‬G FN1‫ا‬N?G
.‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ N ‫ة‬6‫لو‬䑅+ .‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G N ‫>ة‬G‫ما‬䕱+ .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ N ‫د&ة‬..‫ل‬䑅+ .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+
‫ف‬䅊 ‫?ى‬7. nF+ .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ ‫ى‬F? .n /N‫ب‬⠭ J‫ا‬G?g+ .‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ها‬.NG' .&‫ا‬.FF+ .FN. ‫د‬FG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F+ /1+‫لو‬䑅+ -1+/)
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F+ .‫ا‬7+1‫د‬F+ ./‫ ند‬/ ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F+ ‫ا‬G/1+‫و‬G -1+/) .‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬. -1/‫ا‬.‫ل‬䑅+ ‫ة‬N7G‫ا‬F.F+ ‫ها‬.F‫ا‬GG ‫ى‬F? >‫ا‬Go+
‫ة‬NG‫ر‬o+( ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱+ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F+ N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F+ ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o+ N N?‫ا‬G..g+ F7+‫و‬.F+ 7&‫ا‬7N : NG N ‫ة‬N‫>ا‬F+ G‫ذ‬G FNF/.F ‫ة‬N1N‫ر‬6F+
. ‫اء‬N6g+ .F?F+ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6) .g‫ا‬N.F+ FNF/ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. N )
nF+ F&+‫?و‬F+ ‫د‬N‫د‬/ N //.FF ‫ة‬N7N&‫ر‬F+ ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G6) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬.g+ FG ‫ة‬7+1‫د‬F+ .FG‫د ⩅ت ن‬FG GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6)
NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ .‫ا‬.F7.G ‫ر‬G‫و‬. O‫د‬G 1‫ا‬...+ ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬7+1‫د‬F+ .‫د‬G.?+ /N/ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F+ /1+‫لو‬䑅+ -1+/) .‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF1 ?F‫⩅ت‬
.g‫ا‬F F F F o+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F F F FNGF‫ر‬F+ .+‫اء‬GGF+ 7FF ‫ف‬䅊 FGG. F&+‫?و‬F+ G‫ذ‬G GG' L/ .&‫ا‬.FF+ .F‫ن‬N. FN' ‫ة‬7+1‫د‬F+ ‫ة‬FN? .‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊
L' GF0 N .o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱+ ‫اء‬6F) N L‫ا‬Gg+ J‫ا‬o ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. N )DigComp 1.0( 00‫و‬G ‫ا‬F F F FG/‫ ند‬/ nF+ 7Gp+
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F+ Jg>.7+ ‫ى‬F? -1‫د‬FF+ .F7.N P‫ذ‬F+ NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ ‫ة‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 N7‫ا‬7' FG‫ب ?ا‬⠱.?. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .+‫اء‬GGF+
..‫و‬.7N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N .‫ا‬.FF.F+ ‫?ة‬N‫ر‬7 N -‫د‬F?G FG? ‫&ة‬N. F> ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬7G‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅+ N ‫ة‬GNFF+ FF. N ‫نز‬NG.F+ F.' FG ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o+
‫ة‬7+1‫د‬F+ ‫ة‬F‫ن‬N? .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ -/‫ا‬NFF+ L‫إ‬G GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6) /.g J‫و‬/ FNF/ FG FG‫ة ⩅ت ن‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NGF1 .+‫اء‬GG
‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F+ /1+‫لو‬䑅+ -1+/) .‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ة‬FGF1 ?F‫ ⩅ت‬nF+ ,‫ا‬.7g+ ‫د‬/' GF?n ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F+ ‫ا‬G/1+‫و‬G -1+/) ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F ‫ة‬NG' P‫و‬. g
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F+ G‫ذ‬o ‫ة‬G‫ل?ر‬䑅+ 7FF L' g) NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ ‫ة‬NGg ‫ة‬7+1‫د‬F+ ‫ة‬F‫ن‬N? .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ -/‫ا‬NFF+ I+1/) G>1 GF'
. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F+ /1+‫لو‬䑅+ -1+/) ‫ة‬FGF1 ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. N NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ ‫ة‬F/1 /.G. nF+ F&+‫?و‬F+ FG ‫ب‬⠱.?N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F+ ,‫ا‬N> N
FG ‫ة‬NGN>F.F+ ‫⩇تا‬+1‫د‬F ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ة‬7+1‫د‬F+ ‫ة‬F‫ن‬N? .‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ى‬F? .n GF' .&‫ا‬.FF+ .F‫ن‬N. ‫د‬FG O‫ر‬.' ‫هة‬. FG
-1+/‫ب‬⠥ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ..‫ا‬GG /+‫د‬/.7+ K‫ ?د‬N ‫ة‬NGN>F.F+ ‫ة‬FN‫لر‬䑅+ 7FF L' /N/ ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .g‫و‬/.F+ ‫ة‬F/1 ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬.FF+ F.'
.../' ‫د‬FG J‫ا‬G?g+ ‫&ة‬N.F ‫ة‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬G' ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F+ /1+‫لو‬䑅+ -1+/) .‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ?F‫ي‬䩅 F&‫ب ?ا‬⠱.?N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .g‫و‬/.F+
J‫و‬/.F+ ‫ف‬䅊 .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ 6?. 1‫ا‬n O+ O/' ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .g‫و‬/.F+ G?‫د‬. ‫&ر‬+‫ز‬n+ ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬G? g+ ‫&ة‬N. L' .‫ا‬7+1‫د‬F+
.g‫و‬/.F+ K+‫د‬..7+ ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. ‫ى‬F? FG?F+ ‫&ر‬+‫ز‬n+ ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G‫و‬Go+ ‫ى‬F? .n GF' g ) " N‫د‬N1N' " ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G 1+‫ى >ر‬F? NGF‫ر‬F+
‫ة‬NF.F+ ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6) ‫ن‬䙊N?GNFg+ ?G‫د‬F+ .NF‫ا‬7' GN>F. N ‫ة‬NFN?GNFg+ -1‫ا‬..F+ */‫ا‬.G ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ ر‬F+
. J‫ا‬G?g+ .‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .g‫و‬/.F+ ‫ة‬NFG? FN‫ه‬7. G‫د‬o GF0 N .g‫ا‬7.g+ J‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N./.F+
172
: ‫التوصيات‬
‫ى‬F? .‫ن‬F>.F+ ‫ى‬F? FG?F+ ‫&ر‬+‫ز‬n+ ‫ف‬䅊 J‫ا‬G?g+ .‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ى‬F? .n G‫ن‬F' _..N
‫ ن‬.&‫ا‬.FF+ G‫ذ‬G Jg. FG N
-1+/) ‫ة‬.1‫ا‬FG FG6.‫ل‬䑅+ N ‫ن‬䙊‫ا‬/F+ F7GF+ FG 9-2 FG6F+ ‫ف‬䅊 _.‫ل‬䑅+
‫ ن‬00‫و‬GFF+ W..
‫ى ن‬F? -1‫د‬FF+ F.' FG F&+‫?و‬F+ G‫ذ‬G
.F7.. NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ -1+/) F/+‫ر‬G FG -‫و‬7. JN' ‫ب‬⠱.?. nF+ -/‫ا‬NFF+ -+0‫ا‬p ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G L' GF0 N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .g‫و‬/.F+
J‫ا‬.?.7g+ -1N‫ر‬6 N NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ ‫ة‬NG' I+1/) ?G ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F+ ‫ة‬NGFp+ N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .‫ا‬NFG‫ذ‬F‫ب‬⠧ ?‫ن‬.G.F+ -/‫ا‬NFF+ FG
‫ى‬F? FG?F+ N ‫ها‬F‫ن‬.F. ‫ى‬F? /+‫ر‬Gg+ GF.q ‫ز‬NG/ N ‫?ة‬FFG ‫ة‬NF.F.7G o(1 77. ‫ى‬F? -1‫د‬FF+ O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6 ) GFNF/..
-/‫ا‬NFF‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬. ‫ة‬NFN‫و‬G. .G+‫ر‬. 77. ?G ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬/‫ل‬䑅+ -/‫ا‬NFF+ ‫اء‬F.F+ ‫ى‬F? 7‫ر‬o+ .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ FG .F7.N ‫ا‬G ‫و‬G N ‫ها‬FNF/
‫ة‬G.6 ‫اء‬F F F FF. Jg. FG GF0 N NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ -‫ر‬GG ‫ز‬FF F F F F N‫?ز‬. N _G>‫لو‬䑅+ ?‫ا‬FF+ F.' FG F7+‫و‬.F+ .NF‫ا‬7' N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+
. NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ -‫ر‬GG ‫ى‬F? ?G+‫د‬.
J‫ا‬G?g+ ‫&ة‬N. .+‫ز‬NG ?G K‫ء‬g..F ‫ة‬FN6‫ر‬F+ ‫ة‬NGN>F.F+ .NF‫ا‬7g+ W.. .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ ‫ى‬F? ..NG GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6)
L' ‫ا‬GG NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ ‫ة‬F/1 1‫ا‬n) ‫ف‬䅊 G.NGg GF0 N NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ -1+/‫ب‬⠥ 7‫ا‬. ..GG /+‫د‬/.7+ ?G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+
Fo+ ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫د‬G.?. ‫ن‬䙊‫ا‬/F+ F7GF+ FG 9-2 FG6F+ ‫ف‬䅊 _.‫ل‬䑅+
‫ ن‬00‫و‬GFF+ FG ‫ة‬/F‫ا‬/F+ ‫ة‬F/‫لر‬䑅+ NG N .+1‫د‬FF+ ‫اء‬F. ‫ة‬F/‫ر‬G
‫ى‬F? FG?F+ Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ها‬NF? ‫ز‬NG?F+ .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ FG .F7.N ‫ا‬G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .+‫اء‬GGF+ 7FF ‫ة‬FG6‫ل‬䑅 F/Gg+
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .g‫ا‬o+ GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 _G>‫لو‬䑅+ FN‫و‬G. ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g+ O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6) ‫ها‬NG 1‫ا‬G/.7g+ N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .+‫اء‬GGF+ ,‫ا‬7F.7+
.FG‫ا‬6‫ل‬䑅+ F/ J‫ا‬o N .o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱+ ‫اء‬6F' N L‫ا‬Gg+ J‫ا‬o ‫ا‬GN7 g
00‫و‬G W..
‫ ن‬Jg. FG GF0 N ‫ة‬G+‫د‬.7g+ L‫ا‬G6 ‫ى‬F? FG?F+ ‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ ‫ى‬F? .n -.g+ ‫ة‬F/‫لر‬䑅+ ‫ف‬䅊 N
NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/‫ن‬.F ‫ة‬G&+‫د‬F+ ‫ة‬.F+‫لر‬䑅+ .n ‫ا‬GG ‫ة‬F F F F FN‫ز‬NG/.F+ ‫ة‬F F F FG>Fg+N ‫ء‬+/gF ‫ة‬F F F FN/‫ا‬.G‫ل‬䑅+ .+‫ر‬6‫لؤ‬䑅+ W.. N Nw‫ر‬F+ GN>F.F+
Hg>Fg+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ F? ‫ى‬F... L' NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ FNF/.F ‫?ى‬7. nF+ ‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ ‫ى‬F? .n GF0 O+ ‫ة‬G‫ا‬6) .‫ا‬71‫ا‬GGFF
‫ر‬N‫?ز‬. F.' FG GF0 N ) Open Ecosystem( ‫ا‬N.1‫ا‬. N ‫ا‬NF.+/ /.GFG N&N. K‫>ا‬F FF. O+ G.‫و‬.F+ ‫ ن‬N
.‫ا‬F F F 77‫لؤ‬䑅+ K‫ا‬7F' GF.q _. ‫ة‬F F F FNFN‫?ا‬.F+ .‫ا‬G+‫ر‬6F+ Jg. FG ‫ة‬F F F F F G‫ل?ر‬䑅+ FF. N ‫ة‬NFN‫?ا‬.F+ ‫ة‬F F F F F FN?+‫د‬.g+ .+1‫د‬FF+
,1‫ا‬. FG -/‫ا‬G.7g+ ‫ى‬F? FG?F+ .n ‫ا‬GG N&N.F+ K‫>ا‬FF+ +‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬76‫ا‬FF+ .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+ GF.q _. N ‫⩇تا‬+‫د‬/N N
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅+
173
: ‫أفاق الدراسة‬
F7N G ?‫و‬6‫لو‬䑅+ +‫ذ‬G L/ /6‫ن‬.N ‫ة‬F.‫ا‬7F+ .‫ا‬N./g+ ‫?ة‬.+‫ر‬G N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .g‫و‬/.F+ ?‫و‬6‫و‬G ‫ة‬7+1/ Jg. FG
nF+ .‫ا‬7+1‫د‬F+ L' /N/ n‫?ر‬F+ ‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅‫ف ?ا‬䅊 ‫ا‬GN7 g FG?.F+
‫ ن‬N ‫ة‬7+1‫د‬F+ FG /GF+ O+ 0‫ا‬.o J+‫ز‬N g N .6FF+ ‫ة‬F/‫لر‬䑅
FG?.F+ N .‫ا‬7+1‫د‬F+ ‫ها‬NF+ .F7‫و‬. nF+ ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o+ .&‫ا‬.FF+ ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬. F.' FG GF0 N ‫ة‬FNFF ‫ب‬⠱.?. ?‫و‬6‫لو‬䑅+ .FN‫ا‬F.
nF+ N ‫ة‬7+1‫د‬F+ N //.F+ O+ 0‫ا‬F F F ./ J+‫ز‬. g nF+ ?F F F F N6+‫لو‬䑅+ FG ‫د‬N‫?د‬F+ 1?FF L' FG‫ي‬䩅 GF0 ‫وء‬6 ‫ى‬F? N ‫ها‬NG
: NFN ‫ها‬FG ‫ر‬G‫ذ‬F L' FG‫ي‬䩅
.‫ا?ة‬F7F+
‫?ة ن‬N.7 N NGF‫ر‬F+ J‫و‬/.F+ _. ‫ة‬Fg?F+ ‫ة‬7+1/ ✓
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ .+‫اء‬GGF+ ‫ى‬F? -‫ر‬/‫لؤ‬䑅+ FG+‫?و‬F+ ‫ة‬7+1/ ✓
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F+ -/‫ا‬NFF+ ?‫و‬6‫و‬G ‫ة‬7+1/ ✓
. ‫ها‬FN?G.F ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬F‫ل‬䑅+ .‫ا‬NFg+ N ‫ة‬NGN>F.F+ ‫ة‬F‫ا‬6‫ر‬F+ ?‫و‬6‫و‬G ‫ة‬7+1/ ‫ف‬䅊 FG?.F+ ✓
174
‫ا‪䐬‬لـ ـ ـ ــداول‬
‫ا‪䐬‬لدول ‪. : 1-4‬طور النشر ‪䅊‬ف ‪䔬‬ما‪䐧‬ل‪ 0‬ال‪/.‬و‪䐧‬ل‪ 0‬الرق‪NG‬ة ع‪⠱‬ب السنوا‪0‬‬
‫‪2008‬‬ ‫‪2007‬‬ ‫‪2006‬‬ ‫‪2005‬‬ ‫‪2004‬‬ ‫‪2003‬‬ ‫‪2002‬‬ ‫‪2001‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫السنوا‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫عدد الب‪/‬و‪ 1‬ا‪䑅‬لنشور‪䅊 /‬ف ‪䔬‬مال‬
‫ال‪/.‬و‪䐧‬ل‪ 0‬الرق‪NG‬ة‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫عدد الب‪/‬و‪ 1‬ا‪䑅‬لنشور‪䅊 /‬ف ‪䔬‬مال رق‪G‬نة‬
‫إدار‪ /‬ا‪䑅‬لوارد البشر‪N‬ة‬
‫‪2017‬‬ ‫‪2016‬‬ ‫‪2015‬‬ ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫‪2013‬‬ ‫‪2012‬‬ ‫‪2011‬‬ ‫‪2010‬‬ ‫‪2009‬‬ ‫السنوا‪0‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫عدد الب‪/‬و‪ 1‬ا‪䑅‬لنشور‪䅊 /‬ف ‪䔬‬مال‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫عدد الب‪/‬و‪ 1‬ا‪䑅‬لنشور‪䅊 /‬ف ‪䔬‬مال رق‪G‬نة‬
‫‪2020‬‬ ‫‪2019‬‬ ‫‪2018‬‬ ‫السنوا‪0‬‬

‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫عدد الب‪/‬و‪ 1‬ا‪䑅‬لنشور‪䅊 /‬ف ‪䔬‬مال‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫عدد الب‪/‬و‪ 1‬ا‪䑅‬لنشور‪䅊 /‬ف ‪䔬‬مال رق‪G‬نة‬
‫ا‪䑅‬لصدر ‪G :‬ن اعداد البا‪/‬ث‬

‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 1‫و‬p *g‫ا‬N. : 4-5 FN‫د‬n‫ا‬
O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫نراف‬䘭‫ل‬䐧‫ا‬ ‫ط‬7‫و‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫د‬. FG‫وا‬G FG‫وا‬G P‫اد‬N‫ح‬ ‫ي‬䨱‫غ‬ FG‫وا‬G ‫ي‬䨱‫غ‬ ‫ة‬N‫لوارد البشر‬䑅‫ ا‬/‫نة إدار‬GF‫مور ر‬䔭 0‫را‬FG
P‫ار‬N‫لع‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫اب‬7o‫ا‬ FG‫وا‬G ‫د‬.
0 %17 %11 %12 %13 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' NGN>‫و‬F' FNF/.F' *‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G G‫د‬..7.
P/‫ا‬N/ 1.18 2.6
0 %32.1 %20.8 %22.6 %24.5 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.95 3.67 9 27 8 9 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ?F'‫و‬G ، F7'‫و‬. ?F'‫و‬G ( ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *‫ا‬7FG ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 GN>‫و‬.F' *gg?+ ‫ر‬6F.
%17 %50.9 %15.1 % 17 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF' )... ‫ة‬NFN?GNF'
FG'‫و‬G > 1.12 1.86 0 10 0 16 27 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬NFN?GNF' *‫ب‬⠧'‫و‬.ّ Fg. FG GN>‫و‬.F' *‫ا‬.F7 ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G F.F.7.
0 %18.9 0 %30.2 %50.9 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G > 1.12 1.86 0 10 0 16 27 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬NFN?GNF' ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. G.N GN>‫و‬.F' *‫ا‬GFG ‫ل‬䑊N‫ل‬䐣' GNNF.F' ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊
0 %18.9 0 %30.2 %50.9 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G > 1.16 1.90 0 11 0 15 27 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫?د‬. F? GN>‫و‬.F' *g.‫ا‬FG 6?. O‫ر‬. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊
0 %20.8 0 %28.3 %50.9 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G > 1.24 2.49 0 19 3 16 15 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' NG>‫و‬G' FN‫و‬G. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫د‬..7. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G
0 %35.8 %5.7 %30.2 %28.3 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G > 1.12 2.52 0 17 3 24 9 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' NG>‫و‬G' GNNF. *‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G‫د‬..7. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G
0 32.1 5.7 45.3 17 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G > 0.67 2.42 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 1‫و‬p
*g‫ا‬N.F' FNF/ ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. //‫ا‬.F' /'‫ '?د‬FG :‫لصدر‬䑅‫ا‬

‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F ‫ة‬G‫د‬..7G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' 1‫و‬p *g‫ا‬N. : 5-5 FN‫د‬n‫ا‬
O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫نراف‬䘭‫ل‬䐧‫ا‬ ‫ط‬7‫و‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫د‬. FG‫وا‬G FG‫وا‬G P‫اد‬N‫ح‬ ‫ي‬䨱‫غ‬ FG‫وا‬G ‫ي‬䨱‫غ‬ ‫ة‬N‫لوارد البشر‬䑅‫ ا‬/‫نة إدار‬GF‫ة لر‬G‫خد‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا ا‬N.‫كنولو‬.‫مور ال‬䔭 0‫را‬FG
0 27 11 9 6 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' N?‫ا‬G..g' F7'‫و‬.F' 7&‫ا‬7N ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫د‬G.?.
P/‫ا‬N/ 1.06 3.11
0 %50.9 %20.8 %17 %11.3 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G > 1.38 2.22 8 2 3 22 18 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ، NG‫ذ‬F' G.‫ا‬G' F/G( ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫د‬G.?.
%15.1 %3.8 %5.7 %41.5 %34 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF' .... *‫ا‬FN.7.F' ، ‫ة‬NG‫ذ‬F' *‫ا?ا‬7F' ، F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱' (‫و‬7‫ا‬o'
FG'‫و‬G > 1.37 2.24 8 2 3 22 18 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' 0‫ا‬0' *‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 *g‫ا‬N.F' FNF/ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ى‬F? ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫د‬G.?.
%15.1 %3.8 %5.7 %41 %34 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF' *'1'‫ر‬FF'
FG'‫و‬G > 1.30 1.90 3 8 0 12 30 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G‫د‬..7G' *‫ا‬No‫ب‬⠱F' GF.qN *g‫ا‬N.F' FN‫ز‬... ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ G‫و‬F.
%5.7 %15.1 0 %22.6 %56.6 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF' )Cloud( ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬/7F' ‫ة‬.7‫و‬o'
FG'‫و‬G > 0.93 2.37 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F ‫ة‬G‫د‬..7G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' 1‫و‬p

‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬NFF' 1‫و‬p *g‫ا‬N. : 6-5 FN‫د‬n‫ا‬
O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫نراف‬䘭‫ل‬䐧‫ا‬ ‫ط‬7‫و‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫د‬. FG‫وا‬G FG‫وا‬G P‫اد‬N‫ح‬ ‫ي‬䨱‫غ‬ FG‫وا‬G ‫ي‬䨱‫غ‬ ‫ة‬NGF‫ الر‬/‫اد‬NF‫مور ال‬䔭 0‫را‬FG
P/‫ا‬N/ 5 12 15 21 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ها‬FNF/ .‫ي‬䨬 nF' *o‫و‬FN‫ل‬䐣' FG ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ة‬FGF1 ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G
ّ ‫ا‬NF?F' )1'/‫ل‬䐥'
1.00 3.01
%9.4 %22.6 %28.3 %39.6 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.89 3.98 14 30 3 6 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ GFGF1 GG‫ا‬7.
%26.4 %56.6 %5.7 %11.3 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.45 4.09 8 42 3 0 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. F.' FG ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G
%15.1 %79.2 %5.7 0 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.81 4.05 19 18 16 0 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ها‬7‫ا‬6F ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' /‫هة ⨣ت‬.'‫و‬G ‫ة‬.7‫ا‬FG' .'‫د‬.F‫ب‬⠧ .G‫ا‬F ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G
%35.8 %34.0 %30.2 0 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.64 3.77 2 41 6 4 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' )‫ّر‬77G' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' G'‫د‬G‫ل‬䐣' FNF/ ‫ى‬F? G‫⩇ت‬1‫د‬F ‫ى‬F? '‫ا‬F. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 F‫ا‬G?F' ‫ز‬NG/ G.N
%3.8 %77.4 %11.3 %7.5 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 1.08 3.51 11 18 11 13 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' N&7.G' ‫ا‬NF?F' )/‫ا‬NFF' /G‫ا‬7.. GF‫ذ‬.N GF?.FF ‫رص‬G '‫ا‬7.‫ل‬䐣' ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊
%20.8 %34 %20.8 %24.5 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 1.15 3.56 9 28 3 10 3 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' FG?F' GF‫ذ‬G N ‫هها‬.'‫و‬. nF' FG‫ا‬6GFF F‫و‬Fo' F? ‫ر‬G.7G' //.F' ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/ ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G GF.‫⩅ت‬
%17 %52.8 %5.7 %18.9 %5.7 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF' ‫ها‬7GF ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ى‬F? ‫ر‬G.7G'
FG'‫و‬G 0.40 3.71 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' )/‫ا‬NFF' 1‫و‬p

‫ة‬N.N.'?7‫ل‬䐥' 1‫و‬p *g‫ا‬N. : 7-5FN‫د‬n‫ا‬
O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫نراف‬䘭‫ل‬䐧‫ا‬ ‫ط‬7‫و‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫د‬. FG‫وا‬G FG‫وا‬G P‫اد‬N‫ح‬ ‫ي‬䨱‫غ‬ FG‫وا‬G ‫ي‬䨱‫غ‬ ‫ة‬N.N.‫⨱تا‬7‫ل‬䐥‫مور ا‬䔭 0‫را‬FG
2 8 0 28 15 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ا⩇تا‬71‫ما‬䕅 ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. N ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ GFGF‫ر‬F ‫ة‬/6'N ‫ة‬N.N.'?7+ ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G GF.‫⩅ت‬
FG'‫و‬G > 1.11 2
% 3.8 % 15.1 0 % 52.8 % 28.3 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G > 1.06 2 2 14 0 34 3 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ها‬/‫ر‬6. .G‫ا‬F N ‫ها‬FNF/ ‫ى‬F? )1'/‫ل‬䐥' FG?. nF' o*‫ر‬F‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' /'‫ر‬G) GF.q @g.+ ‫⩅ت‬
% 3.8 % 26.4 0 % 64.2 %5.7 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF' GG
FG'‫و‬G 1.32 4 3 31 0 9 10 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫?ها‬G F?‫ا‬G.F' F‫ا‬G?FF /N.. ‫ة‬NGF1 ‫ة‬7FG ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G
% 5.7 % 58.5 0 %17 % 18.9 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.51 4 5 39 9 0 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ها‬.76F) 6?. ‫ة‬FGF1 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬F.7G (1‫ا‬. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G O‫د‬F
% 9.4 % 73.6 %17 0 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.83 4 9 26 14 4 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ا‬G‫ا‬G? O‫د‬F NGF‫ر‬F' F‫و‬/.F' )‫ر‬GGF G&'‫د‬F' 1‫ها‬6‫ل‬䐥‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G G‫و‬F.
%17 %49.1 %26.4 %7.5 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.23 4 0 50 3 0 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ا⩇تا‬NFG? GF.q ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫اج‬G/‫ل‬䐥 ‫?ى‬7. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G
0 % 94.3 % 5.7 0 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.65 4 5 39 6 3 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' (‫ا‬7F.7' ‫ى‬F? GN>‫و‬.F' *‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ز‬Gّ‫ر‬.
% 9.4 % 73.6 %11.3 %5.7 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.88 4 2 30 9 12 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' *g‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 F‫ا‬G?FF ‫ة‬NFN‫و‬G. *'1N/ ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G 770
%3.8 %56.6 %17 % 22.6 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 1.13 4 3 32 6 6 6 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' HN‫?ا‬.F' *‫ا‬G.6 ?N7‫و‬.N NG>‫و‬G' ‫ة‬NF‫?ا‬G N7/.F ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' G‫د‬..7.
%5.7 %60.4 %11.3 %11.3 %11.3 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 1.16 4 14 23 6 7 3 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' ‫ة‬N.N.'?7+ FG6 NGF‫ر‬F' F‫و‬/.F' ‫ة‬N.N.'?7+ .G‫د‬. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G
26.4 43.4 11.3 13.2 5.7 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.41 3.30 ‫ة‬N.N.'?7‫ل‬䐥' 1‫و‬p
‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' N ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬G' N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' *'1‫د‬FF' 1‫و‬p *g‫ا‬N. : 8-5FN‫د‬n‫ا‬
O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫نراف‬䘭‫ل‬䐧‫ا‬ ‫ط‬7‫و‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫د‬. FG‫وا‬G FG‫وا‬G P‫اد‬N‫ح‬ ‫ي‬䨱‫غ‬ FG‫وا‬G ‫ي‬䨱‫غ‬ ‫ة‬N‫ البشر‬N ‫ة‬N‫لاد‬䑅‫ ا‬N ‫ة‬N‫لال‬䑅‫ ا‬0‫درا‬F‫مور ال‬䔭 0‫را‬FG
20 27 0 6 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G'‫د‬..7g ‫ة‬G2gF' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G GF.‫⩅ت‬
FG'‫و‬G 0.91 4
%37.7 %50.9 0 %11.3 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 1.01 4 14 29 0 10 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' F‫ا‬o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬G‫ا‬G?F ‫ة‬NFN‫و‬G. *'1N/ GN>F.. /G7. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' /1'‫و‬G'
%26.4 %54.7 0 %18.9 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.72 4 11 38 0 4 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ) ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ف‬䅊 1‫ا‬G/.7g‫ب‬⠧ /G7. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' /1'‫و‬G'
%20.8 %71.7 0 %7.5 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.82 4 8 38 0 7 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' G'‫د‬..7' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N./.F' ‫ة‬NF.F'
%15.1 %71.7 0 %13.2 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 1.20 4 11 30 3 3 6 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' /1'‫و‬G' )1'/+ *‫ا‬71‫ما‬䕅 ‫ر‬N‫و‬7. ‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7. ‫ة‬N?'‫د‬.+ *'1‫د‬F. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ?.G..
%20.8 %56.6 %5.7 %5.7 %11.3 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.69 4 *'1‫د‬FF' 1‫و‬p

