EBD_7751

346 PHYSICS

14 Oscillations

PERIODIC AND OSCILLATORY MOTION ¬F

Periodic Motion B O C A
When a body repeats its motion after regular interval of time, it
i.e., F µ – x x®
is said to be in periodic motion. The path of periodic motion may
r
be rectilinear, open/ closed curvilinear. or, F = -kxr
Example : (i) Motion of moon around earth. where k is called force constant or spring constant
(ii) Motion of a piston in a cylinder. r r
(iii) Motion of a simple pendulum etc. d 2 x kx
or, m + =0
dt 2 m
Oscillatory Motion
(b) Angular S.H.M.
If during a periodic motion, the particle moves to and fro on the
The restoring torque is proporational to the angular
same path, the motion is vibratory or oscillatory. displacement from the mean position.
Example : (i) The motion of a ball in bowl r r
Ball t = -Cq where C is called torsional rigidity
r
Bowl d 2q r
or, I 2 = -Cq
dt
r
d 2q C r
(ii) The needle of a sewing machine or, + q = 0.
(iii) Vibrations of prongs of tuning fork etc. dt 2 I
Terms Related to S.H.M.
(i) Amplitude : The maximum displacement of the oscillating
(i) All oscillatory motion are periodic but all periodic particle on either side of its mean position is called its
motioniiare not oscillatory motion. amplitude. It is denoted by A.
(ii) The oscillatory motion which can be expressed in terms of (ii) Time period : The time taken by a oscillating particle to
sine and cosine function, is said to be harmonic motion. complete one oscillation is called its time period. It is
denoted by T.
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (S.H.M.) (iii) Frequency : It is the number of oscillations completed in
“If a particle moves up and down (back and forth) about a one second. It is denoted by u.
mean position (also called equilibrium position) in such a way 1
u=
that a restoring force/ torque acts on particle, which is T
proportional to displacement from mean position, but in The S.I. unit of frequency is s–1 or Hz.
opposite direction from displacement, then motion of the particle (iv) Angular frequency
is called simple harmonic motion. If displacement is linear, it is
2p
called linear S.H.M. and if displacement is angular, it is called an w = 2pu =
angular S.H.M. T
Example : (i) Motion of a body suspended by spring. The S.I. unit of angular frequency is rad/sec.
(ii) Oscillations of simple pendulum. (v) Phase : The parameter, by which the position of particle
from its mean position is represented, is known as phase.
Equations of S.H.M. The phase at any instant tells the state of position &
(a) Linear S.H.M. direction of motion at that instant. The phase at time t = 0
The restoring force is proportional to the displacement from is known as the initial phase or epoch (e).
mean position.
 Oscillations 347

(vi) Total phase angle : The total angle (wt + q) is known as total (ii) Potential energy : A particle in S.H.M. possesses potential
phase angle. energy due to its displacement from the mean position.
Characteristics of S.H.M. 1 2 1
P.E . =ky = mw2 y 2
(i) Displacement : The displacement of a particle in S.H.M. is 2 2
given by (iii) Total mechanical energy
y = A sin(wt + f ) E = K.E. + P.E.
where A is amplitude, w is angular frequency and (wt + f) is 1 1
called the phase of the particle at any instant t. = mw 2 (A 2 - y2 ) + mw 2 y2
2 2
1 1
E= mw2 A2 = kA 2
+A 2 2
(iv) The curves representing KE, PE and total energy are shown
Displacement

3T/4 T
(0,0) in figure.
T/4 T/2
Total energy
–A E = K.E. + P.E.
Time (t)
P.E.

Energy
(ii) Velocity : The velocity of a particle in S.H.M. is given by
dy K.E.
= Aw cos(w t + f) or, v = w A 2 - y 2
dt –A O +A
Displacement
At y = 0 (at mean position), vmax = w A
Keep in Memory

1. Restoring force F = – Mw2x

2. Kinetic energy = (1/2) Mw2(A2 – x2)
Velocity

T/2 3. Potential energy = 1/2 Mw2x2

(0)
T/4 3T/4 T 4. Total energy of SHM = 1/2 Mw2A2
Time (t) Equation a = – w2y shows that if body perform S.H.M. then
acceleration of the body is proportional to displacement,
(iii) Acceleration : The acceleration of a particle in S.H.M. is but in the opposite direction of displacement. It is an
given by essential requirement for any motion to be S.H.M.
5. The kinetic and potential energy of SHM varies sinusoidally
dv
a= = -w2 A sin(w t + f) with a frequency twice that of SHM.
dt
1
or, a = – w2y 6. Total energy = mw 2 A 2 = 2p 2 mA 2 n 2
The negative sign indicates that the acceleration is directed 2
towards the mean position where n = frequency of vibration.
At y = A (at extreme position),
7. a = -w2 x where w is constant v = w A 2 - x 2
amax = – w2A
a v
Acceleration

T/4 x x
T/2 3T/4 T

Time (t)
8. Geometrically the projection of the body undergoing
uniform circular motion on the diameter of the circle is
Energy in S.H.M. : SHM.
(i) Kinetic energy : A particle in S.H.M. possesses kinetic l
energy by virtue of its motion. 9. In a non-inertial frame. T = 2p
g eff
1 2 1 g eff = (g - a y ) 2 + a 2x
K .E. = mv = mw2 ( A2 - y 2 )
2 2
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348 PHYSICS

SOME SYSTEMS EXECUTING S.H.M. Let a bob of mass m is displaced from its, equilibrium position
Case 1 Spring mass system : and released, then it oscillates in a vertical plane under gravity.
(i) When two springs having force constants k1 and k2 Let q be the angular displacement at any time t, then
connected in parallel, then corresponding linear displacement along the arc is
x = l q.
It is clear from the diagram that mg sinq, is the restoring force
k1 k2 acting on m tending to return it to mean position. So from
Newton’s second law

M md 2 x
F= = - mg sin q ...(i)
dt 2
The force constant of the combination is
where negative sign indicates that restoring force mg sin q (= F)
k = k1 + k2 and hence T = 2p[M/(k1 + k2)]1/2
is opposite to displacement q. If q is very small, then
(ii) When two springs of force constants k 1 and k2 are
sin q » q, so from equation (i)
connected in series, then
md 2 x x
= - mg sin q = - mg or ...(ii)
2 l
k1 dt
where w2 = g/l.
This is the equation of S.H.M. of the bob with time period
k2
2p ælö
M T= = 2p ç ÷ OM
w ègø
The force constant of the combination is How to find the time period of a body undergoing S.H.M.?
1/k = 1/k1 + 1/k2. i.e., Step 1 : First, find the equilibrium position. Equilibrium position
m will be one for which SF = 0 and St = 0
k = k1k2/(k1 + k2) Hence T = 2p Step 2 : Displace the body , from the equilibrium position by x.
K
(iii) If two mass M1 and M2 are connected at the two ends of Find the restoring force acting on the body F = –kx (for translation)
the spring, then their period of oscillation is given by Find the restoring torque acting on the body t = - kq (for
M1 M2 rotational)

md 2 x
M1M 2 Step 3 : Since F = ma =
T = 2p[m/k)]1/2 where m = is the reduced mass. dt 2
M1 + M 2
(iv) When the length of spring increases, spring constant md 2 x
\ Use = - kx ... (i) for translational
decreases. If the length of spring becomes n times, its spring dt 2
1 md 2 x
constant becomes times and therefore time period will = - kq … (ii) for rotational
n dt 2
be increased by n times.
m
(v) If we divide the spring into n equal parts, the spring Step 4 : T = 2p (for translational)
k
constant of each part becomes n k. Hence time period when
the same mass is suspended from each part is: I
T = 2p (for rotational) where, I = moment of inertia
1/ 2 k
éM ù
T = 2p ê ú
ë nk û COMMON DEFAULT
Case 2 Simple pendulum : A simple pendulum consists of a
Incorrect. The time period of spring mass-system is
point mass suspended by a weightless inextensible cord from a
rigid support. dependent on the value of g.
Correct. Time period of spring-mass system shifts only the
equilibrium position. It does not change the time period.
q Because of this reason, time period of spring mass system
l l remains same on plains / mountains / in satellites.
Incorrect. The time taken to cover half the amplitude form
x =lq
T
equilibrium position is .
mg sinq mg mg cosq 8
 Oscillations 349