GN>F.F' 1‫و‬p *g‫ا‬N. : 9-5FN‫د‬n‫ا‬
O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫نراف‬䘭‫ل‬䐧‫ا‬ ‫ط‬7‫و‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫د‬. FG‫وا‬G FG‫وا‬G P‫اد‬N‫ح‬ ‫ي‬䨱‫غ‬ FG‫وا‬G ‫ي‬䨱‫غ‬ GN‫نظ‬.‫مور ال‬䔭 0‫را‬FG
P/‫ا‬N/ 10 6 6 31 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' *‫ا‬NFN‫ؤ‬7G GF N ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF NGF‫ر‬F' F‫و‬/.F' )1'/‫ب‬⠥ GFGG FG? FN‫ر‬G ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬o ‫د‬.‫و‬N
1.21 2.90
%18.9 %11.3 %11.3 %58.5 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF' F‫ا‬o' '‫ذ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬/6'N
FG'‫و‬G 0.80 3.68 5 32 10 6 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬NGF1 ‫ة‬7FG Fg. FG ‫ة‬7.'?G ‫د'⩇تا‬/N N ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G G‫ا‬7F) GF.q
%9.4 %60.4 %18.9 %11.3 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.41 3.94 3 44 6 0 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫?د‬. F? HN‫?ا‬.F' GF0 ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬o ) N?‫ا‬Gn' HN‫?ا‬.F'( FG?F' H‫ر‬G (‫و‬F7) ‫د‬G.?. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G
%5.7 %83 %11.3 0 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.81 3.79 6 37 3 7 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' .7‫ا‬FG' .F‫و‬F' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬G‫و‬F?G' F‫ا‬7N+ FG FّG‫ا ⩅ت‬F.77‫ؤ‬o F7'‫و‬.F' ‫ة‬G>F)
11.3 69.8 5.7 13.2 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
FG'‫و‬G 0.55 3.87 2 45 3 3 0 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' 1‫و‬7.F' F? ‫ة‬.‫ا‬FF' ‫ة‬N&N.F' *'>.GFF
ّ ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g' N GّNG.F' ‫ى‬F? ‫ا?د‬7. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ة‬G‫ا‬F/
%3.8 %84.9 %5.7 %5.7 0 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF' N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'
FG'‫و‬G > 1.23 2.15 0 14 2 15 22 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ?N‫ر‬6G FG ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' *'/‫ا‬G.?g' FN‫و‬/ ‫ة‬F‫هو‬7 g/G ( ‫ة‬F‫ر‬G ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ا‬o F‫و‬G?G' ‫ة‬G>F‫ل‬䐣'
N' ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' N) ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬G' /1'‫و‬GFF ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G' *'‫د‬/N N' G‫ا‬7F) GF.q F/‫ا‬.. ، ‫ز‬N.N .FN ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ر‬.‫ل‬䐣
0 %26.4 %3.8 %28.3 %41.5 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF' ).. )‫د‬Fّ ?G *'''‫ر‬.+ HN/ )1N‫ر‬6F' .7/ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F'
FG'‫و‬G 0.53 3.93 GN>F.F' 1‫و‬p

*g‫ا‬N.F' 1‫مو‬䕱 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' O‫و‬.7G : 13-5 FN‫د‬n‫ا‬
/‫اء‬G‫ الك‬GNNF. ‫نراف‬䘭‫ل‬䐧‫ا‬ ‫ط‬7‫و‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ N ‫ب‬7‫الن‬ ‫ة‬NGF‫ الر‬0‫اءا‬G‫الك‬
P‫ار‬N‫لع‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫اب‬7o‫ا‬ G‫د‬F.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫ط‬7‫و‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣‫ا‬ 0‫كرارا‬.‫ال‬
55 56 10 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' N *g‫ا‬N.F' F? //.F'
G‫ ّد‬F.G O‫و‬.7G 0.63420 2.3719
%45.5 %46.3 %8.3 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF' ‫ها‬.NG7. N
77‫و‬.G O‫و‬.7G 0.83435 1.7355 30 29 62 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' GNNF.
%24.8 %24 %51.2 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
77‫و‬.G O‫و‬.7G 0.86236 1.8017 35 27 59 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' *g‫ا‬N.F' ?‫ا‬.?7' N FN‫ز‬0
%28.9 %22.3 %48.8 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
77‫و‬.G O‫و‬.7G 0.56928 1.9697 *g‫ا‬N.F' 1‫و‬p

F7'‫و‬.F' 1‫مو‬䕱 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' O‫و‬.7G : 14-5 FN‫د‬n‫ا‬
/‫اء‬G‫ الك‬O‫و‬.7G ‫نراف‬䘭‫ل‬䐧‫ا‬ ‫ط‬7‫و‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ G‫د‬F.‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ N ‫ب‬7‫الن‬ ‫ة‬NGF‫ الر‬0‫اءا‬G‫الك‬
P‫ار‬N‫لع‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫ط‬7‫و‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣‫ا‬ 0‫كرارا‬.‫ال‬
N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G 20 27 74 *'1'‫ر‬G.F'
0.76322 1.5537 ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ب‬⠱? F?‫ا‬G.F'
%16.5 %22.3 %61.2 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G 28 72 21 *'1'‫ر‬G.F'
0.63636 2.05579 *‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' N *o‫و‬.‫م‬䕱' ‫ة‬G1‫ا‬6G
%23.1 %59.5 %17 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G 22 31 68 *'1'‫ر‬G.F'
0.77735 1.6198 .F?Fg' ‫ب‬⠱? ‫ة‬F7'‫و‬G' ‫ف‬䅊 ‫نر'ط‬䘮g'
%18.2 %25.6 %56.2 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G 33 24 64 *'1'‫ر‬G.F'
0.86148 1.7438 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *'‫و‬FFF' ‫ب‬⠱? HN‫?ا‬.F'
%27.3 %19.8 %52.9 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G 22 68 31 *'1'‫ر‬G.F'
0.66037 1.9256 F7'‫و‬.F' ('/(
%18.2 %56.2 %25.6 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G 21 39 61 *'1'‫ر‬G.F'
0.75706 1.6694 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *o‫و‬G' ?G FG‫?ا‬.F'
%17.4 %32.2 %50.4 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G 0.49853 1.7617 F7'‫و‬.F' 1‫و‬p

‫ا‪n‬د‪.7G : 15-5 FN‬و‪GGF' O‬ا''* '‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة ‪䕱‬مو‪6F' 1‬ا' '‪䕱‬م‪.‬و‪*o‬‬
‫‪.7G‬و‪ O‬الك‪G‬اء‪/‬‬ ‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪䘭‬نراف ا‪䑅‬لع‪N‬ار‪P‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪.7‬و‪ O‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪F.‬د‪ G‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪.‬و‪7‬ط ا‪7o‬اب‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪.7‬و‪ O‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪.‬و‪7‬ط‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪.7‬و‪ O‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪7‬ا‪N7‬‬ ‫الن‪7‬ب ‪ N‬ال‪.‬كرارا‪0‬‬ ‫الك‪G‬اءا‪ 0‬الر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫'‪.7G‬و‪䐣' O‬ل‪7‬ا‪N7‬‬ ‫‪0.61725‬‬ ‫‪1.3554‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪87‬‬ ‫'‪G.F‬ر'‪*'1‬‬ ‫‪7.‬و‪N‬ر '‪䕱‬م‪.‬و‪*o‬‬
‫‪%7.4‬‬ ‫‪%20.7‬‬ ‫‪%71.9‬‬ ‫'‪.7FF‬ة '‪&G‬و‪N‬ة‬
‫'‪.7G‬و‪.G' O‬و‪77‬‬ ‫‪0.91234‬‬ ‫‪1.8678‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫'‪G.F‬ر'‪*'1‬‬ ‫‪?+ N .G/‬ا‪7. )/‬و‪N‬ر '‪䕱‬م‪.‬و‪*o‬‬
‫‪%35.5‬‬ ‫‪%15.7‬‬ ‫‪%48.8‬‬ ‫'‪.7FF‬ة '‪&G‬و‪N‬ة‬
‫'‪.7G‬و‪䐣' O‬ل‪7‬ا‪N7‬‬ ‫‪0.78800‬‬ ‫‪1.6198‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪69‬‬ ‫'‪G.F‬ر'‪*'1‬‬ ‫'‪F/ N 7N.'?F‬و‪NGFG' H‬ة‬
‫‪%19‬‬ ‫‪%24‬‬ ‫‪%57‬‬ ‫'‪.7FF‬ة '‪&G‬و‪N‬ة‬
‫'‪.7G‬و‪䐣' O‬ل‪7‬ا‪N7‬‬ ‫‪0.78633‬‬ ‫‪1.4793‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬ ‫'‪G.F‬ر'‪*'1‬‬ ‫'‪⠱F‬ب‪o‬ة‬
‫‪%18.2‬‬ ‫‪%11.6‬‬ ‫‪%70.2‬‬ ‫'‪.7FF‬ة '‪&G‬و‪N‬ة‬
‫'‪.7G‬و‪䐣' O‬ل‪7‬ا‪N7‬‬ ‫‪0.54123‬‬ ‫‪1.5806‬‬ ‫‪p‬و‪6F+ 1‬ا' '‪䕱‬م‪.‬و‪*o‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬لصدر‪?' FG :‬د'‪.F' /‬ا‪F. //‬ا' ?‪F‬ى ‪N.F' FNF/‬ا‪*g‬‬

‫ا‪n‬د‪.7G : 16-5 FN‬و‪GGF' O‬ا''* '‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة ‪䕱‬مو‪䐣' 1‬ل‪G‬ا‪H‬‬
‫‪.7G‬و‪ O‬الك‪G‬اء‪/‬‬ ‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪䘭‬نراف ا‪䑅‬لع‪N‬ار‪P‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪.‬و‪7‬ط ا‪7o‬اب‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪.7‬و‪ O‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪F.‬د‪G‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪.7‬و‪ O‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪.‬و‪7‬ط‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪.7‬و‪O‬‬ ‫الن‪7‬ب ‪N‬‬ ‫الك‪G‬اءا‪ 0‬الر‪NGF‬ة‬
‫ا‪䐣‬ل‪7‬ا‪N7‬‬ ‫ال‪.‬كرارا‪0‬‬
‫'‪.7G‬و‪䐣' O‬ل‪7‬ا‪N7‬‬ ‫‪0.58658‬‬ ‫‪1.2975‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪93‬‬ ‫'‪G.F‬ر'‪*'1‬‬ ‫ⵅحا‪N‬ة '‪䐣‬ل‪.‬هز) '‪NFN?GNFg‬ة‬
‫‪%6.6‬‬ ‫‪%16.5‬‬ ‫‪%76.9‬‬ ‫'‪.7FF‬ة '‪&G‬و‪N‬ة‬
‫'‪.7G‬و‪䐣' O‬ل‪7‬ا‪N7‬‬ ‫‪0.72907‬‬ ‫‪1.5620‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫'‪G.F‬ر'‪*'1‬‬ ‫ⵅحا‪N‬ة '‪N.F‬ا‪N7.6F' *g‬ة‬
‫‪%14‬‬ ‫‪%28.1‬‬ ‫‪%57.9‬‬ ‫'‪.7FF‬ة '‪&G‬و‪N‬ة‬
‫'‪.7G‬و‪.G' O‬و‪77‬‬ ‫‪0.86372‬‬ ‫‪1.7686‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫'‪G.F‬ر'‪*'1‬‬ ‫ⵅحا‪N‬ة '‪/7F‬ة‬
‫‪%28.1‬‬ ‫‪%20.7‬‬ ‫‪%51.2‬‬ ‫'‪.7FF‬ة '‪&G‬و‪N‬ة‬
‫'‪.7G‬و‪.G' O‬و‪77‬‬ ‫‪0.79227‬‬ ‫‪1.8512‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫'‪G.F‬ر'‪*'1‬‬ ‫ⵅحا‪N‬ة '‪&N.F‬ة‬
‫‪%24.8‬‬ ‫‪%35.5‬‬ ‫‪%39.7‬‬ ‫'‪.7FF‬ة '‪&G‬و‪N‬ة‬
‫'‪.7G‬و‪䐣' O‬ل‪7‬ا‪N7‬‬ ‫‪0.44965‬‬ ‫‪1.6198‬‬ ‫‪p‬و‪䐣' 1‬ل‪G‬ا‪H‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬لصدر‪?' FG :‬د'‪.F' /‬ا‪F. //‬ا' ?‪F‬ى ‪N.F' FNF/‬ا‪*g‬‬

FG‫ا‬6G' F/ 1‫مو‬䕱 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' O‫و‬.7G : 17-5 FN‫د‬n‫ا‬
/‫اء‬G‫ الك‬O‫و‬.7G P‫ار‬N‫لع‬䑅‫نراف ا‬䘭‫ل‬䐧‫ا‬ ‫ط‬7‫و‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ O‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ N ‫ب‬7‫الن‬ ‫ة‬NGF‫ الر‬0‫اءا‬G‫الك‬
‫اب‬7o‫ا‬ G‫د‬F.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ ‫ط‬7‫و‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬ N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣‫ا‬ 0‫كرارا‬.‫ال‬
77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' 0.66110 1.7190 14 59 48 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬NFF.F' FG‫ا‬6G' F/
%11.6 %48.8 %39.7 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣' O‫و‬.7G' 0.68454 1.4876 13 33 75 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' ‫ة‬.‫ا‬..7g' N *‫ا‬.‫ا‬N./g' ‫د‬N‫د‬/
%10.7 %27.3 %62 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' 0.82664 1.7273 29 30 62 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F' Fg. FG ?'‫د‬.‫ل‬䐥'
%24 %24.8 %51.2 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' 0.86411 1.8926 39 30 52 *'1'‫ر‬G.F' ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *''‫ا‬GGF' ‫ف‬䅊 )‫و‬.GF' ‫د‬N‫د‬/
%32.2 %24.8 %43 ‫ة‬N‫&و‬G' ‫ة‬.7FF'
77‫و‬.G' O‫و‬.7G' 0.487 1.7066 FG‫ا‬6G' F/ 1‫و‬p

‫ا‪䑅‬لراج ـ ـ ـ ـع‬
‫لراجع‬䑅‫قائمة ا‬
: ‫ة‬N‫عرب‬F‫غة ا‬FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫لراجع‬䑅‫ا‬
: ‫ى‬F‫اح ع‬.G .‫ادي‬7.F‫ل‬䐧‫حول ا‬.F‫يادة ا‬FF ‫يجي‬.‫ز اس⨱تا‬G.‫ر‬GG ‫ي‬GF‫ر‬F‫حول ا‬.F‫ ا‬. )2018(. ‫ص‬.‫ آ‬، ‫ل‬䐭‫ا‬7 ‫ي بن‬F‫ع‬
10:00 . 2018/11/29 . https://mile.org/images/2018/citc.pdf
: ‫ة‬N‫ز‬NF‫ن‬䘬‫ل‬䐥‫غة ا‬FF‫ب‬⠧ ‫لراجع‬䑅‫ا‬
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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95273-4_1
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‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪䐧‬لحـ ــق‬
: 01 F/F‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫درا‬FF‫ ا‬GNNF. : 01 H‫لدو‬䐬‫ا‬
GNNF.F‫ا‬ ‫ة‬GNFF‫ جدا و ا‬FG‫وا‬G ‫ غ‬1 ‫ة‬GNFF‫ ا‬Fّ‫ث ⩅تث‬N/ 7 ‫ل‬䑉‫ ا‬1 ‫ن‬G /‫ار‬.‫ع‬F‫ ا‬GNNF.. J‫كو‬. ‫ة‬.‫لجا‬䐥‫ا‬
‫ جدا‬FG‫وا‬G 7 ‫ة‬GNFF‫د و ا‬N‫ا‬o 4
‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬، 0g‫ا‬N.F‫ ا‬FNF/ ، N?‫ا‬G..g‫ ا‬F7‫وا‬.( ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬FG?.7F Fo
‫ا‬FF&‫ب‬⠧2 G‫ه‬GF ).. ، ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱‫ا‬
0‫ا‬FN.7.F‫ ا‬N F7‫وا‬.F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬G.6 N ‫ة‬NGF1 0‫ا‬7FG F/G ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫وا‬FFF‫ ا‬K‫خد‬.7F Fo
0‫ا‬G‫د‬p‫ ا‬N 0‫ا‬..F‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬FN‫و‬7.F
)online( ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫وا‬FFF‫ب ا‬⠱? 0‫ا‬G‫د‬p‫ ا‬N ?F7F‫? ا‬N.. K‫و‬FF
/‫د‬N‫د‬. .NF‫ا‬7‫ب‬⠣ K‫لها‬䑅‫ ا‬GF.‫بخ‬⡅ K‫ا‬NFF‫ ا‬N F&‫ب‬⠧‫ز‬F‫? ا‬G F7‫وا‬.F‫ ا‬FG ‫ا‬F.FGG ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ا‬
) ‫ا‬NGN.‫ا‬G‫و‬.N‫ة (ا‬NF( ‫ة‬FN‫ر‬7. ‫ز‬.F. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬0‫ا‬NFG?F‫ا‬
‫ة‬NFN‫غ‬6.F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬NFG?F‫ ا‬2‫ا‬n+ ‫ذا‬G N N7‫خ‬6 FG6. 'gG?F‫ب‬⠧ ‫اط‬..1g‫ب‬⠧ ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ا ا‬FF ‫ح‬N..
/‫د‬N‫د‬. H‫ر‬7.
F&‫ب‬⠧‫ز‬F‫ ا‬F?‫ا‬G. FG ‫ها‬NF? F7‫م‬䕱‫ا‬
ّ 0g‫ا‬N.F‫? ا‬G ‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅‫ف ا‬䅊 ‫ة‬N7‫ا‬7‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬0‫ا‬NFG?F‫ ا‬.G‫د‬. ‫ا‬FGF
0g‫ا‬N.F‫ ا‬FNF/ ‫ى‬F? 0‫ا‬1‫را‬FF‫ ا‬0‫ا‬0‫ ا‬0‫ا‬NFG? ‫ف‬䅊 /1‫ا‬/‫ل‬䐥‫د ا‬G.?.
N 0‫ا‬..F‫ل‬䑅‫ة ا‬.7FF‫ب‬⠧ 0‫ا‬/‫را‬Ng‫ة ا‬GNF //o2 N '‫ا‬/‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬N7‫ح‬.F ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬K‫خد‬.7F
‫ة‬NF‫ا‬o‫ ا‬0‫ا‬G‫د‬p‫ا‬
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬77) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬NF.G /‫د‬N‫د‬. J‫ا‬G?‫ ا‬.0‫نا‬䙅 Hg7‫ب‬⠥ ‫ا‬FGF
‫ة‬N‫اد‬NFF‫ ا‬0‫درا‬FF‫ ا‬GNNF. : 02 H‫لدو‬䐬‫ا‬
GNNF.F‫ا‬ ‫ جدا‬FG‫وا‬G 7 ‫ة‬GNFF‫د و ا‬N‫ا‬o 4 ‫ة‬GNFF‫ جدا و ا‬FG‫وا‬G ‫ غ‬1 ‫ة‬GNFF‫ ا‬F‫ث ⩅تث‬N/ 7 ‫ل‬䑉‫ ا‬1 ‫ن‬G /‫ار‬.‫ع‬F‫ ا‬GNNF.. J‫كو‬. ‫ة‬.‫لجا‬䐥‫ا‬
G‫د‬G ( NGF‫ر‬F‫ل ا‬䑅‫?ا‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬.F7.G ?G .7‫ا‬F..F ‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅‫ر ا‬N‫و‬7.F G‫د‬o o*1 GF K‫?ا‬F‫ر ا‬N‫لد‬䑅‫ا‬
) ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬GFF NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬J‫حو‬.F‫ا‬
NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬J‫حو‬.F‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬7‫ا‬p‫ ا‬o*‫ر‬F‫ ا‬7GF L‫و‬G1‫ا‬6.N ‫ى‬77‫و‬F‫ ا‬0o‫و‬.7‫ل‬䑅‫ف ا‬䅊 '‫ا‬1‫لد‬䑅‫ ا‬N K‫?ا‬F‫ر ا‬N‫لد‬䑅‫ا‬
‫ة‬7‫ا‬p‫ة ا‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0g‫حو‬.F‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬FF?.‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬G1‫ا‬GG) N G&‫ا‬1( '‫دا‬.‫ل‬䐥 ‫ة‬7‫ر‬G ‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅‫ف ا‬䅊 /‫ر‬G FGF
‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅‫ب‬⠧
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬J‫ا‬G?g‫&ة ا‬N. ?G ‫ر‬/G‫ ا‬K'g..F FG?F‫ة ا‬G‫ا‬F/ ‫غ‬.F .N‫ر‬.
ّ ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G
‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬1‫لها‬䑅‫ ا‬0‫ا‬0 0‫ا'ا‬GGF‫ا' ا‬F.Fg ‫ر‬G/.7. ‫ا‬F.77‫ؤ‬G
G‫?ها( هنا‬N‫ر‬G N 0‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅‫ ا‬K‫ا‬7F‫ ا‬GF.p ‫ها‬G1‫ا‬6.. ‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅‫ها ا‬FF7. ‫⩊ت‬F‫ة ا‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬1/‫ا‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬
)‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅‫ ا‬I‫ا‬7F‫ ا‬GF.p N. FN7‫ن‬.
/‫وضو‬. //‫ ّد‬o ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫) ا‬0‫ا‬1/‫ا‬.‫ل‬䑅‫? (ا‬N1‫ا‬6‫ل‬䑅‫ذ ا‬NGF.F 0‫ا‬NFN‫ؤ‬7‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬N K‫لها‬䑅‫ا‬
‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅‫ف ا‬䅊 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬1/‫ا‬.‫ل‬䑅‫ ا‬/‫ا‬n N K‫د‬F. O‫د‬G GNNF.F ‫اضحة‬N 7NN‫ا‬FG I‫ا‬FG
'‫ا‬G‫ر‬6 GG‫أ‬G o‫و‬7
ّ L‫و‬FG?N K‫?ا‬F‫ر ا‬N‫لد‬䑅‫ ا‬N IT 0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?‫ل‬䑅‫ة ا‬G‫ظ‬F) G7F ‫ر‬N‫د‬G
‫ة‬77‫لؤ‬䑅‫ ا‬0‫ا‬.F7.G ‫ب‬⡑FN
ّ 0‫ا‬G‫و‬F?‫ل‬䑅‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. G7F '‫ا‬/)
‫ا‪䑅‬للحق ‪: 02‬‬
‫يه‪ G/‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪..7‬يا‪' H‬ل‪7/ O‬ا‪ /7‬ال?‪N‬ائ‪ F‬التي ‪/' /FGF7 ?FG.‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪76.‬ي‪ /‬ف‪ N‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪77‬ا‪ 0‬الجزائ‪7‬ي‪/ ،/‬ي‪F /‬ل‪ GGFG 7G.‬ا‪䐥‬لجا‪/.‬‬
‫?‪ F‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪..7‬يا‪䐧? ?6N. H‬ل‪ x /G‬ف‪ N‬الخا‪ /F‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪F‬ا‪F. /.7‬اء ?ل‪7. O/G O‬ا‪ F.‬ال?‪.‬ا‪GG ، GG.77&G ?G /7‬ا ‪/F‬ي‪? GG7‬ل‪G‬ا '‪ H‬ال‪.‬يا‪F‬ا‪0‬‬
‫‪77‬ي‪ G/? ?G /‬ال‪ H77.‬ل‪ 7G6‬ا‪ G7‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪?G P' H' /77‬ل‪GN‬ا‪. 0‬ا‪N/ /7‬ل‪G‬ا '‪ HN/ H‬الشخ‪ 7‬ا‪䑅‬لجي‪. .‬‬ ‫‪?G G..7‬الجتها ‪77.‬ي‪ّ /F‬‬
‫ال‪.‬يانا‪ 0‬الشخصي‪:/‬‬
‫‪. /77&G‬ا‪/7‬‬ ‫‪G‬ل‪G‬ي‪ّ /‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬ل&‪? /77&G :/77‬ا‪/G‬‬
‫اكثر من ‪251‬‬ ‫من ‪ 50‬الى ‪250‬‬ ‫من ‪ 9‬الى ‪49‬‬ ‫?‪G? //‬ا‪ H‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪: /77‬‬
‫‪.7‬ي?‪6F /‬ا‪ 7‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪................................ : /77‬‬

‫‪G‬واف‪ F‬ج‪/‬‬
‫غير ‪G‬واف‪F‬‬
‫حيا‪/‬ي‬
‫‪G‬واف‪F‬‬
‫‪G‬واف‪F‬‬
‫ج‪/‬ا‬
‫غير‬
‫الع‪.‬ا‪/7‬‬
‫‪GF7‬ن‪ /‬إ‪/‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /7‬ال‪.‬ش‪7‬ي‪/‬‬