T Case 7: The time period of a ball oscillating in the neck of a

Correct. The actual time taken is . chamber
12
Incorrect. In a spring mass system, mass oscillate about 2p mV
the end of a spring when the spring is in unstretched T=
A B
condition. Case 8 : If a dipole of dipole moment p is suspended in a uniform
Correct. The mass oscillates about the equilibrium position electric field E then time period of oscillation
which may or may not be at the unstretched length.
I
Case 3 Liquid in U-tube : A U-tube of uniform cross-sectional T = 2p
area A has been set up vertically with open ends facing up. PE
Keep in Memory
1. In S.H.M. the phase relationship between displacement,
x velocity and accleration, is as follows :
x
(a) The velocity is leading the displacement by a phase
p
radian
2
(b) The acceleration is leading the displacement by a
phase p radian
[Restoring force = –2Adg x] p
(c) The acceleration is leading the velocity by a phase
If m gm of a liquid of density d is poured into it then time period 2
of oscillation. radian.
m A
T = 2p 2. (a) When x = , then velocity V = 0.86Vmax.
2Adg 2
(b) When V = Vmax/2, the displacement x = 0.87A.
Case 4 Rectangular block in liquid :
A
(c) When x = , the kinetic energy of S.H.M. is 75% of
2
the total energy and potential energy 25% of the total
h
h' energy.
d' (d) When the kinetic energy of S.H.M. is 50% of the total
energy, the displacement is 71% of the amplitude.
d 3. The time period of a simple pendulum of length l which is
comparable with radius of earth.
h' d' 1/2 1/2
Rectangular block floating in a liquid, T = 2p ; where é R ù é lR ù
gd T = 2p ê ú = 2p ê ú
d = density of liquid, d¢ = density of block, h = height of block
æ R ö
ê ç1 + ÷ g ú ë (l + R)g û
Case 5 : Vibration of gas system in a cylinder with frictionless ëê è l ø ûú
piston. where R = radius of the earth and g is the acceleration due
to gravity on the surface of the earth.
l
A (a) When l << R, then T = 2p
g
m 1/ 2
h é R ù
p (b) When l = R, we find T = 2pê ú » 1 hour
ëê 2g úû
(c) When l = ¥ , then
mh
Time period, T = 2p 1/ 2
AP é Rù
T = 2p ê ú = 84.6 minutes. Thus maximum of T
where m = mass of gas, A = cross sectional area of piston êë g úû
P = pressure exerted by gas on the piston, h = height of piston
Case 6: If a tunnel is dig in the earth diametrically or along a is 84.6 minutes.
(d) Under weightlessness or in the freely falling lift
R
chord then time period, T = 2p = 84 min 36 sec for a particle 1/ 2
él ù
g T = 2pê ú = ¥ . This means, the pendulum does
released in the tunnel. ë0û
not oscillate at all.
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4. Time period of a simple pendulum in a train accelerating or 11. If a ball of radius r oscillates in a bowl of radius R, then its
retarding at the rate a is given by 1/ 2
éR - rù
1/ 2 time period is given by : T = 2pê ú
é ù ë g û
l
T = 2pê ú
ê 2 2 ú 12. If a disc of radius r oscillates about a point at its rim, then its
ë g +a û
1/ 2
5. If a simple pendulum whose bob is of density do is made to érù
time period is given by: T = 2pê ú
oscillate in a liquid of density d, then its time period of ëgû
vibration in liquid will increase and is given by It behaves as a simple pendulum of length r.
13. The graph between the length of a simple pendulum and its
l
T = 2p (where d0 > d) time period is a parabola.
æ d ö 14. The graph between the length of a simple pendulum and
çç1 - ÷÷g
è d o ø the square of its time period is a straight line.
15. The graph between l & T and between l & T2 intersect at
6. The time period of a simple pendulum in a vehicle moving T = 1 second.
along a circular path of radius r and with constant velocity 16. The time period of the mass attached to spring does not
1/ 2 change with the change in acceleration due to gravity.
é l ù
V is given by, T = 2p ê ú 17. If the mass m attached to a spring oscillates in a non viscous
4
ê V + g2 ú liquid density s, then its time per iod is given
ê r2 ú
ë û -1 / 2
é m æ s öù
7. If T1 and T2 are the time periods of a body oscillating under by T = 2 p ê çç1 - ÷÷ú
the restoring force F1 and F2 then the time period of the ë k è r øû
r r r
body under the influence of the resultant force F = F1 + F2 where k = force constant and r is density of the mass
suspended from the spring.
T1 T2 18. The length of second pendulum (T = 2 sec) is 99 cm
will be T =
T12 + T2 2
Physical Pendulum
8. (a) The percentage change in time period of simple
Trestoring = – mgd sin q
pendulum when its length changes is
d
If q is small, sin q » q
DT 1 æ Dl ö q
´ 100 = ç ÷ ´ 100% \ Trestoring = – mgdq cm
T 2è l ø
I mg
(b) The percentage change in time period of simple
And T = 2p
pendulum when g changes but l remains constant is mgd
DT 1 æ Dg ö Let a test-tube of radius r, carrying lead shots of mass m is held
´100 = çç ÷ ´100 % vertically when partly immersed in liquid of density r. On pushing
T 2 è g ÷ø
the tube little into liquid and let it executes S.H.M. of time period
(c) The percentage change in time peirod of simple
pendulum when both l and g change is m
T = 2p
p r 2r g
DT 1 æ Dl Dg ö
´ 100 = çç + ÷ ´100% Conical Pendulum
T 2è l g ÷ø When the bob of a simple pendulum moves in a horizontal circle
9. If a wire of length l , area of cross-section A, Young’ss it is called as conical pendulum.
modulus Y is stretched by suspending a mass m, then the
S
TA
mass can oscillate with time period: T = 2p q
ml T
10. If a simple pendulum is suspended from the roof of
compartment of a train moving down an inclined plane of r
inclination q, then the time period of oscillations
1/ 2 If l is the length of the pendulum and the string makes an angle
é l ù
T = 2pê ú l cos q
ë g cos q û q with vertical then time period, T = 2p
g
 Oscillations 351

Torsional Pendulum In this case electric force qE and gravity force are
It is an arrangement which consists of a heavy mass suspended opposite.
from a long thin wire whose other and is clamped to a rigid support. 5. A pendulum clock slows down in summer and goes faster
Time period in winter.
I 6. Potential energy of a particle executing S.H.M. is equal to
T = 2p average force × displacement.
C
where I = moment of inertia of body about the suspension wire 0+ F æ 0 + mw2 x ö
as axis of rotation. i.e., U P = éê ù ç
úx = ç
÷ x = 1 mw2 x 2 .
ë 2 û 2 ÷ 2
C = restoring couple per unit thirst. è ø
7. If the total energy of a particle executing S.H.M. is E, then
Keep in Memory its potential energy at displacement x is
1. The displacement, velocity and acceleration of S.H.M. vary x2 æ x 2 ö÷
simple harmonically with the same time period and UP = E and kinetic energy U k = ç1 - E
A2 ç A2 ÷
frequency. è ø
2. The kinetic energy and potential energy vary periodically
but not simple harmonically. The time period of kinetic
FREE, DAMPED, FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND
energy or potential energy is half that of displacement,
velocity and acceleration. RESONANCE
3. The graph between displacement, velocity or acceleration Free Oscillation
and t is a sine curve. But the graph between P.E. or K.E. of
If a system oscillates on its own and without any external
S.H.M. and time t is parabola.
influence then it is called as free oscillation.
dx
x=A sin wt v= = Aw cos wt Frequency of free oscillation is called natural frequency. The
Displacement

dt
equation for free S.H.M. oscillation
Velocity

t t md 2 x
= Frestoring force = –kx, where k is constant.
dt 2
d2 x The differential equation of harmonic motion in absence of
a= = -w2 x
Acceleration

dt 2 damping and external force is

d2x
t + w02 x = 0 , where w0 is natural frequency of body..
dt 2
The time period is