‫‪F.77&G G/..7.‬ا ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬جيا الح‪/‬يث‪ /‬ف‪G? N‬ليا‪ 0‬ال‪>N.‬ي‪G‬‬
‫‪䐧?' 76F.‬ل‪F‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪>N.‬ي‪ G‬ف‪F.77&G N‬ا ?‪7FG 7.‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪GF7‬ي‪NG ( /‬ا‪N. ?F‬ا‪7‬ل اج‪G.‬ا?‪NG ،’ N‬ا‪ ?F‬الي‪FH7.G‬ي‪)... /‬‬
‫‪.F.7.‬ل ‪F.77&G‬ا ‪7‬ل‪.‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪>N.‬ي‪䐧. FG G‬ل‪N.ّ H‬ا‪.‬ا‪ 0‬الي‪FH7.G‬ي‪/‬‬
‫ف‪F.77&G N‬ا ال‪F.‬يي‪ G‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪H‬ل‪䑅 N‬لل‪G‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪>N.‬ي‪ G‬ي‪77. G.‬ي‪ /F‬الي‪FH7.G‬ي‪/‬‬
‫ف‪F.77&G N‬ا ‪.‬ج‪FG 6?. O7‬ا‪䐧.‬ل‪ 0‬ال‪>N.‬ي‪/?. F? G‬‬
‫‪F.77&G‬ا ‪ G/..7.‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬جيا الح‪/‬يث‪ /‬ف‪NG. N‬ي‪ F‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪G>N‬ي‪H‬‬
‫‪F.77&G‬ا ‪ G/..7.‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬جيا الح‪/‬يث‪ /‬ف‪G? N‬ليا‪F. 0‬يي‪ G‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪G>N‬ي‪H‬‬
‫استخ‪/‬ا‪ G‬التكنولوجيا ال‪GF7‬ي‪ /‬في إ‪/‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /7‬ال‪.‬ش‪7‬ي‪/‬‬
‫‪/' /G.?.‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪76.‬ي‪ /‬ف‪F.77&G N‬ا ?ل‪7H O‬ائ‪ 7‬ال‪N.‬ا‪7‬ل ا‪䐧‬لج‪G.‬ا?‪N‬‬
‫‪/' /G.?.‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪76.‬ي‪ /‬ف‪F.77&G N‬ا ?ل‪ O‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬جيا ا‪䑅‬لح‪NG‬ل‪G( /‬ثل ال‪G‬ا‪ G.‬ال‪ ، NG6‬الحا‪ .N7‬ا‪䑅‬لح‪، HNG‬‬
‫ال‪7‬ا?ا‪ 0‬ال‪G6‬ي‪ ، /‬ال‪.7.‬ي‪F‬ا‪.... 0‬‬
‫‪/' /G.?.‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪76.‬ي‪ /‬ف‪F.77&G N‬ا ?ل‪NFG. O‬ل‪N‬جيا ‪/.‬ليل ال‪.‬يا‪F‬ا‪ 0‬ف‪G? N‬ليا‪ 0‬ا‪..‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪7F‬ا‪7‬ا‪0‬‬
‫‪/' GNF.‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪76.‬ي‪ /‬ف‪F.77&G N‬ا ‪...‬زي‪ F‬ال‪.‬يا‪F‬ا‪..GH 0‬ل‪ G‬ال‪G7.‬جيا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪ /G/..7‬ف‪ N‬الح‪ /.7N‬السحا‪.‬ي‪/‬‬
‫(‪/. )Cloud‬ي‪ /‬ي‪ FGG‬ال‪N‬ل‪ 0N‬ال‪NF O‬ا?‪ /‬ال‪.‬يا‪F‬ا‪GG P' FG 0‬ا‪ P' 7.?H H‬ج‪G‬ا‪8‬‬
‫ال‪F‬يا‪ //‬ال‪GF7‬ي‪/‬‬
‫‪䑅‬ل&‪F.77‬ا ‪/' /FGF7 7..?.‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪76.‬ي‪ FG /‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪H‬ل‪N‬يا‪ 0‬التي يج‪F/. .‬ي‪GF‬ا‬‫ا‪䐥‬ل‪/‬ا‪ /7‬ال?ليا ّ‬
‫‪7.‬اه‪/' GFGF7 G‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪76.‬ي‪ /‬ف‪N7. N‬ي‪F.77&G 7‬ا‬
‫‪F.77&G 7..?.‬ا ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬جيا ال‪GF7‬ي‪ /77G /‬ل‪N7.‬ي‪/' 7‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪76.‬ي‪/‬‬
‫‪F.77&G‬ا ‪F‬ا‪. .G‬ال‪/.‬ا‪.‬ي‪ 7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪F‬ا‪䑅 /.7‬ل‪N‬اج‪'. /G‬ثي‪ 7‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬جيا الح‪/‬يث‪? /‬ل‪6F O‬ا‪G7‬ا‬
‫ّ‬
‫ي‪G/. G.‬ي‪ 8‬ال?‪G‬ا‪ H‬ف‪F.77&G N‬ا ‪F.‬اء ?ل‪.7/F O‬ه‪? G‬ل‪F/. O‬ي‪ F‬ا‪䐣‬له‪/‬ا‪ G‬ال‪GF7‬ي‪ /‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪/777‬‬
‫ف‪F.77&G N‬ا ‪ 7..?.‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪7.‬اء ‪ 77G‬لل‪?.‬ل‪6. H G‬ل‪7.. G‬ا‪ /G‬ال‪F‬يا‪ //‬ال?ليا ‪ ?G‬ا‪䑅‬لخ‪&7‬ي‪H‬‬
‫‪.G.‬ل‪F.77&G G‬ا ث‪F‬ا‪ /G‬ال‪ //.‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪ F? 7G.7‬الحل‪ HN‬لل‪6G‬ا‪G‬ل التي ‪N.‬اج‪GG‬ا ‪6G H‬ل‪ G‬ال?‪G‬ل ا‪䑅‬ل‪? 7G.7‬ل‪N7. O‬ي‪7‬‬
‫‪G7GF‬ا‬
‫>ي‪7‬‬ ‫>ي‪7‬‬
‫‪NG‬ا‪FG‬‬ ‫‪NG‬ا‪FG‬‬ ‫‪/‬يا‪P/‬‬ ‫‪NG‬ا‪FG‬‬
‫ج‪/‬ا‬ ‫‪NG‬ا‪FG‬‬ ‫ج‪/‬‬
‫ا‪䐥‬لستراتيجي‪/‬‬
‫‪.G.‬ل‪F.77&G G‬ا '‪7.7‬ا‪.‬يجي‪H /‬اضح‪ /‬ل‪/' GFGF7‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪76.‬ي‪N7. H /‬ي‪GG 7‬ا‪77‬ا‪.‬ها‬
‫‪䐧.' G.‬ل@ ‪..G‬ل‪ G‬ا‪7G‬ا‪ /‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪. /77‬ال‪(7‬يا التي ‪G?.‬ل ا‪䐥‬ل‪/‬ا‪? /7‬ل‪F/. O‬ي‪GF‬ا ‪F H‬ا‪G/76. .G‬ا ل‪GG‬‬
‫‪䑅‬ل&‪F.77‬ا ‪GF7 /7FG‬ي‪NG( /‬ا‪ ?F‬ا‪.. ) .F7.F‬ي‪ /‬لل?‪G‬ا‪ H‬ال‪G.‬ا?ل ‪G?G‬ا‬
‫ل‪F.77&G O/‬ا ‪.‬جا‪ /F.7G .7‬ف‪76F' 6?. /FGF7 N‬تها‬
‫‪F.77&G GNF.‬ا ‪.‬ا‪䐥‬ل‪G6‬ا‪ 7‬ال‪/‬ائ‪ G‬ل‪ /7GG‬ال‪ HN/.‬ال‪F7‬مي ل‪G? O/‬ال‪G‬ا‬
‫‪F.77&G‬ا ‪䐥 O?7.‬ل‪G/‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬جيا ال‪GF7‬ي‪ /‬ف‪..G N‬ل‪G? G‬ليا‪.‬ها‬
‫ّ‬
‫‪G7.‬ز ‪F.77&G‬ا ف‪G? N‬ليا‪ 0‬ال‪>N.‬ي‪? G‬ل‪ O‬ا‪7F.7‬ا‪ .‬ال‪GG‬اءا‪ 0‬ال‪GF7‬ي‪/‬‬
‫‪F.77&G 77..‬ا ‪7H/‬ا‪NG. 0‬ي‪F‬ي‪ /‬لل?‪G‬ا‪ H‬ف‪G N‬جا‪䐧‬ل‪ 0‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬جيا ال‪GF7‬ي‪/‬‬
‫‪F.77&G G/..7.‬ا ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬جيا ال‪GF7‬ي‪ /‬ل‪7/.‬ي‪?G H‬الي‪ /‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪G>N‬ي‪7N.H H‬ي? ‪G.6‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪?.‬ا‪G76 ?G HH‬ا&ها‬
‫‪F.77&G‬ا ‪G/.‬ج '‪7.7‬ا‪.‬يجي‪ /‬ال‪ HN/.‬ال‪F7‬مي ‪7.7' FG6‬ا‪.‬يجي‪ /‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪/77‬‬
‫ال‪7/F‬ا‪0‬‬
‫‪.G.‬ل‪F.77&G G‬ا ال‪GG‬اءا‪ 0‬ال‪䐧‬ل‪䐧 /G8‬ل‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬جيا الح‪/‬يث‪/‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬لالي‪䑅 /‬ل&‪F.77‬ا ‪>F.. /G7.‬ي‪7H/ G‬ا‪NG. 0‬ي‪F‬ي‪ /‬ل?‪G‬ال‪G‬ا ف‪G N‬جا‪ H‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬جيا ال‪GF7‬ي‪/‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬لالي‪䑅 /‬ل&‪F.77‬ا ‪. /G7.‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪.7‬ث‪G‬ا‪ 7‬ف‪ N‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬جيا ال‪GF7‬ي‪7H ) /‬ائ‪N. 7‬ا‪7‬ل ا‪䐧‬لج‪G.‬ا?‪، N‬‬
‫‪.7.‬ي‪F‬ا‪ H ، 0‬ال‪G7.‬جيا‪ ، 0‬الح‪ /.7N‬السحا‪.‬ي‪NFG. ، /‬ل‪N‬جيا ‪/.‬ليل ال‪.‬يا‪F‬ا‪.... 0‬‬
‫ال‪F.‬ي‪ /‬ال‪./.‬ي‪ /‬ف‪F.77&G N‬ا ‪7.‬ا?‪? /‬ل‪ O‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬جيا ال‪GF7‬ي‪/‬‬
‫‪F.77&G ?.G..‬ا ‪7/F.‬ا‪/.' 0‬ا?ي‪7. /‬ا?‪? /‬ل‪N7. O‬ي‪GG 7‬ا‪77‬ا‪/' 0‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪76.‬ي‪/‬‬
‫التنظي‪G‬‬
‫ي‪N‬ج‪F.77&G. /‬ا ‪7G‬ي‪G? F‬ل ‪GG‬ل‪. G‬إ‪/‬ا‪ /7‬ال‪ HN/.‬ال‪F7‬مي لل‪ H /77&G‬ل‪H&7G G‬ليا‪H 0‬اضح‪/‬‬
‫ف‪ N‬ه‪6‬ا ا‪䑅‬لجا‪H‬‬
‫‪..G‬ل‪7G G‬الح ‪F.77&G‬ا ‪/G H‬ي‪7‬يا‪.‬ها ‪7.G‬ا‪䐧. FG /7.‬ل‪GF7 /7FG H‬ي‪/‬‬
‫‪F.77&G‬ا ‪7' /G.?.‬ل‪ H7G .N‬ال?‪G‬ل (ال‪?.‬ا‪ HH‬الج‪G‬ا?‪G. ) N‬ا ف‪0 N‬ل‪ G‬ال‪?.‬ا‪/?. F? HH‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫'‪ /G>F‬ال‪N.‬ا‪7‬ل ‪F.77&G.‬ا ‪' FG FGG.‬ي‪7‬ا‪ H‬ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪ /GN‬ف‪ N‬ال‪ .FN‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪F‬ا‪.7‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫لل‪>.G‬ي‪7‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪.‬ي&ي‪ /‬ال‪F‬ا‪.‬ج‪ F? /‬ال‪7N7.‬‬ ‫ث‪F‬ا‪F.77&G /G‬ا ‪7.‬ا?‪? /‬ل‪ّ O‬‬
‫ال‪G.‬ي‪ H G‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪.7‬جا‪/.‬‬
‫ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬‬
‫ا‪䐣‬ل‪ /G>F‬ا‪䑅‬ل?‪. HNG‬ها ف‪F.77&G N‬ا ‪G ( /F7G‬ث‪䐧‬ل ‪NG7‬ل‪N/. /‬يل ا‪䐧‬ل?‪G.‬ا‪/‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬لالي‪䐣 ?H76G FG /‬ل‪7.‬‬
‫ف‪H .FH N‬جي‪.. ، 8‬ا‪..G H/‬ل‪7G G‬الح ا‪/G H‬ي‪7‬يا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل&‪ /77‬لل‪NG‬ا‪ /7‬ا‪䑅‬لا‪/‬ي‪ /‬ا‪ H‬ا‪䑅‬لالي‪ /‬ا‪ H‬ال‪76.‬ي‪/‬‬
‫‪ .7/‬ال‪' HH/ /7H76‬ج‪7‬اءا‪ّ 0‬‬
‫‪).. //F?G‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬للحق ‪: 03‬‬
‫يه‪6G G/‬ا ا‪䐧‬ل‪N..7‬ا‪' H‬ل‪ O‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪7‬ا‪ /GG‬ف‪7G N‬اع‪ N‬ال‪ //.‬ال?لمي ال‪ P6‬يه‪ G/‬ال‪ GNNF. O‬ال‪GG‬ا'ا‪ 0‬ال‪ /NGF7‬لل?‪G‬ا‪، H‬‬
‫‪ H‬ف‪6G N‬ا ال‪N7‬ا‪F H‬ل‪ FG 7G.‬ا‪䑅‬لج‪ .N‬ا‪N..‬ا‪ 7‬ال‪ G7N‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪F‬ا‪ .7‬ل‪G‬ل ‪GG‬ا'‪ H /‬ال‪ 7?6N P6‬ا‪6 7G?N GF‬خ‪G.. ، G.N7‬‬
‫?‪G‬ل‪ /N‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪N..‬ا‪䐧. FG 7‬ل‪N H‬ض? ?‪䐧‬ل‪ X /G‬ف‪. N‬ا‪ /F‬ال‪ G7N‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪F‬ا‪GG .7‬ا ‪.G NG‬ي‪ H‬ف‪ N‬ا‪䑅‬لثا‪ H‬ا‪F/‬ا‪. G‬‬
‫‪G‬ثال ت‪N‬ض‪N‬ح‪: N‬‬

‫ال‪ G7N‬الثال‪/‬‬ ‫ال‪ G7N‬الثا‪NF‬‬ ‫ال‪ G7N‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪HH‬‬ ‫ال‪GG‬ا'‪/‬‬
‫ا‪N..7‬ا‪H‬‬ ‫ا‪N..7‬ا‪H‬‬ ‫ا‪N..7‬ا‪H‬‬ ‫‪GG‬ا'‪1 GF7 /‬‬
‫الب‪N‬ا‪F‬ا‪ 0‬الشخ‪:/N7‬‬
‫الج‪F‬س‪:‬‬
‫ا‪F‬ثى‬ ‫‪7G0‬‬
‫‪.G‬ر‪ /‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪䐧N‬ل‪:/‬‬
‫‪NG‬ل‪. /N‬ي‪1981 N 1967 H‬‬ ‫‪NG‬ل‪F /N‬بل ‪1967‬‬
‫‪NG‬ل‪1993 /?. /N‬‬ ‫‪NG‬ل‪. /N‬ي‪1993 N 1982 H‬‬
‫ا‪F‬شا' ا‪䑅‬لحت‪N‬يا‪0‬‬
‫ال‪ G7N‬الثالث‬ ‫ال‪ G7N‬الثا‪NF‬‬ ‫ال‪ G7N‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪N‬ل‬ ‫ال‪GG‬ا'‪/‬‬
‫‪FGGN-3‬ني '‪6F‬ا' ‪F7 ON./G‬مي ‪..G >N7.‬ل‪/G‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-2‬ني '‪6F‬ا' ‪NN./G‬ا‪/NGF7 0‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-1‬ني '‪6F‬ا' ‪F7 ON./G‬مي ‪G 7N7.‬ثل (‬ ‫ت‪N7‬ي‪7‬ا‪䑅‬لحت‪N‬يا‪0‬‬
‫‪G‬ثل ا‪䑅‬ل‪7F‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪GG /NGF7‬ا ‪FGGN‬ني ا‪/..7‬ا‪G‬‬ ‫‪..G >N7.‬ل‪G. /G‬ا ف‪0 N‬ل‪ G‬ا‪䑅‬لل‪N/NGN.‬ا‬ ‫‪ ، 7F‬ج‪/‬ا‪.... 0N7 ، 7N7 ، HH‬‬
‫ال?‪ FG /N/‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ال‪ /NGF7‬ف‪6G N‬ا ا‪䑅‬لجا‪H‬‬
‫‪FGGN-3‬ني ‪G‬ز‪F? 0‬ا‪ 77‬ا‪䑅‬لح‪ ON.‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ج‪//N‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-2‬ني ‪F7‬ل ‪N/?.H‬ل ‪//'H‬ا‪/‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-1‬ني '‪//‬ا‪N>. /‬يرا‪? /7N7. 0‬ل‪O‬‬ ‫‪G/‬ج ‪ N‬إ?ا‪ //‬ت‪N7‬ي‪7‬‬
‫‪䐥‬ل‪6F‬ا' ‪ ON./G‬ج‪/N/‬‬ ‫ال‪N>.‬يرا‪ 0‬ف‪..G N‬ل‪ G‬ا‪䑅‬لح‪NN.‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬لح‪NN.‬ا‪ 0‬التي ‪6F' G.‬ا(‪G‬ا ‪.F FG‬ل ا‪䐢‬ل‪FN7.‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬لحت‪N‬يا‪0‬‬
‫‪ّ GNG G7?'-3‬‬ ‫‪ّ -2‬‬
‫‪..G F.7.‬ل‪NF' G‬ا? ال‪.‬را‪7N.‬‬ ‫ل‪7' /G7?G P/‬ا‪. /N7‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪䐧..‬ل‪G‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫‪-1‬ا?ل‪ 6?. H' G‬ا‪䑅‬لح‪NN.‬ا‪ 0‬التي ا‪G/..7‬تها‬ ‫ال‪.‬را‪HNF/ N 7N.‬‬
‫?ل‪ O‬ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪H 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ /7‬التي '‪GG/..7‬ا ‪6F'H‬ئها‪.‬‬ ‫‪ HNF/ HN/‬ال‪H 76F‬الح‪ HNF‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪.‬ر‪/GH‬‬ ‫ّ‬
‫‪ HNF/ FN77 F? /NG/G‬ا‪䑅‬لل‪/GN‬‬
‫‪FGGNH‬ني ‪ 6?. FN.7.‬ال‪.‬را‪? 7N.‬ل‪O‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬لل‪/NG‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬لح‪ ON.‬ال‪6F'. GNF' P6‬ائ‪.G‬‬
‫‪FGGN-3‬ني ال‪N/?.‬ل ف‪G7. N‬ج‪ /‬ال‪.‬را‪ .G‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪H //N.G‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-2‬ني 'ج‪7‬ا' ‪N>.‬يرا‪G 0‬ثير‪? /‬ل‪O‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-1‬ني ‪N>.‬ير ‪N. 6?.‬ا‪NG87‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪.‬را‪.G‬‬ ‫ال‪.‬ر‪G‬ج‪/‬‬
‫'‪//‬ا‪N>. /‬يرا‪GG ، 0‬ا ‪FGGN‬ني ‪G6.‬ير ال‪.‬را‪.G‬‬ ‫ال‪.‬ر‪G‬ج‪N‬ا‪H 0‬ال‪FN.7.‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䐧‬لل‪.GN‬ر‪/NFH‬‬ ‫ا‪䐧‬لل‪.GN‬ر‪H /NFH‬ال‪FN.7.‬ا‪0‬‬
‫‪.‬ل>ا‪G7. 0‬ج‪..G /‬ل‪F' ، /G‬ا '‪ G7/‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪ /G>F‬التي‬
‫‪G7.‬ج‪? .‬ل‪7' O‬ا‪G7‬ا ‪..F‬ل‪ G‬ال‪.‬ر‪G‬ج‪N‬ا‪H 0‬‬
‫ال‪FN.7.‬ا‪0‬‬
‫ا‪䐣‬ل‪G‬ا‪H‬‬
‫‪'-3‬ج‪? //‬ا‪ //‬ا‪.7‬را‪N.‬ج‪N‬ا‪ 0‬الح‪G‬ا‪ /N‬التي‬ ‫‪-2‬ا?ل‪ GNG G‬ا‪/‬مي 'ج‪G‬ز‪ N.‬ال‪/NGF7‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-1‬ني ا‪/..7‬ا‪7' G‬ال‪ /7N7. .N‬لحا‪/NG‬‬ ‫‪G/‬اي‪ /‬ا‪䐣‬لجهز‪/‬‬
‫ا‪GG/..7‬ا ‪FGGNH‬ني '‪G/F? G77.' H‬ا ا‪7?6‬‬ ‫‪?H‬ا‪G //‬ا '‪ 7N7‬ا‪.7‬را‪N.‬ج‪N‬ا‪ 0‬الح‪G‬ا‪/N‬‬ ‫'ج‪G‬ز‪G( N.‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪G G‬ل‪ /G‬ال‪antiviruse ،77‬‬
‫'‪' H‬ج‪G‬ز‪///GG N.‬‬ ‫التي ا‪GG/..7‬ا‬ ‫‪......‬‬
‫ا‪䐧‬لل‪.GN‬ر‪/NFN‬‬
‫‪>'-3‬ير ?ا‪/?' //‬ا‪/‬ا‪G/ 0‬ا‪ /N‬ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪/7N6F‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-2‬ني ‪G/‬ا‪N. /N‬ا‪F‬ا‪ N.‬ال‪6‬خ‪H /N7‬‬ ‫‪G G7/'-1‬ا‪ /NG‬ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪H 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪ 0‬التي‬ ‫‪G/‬اي‪ /‬الب‪N‬ا‪F‬ا‪0‬‬
‫?‪.‬ر ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪ FG .F‬اجل ‪G/‬ا‪ /N‬الخ‪/N7N7‬‬ ‫ل‪7/ P/‬ا‪6F HN/ /N‬ا‪N‬ا ‪/N7N7.‬‬ ‫‪6G FGGN‬ا‪G7‬تها ‪G76F H‬ا ?‪.‬ر ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪ H .F‬التي‬
‫‪. G.N GNG G7/'H‬ج‪ ?NG‬ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪G.N GNGH 0‬‬ ‫ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪G?.7. GNG H 0‬ل ‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪N.‬‬ ‫‪䐧‬ل ‪G76F FGGN‬ا‬
‫الشخ‪/N7‬‬
‫ا‪/..7‬ا‪GG‬ا ‪GG‬ا '‪ NF‬ا‪/N7N7. /N6F GGG‬‬ ‫ال‪6‬خ‪/N7‬‬
‫ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪0‬‬
‫‪ G7/'-3‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪7‬ال‪ .N‬ال‪7‬ح‪䐧 //N‬ل‪/..7‬ا‪G‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ا?‪ GNG G7‬ا‪/‬مي ‪GF‬س ي ‪H‬ا‪䐢‬ل‪FN7.‬‬ ‫‪ 'N7 H' G7/'-1‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ‪&N‬ث‪7‬‬ ‫‪G/‬اي‪ /‬الصح‪/‬‬
‫ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ل‪.‬ج‪ .F‬ا‪䑅‬لخا‪ 77‬ال‪7‬ح‪GG /N‬ا‬ ‫‪ FG‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪6‬ا‪FN‬ا‪.? 0‬ر ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪G7/' ،.F‬‬ ‫‪7‬ل‪.‬ا ?ل‪ O‬ال‪7‬ح‪. /‬‬
‫‪FGGN‬ني ال‪. FNGN.‬ي‪ .FH H‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪G‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬لخا‪ 77‬ال‪7‬ح‪ /N‬التي ‪..‬ر‪F? ..‬‬ ‫ا?ل‪.' GNG G‬ج‪ .F‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪6‬ا‪FN‬ا‪.? 0‬ر ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪.F‬‬
‫ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ‪ H‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪FH‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪O7.‬‬ ‫ا‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا‬
‫‪-3‬ل‪H GFNG P/‬ا‪8‬ح ‪ H'6.‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪G‬‬ ‫‪ G7/'-2‬ال‪'.‬ثيرا‪ 0‬ا‪䐥‬ل‪N‬جا‪H /N.‬ال‪7‬ل‪/N.‬‬ ‫‪ ?...'-1‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪7‬ال‪ .N‬ا‪䑅‬لثل‪ O‬لح‪G‬ا‪ /N‬ال‪7‬ا‪/F‬‬ ‫‪G/‬اي‪ /‬الب‪N‬ئ‪/‬‬
‫ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ?ل‪ O‬الح‪N‬ا‪ /‬ال‪ /NGNN‬ال‪N.‬ئ‪H /‬‬ ‫‪䐧‬ل‪/..7‬ا‪G‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ?ل‪ O‬ال‪N.‬ئ‪/‬‬
‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪7‬ته‪䐧‬ل‪.? G‬ر ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪.F‬‬
‫‪/‬ل ا‪䑅‬لشا‪G‬ل‬
‫‪FGGN-3‬ني ‪/‬ل ‪..G‬ل‪ G‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪6‬ا‪G‬ل ال‪G. /NFF.‬ا ف‪N‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-2‬ني ‪/‬ل ا‪䑅‬ل‪6‬ا‪G‬ل ال‪/NFF.‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-1‬ني ‪7‬ل‪ .‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪7‬ا?‪. /H// /F? //‬لل‬ ‫‪/‬ل ا‪䑅‬لشا‪G‬ل الت‪/NFF‬‬
‫‪0‬ل‪ّ G‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬ل?‪ //F‬التي ‪' ?F.‬ث‪F‬ا' ‪ /N/'.‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪G‬ا‪G‬‬ ‫ال‪ /7N7.‬التي ‪' ?F.‬ث‪F‬ا' ‪ /N/'.‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪G‬ا‪G‬‬ ‫‪F.‬ني ف‪ N‬ا‪䐣‬لج‪G‬ز‪ H' /‬ال‪.‬را‪ H' .G‬ال‪FN.7.‬ا‪ 0‬التي‬
‫ا‪G?.7‬ل‪G‬ا‬
‫‪FGGN-3‬ني ا‪..‬ا‪H GFNG 0‬ا‪8‬ح ?‪ /F‬ا‪N..‬ا‪7‬‬ ‫‪-2‬ا?ل‪G G‬ا ‪ FGGN‬لل‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا '‪H‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-1‬ني ا‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا لحل‬ ‫ت‪//‬ي‪ /‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪/‬ت‪N‬اجا‪N 0‬‬
‫ال‪ /NFF.‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪6G‬ل لل‪GG‬ا‪ G‬ال>ير ‪ /NFN.H7‬التي '‪/H‬‬ ‫‪?G.‬ل‪G H G‬ا ‪䐧‬ل ‪GGN‬نها ‪?G‬ل‪FGGN ،G‬ني‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪6‬ا‪G‬ل ل‪ FG‬ف‪GG N‬ا‪GG //H//G G‬ا ‪FGGN‬ني‬
‫ال‪NF‬ا‪. G‬ها‪H ،‬ل‪ HN/ /G7?G P/‬ال‪7N7.‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫ا‪F‬جا‪GG 8‬ا‪> G‬ير ‪. /NFN.H7‬ا‪䐥‬ل‪GG‬ا‪F‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫ا‪..‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪7F‬ا‪ HN/ 7‬ا‪N..‬ا‪ 7‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا‬
‫ا‪䐧‬لستجا‪/.‬‬
‫ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪ /NGNGH /N‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪GG‬ا‬ ‫ال‪ /NFF.‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪.‬ا‪FGGN H //‬ني ا‪N..‬ا‪7‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪F‬ا‪ /.7‬ل‪ 6NGF.‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪G‬ا‪ G‬ال‪/NFN.H7‬‬ ‫الت‪NFG‬ل‪N‬ج‪/N‬‬
‫ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ا‪䐣‬ل‪6G‬ل ل‪6‬ل‪G‬‬
‫‪FGGN-3‬ني ال‪>.‬ل‪? .‬ل‪ O‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪6‬ا‪G‬ل التي ‪7.‬ا‪G/‬ني‬ ‫‪FGGN-2‬ني ا‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ف‪N‬‬ ‫‪-1‬ا?ل‪ H' G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ‪䐣 G/..7.‬ل‪/G‬ا‪G‬‬ ‫ا‪䐥‬ل‪/.‬ا? ‪䐧. FG‬لل‬
‫‪䐧. FG‬ل‪ H‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا‪FGGN ،‬ني‬ ‫‪G‬جا‪ H‬ا‪䐥‬ل‪/.‬ا? ‪ ?N7.7' H‬ال‪?.‬ا‪?G HH‬‬ ‫'‪/.‬ا?‪FGGNH /N‬ني ا‪F‬جا‪ 6?. 8‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪GG‬ا‪7‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪6‬ا‪ /G7‬ف‪ N‬ال‪.‬را‪ .G‬ا‪䐥‬ل‪/.‬ا?‪ ?G /N‬ا‪䐢‬ل‪GG FN7.‬ا‬ ‫ا‪䐢‬ل‪ FG FN7.‬اجل '‪6F‬ا' ‪7.G‬جا‪0‬‬ ‫ا‪䐥‬ل‪/.‬ا?‪䐧. FG /N‬لل‪G‬ا‬
‫الت‪NFG‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا‬
‫‪FGGN‬ني ‪.‬ل‪ F‬ا‪䑅‬ل?‪䐧. FG /G7‬ل‪ H‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا‬ ‫'‪/.‬ا?‪ /N‬ل‪FG‬ني ‪䐧‬ل '‪.‬ا‪ /77. 7/‬ال‪/7GG‬‬
‫'‪? GNF‬ا‪.. //‬ج‪GG 7NN7.H /N/‬ا'ا‪N.‬‬ ‫ا?‪?.' GNG G7‬ل‪ G‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪N6‬ا' الج‪//N/‬‬ ‫ل‪ 6?. P/‬ا‪䑅‬ل?‪ HN/ /G7‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ل‪FG‬‬ ‫ت‪//‬ي‪ /‬ال‪G‬ج‪ /N‬ف‪N‬‬
‫ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪ /N‬التي ا‪./‬اج‪G‬ا‬ ‫‪ HN/‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا‬ ‫ا?‪G7?G /H// G7‬تي ‪GH‬ا‪ /NG‬ا‪䑅‬لجا‪䐧‬ل‪ 0‬التي‬
‫ا‪./‬ا‪' 0‬ل‪?. O‬ل‪GG‬ا '‪/G‬ر‬
‫ال‪GG‬ا'ا‪ 0‬ال‪/NGF7‬‬
‫الب‪N‬ا‪F‬ا‪0‬‬
‫‪FGGN -3‬ني ا‪/..7‬ا‪7' G‬ال‪..G .N‬ل‪ /G‬ف‪ N‬ال‪//.‬‬ ‫‪FGGN -2‬ني ال‪ F? //.‬ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪.? 0‬ر‬ ‫‪FGGN -1‬ني ال‪NF‬ا‪. G‬ال‪ F? //.‬ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫الب‪/‬ث ?‪ F‬الب‪N‬ا‪F‬ا‪0‬‬
‫?‪ F‬ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪.? 0‬ر ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪ H .F‬ا‪F.F‬ا' ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪ /N//. H .F‬ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪ 0‬التي ا‪./‬اج‪G‬ا‬ ‫‪ H‬ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪.? 0‬ر ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪GG .F‬ا ا‪F‬ني ا?‪G7‬‬ ‫‪ N‬ا‪䑅‬لحت‪N‬يا‪ 0‬ال‪N /NGF7‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪ H //NG‬ا?‪..G G7‬ل‪ G‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ ?F‬التي ‪G/F.‬‬ ‫‪ H‬ا‪ NF.F‬ال‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪//NF‬‬ ‫‪..G‬ل‪G7/G G‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪ //.‬التي ‪N7?.‬‬
‫ت‪NG7‬تها‬
‫‪N.‬ا‪F‬ا‪0 0‬ا‪/7G 0‬ا‪/NF‬‬ ‫‪.F‬ائ‪..G .‬ل‪/G‬‬
‫‪-3‬ا‪ /F.F‬ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪ /GN‬التي 'ج‪G/‬ا ?‪.‬ر ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪H .F‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-2‬ني ال‪. FN7G.‬ي‪..G H‬ل‪7G G‬ا‪7/‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ا?‪ H'. G7‬ل‪G 7N‬ل ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫ت‪ GNNF‬ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪0‬‬
‫‪FGGN‬ني ‪/7G O/G GNNF.‬ا‪NF‬تها ‪䐧7 H‬ل‪N/‬تها‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪.? 0‬ر ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪.F‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ج‪ //N‬ف‪ N‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪NG .F‬ث‪/FN‬‬
‫‪-2‬ا?‪ّ GNG G7‬‬
‫ا‪.‬ز‪H H‬ا‪ >G/‬ا‪䑅‬لح‪NN.‬ا‪0‬‬
‫‪FGGN-3‬ني ا‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ال?‪ FG /N/‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪7‬ال‪.N‬‬ ‫‪-1‬ا?‪.. /NGNG G7‬ز‪ FN‬ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪H 0‬‬ ‫ت‪.‬زي‪ N F‬اس‪.‬رجا?‬
‫ل‪ GN>F.‬ا‪䑅‬لل‪G‬ا‪ H 0‬ا‪䑅‬لح‪NN.‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪GG /NGF7‬ا 'ج‪/N‬‬ ‫ال‪ H /NGF7‬ل‪.7' P/‬را‪N.‬ج‪. /N‬ا‪/7‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬لح‪NN.‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪ /NGNGH /NGF7‬ا‪?.7‬ا‪./‬ها‬ ‫الب‪N‬ا‪F‬ا‪0‬‬
‫ا‪/..7‬ا‪7' G‬ال‪..G .N‬ل‪䐧 /G‬ل‪.7‬رجا? ‪..G‬ل‪G‬‬ ‫ا‪GG/..7‬ا ف‪6G N‬ا ا‪䑅‬لجا‪GG H‬ا ا?‪G7‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬لل‪G‬ا‪ 0‬التي ‪.. G.‬ز‪N‬نها‬ ‫‪ /NGNG‬ا‪?.7‬ا‪ //‬ا‪䑅‬لل‪G‬ا‪ّ 0‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬لخز‪/NGNG H /F‬‬
‫ال‪?.‬ا‪G‬ل ‪G?G‬ا‬
‫الت‪N‬ا‪7‬ل‬
‫‪? 0/N?.‬ل‪ O‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪..G G‬ل‪7H G‬ائل‬ ‫‪ّ -3‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-2‬ني ال‪G.‬ا?ل ‪ ?G‬ا‪䐢‬ل‪䐧. FG FN7.‬ل‪H‬‬ ‫الت‪G‬ا?ل ?‪.‬رالت‪NFG‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ‪FGGN-1‬ني ال‪G.‬ا?ل ‪ ?G‬ا‪䐢‬ل‪FN7.‬‬
‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪7.‬ا‪.? H‬ر ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪GG .F‬ا ‪FGGN‬ني ا‪/..7‬ا‪G‬‬ ‫ا‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪7‬ال‪ .N‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪ /G/F.‬التي‬ ‫‪.‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪7‬ال‪ .N‬ال‪ /7N7.‬ل‪7N‬ائل‬
‫‪..G‬ل‪7H G‬ائل ا‪䐧‬ل‪7.‬ا‪ H‬ال‪FGGN H ، /NGF7‬ني‬ ‫‪GG/F.‬ا ‪7H‬ائل ال‪N.‬ا‪7‬ل‬ ‫ال‪N.‬ا‪7‬ل‬
‫‪ .F?.‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪7.‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪ H 0‬ال‪?.‬ا‪G‬ل ‪..G ?G‬ل‪NF' G‬ا?‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪7.‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪ 0‬ال‪N‬ا‪' //7‬ل‪N‬‬
‫‪FGGN-3‬ني ا‪䑅‬ل‪6‬ا‪6F. /G7‬ا‪..G 7‬ل‪ G‬ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-2‬ني ا‪䑅‬ل‪6‬ا‪ /G7‬ف‪ N‬ا‪䐧‬لج‪G.‬ا?ا‪.? 0‬ر‬ ‫‪FGGN-1‬ني ‪6G‬ا‪ /G7‬ا‪䑅‬لل‪G‬ا‪ H 0‬ا‪䑅‬لح‪NN.‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫‪G‬شا‪ /G7‬ا‪䑅‬لحت‪N‬يا‪N 0‬‬
‫‪ H‬ا‪䑅‬لح‪NN.‬ا‪䐧. FG 0‬ل‪ H‬ا‪䑅‬لج‪?G.‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪H /NGF7‬‬ ‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪NG H .F‬ا‪ ?F‬ال‪N.‬ا‪7‬ل ‪6G H‬ا‪/G7‬‬ ‫ال‪ ?G /NGF7‬ا‪䐢‬ل‪. FN7.‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪G‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪0‬‬
‫‪7FG‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪?.‬ا‪..G H HH‬ل‪ G‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ ?F‬ا‪䐧‬لل‪.GN‬ر‪/NFH‬‬ ‫ا‪䑅‬لح‪NN.‬ا‪ H 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪䐧. FG 0‬لل‪G‬ا‬ ‫ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ال‪/7N7.‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫‪-3‬ا‪? G/..7‬ا‪ //‬ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪ H .F‬ا?‪..G G7‬ل‪G‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-2‬ني ا‪G?.7‬ا‪ 6?. H‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا‬ ‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪7.F‬ا‪ 7‬ف‪ N‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪.? /F7‬ر ‪-1‬ا?ل‪ H' G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ‪FG FGG.‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬ل‪N‬ا‪ ?F‬التي ‪ G/F.‬الخ‪G/‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪ H /NGF7‬ا?‪G7‬‬ ‫للح‪? HN7‬ل‪ 6?. O‬الخ‪G/‬ا‪ 0‬ال‪/NGF7‬‬ ‫ال‪G.‬ا?ل ‪..G ?G‬ل‪ G‬ال‪NG‬ئا‪ 0‬ال?‪/NGNG‬‬ ‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪F‬ت‬
‫‪ /NGNG‬ال‪G.‬ا?ل ‪G?G‬ا‬ ‫‪G‬ثل (الخ‪G/‬ا‪ 0‬الح‪ ، /NGNG‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪، OG6.7‬‬ ‫‪H‬الح‪? HN7‬ل‪ O‬الخ‪G/‬ا‪FGGNH 0‬ني‬
‫ال‪FG‬ا‪..... H/‬‬ ‫ا‪䐧>.7‬لل‪G‬ا ‪N'.‬جا‪/N.‬‬
‫‪-3‬ا‪G?.7‬ل ?ا‪. H //‬ث‪..G /F‬ل‪ G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا‬ ‫‪FGGN-2‬ني '‪6F‬ا' ‪FG H‬ا‪..G /6F‬ل‪G‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-1‬ني ال‪?.‬ا‪ ?G HH‬ا‪䐢‬ل‪䐧. FG FN7.‬ل‪H‬‬ ‫الت?ا‪.? HN‬رال‪NFF‬ا‪0‬‬
‫ال‪ /NGF7‬لل‪?.‬ا‪ ?G HH‬ا‪䐢‬ل‪. H FN7.‬ل‪ F‬ا‪䑅‬ل?‪H /G7‬‬ ‫ال‪6F‬ا‪N‬ا ‪ ?G‬ا‪䐢‬ل‪䐧. FG FN7.‬ل‪H‬‬ ‫ا‪/..7‬ا‪ G‬ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا ال‪G /7N7.‬ثل‬ ‫ال‪/NGF7‬‬
‫ا‪䑅‬لح‪NN.‬ا‪6G H 0‬ا‪G7‬تها ‪..G ?G‬ل‪ G‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪77‬ا‪G‬‬ ‫ال‪NFG.‬ل‪N‬ج‪N‬ا‬ ‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪NGN‬ل ‪,,,,,‬‬
‫‪FGGN-3‬ني ‪..G FN.7.‬ل‪/( G‬ا‪ .‬ال?‪G‬ل ?‪.‬ر‬ ‫‪G G7/' -2‬ا‪.G /NG‬ا‪/( H (/‬ا‪ .‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪G‬‬ ‫‪-1‬ا?ل‪G G‬ا‪ /NG‬ال‪7‬ل‪H GN‬ا‪䐢‬ل‪/‬ا‪ .‬ال‪N‬اج‪.‬‬ ‫(‪/‬ا‪ .‬الت‪N‬ا‪7‬ل‬
‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪ .F‬ف‪N7 N‬ا‪G? H‬ل‪H N‬ف‪..G N‬ل‪ G‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪7F‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪ H .F‬ا‪F‬ا ‪F‬ا‪? 7/‬ل‪ O‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪GG‬ا ف‪N‬‬ ‫ال‪/.‬ل‪. N‬ها 'ث‪F‬ا' ال‪?.‬ا‪G‬ل ‪ ?G‬ا‪䐢‬ل‪.? FN7.‬ر‬
‫ال‪ H /NGF7‬ل‪ P/‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪7‬ال‪G7NN7.. .GF .N‬ا‬ ‫‪N7‬ا‪G? H‬ل‪N‬‬ ‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪.F‬‬
‫لل‪? G7?.‬ل‪ O‬ا‪䐢‬ل‪/‬ا‪ .‬التي ‪䐧‬ل ‪.‬ل‪. FN‬ا‪/..7‬ا‪G‬‬
‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪.F‬‬
‫‪FGGN-3‬ني ال‪?.‬ا‪G‬ل ‪ ?G‬ال?‪ FG /N/‬ال‪NNG‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫‪FGGN-2‬ني '‪6F‬ا' ‪NNG‬تي ال‪ّ /NGF7‬‬
‫‪?...'H‬‬ ‫‪.G H /NGG' G7/'-1‬ا‪ 77‬ال‪?.‬ا‪G‬ل ‪?G‬‬ ‫الت?ا‪G‬ل ‪ ?G‬اله‪N‬يا‪0‬‬
‫ال‪F.7 /NGF7‬ا لل‪N7‬ا‪H H‬ال‪G G/G‬نها ‪GG‬ا ‪FGGN‬ني‬ ‫ج‪ ?NG‬ا‪䐣‬ل?‪G‬ا‪ H‬التي ‪. .GF /F .FG‬ها‬ ‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪.? FN7.‬ر ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪ ( .F‬ال‪6‬خ‪N7‬ا‪0‬‬ ‫ال‪/GNF7‬‬
‫ا‪䐥‬ل‪76‬ا‪? G‬ل‪ O‬ا‪䑅‬ل?ل‪GN‬ا‪ 0‬التي ‪6F'. .GF‬ا&ها ‪FG‬‬ ‫ا‪䐧‬ل‪.G‬را‪) /N6‬‬
‫‪䐧.‬ل‪G. H‬ا?ل‪.? N‬ر ا‪䐧‬ل‪.F‬ر‪6G .F‬ل‪FGGN G‬ني ‪G/‬ا‪/N‬‬
‫‪ّ /?G7‬‬
‫‪NNG‬تي ال‪/NGF7‬‬
: 04 F‫ح‬F‫ل‬䑅'
( alpha de Cronbach) (‫ا‬.‫ث‬F' FG‫عا‬G ❖
Statistiques de fiabilité
Alpha de Cronbach Nombre d'éléments
,901 39
Récapitulatif de traitement des observations
N %
Observations Valide 38 100,0
Excluea 0 ,0
Total 38 100,0
a. Suppression par liste basée sur toutes les variables de la procédure.
‫اتية‬77‫لؤ‬䑅' ‫در'ت‬FF' ‫ي‬䩆. ‫اط‬.‫لرت‬䐧' FG‫عا‬G ❖