2p m
T= = 2p
K.E., P.E. E
2 2
w0 k
E=½ mw A
1
P.E. = mw2 x 2 Damped Oscillation
2 ½E
1
K.E. = mw2 (A 2 - x 2 )
Oscillation performed under the influence of frictional force is
x 2 called as damped oscillation.
–A O +A
(a) In case of damped oscillations the amplitude goes on
4. (a) If the bob of simple pendulum is -vely charged and a decreasing and ultimately the system comes to a rest.
+vely charged plate is placed below it, then the
effective acceleration on bob increases and x
consequently time period decreases.
l
Time period, T = 2p qE
t
g+
m
In this case electric force q E and gravity force act in
same direction. (b) The damping force (Fdamping µ – v Þ Fdamping = – bv) is
(b) If the bob of a simple pendulum is -vely charged and proportional to the speed of particle. Hence the equation of
is made to oscillate above the -vely charged plate, dV
then the effective acceleration on bob decreases and motion m = -kx - bv
dt
l where b is positive constant and is called damping
the time period increases. T = 2 p
qE coefficient. Then the differential equation of a damped
g-
m harmonic oscillation is
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352 PHYSICS

d2x dx f0
+ 2C + w02 x = 0 ...(i) x= sin(pt - q)
2 dt
dt é(w 20 - p 2 ) + 4c 2 p 2 ùû
ë
k
where 2 C = b/m (C is damping constant) & = w20 , the
m 2cp
natural frequency of oscillating particle i.e., its frequency where tan q = & p is the frequency of external periodic
in absence of damping. w - p2
2

In case of over damping the displacement of the particle is force.

x = A0 exp(-t / 2t) sin (wt + f) ...(ii)
Þ x = A sin (wt + f) where A0 = max. amplitude of the oscillator. Example 1.
A spring is stretched by 0.20 metre when a mass of 0.50 kg
m is suspended. Calculate the period of the spring when a
w = w02 - c 2 and t = (relaxation time)
b mass of 0.25 kg is suspended and put to oscillation.
It is clear from the fig & eqn. (ii) that the amplitude of damped (g = 10 m/sec2).
harmonic oscillator decreases with time. In this case, the motion Solution :
does not repeat itself & is not periodic in usual sense of term. The force constant K of the spring is given by
2p 2p
However it has still a time period, T = = , which is F 0.5 kg Wt
w w20 - c2 K= =
y 0.20 m
the time interval between its successive passage in same direction 0.5 ´ 10 newton
passing the equilibrium point. =
0.20 m
Displacement

–ct = 25 newton / metre

A=A0e

t
æmö æ 0.25 ö
Now T = 2 p ç ÷ = 2 ´ 3.14 ç ÷ = 0.628 second.
A= –A0e
–c t èKø è 25 ø
Example 2.
Forced Oscillation and Resonance : What will be the force constant of the spring system shown
The oscillation of a system under the action of external periodic in fig?
force is called forced oscillation.
k1
External force can maintain the amplitude of damped oscillation. (a) + k2
When the frequency of the external periodic force is equal to the 2
natural frequency of the system, resonance takes place.
-1 k1 k1
The amplitude of resonant oscillations is very very large. In the é 1 1 ù
absence of damping, it may tend to infinity. (b) ê + ú
ë 2k1 k 2 û
At resonance, the oscillating system continuously absorbs
energy from the agent applying external periodic force.
é 1 1 ù k2
In case of forced oscillations, the total force acting on the system
(c) ê 2k + k ú
bdx ë 1 2û
is F = - kx - + F0 sin pt …… (i)
Re storting dt Ext periodic
force Damping force -1
force é2 1 ù
Then by Newton’s second law : (d) ê + ú
k
ë 1 k 2û
d2x dx
Þ m = - kx - b + F0 sin pt Solution : (b)
2 dt
dt Two springs of force constants k1 and k2 are in parallel.
d 2x dx Hence
or + w20 x = f 0 sin b t
+ 2C …… (ii)
2 dt
dt k ¢ = k1 + k1 = 2 k1
b 2 k F
where 2C = , w0 = , f 0 = 0 The third spring is in series with spring of force constant
m m m
The equation (ii) is the differential equation of motion of forced k¢.
harmonic oscillator.
The amplitude at any time t is
 Oscillations 353

-1 æAxö æ Ax ö 1 æ PA ö
1 é 1 1 ù é 1 1 ù F = -P ç ÷ \ a = -P ç ÷ = -çç ÷÷ x
\ =ê + ú or k = ê + ú è h ø è h ø M è Mh ø
k ë 2k1 k 2 û ë 2 k1 k 2 û
PA 2p æ M hö
Example 3. This gives, w 2 = or T = = 2p
Mh w çè P A ÷ø
A particle starts with S.H.M. from the mean position as
shown in figure below. Its amplitude is A and its time period Example 5.
is T. At one time, its speed is half that of the maximum A simple harmonic oscillator has an amplitude A and time
speed. What is this displacement at that time ?
period T. Determine the time required by it to travel from
2A A
(a) x = A to x = .
3 2
3A Solution :
(b)
2 æ 2p ö
2A For S.H.M., x = A sin ç t÷
è T ø
(c)
3
æ 2p ö
3A When x = A, A = A sin ç .t ÷
(d) è T ø
2
Solution : (b) æ 2p ö æ 2p ö æpö
\ sin ç .t ÷ = 1 Þ sin ç .t ÷ = sin ç ÷ Þ t = (T/4)
è T ø è T ø è2ø
We know that v = ω[A 2 - x 2 ]1/ 2
A A æ 2p ö
1/ 2 When x = and = A sin ç .t ÷
é v2 ù 2 2 è T ø
\ x = ê A2 - ú
ëê ω2 ûú p æ 2p ö
or sin = sin ç t ÷ or t = (T/12)
v max Aω 6 è T ø
Given that v = = . Now, time taken to travel from
2 2
x = A to x = A/2 = T/4 – T/12 = T/6
1/ 2
é 2 A 2 w2 ù 3 Example 6.
so, êA - 2
ú = .A Calculate the increase in velocity of sound for 1ºC rise of
ëê 4 w ûú 2
temperature, if the velocity of sound at 0ºC is 332 m/sec.
Example 4. Solution :
A cylindrical piston of mass M slides smoothly inside a
long cylinder closed at one end, enclosing a certain mass v1 æT ö æ 273 + t ö
= ç t÷ = ç ;
of gas. The cylinder is kept with its axis horizontal. If the v0 è T0 ø è 273 ÷ø
piston is disturbed from its equilibrium position, it
1/2
oscillates simple harmonically. The period of oscillation æ t ö æ t ö
\ v1 = v0 ç1 + = v0 ç 1 +
will be è 273÷ø è 2 ´ 273 ÷ø
h
æ t ö æ t ö
= v0 ç1 + ÷ = v0 + v0 ç
M è 546 ø è 546 ÷ø
P A
æ t ö
\ vt - v0 = v0 ç = 0.61 m/sec.
è 546 ÷ø
æ Mh ö æ MA ö (As v0 = 332 m/sec and Dt = 1ºC)
(a) T = 2π ç ÷ (b) T = 2π ç ÷
è PA ø è Ph ø Example 7.
Which one of the following equations does not represent
æ M ö S.H.M.; where x = displacement and t = time. Parameters
(c) T = 2π ç ÷ (d) T = 2π (M P h A)
è PAh ø a, b and c are the constants of motion
Solution : (a) (a) x = a sin bt
We know that P V = R T (b) x = a cos bt + c
\ VDP + P DV = 0 or DP = P (DV / V) (c) x = a sin bt + c cos bt
F æ Ax ö æxö (d) x = a sec bt + c cosec bt
or A = -P çç ÷÷ = -P ç ÷ Solution : (d)
è Ah ø èhø
Sec bt is not defined for bt = p/2.
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354 PHYSICS