‫ية‬GF‫ر‬F' ‫كفاء'ت‬F' ‫ي‬䩆. ‫اط‬.‫لرت‬䐧' FG‫عا‬G ❖
Test des échantillons indépendants

Test de Levene sur
l'égalité des variances Test t pour égalité des moyennes
Différence Intervalle de confiance
Sig. Différence erreur de la différence à 95 %
F Sig. t Ddl (bilatéral) moyenne standard Inférieur Supérieur
‫'لبي'ن'ت‬ Hypothèse de ,510 ,477 1,594 119 ,114 ,16555 ,10388 -,04014 ,37124
variances égales
Hypothèse de 1,566 102,08 ,120 ,16555 ,10572 -,04414 ,37525
variances inégales 0
‫'لتو'صل‬ Hypothèse de 3,986 ,048 1,947 119 ,054 ,17619 ,09050 -,00302 ,35540
variances égales
Hypothèse de 1,898 98,290 ,061 ,17619 ,09283 -,00802 ,36039
variances inégales
content_creation Hypothèse de 11,984 ,001 -1,169 119 ,245 -,11601 ,09924 -,31252 ,08049
variances égales
Hypothèse de -1,226 118,51 ,223 -,11601 ,09462 -,30337 ,07135
security Hypothèse de ,000 ,989 1,339 119 ,183 ,11023 ,08230 -,05274 ,27319
variances égales
Hypothèse de 1,343 111,09 ,182 ,11023 ,08207 -,05240 ,27286
prolem_solving Hypothèse de ,151 ,698 1,230 119 ,221 ,10981 ,08924 -,06689 ,28652
variances égales
Hypothèse de 1,217 105,27 ,226 ,10981 ,09021 -,06906 ,28868
: ‫خص‬F‫ل‬䑅‫ا‬
I‫دا‬..7‫ب‬⠧ ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F‫ ا‬/1‫لوا‬䑅‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬/‫ إ‬0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ر‬N‫طو‬. N ‫ة‬FGF1 ?F‫⩊ت ⩅ت‬F‫ ا‬F&‫?وا‬F‫د ا‬N‫ ⨭تد‬O‫ة ا‬7‫ا‬1‫د‬F‫ ا‬G‫⩇تد‬
0‫ا?ا‬F‫ص‬F‫ ا‬GF.o ‫ف‬䅊 ‫زا&ر‬n‫ف ا‬䅊 ‫ط‬6F. ‫ة‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ر‬6? ‫?ة‬7. .F‫ش‬㑅 ‫ة‬FّN? ‫ة‬7‫ا‬1/ ‫ث ⩅ت‬N/، ‫ثة‬N‫د‬o‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ا‬
‫ا‬GNG ، ‫ة‬N/‫ر‬GF‫ ا‬0‫ا‬1‫د‬FF‫ ا‬N ‫ة‬N.‫ا‬77‫لؤ‬䑅‫ ا‬0‫ا‬1‫د‬FF‫ ا‬1‫ا‬...‫ ا‬F.‫ أ‬FG Pg‫د‬.7g‫ ا‬.‫ه‬F‫ل‬䑅‫ى ا‬F? /‫ا‬G.?g‫ ا‬Hg. FG GF0 N
0g‫صا‬.g‫طاع ا‬F ‫ف‬䅊 ‫طة‬6‫ا‬FF‫ " ا‬N‫د‬N1N‫ة " أ‬77‫لؤ‬䑅 NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬.6FF‫ ا‬O‫د‬G ‫ة‬7‫ا‬1/ F.‫ أ‬FG ‫ة‬F‫ا‬o‫ة ا‬7‫ا‬1/ .‫ه‬FG ‫ن‬䙊.. ‫⩅ت‬
.‫زا&ر‬n‫ب‬⠧
‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬. ‫ة‬7‫ا‬1‫د‬F‫ة ا‬FّN? 0‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ف‬䅊 //‫ا‬NFF‫ ا‬I‫ا‬G.G‫ ا‬I‫ ?د‬N ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫اءا‬GGF‫ص ا‬FF J‫ أ‬O‫ة ا‬7‫ا‬1‫د‬F‫ ا‬.‫ص‬F.
Gg.G‫ ا‬I‫ ?د‬O‫ة ا‬G‫ا‬6‫ل‬䐥‫ب‬⠧ ، /1‫ا‬/‫ل‬䐥‫ ا‬G‫ذ‬G 0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G ‫ر‬N‫طو‬. ?F‫⩊ت ⩅ت‬F‫ ا‬F&‫?وا‬F‫ ا‬GG‫ أ‬FG ‫ب‬⠱.?. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F‫ ا‬/1‫لوا‬䑅‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬/‫ إ‬0‫ا‬71‫ا‬G
‫طاع‬FF ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0g‫و‬/.F‫ ا‬G?‫د‬. ‫زا&ر‬n‫ف ا‬䅊 H‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣‫&ة ا‬N. J‫ أ‬O‫ ا‬.&‫ا‬.FF‫ ا‬.FّN. ‫ا‬GG ، ‫ة‬FF F F F NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬NFG‫ ّذ‬FF //‫ا‬NFF‫ا‬
. H‫ا‬G?‫ل‬䐣‫ا‬
. ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬، ‫ة‬FGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬، ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0g‫و‬/.F‫ ا‬، ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F‫ ا‬/1‫لوا‬䑅‫ ا‬/1‫ا‬/‫ة إ‬FGF1 : ‫لفتاحية‬䑅‫مات ا‬F‫ك‬F‫ا‬
Abstract :
The study aimed to identify the obstacles that prevent the digitization and
development of human resource management (HRM) practices using modern
technology. To study the capabilities of both institutions and individuals, a
deductive approach was used to examine a sample which contained nineteen
enterprises active in Algeria in various industries. In addition to this, a case study
approach was used to evaluate the digital maturity of the company "Ooredoo",
which is active in the telecommunications sector in Algeria.
The study concluded that the lack of digital competency and interest in
adopting digitized HRM practices are considered major obstacles that prevent the
digital transformation of HRM. In addition to the Leadership lack of digital
mindset in these companies. Conversely, the data from the case study approach
showed that the business environment in Algeria supports the digital
transformation of business sector.
Keywords : digitizing HRM, digital transformation, digitalization, digital

technology.

NGFرF' Fو/.F' رNو7. ةNFاG6إ و رئ'زn' ف䅊 ةNر6.F' /1'ول䑅') 1'/إ *ا71ام䕅 رئ'زn' ف䅊 ة76اFF' *ا7 ّ7ؤل䑅' FG ة?وGم䕰 ةNF'دNG ة7'1/

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NGFرF' Fو/.F' رNو7. ةNFاG6إ و رئ'زn' ف䅊 ةNر6.F' /1'ول䑅') 1'/إ *ا71ام䕅 رئ'زn' ف䅊 ة76اFF' *ا7 ّ7ؤل䑅' FG ة?وGم䕰 ةNF'دNG ة7'1/

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‫ة‬N.?

6F' ‫ة‬N7'‫ر‬F‫ي‬䩅‫د‬F' ‫ة‬N‫ز'ئر‬n' ‫ة‬N1‫هو‬Gn'

2022-2021 : ‫ة‬N?G‫ا‬n' ‫ة‬F7F'

‫‪F‬ك‪ F‬أفراد ا‪?F‬ائ‪F‬ة ا‪F‬كر‪䩅‬ية‬

‫‪F‬ك‪ F‬طا‪F? .F‬م‬

‫حة‬G‫ص‬F‫ا‬ 0‫ي‬䨧‫متو‬䕱‫ة ا‬G‫ائ‬F

6 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ا‬ -1.1.1

10 /.GF‫ ا‬0g‫ا‬N.F‫ ا‬0‫زا‬N‫م‬䕅 ▪

11 (Datat Mining) /.GF‫ ا‬0g‫ا‬N.F‫ة ا‬n‫?ا‬G ‫ و‬FNF/ ▪

12 )Mobility ( ‫ة‬F‫و‬G‫م‬䕱‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫❖ ا‬

13 ‫ة‬Ff‫ ا‬GF?. ‫ و‬N?‫ا‬F7F‫ا' ا‬G‫ذ‬F‫ة و ا‬NG‫ا‬1/‫ل‬䐥‫ة ا‬.7‫و‬o‫❖ ا‬

14 )Machine learning ( ‫ة‬Ff‫ ا‬GF?. ▪

14 (Internet of things ) '‫ا‬N6‫ل‬䐣‫ ا‬.F‫⨱ت‬F) ❖

14 (Blockchain) F.GF‫ ا‬F7g7 ❖

15 (Cyber Security ) ‫ن‬䙊‫⨱تو‬GNFg‫ ا‬FG‫ل‬䐣‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ❖

16 ‫ة‬N&o‫ز‬NGF‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬-2.1.1

17 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬/‫ ⨣ت‬-2.1

19 ‫ي‬/‫ا‬7.Fg‫ ا‬I‫>ا‬FF‫ى ا‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫ ⨣ت‬-1.2.1

23 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬G‫و‬Go‫ ا‬-2.2.1

24 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬G‫و‬Go‫ا' ا‬F. ❖

25 GNF?.F‫ة ا‬G>F) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫⨣ت‬-3.2.1

26 GF?‫ل‬䑅‫ى ا‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫❖ ⨣ت‬

26 .F‫ا‬7F‫ى ا‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫❖ ⨣ت‬

27 GNNF.F‫ ا‬.NF‫ا‬7) N‫غ‬. ❖

27 ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F‫ ا‬H‫ا‬G?g‫&ة ا‬N. -4.2.1

‫‪31‬‬ ‫• ‪䕅‬م‪N‬زا‪ 0‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪7F‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬

‫‪33‬‬ ‫❖ ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬د‪FN‬ا‪NGNG‬ة‬

‫‪38‬‬ ‫❖ ا‪F/F‬ا‪G‬ة ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬

‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪G‬ا‪NG‬ة ا‪F/F‬ا‪G‬ة ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬ ‫▪‬

‫ا‪GF‬ص‪ F‬ا‪F‬ثا‪䙊‬ن‪ :‬إدار‪ /‬ا‪F‬تحو‪䐧‬ل‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬

‫‪48‬‬ ‫❖ ‪/+‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䐥‬ل‪.‬داع ا‪?.F‬او‪䙊‬ن‬

‫‪50‬‬ ‫❖ ا‪䐣‬ل‪G>F‬ة ا‪GNg‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ة ‪Ecosystems‬‬

‫‪52‬‬ ‫❖ ‪/+‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪.g‬داع ا‪⨱7g‬تا‪N.N.‬‬

‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪ -2.2.2‬ا‪䑅‬لها‪1‬ا‪ 0‬و ا‪GGF‬ا'ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬

‫‪60‬‬ ‫❖ ‪ GNF7.‬ا‪GGF‬ا'ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬

‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪䙅 -3.2.2‬نا‪0‬ج ا‪NFF‬ا‪ //‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬

‫‪63‬‬ ‫❖ ‪/‬د‪N‬د ‪ o*1‬ا‪/.F‬و‪ H‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬‬

‫‪64‬‬ ‫❖ ‪6+‬را‪ G‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪G‬را‪/‬‬

‫‪64‬‬ ‫❖ ‪6F+‬ا' ‪>F‬ا‪ I‬ا‪o‬و‪GG‬ة‬

‫‪65‬‬ ‫❖ ‪F.‬ا' ‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪NF 0‬ا‪ //‬ا‪FG.F‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا‬

‫‪66‬‬ ‫❖ ‪7+‬ا‪ 1‬ا‪NFF‬ا‪ //‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬ة‬

‫‪68‬‬ ‫❖ ‪ّ /‬د‪ 0o‬ا‪NFF‬ا‪䅊 //‬ف ا‪7?F‬ر ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬‬

‫‪69‬‬ ‫❖ ‪䕅‬م‪N‬زا‪ 0‬ا‪FF‬ا&د ا‪FF‬ا‪/.‬‬

‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪ -4.2.2‬ا‪FF‬د‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪NGN>F.F‬ة‬

‫‪73‬‬ ‫❖ ‪F.‬ا' ا‪F‬ر‪6‬ا‪F‬ة ا‪NGN>F.F‬ة‬

‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪7G -3.2‬ا‪1‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪/.F‬و‪ H‬ا‪F‬ر‪NGF‬‬

‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪. -1.3.2‬ر‪.‬ة ا‪'gG?F‬‬

‫‪77‬‬ ‫❖ ‪G‬ا‪NG‬ة ‪.‬ر‪.‬ة ا‪'gG?F‬‬

‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪ - 2.3.2‬ا‪NFG?F‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪F‬دا‪NF.‬ة‬

‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪FGF1 -1.3‬ة ‪/+‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬

‫‪93‬‬ ‫‪ -2.3‬ا‪?F‬وا‪ FG‬ا‪䑅‬ل‪7‬ا?د‪F? /‬ى ‪FGF1‬ة ‪/+‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬

‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪⨣ -2.3.3‬ت‪ /‬ا‪FG.F‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا ?‪F‬ى ?‪NFG‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪.F‬و>‪GN‬‬

‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪⨣ -3.3.3‬ت‪ /‬ا‪FG.F‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا ?‪F‬ى ?‪NFG‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪.F‬د‪ .N1‬و ا‪7.F‬و‪N‬ر‬

‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪NFF. -4.3‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪䐣‬ل‪.?F‬ة (‪) Gamification‬‬

‫‪101‬‬ ‫‪. -5.3‬ا‪71‬ة ‪7G‬ا‪ 1‬ا‪/.F‬و‪ H‬ا‪F‬ر‪䐥 NGF‬ل‪/‬ا‪ /1‬ا‪䑅‬لوا‪ /1‬ا‪6.F‬ر‪N‬ة‬

‫ا‪GF‬ص‪ F‬ا‪F‬را‪.‬ع‪ :‬ا‪䐥‬ل‪7‬ار ا‪G‬نه‪ N.‬و ‪G‬را‪.‬عة ا‪䐣‬لد‪N.‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪7F‬ا‪F.‬ة‬

‫‪121‬‬ ‫‪FG -2.4‬ه‪N.‬ة ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة‬

‫‪124‬‬ ‫❖ ?‪FّN‬ة ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة‬

‫ا‪GF‬ص‪ F‬ا‪n‬ا‪ : 7G‬ا‪F‬درا‪7‬ة ا‪F‬ت‪NFN.7‬ة‬

‫‪125‬‬ ‫‪ -1.1.5‬ا‪?.F‬ر‪o GN‬ؤ‪77‬ة )و‪N1‬دو‬

‫‪125‬‬ ‫‪/) -2.1.5‬ا‪ /‬ا‪F‬د‪1‬ا‪7‬ة‬

‫‪126‬‬ ‫❖ ‪G7G‬و‪G‬ة و‪⨱7‬ت‪FG‬‬

‫‪127‬‬ ‫‪G7G FNF/ -3.1.5‬و‪G‬ة و‪⨱7‬ت‪ FG‬ا‪p‬ا‪7‬ة ‪o‬ؤ‪77‬ة )و‪N1‬دو‬

NGFرF' Fو/.F' رNو7. ةNFاG6إ و رئ'زn' ف䅊 ةNر6.F' /1'ول䑅') 1'/إ ا71ام䕅 رئ'زn' ف䅊 ة76اFF' ا7 ّ7ؤل䑅' FG ة?وGم䕰 ةNF'دNG ة7'1/

NGFرF' Fو/.F' رNو7. ةNFاG6إ و رئ'زn' ف䅊 ةNر6.F' /1'ول䑅') 1'/إ ا71ام䕅 رئ'زn' ف䅊 ة76اFF' ا7 ّ7ؤل䑅' FG ة?وGم䕰 ةNF'دNG ة7'1/

10 /.GF‫ ا‬0g‫ا‬N.F‫ ا‬0‫زا‬N‫م‬䕅 ▪

11 (Datat Mining) /.GF‫ ا‬0g‫ا‬N.F‫ة ا‬n‫?ا‬G ‫ و‬FNF/ ▪

17 ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬0‫ا‬/‫ ⨣ت‬-2.1

19 ‫ي‬/‫ا‬7.Fg‫ ا‬I‫>ا‬FF‫ى ا‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫ ⨣ت‬-1.2.1

25 GNF?.F‫ة ا‬G>F) ‫ى‬F? ‫ة‬/N‫د‬o‫ا ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫⨣ت‬-3.2.1

26 GF?‫ل‬䑅‫ى ا‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫❖ ⨣ت‬

26 .F‫ا‬7F‫ى ا‬F? ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F‫ ا‬/‫❖ ⨣ت‬

27 GNNF.F‫ ا‬.NF‫ا‬7) N‫غ‬. ❖

‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪⨣ -2.3.3‬ت‪ /‬ا‪FG.F‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا ?‪F‬ى ?‪NFG‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪.F‬و>‪GN‬‬

‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪⨣ -3.3.3‬ت‪ /‬ا‪FG.F‬و‪F‬و‪N.‬ا ?‪F‬ى ?‪NFG‬ا‪ 0‬ا‪.F‬د‪ .N1‬و ا‪7.F‬و‪N‬ر‬

. ).GF' ‫ة‬N/‫ا‬7.Fg' ‫ة‬GNFF' '0 g‫ا‬N.F' O' ‫ة‬GNFF' 6.

. *g‫ا‬N.F' G‫ذ‬G ‫ة‬n‫?ا‬G O ‫ر?ة‬7F' O' 6. ‫ر?ة‬7F'

. ‫ا‬G‫و‬F?G' ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG. ‫ى‬F? )‫ر‬/G. ‫د‬G.?. pF' ‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ?F7F'

.‫ا‬G‫د‬p' N ‫ا‬71‫ا‬GG' GNG7. N ‫ة‬7‫د‬FG )/‫?ا‬+ F.' FG ‫ا‬N.‫و‬F‫و‬FG.F'

. ‫ة‬N‫ر‬6.F' N ‫ة‬NF‫ا‬G' /1'‫و‬G/ ‫ها‬G?/ N NGF‫ر‬F' ‫ر‬N‫و‬7.F' ‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G ‫ا‬N/g7 ‫ز‬N‫?ز‬.

FG ‫ا‬77‫ؤ‬G' FG‫ ⩅ت‬pF' '1‫د‬FF' GF. NG N : " Sensing" 1‫?ا‬6.7g‫ ا‬0‫ا‬1‫د‬F

'/‫أ‬.F' N g‫ا‬o' N FG'‫?و‬F' : ‫ة‬NGF‫ر‬F' *g‫و‬/.F' : 1-1 FG6F‫ا‬