a sin bt + c cos bt v = [9 - 2 g l (1 - cos q )]1/2

x = a sec bt + c cosec bt =
sin bt cos bt = [9 - 2 ´ 10 ´ 0.5 (1 - 1/ 2)]1/ 2
This equation cannot be modified in the form of simple = (9 – 5)1/ 2 = 2 m / s
equation of S.H.M. Example 9.
i.e. x = a sin (wt + f). A small spherical steel ball is placed a little away from the
so, it cannot represent S.H.M. centre of a large concave mirror whose radius of curvature
R = 2.5 cm. When the ball is released, it begins to oscillate
Example 8. about the centre. Show that the motion of the ball is simple
If length of pendulum is increased, time period T increases. harmonic and find the period of motion. Neglect friction
So, frequency decreases or angular velocity decreases. As and take g = 10 m/sec2.
Solution :
maximum velocity v max = Aω , so max. velocity will also
F = – mg sin q = – mg q ( Q q is small)
decrease. (where A is amplitude of bob). = – mg (x/R)
A pendulum bob has a speed of 3 m/s at its lowest position. \ F = – kx, where k = (mg/R)
The pendulum is 0.5 m long. What will be the speed of the Now, a = F/m = – kx/m = – w 2x
bob, when the length makes an angle of 60º to the vertical? Hence, motion is simple harmonic motion and
(g = 10 m/s2)
2p æ Rö æ 2.5 ö
Solution : T= = 2p ç ÷ = 2 × 3.14 × çè ÷ = 3.142 sec.
w è g ø 10 ø
Here, r w = 3 m/s; l = 0.5 m; K.E. at the lowest point
Example 10.
1 1 9 A spring of stiffness constant k and natural lengthl is cut
= m r 2 w2 = m (3) 2 = m
2 2 2 into two parts of length 3l / 4 and l / 4 respectively, and an
Let v be the velocity of the bob at B when ÐOAB = 60° then, arrangement is made as shown in the figure. If the mass is
slightly displaced, find the time period of oscillation.

A (3/4)l l/4
m
60º
Solution :
l
The stiffness of a spring is inversely proportional to its
C B length. Therefore the stiffness of each part is
O 4
k1 = k and k2 = 4k
3
OC = h = (l – l cos q) = (l – l cos 60º) = l /2
k1 = (4/3)k k2 = 4k
If v is the velocity of bob at position B, then using law of
m
conservation of energy, we have,
1 1 m
m ´ 9 = m v 2 + mg l (1 - cos θ) Time period, T = 2p
2 2 k1 + k 2
1 1 3m p 3m
or m v 2 = m ´ 9 - mg l (1 - cos θ) or T = 2p =
2 2 16k 2 k
Oscillations 355
 EBD_7751
356 PHYSICS

1. A child swinging on swing in sitting position stands up. (a) velocity

The time period of the swing will (b) potential energy
(a) increase (c) phase difference between acceleration and displacement
(b) decrease (d) difference between kinetic energy and potential energy
(c) remain same 8. A simple pendulum has a metal bob, which is negatively
(d) increase if the child is tall and decrease if the child is charged. If it is allowed to oscillate above a positively charged
short. metallic plate, then its time period will
(a) increase
2. The graph of time period (T) of simple pendulum versus its
(b) decrease
length (l) is
(c) become zero
T T (d) remain the same
9. In the fig. S1 and S2 are identical springs. The oscillation
frequency of the mass m is f. If one spring is removed, the
frequency will become
(a) (b) m
S1 S2
O l O l (a) f (b) f × 2
T T
(c) f ´ 2 (d) f / 2
10. A pendulum is undergoing S.H.M. The velocity of the bob
in the mean position is v. If now its amplitude is doubled,
keeping the length same, its velocity in the mean position
(c) (d) will be
(a) v/2 (b) v
O l (c) 2 v (d) 4 v
O l
11. The potential energy of a particle (Ux) executing S.H.M. is
3. Which of the following is a simple harmonic motion?
given by
(a) Particle moving through a string fixed at both ends.
k
(b) Wave moving through a string fixed at both ends. (a) Ux = (x - a) 2 (b) U x = k 1x + k 2 x 2 + k 3 x 3
(c) Earth spinning about its axis. 2
(d) Ball bouncing between two rigid vertical walls. (c) U x = A e - bx (d) Ux = a constant
4. A rod is hinged vertically at one end and is forced to oscillate 12. A particle moves such that its acceleration ‘a’ is given by a
in a vertical plane with hinged end at the top, the motion of = – bx where x is the displacement from equilibrium position
the rod: and b is constant. The period of oscillation is
(a) is simple harmonic
(a) 2 p/b (b) 2 π / b
(b) is oscillatory but not simple harmonic
(c) is pericolic but not oscillatory (c) 2p/ b (d) 2 p / b
(d) may be simple harmonic 13. A particle executes S.H.M. having time period T, then the
5. The graph plotted between the velocity and displacement time period with which the potential energy changes is
from mean position of a particle executing SHM is (a) T (b) 2 T
(c) T/2 (d) ¥
(a) circle (b) ellipse
14. An instantaneous displacement of a simple harmonic
(c) parabola (d) straight line oscillator is x = A cos (wt + p/4). Its speed will be maximum
6. Acceleration of a particle executing SHM, at it’s mean at time
position is (a) p/4 w (b) p/2 w
(a) infinity (b) variable (c) p/w (d) 2 p/w
(c) maximum (d) zero 15. The tension in the string of a simple pendulum is
7. A vertical mass-spring system executes simple harmonic (a) constant
oscillations with a period of 2s. A quantity of this system (b) maximum in the extreme position
which exhibits simple harmonic variation with a period of (c) zero in the mean position
1 s is (d) None of these
 Oscillations 357

16. A rectangular block of mass m and area of cross-section A (a)

Acceleration = – k(x + a)
floats in a liquid of density r . If it is given a small vertical (b)
Acceleration = k(x + a)
displacement from equilibrium. It undergoes oscillations (c)
Acceleration = kx
with a time period T then Acceleration = – k0x + k1x2
(d)
(a) T µ m (b) T µ r where k, k0, k1 and a are all postive.
22. Out of the following functions, representing motion of a
(c) T µ 1/ A (d) T µ 1 / r particle, which represents SHM?
17. If the magnitude of displacement is numerically equal to (A) y = sin wt - cos wt
that of acceleration, then the time period is (B) y = sin3 wt
(a) 1 second (b) p second æ 3p ö
(c) 2p second (d) 4p second (C) y = 5cos ç - 3wt ÷
è 4 ø
18. The graph shown in figure represents
(D) y = 1 + wt + w 2 t 2
Velocity
(a) Only (A)
(b) Only (D) does not represent SHM
(c) Only (A) and (C)
Time (d) Only (A) and (B)
23. The total mechanical energy of a spring-mass system in
1
(a) motion of a simple pendulum starting from mean simple harmonic motion is E = mw2 A 2 . Suppose the
2
position
oscillating particle is replaced by another particle of double
(b) motion of a simple pendulum starting from extreme the mass while the amplitude A remains the same. The new
position mechanical energy will
(c) simple pendulum describing a horizontal circle (a) become 2E (b) become E/2
(d) None of these (c) become 2 E (d) remain E
19. A particle executing simple harmonic motion along y-axis
24. The displacement of aparticle along the x-axis is given by x
has its motion described by the equation y = A sin(wt ) + B . = a sin2 wt. The motion of the particle corresponds to:
The amplitude of the simple harmonic motion is (a) simple harmonic motion of frequency w / p
(a) A (b) B (b) simple harmonic motion of frequency 3w / 2 p
(c) A + B (d) A+ B (c) non simple harmonic motion
20. Resonance is an example of (d) simple harmonic motion of frequency w / 2 p
(a) tuning fork (b) forced vibration 25. The period of oscillation of a mass M suspended from a
(c) free vibration (d) damped vibration spring of negligible mass is T. If along with it another mass
M is also suspended, the period of oscillation will now be
21. Which one of the following equations of motion represents
simple harmonic motion? (a) T (b) T / 2
(c) 2T (c) 2T

1. A simple pendulum performs S.H.M. about x = 0 with an (a) 5 (b) 5 2

amplitude a, and time period T. The speed of the pendulum
at x = a/2 will be (c) 5 3 (d) 10 2
3. A mass M is suspended from a spring of negligible mass.
a 3 pa 3 The spring is pulled a little and then released so that the
(a) p (b)
T 2T mass executes SHM of time period T. If the mass is increased
pa 3 p2 a by m, the time period becomes
5T
. Then the ratio of
m
is
(c) (d)
T T 3 M
2. A body of mass 5 gram is executing S.H.M. about a fixed 25 16
point O. With an amplitude of 10 cm, its maximum velocity (a) (b)
9 9
is 100 cm/s. Its velocity will be 50 cm s–1 at a distance 5 3
(in cm) (c) (d)
3 5
 EBD_7751
358 PHYSICS

4. A tunnel has been dug through the centre of the earth and 13. Three masses of 500 g, 300 g and 100 g are suspended at
a ball is released in it. It executes S.H.M. with time period the end of a spring as shown, and are in equilibrium. When
(a) 42 minutes (b) 1 day the 500 g mass is removed, the system oscillates with a
(c) 1 hour (d) 84.6 minutes period of 2 second. When the 300 g mass is also removed,
5. A particle of mass 1 kg is moving in S.H.M. with an it will oscillate with a period of
amplitude 0.02 and a frequency of 60 Hz. The maximum
force acting on the particle is (a) 2 s
(a) 144 p2 (b) 188 p2
(c) 288 p 2 (d) None of these
(b) 4 s
6. The length of a second’s pendulum at the surface of earth
is 1 m. The length of second’s pendulum at the surface of
moon where g is 1/6th that at earth’s surface is (c) 8 s
(a) 1/6 m (b) 6 m 500 g
(c) 1/36 m (d) 36 m 300 g
(d) 1 s 100 g
7. The displacement of a S.H.M. doing particle when
K.E. = P.E. (amplitude = 4 cm) is 14. If the mass shown in figure is slightly displaced and then
(a) 2 2 cm (b) 2 cm let go, then the system shall oscillate with a time period of

1 m
(c ) cm (d) (a) 2p
2 cm 3k
2 k
8. The equation of SHM of a particle is A + 4p2x = 0 where a is 3m
instantaneous linear acceleration at displacement x. The (b) 2p
2k
frequency of motion is
(a) 1 Hz (b) 4p Hz 2m k k
(c) 2p
1 3k
(c) Hz (d) 4 Hz
4 3k
(d) 2p m
é pt ù m
9. y = 2 (cm) sin ê + fú what is the maximum acceleration of
ë2 û 15. Two oscillators are started simultaneously in same phase.
the particle doing the S.H.M. After 50 oscillations of one, they get out of phase by p, that
is half oscillation. The percentage difference of frequencies
p p2
(a) cm/s2 (b) cm/s2 of the two oscillators is nearest to
2 2
(a) 2% (b) 1%
p2 p
(c) cm/s2 (d) cm/s2 (c) 0.5% (d) 0.25%
4 4
10. A simple pendulum has time period 't'. Its time period in a 16. Two wires are kept tight between the same pair of supports.
lift which is moving upwards with acceleration 3 ms–2 is The tensions in the wires are in the ratio 2 : 1, the radii are in
the ratio 3 : 1 and the densities are in the ratio 1 : 2. The ratio
9. 8 12.8 of their fundamental frequencies is
(a) t (b) t
12.8 9. 8 (a) 2 : 3 (b) 2 : 4
9.8 6. 8 (c) 2 : 5 (d) 2 : 6
(c) t (d) t
6. 8 9.8 17. The time period of the oscillating system (see figure) is
11. Two particles are oscillating along two close parallel straight m
lines side by side, with the same frequency and amplitudes. (a) T = 2p
k1k 2 k1
They pass each other, moving in opposite directions when
their displacement is half of the amplitude. The mean
m
positions of the two particles lie on a straight line (b) T = 2p
k1 + k 2 k2
perpendicular to the paths of the two particles. The phase
difference is
(a) 0 (b) 2p/3 (c) T = 2p mk1k 2 M
(c) p (d) p/6 (d) None of these
12. If a simple pendulum of length l has maximum angular
18. A particle of mass 10 gm is describing S.H.M. along a straight
displacement q, then the maximum K.E. of bob of mass m is
line with period of 2 sec and amplitude of 10 cm. Its kinetic
1 energy when it is at 5 cm from its equilibrium position is
(a) ml / g (b) mg / 2l
2 (a) 37.5p 2 erg (b) 3.75p 2 erg
(c) mgl (1 - cos q) (d) mgl sin q/2 (c) 375p 2 erg (d) 0.375p 2 erg
 Oscillations 359

19. A boy is executing simple Harmonic Motion. At a pendulum of shorter length has completed oscillations
displacement x its potential energy is E 1 and at a [nT1=(n–1)T2, where T1 is time period of shorter length &
displacement y its potential energy is E2. The potential T2 be time period of longer wavelength and n are no. of
energy E at displacement (x + y) is oscillations completed]
(a) 5 (b) 1
(a) E = E1 - E2 (b) E = E1 + E2
(c) 2 (d) 3
(c) E = E1 + E2 (d) E = E1 - E2 28. A clock which keeps correct time at 20ºC, is subjected to
40ºC. If coefficient of linear expansion of the pendulum is
20. A particle undergoes simple harmonic motion having time
period T. The time taken in 3/8th oscillation is
12 × 10–6 per ºC. How much will it gain or loose in time ?
(a) 10.3 seconds/day (b) 20.6 seconds/day
3 5 (c) 5 seconds/day (d) 20 minutes/day
(a) T (b) T
8 8 29. A mass is suspended separately by two different springs
5 7 in successive order then time periods is t 1 and t 2
(c) T (d) T respectively. It is connected by both springs as shown in
12 12
fig. then time period is t0, the correct relation is
21. Two particles are executing S.H.M. of same amplitude and
frequency along the same straight line path. They pass
each other when going in opposite directions, each time
their displacement is half of their amplitude. What is the k1 k2
phase difference between them ?
(a) 5 p/6 (b) 2 p/3
m
(c) p/3 (d) p/6
22. Lissajous figure obtained by combining x = a sin wt and (a) t 02 = t 12 + t 22 (b) t 0-2 = t 1-2 + t 2-2
y = a sin (wt + p/4) will be a/an
(c) t 0-1 = t1-1 + t -2 1 (d) t 0 = t1 + t 2
(a) ellipse (b) straight line
30. When an oscillator completes 100 oscillations its amplitude
(c) circle (d) parabola
23. A simple spring has length l and force constant K. It is cut 1
reduces to of its initial value. What will be its amplitude,
into two springs of lengths l1 and l2 such that l1 = n l2 3
(n = an integer). The force constant of spring of length l1 is when it completes 200 oscillations ?
(a) K (1 + n) (b) (K/n) (1 + n) 1 2
(c) K (d) K/(n + 1) (a) (b)
8 3
24. The spring constant from the adjoining combination of
springs is 1 1
(c) (d)
6 9
2K 31. A particle of mass m is fixed to one end of a light spring of
force constant k and unstretched length l. The system is
m rotated about the other end of the spring with an
angular velocity w, in gravity free space. The increase in
K K length of the spring will be
w
(a) K (b) 2 K k
(c) 4 K (d) 5 K/2 m
25. A Second’s pendulum is placed in a space laboratory
orbiting around the earth at a height 3 R from the earth’s
surface where R is earth’s radius. The time period of the mw2 l mw2 l
(a) (b)
pendulum will be k k - mw2
(a) zero (b) 2 3 mw 2 l
(c) (d) None of these
(c) 4 sec (d) infinite k + mw2
26. A simple pendulum attached to the roof of a lift has a time 32. Frequency of oscillation is proportional to
period of 2s in a stationary lift. If the lift is allowed to fall
k 2k
freely the frequency of oscillations of pendulum will be m
(a) zero (b) 2 Hz
(c) 0.5 Hz (d) infinity 3k k
(a) (b)
27. Two simple pendulums of length 0.5 m and 20 m respectively m m
are given small linear displacement in one direction at the
same time. They will again be in the phase when the 2k m
(c ) (d)
m 3k
 EBD_7751
360 PHYSICS

33. A pendulum bob is raised to a height h and released from

1
rest. At what height will it attain half of its maximum speed? (a) n (b)
n
3h h (c) n –1/2 (d) 1
(a) (b)
4 2 39. A uniform pole of length l = 2 L is laid on smooth horizontal
table as shown in figure. The mass of pole is M and it is
h
(c) (d) 0.707 h connected to a frictionless axis at O.A spring with force
4 constant k is connected to the other end. The pole is
34. A mass m fall on spring of spring constant k and negligible displaced by a small angle q0 from equilibrium position and
mass from a height h. Assuming it sticks to the pan and released such that it performs small oscillations. Then
executes simple harmonic motion, the maximum height upto
which the pan will rise is
mg
(a) M x =0
k O

mg é 2kh ù m 2L
(b) ê 1+ - 1ú
k ë mg û h M k
(a) w0 = (b) w 0 =
3k 3M
mg é 2kh ù
(c) ê 1+ + 1ú
k ë mg û k 3k k
(c) w0 = (d) w 0 =
M 2M
mg é kh ù 40. A particle of mass is executing oscillations about the origin
(d) ê 1+ - 1ú
k ë mg û on the x-axis. Its potential energy is V(x) = k | x |3, where k is
a positive constant. If the amplitude of oscillation is a, then
35. The graph shown in figure represents
its time period T is
Velocity
(a) S.H.M.
1
(b) circular motion (a) proportional to (b) proportional to a
a
(c) rectillinear motion 3
–a O +a Displacement
(d) uniform circular motion (c) independent a 2 (d) None of these
41. A circular hoop of radius R is hung over a knife edge. The
36. The time period of a simple pendulum of infinite length is period of oscillation is equal to that of a simple pendulum
(Re = radius of Earth) of length
(a) R (b) 2R
Re 2R e
(a) T = 2p (b) T = 2p 3R
g g (c) 3R (d)
2
42. In the figure shown, the spring is light and has a force
Re
(c) T = 2p (d) T = ¥ constant k. The pulley is light and smooth and the strring
2g is light . The suspended block has a mass m. On giving a
37. A block rests on a horizontal table which is executing SHM slight displacement vartically to the block in the downward
in the horizontal plane with an amplitude 'a'. If the coefficient direction from its equilibrium position the block executes
of friction is 'm', then the block just starts to slip when the S.H.M. on being released with time period T. Then
frequency of oscillation is
m
(a) T = 2p
1 mg mg k
(a) (b)
2p a a
m
(b) T = 2p
a 2k
a
(c) 2p (d) mg
mg 2m
(c) T = 2p
38. On Earth, a body suspended on a spring of negligible mass k
causes extension L and undergoes oscillations along length m
of the spring with frequency f. On the Moon, the same m
(d) T = 4p
quantities are L/n and f ' respectively. The ratio f '/f is k
 Oscillations 361

43. A body of mass m falls from a height h onto a pan (of (a) 1.05 s (b) 0.52 s
negligible mass) of a spring balance as shown. The spring (c) 0.25 s (d) 0.03 s
also possesses negligible mass and has spring constant k.
47. A forced oscillator is acted upon by a force F = F0 sin wt.
Just after striking the pan, the body starts socillatory motion
in vertical directioin of amplitude A and energy E. Then 55
The amplitude of oscillation is given by .
mg 2
A= m 2w - 36w + 9
(a)
k The resonant angular frequency is
mg 2kh (a) 2 unit (b) 9 unit
(b) A= 1+ h
k mg (c) 18 unit (d) 36 unit
48. A straight rod of negligible mass is mounted on a frictionless
1 pivot and masses 2.5 kg and 1 kg are suspended at
(c) E = mgh + kA 2
2 distances 40 cm and 100 cm respectively from the pivot as
2 shown. The rod is held at an angle q with the horizontal
æ 2mg ö and released. Then
(d) E = mgh + ç
è 2k ÷ø
44. A coin is placed on a horizontal platform which undergoes
vertical simple harmonic motion of angular frequency w. 100cm
The amplitude of oscillation is gradually increased. The 40cm
coin will leave contact with the platform for the first time q
(a) at the mean position of the platform 1 kg

g
(b) for an amplitude of
w2
2.5kg
2
g
(c) for an amplitude of
w2 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
(d) at the highest position of the platform
45. A point particle of mass 0.1 kg is executing S.H.M. of (a) the rod executes periodic motion about horizontal
amplitude of 0.1 m. When the particle passes through the position after the release
mean position, its kinetic energy is 8 × 10–3 Joule. Obtain (b) the rod remains stationary after the release.
the equation of motion of this particle if this initial phase of (c) the rod comes to rest in vertical position with 2.5 kg
oscillation is 45º.
mass at the lowest point
æ pö (d) the rod executes periodic motion about vertical
(a) y = 0.1sin ç ±4t + ÷
è 4ø position after the release
DIRECTIONS for Qs. (49-50) : Each question contains
æ pö
(b) y = 0.2sin ç ±4t + ÷ STATEMENT-1 and STATEMENT-2. Choose the correct answer
è 4ø (ONLY ONE option is correct ) from the following-
æ pö (a) Statement -1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(c) y = 0.1sin ç ±2t + ÷
è 4ø (b) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is a
correct explanation for Statement-1
(d) æ pö
y = 0.2sin ç ±2t +÷ (c) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not
è 4ø a correct explanation for Statement-1
46. A body of mass 0.01 kg executes simple harmonic motion (d) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is false
about x = 0 under the influence of a force as shown in
figure. The time period of S.H.M. is 49. Statement 1 : The graph between velocity and displacement
for a harmonic oscillator is an ellipse.
F(N)
Statement -2 : Velocity does not change uniformly with
displacement in harmonic motion.
80 50. Statement -1 : If the amplitude of a simple harmonic
0.2 x(m) oscillator is doubled, its total energy becomes four times.
–0.2
Statement -2 : The total energy is directly proportional to
–80 the square of the amplitude of vibration of the harmonic
oscillator.
 EBD_7751
362 PHYSICS

Exemplar Questions elastic support as shown in figure. A and C are of the same
length, while B is smaller than A and D is larger than A. If A
1. The displacement of a particle is represented by the is given a transverse displacement,
æp ö (a) D will vibrate with maximum amplitude
equation y = 3cos ç - 2wt ÷ . The motion of the particle
è4 ø (b) C will vibrate with maximum amplitude
is
(c) B will vibrate with maximum amplitude
(a) simple harmonic with period 2p/w
(d) All the four will oscillate with equal amplitude
(b) simple harmonic with period p/w
(c) periodic but not simple harmonic 8. Figure shows the circular motion of a particle. The radius of
(d) non-periodic the circle, the period, sense of revolution and the initial
position are indicated on the figure. The simple harmonic
2. The displacement of a particle is represented by the
equation y = sin3 wt. The motion is motion of the x-projection of the radius vector of the rotating
particle P is
(a) non-periodic y
(b) periodic but not simple harmonic æ 2 pt ö p(t = 0)
(c) simple harmonic with period 2p/w (a) x(t ) = B sin ç ÷ T = 30s
è 30 ø
(d) simple harmonic with period p/w B
æ pt ö x
3. The relation between acceleration and displacement of four (b) x ( t ) = B cos ç ÷
particles are given below è 15 ø
(a) ax = +2x (b) ax = +2x2 æ pt p ö
(c) ax = –2x 2 (d) ax = –2x (c) x(t ) = B sin ç + ÷
è 15 2 ø
Which, one of the particle is exempting simple harmonic
motion? æ pt p ö
(d) x(t ) = B cos ç + ÷
4. Motion of an oscillating liquid column in a U-tube is è 15 2 ø
(a) periodic but not simple harmonic 9. The equation of motion of a particle is x = a cos(at)2. The
(b) non-periodic motion is
(c) simple harmonic and time period is independent of the (a) periodic but not oscillatory
density of the liquid (b) periodic and oscillatory
(d) simple harmonic and time period is directly proportional
(c) oscillatory but not periodic
to the density of the liquid
(d) neither periodic nor oscillatory
5. A particle is acted simultaneously by mutually perpendicular
simple harmonic motion x = a cos wt and y = a sin wt. The 10. A particle executing SHM maximum speed of 30 cm/s and a
trajectory of motion of the particle will be maximum acceleration of 60 cm/s2. The period of oscillation
(a) an ellipse (b) a parabola is
(c) a circle (d) a straight line p
6. The displacement of a particle varies with time according to (a) p sec (b) sec
2
the relation y = a sin wt + b cos wt.
p
(a) The motion is oscillatory but not SHM (c) 2p sec (d) sec
(b) The motion is SHM with amplitude a + b t
(c) The motion is SHM with amplitude a2 + b2
Past Years (2013-2017) NEET/AIPMT Questions
(d) The motion is SHM with amplitude a +b 2 2
11. A particle of mass m oscillates along x-axis according to
7. Four pendulums A, B, C and D are suspended from the equation x = a sin wt. The nature of the graph between
same momentum and displacement of the particle is
[NEET Kar. 2013]
G G
(a) straight line passing through origin
(b) circle
(c) hyperbola
C B A (d) ellipse
D
 Oscillations 363

12. The oscillation of a body on a smooth horizontal surface is 14. When two displacements represented by y1 = asin(wt) and
represented by the equation, y2 = b cos(wt) are superimposed the motion is: [2015]
X = A cos (wt) a
where X = displacement at time t (a) simple harmonic with amplitude
b
w = frequency of oscillation
Which one of the following graphs shows correctly the (b) simple harmonic with amplitude a2 + b2
variation of ‘a’ with ‘t’? [2014]
(a + b)
(c) simple harmonic with amplitude
a 2
(a) O (d) not a simple harmonic
T t 15. A particle is executing a simple harmonic motion. Its maximum
acceleration is a and maximum velocity is b.
Then its time period of vibration will be : [2015 RS]
a
a b2
(b) O (a) (b)
T t b a

2pb b2
(c) (d)
a a2
a
(c) 16. A particle executes linear simple harmonic motion with an
O
T t amplitude of 3 cm. When the particle is at 2 cm from the
mean position, the magnitude of its velocity is equal to that
of its acceleration. Then its time period in seconds is [2017]

a 5 4p
(a) (b)
(d) O 2p 5
T t
2p 5
(c) (d)
13. A particle is executing SHM along a straight line. Its 3 p
velocities at distances x1 and x2 from the mean position
17. A spring of force constant k is cut into lengths of ratio 1 : 2
are V1 and V2, respectively. Its time period is [2015]
: 3. They are connected in series and the new force constant
is k'. Then they are connected in parallel and force constant
x 22 – x12 V12 + V22
(a) 2p (b) 2p is k¢¢ . Then k' : k¢¢ is [2017]
V12 – V22 x12 + x 22 (a) 1 : 9 (b) 1 : 11
(c) 1 : 14 (d) 1 : 6
V12 – V22 x12 – x 22
(c) 2p (d) 2p
x12 – x 22 V12 – V22
 EBD_7751
364 PHYSICS

Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE - 1 20. (b)
21. (a) a = – kX, X = x + a.
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b)
In simple harmonic motion acceleration is directly
6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) proportional to the displacement from the mean
9. (d) Here effective spring factor, keff = 2 k ; position. Also the acceleration is in the opposite
direction of displacement.
1 2k
Frequency of oscillation, f = ; when one 22. (c) Only functions given in (A) & (C) represent SHM.
2p m
1 k 2 1
spring is removed, then spring factor = k ; 23. (d) E= m A Þ E = kA 2
2 m 2
1 k f Þ E does not depend on m
New frequency of oscillation f ¢ = =
2p m 2
a
24. (a) x = a sin2 wt = (1 –cos 2wt)
10. (c) v max = a ω ; v max
¢ = 2 a w = 2 v max = 2v 2

(since vmax = v) dx a
= 2 w sin 2 wt
dt 2
displacement x
12. (b) T = 2π = 2p b x = 2p/ b d2x 4w2 a
acceleration Þ = × cos 2 wt
dt 2 2
11. (a) P.E. of body in S.H.M. at an instant,
w
This represents an S. H. M. of frequency =
1 1 p
U= m w 2 y 2 = ky 2
2 2
m
If the displacement, y = (a – x) then 25. (d) T = 2 p
K
1 1
U= k(a - x)2 = k(x - a) 2 T1 M1
2 2 \ =
T2 M2
13. (c) P.E. changes from zero to maximum twice in each
vibration so its time period is T/2 M2 2M
dx \ T2 = T1 M1 = T 1
(a) Velocity, v = M
14. = -A w sin (w t + p / 4)
dt
T2 = T1 2 = 2 T (where T1 =T)
Velocity will be maximum, when
EXERCISE - 2
wt + p/4 = p/2 or wt = p/2 – p/4 = p/4 or t
= p/4w 1. (a) v = w a 2 - y2
15. (d) Tension is maximum at the mean position.
At x= 0, v = w a 2 - o2 = wa.
16. (a) A rectangular block of mass m and area of cross-
section 2
a æ aö 3a 2
At x = , v ' = w a2 - ç ÷ = w
A floats in a liquid of density r. If it is given a small 2 è 2ø 4
vertical displacement from equilibrium. It undergoes
oscillations with a time period T then : T µ m. v' 3
\ =
v 2
4p 2
17. (c) y = w2 y, w2 = 1,
&& = 1 or T 2 = 4p 2 3 3pa 3pa æQ w = 2p ö
T2 or v' = wa = wa = ç ÷
2 2 T è Tø
or T = 2p second.
18. (a) At displacement ± a, the velocity is zero. At zero 2. (c) v max = 100 = a w ; w = 100/a = 100/10 = 10 rad/s
displacement, velocity is maximum. v2 = w2 (a2 – y2) or 502
19. (a) The amplitude is a maximum displacement from the = 102 (102 – y2) or 25 = 100 – y2
mean position. or y = 75 = 5 3 cm.
 Oscillations 365

M 1 1
3. (b) T = 2p
k
10. (a) tµ
9.8
, t' µ
12.8
(Q g ' = 9.8 + 3 = 12.8)

M+m t' 9.8 9.8

T¢ = 2 p k \ = Þ t' = t
k t 12.8 12.8
5 M M+m M 11. (b) Equation of SHM is given by
Þ 2p = 2p
3 k k x = A sin (wt + d)
(wt + d) is called phase.
25 M M + m m 16
Þ = Þ = A
9 k k M 9 When x = , then
2

R 64 ´ 106 22 8 ´ 10 3 1
4. (d) T = 2p = 2p = 2 ´ ´ sin (wt + d) =
g 9.8 7 7´ 2 2
p
Þ wt + d =
2 ´ 22 ´ 8 ´ 1000 6
= min = 84.6 min
49 ´ 60 p
or f1 =
5. (c) Max. force = mass × max. acceleration 6
= m 4 p2 n2 a = 1 × 4 ×p2 × (60)2 × 0.02 = 288 p2 For second particle,

l l¢ 1
6. (a) T = 2p ; 2 = 2p l = 2p A
g g (g / 6 )
A
Time period will remain constant if on moon, 2 x = A/2
l' = l/6 = 1/6 m x=0
7. (a) Kinetic energy,
p 5p
( )
1 1 f2 = p - =
K.E = mv2 = mw2 A 2 - x 2 6 6
2 2
\ f = f2 - f1
Potential energy,
4p 2p
1 1 = =
P.E = kx 2 = mw 2 x 2 6 3
2 2 12. (c) When the bob moves from maximum angular
putting, K.E = P.E displacement q to mean position, then the loss of
gravitational potential energy is mgh
1
2
( 1
)
mw2 A 2 - x 2 = mw2 x 2 Þ A 2 = 2x 2
2
where h = l (1 - cos q)

A 400 100
x= = 2 2 cm. 13. (d) T = 2p , T ' = 2p
2 k k

8. (a) Comparing A + w2x = 0 T' 100 1 T 2

\ = = Þ T' = = = 1 s
2 2
w = 4 p Þ w = 2p , 2pn = 2p, n = 1Hz T 400 2 2 2
14. (b) The equivalent situation is a series combination of
æ pt ö two springs of spring constants k and 2k.
9. (b) y = 2 sin ç + f ÷
è2 ø If k' is the equivalent spring constant, then
(k )(2 k ) 2 k
dy p æ pt ö k' = =
velocity of particle = 2 ´ cos ç + f ÷ 3k 3
dt 2 è 2 ø
3m
d2y p2 æ pt ö Þ T = 2p
acceleration =- sinç + f ÷ 2k
dt 2 è 2 ø 15. (b) Phase change p in 50 oscillations.
Phase change 2p in 100 oscillations.
p2
Thus a max = So frequency different ~ 1 in 100.
2
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1 2T 1 T 1 (n + 1)
n= , n' = \ = or k = (n + 1) K
16. (a) l (3D) pr lD p(2r) K k
The spring of length l1 (= n l2) will be equivalent to n
n 2 2 springs connected in series where spring constant
\ = ´ 2=
n' 3 3 k
k¢ = = (n + 1) K / n & spring constant of length l2
17. (b) n
1 is K(n+1).
18. (c) Kinetic energy K = mw 2 (a 2 - y 2 ) 24. (c) Here all the three springs are connected in parallel to
2
mass m. Hence equivalent spring constant
1 æ 2p ö
2 k = K + K + 2 K = 4 K.
= ´ 10 ´ ç ÷ [102 - 52 ] = 375 p 2 erg 25. (d) The second pendulum placed in a space laboratory
2 è 2ø
orbiting around the earth is in a weightlessness state.
1 2 2 E1 1 2 E2 Hence g = 0 so T = ¥
19. (b) E1 = kx Þ x = , E2 = ky 2 Þ y = 26. (a) When lift is falling freely, the effective acceleration
2 k 2 k
due to gravity inside the lift is zero i.e. g' = g – g = 0.
1 2E Therefore time period will be infinity and frequency is
and E = k ( x + y )2 Þ x + y =
2 k zero
2 E1 2 E2 2E 27. (b) Let T1, T2 be the time period of shorter length and
Þ + = Þ E1 + E2 = E longer length pendulums respectively. As per question,
k k k
n T1 = (n – 1) T2 ;
T
20. (c) Time to complete 1/4th oscillation is s. Time to
4 0 .5 20
so n 2 p = ( n - 1) 2 p
1 g g
complete th vibration from extreme position is
8
obtained from or n = (n - 1) 40 » (n - 1) 6
a 2p T Hence n = 6/5 » 1
y = = a cos w t = a cos t or t = s
2 T 6
So time to complete 3/8th oscillation l DT 1
28. (a) T = 2p ; = 2 p ´ (l / g) -1/ 2 ´ Dl / l
T T 5T g T 2
= + =
4 6 12
l + Dl
21. (b) y = a sin (wt + f) ; when y = a/2, (Q T + DT = 2p )
g
a
then= a sin (w t + f ) DT 1 Dl 1
2 \ = = a Dq
5p T 2 l 2
1 p
or sin (w t + f) = = sin or sin
2 6 6 1 -6 -5
= ´12 ´ 10 ´ (40 - 20) = 12 ´10
So phase of two particles is p/6 and 5 p/6 radians 2
Hence phase difference = (5 p/6) – p/6 = 2 p/3 –5
22. (a) sin wt = x/a and D T = T ´ 12 ´ 10 -5 = 24 × 60 × 60 × 12 × 10
= 10.3 s/day
cos wt = 1 - sin 2 wt = 1 - x 2 / a 2
m 4 p2m 4 p2 m
y = sin (wt + p/4) 29. (b) t 1 = 2p or t12 = or k1 =
= sin wt cos p/4 + cos wt sin p/4
k1 k1 t12
x 1 æ ö 1
= ´ + ç 1- x2 / a2 ÷´ 4 p2m 4p 2 m
a 2 è ø 2 Similarly, k 2 = and (k1 + k 2 ) =
t 22 t 02
2 2
or 2 y= x+ a -x
4 p2m 4 p 2m 4 p2m 1 1 1
or 2 y 2 = x 2 + (a 2 - x 2 ) + 2 x a 2 - x 2 \ = + or = +
t 02 t12 t 22 t 02 t12 t 22
2 2 2
= a +2x a - x 30. (d) It is a damped oscillation, where amplitude of
It is an equation of an ellipse.
23. (b) Let k be the force constant of spring of length l2. oscillation at time t is given by A = a 0 e - γ t
Since l1 = n l2, where n is an integer, so the spring is where a0 = initial amplitude of oscillation
made of (n + 1) equal parts in length each of length l2. g = damping constant.
 Oscillations 367

a0
As per question, = a 0 e - γ 100 / ν …… (i) mg m 2g 2 2mgh
3 or x= ± +
(where n is the frequency of oscillation) k k2 k

and A = a 0 e - γ 200 / ν …… (ii)

mg m 2g 2 2 mgh mg
x = A– = + -
a k k 2 k k
From (i) ; o = a0e-γ ´100/ ν …… (iii)
3
Dividing equation (ii) by (iii), we have mg é 2kh ù
- γ 200 / ν
= ê 1+ - 1ú
A e 1 k êë mg úû
= - γ ´ 100 / ν
= e =
a 0 (1/ 3) e - γ ´ 100 / ν 3 35. (a) t = 0, v maximum. The motion begins from mean
1 1 1 position. So it represents S.H.M.
or A = a 0 ´ ´ = a 0 36. (a) The both of the pendulum will more along a straight
3 3 9
31. (b) Let x = the increase in the length of spring. Then the line AB.
particle moves along a circular path of radius (l + x),
and the spring force = kx = centripetal force

mw2 l
\ mw2 (l + x) = kx or x =
k - mw2 A
x
B
q q
k 2k
32. (a) mg
x
Re
Let mass is displaced towards left by x then force on
mass = – kx – 2kx = – 3kx
[negative sign is taken because force is opposite to The direction of the Earth's gravitational field is radial
the direction of motion] GM e m
Now, F = = mg
3k R e2
Þ F = - 3kx = -mw x Þ w =
2 .
m
x GM e m
w 1 3k Fx = -F cos q = -F =- x = –kx
f= = . Re R 3e
2 p 2p m
Thus it is propotional to 3k / m GM e m
where k =
33. (a) Maximum velocity can be found out by energy R e3
conservation. Time period of a simple harmonic oscillator,
1
mgh = mv 2 or v max = 2gh ; m m
2 T = 2p = 2p
v max gh
k GM e m / R 3e
= v' =
2 2
Re
1
mgh = m( v ' ) 2 + mgh ' ; GM e Re
2 or T = 2p = 2p
1 mgh R e2 g
mgh = + mgh '
2 2
37. (a) For the block is about to slip, mg = w 2 a
3mgh 3h
Þ = mgh ' or h ' =
4 4 mg
34. (b) Loss in PE of mass = gain in PE of the spring or Þ w =
a
1 2
\ mg (h + x) = kx
2 mg 1 mg
Þ 2pν = Þν=
a 2p a
kx 2 – 2mgx – 2mgh = 0
38. (d) Oscillations along spring length are independent of
2mg ± 4 m 2 g 2 - 4k (-2mgh) gravitation.
Þ x=
2k
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1 4 æ xö
39. (c ) I = M(2L) 2 = ML2 Þ 2T = k ç x 0 ÷
3 3 è 2ø
Force applied by the spring is F = – kx
kx
Þ F = – k (2Lq) Þ (T - T0 ) =
4
(q is the angular displacement from the equilibrium
position). Further m m
r r Þ Time period = 2 p = 4p
k k
t =| l ´ F |= 4L2 k sin q = -4L2 kq
4
..
Also, t = Ia = I q = -4L2 kq 1 2
43. (b) mg(h + y) = ky
..
2
3k
Þ q+ q=0
M mg mg 2kh
Þ y= ± 1+
k k mg
3k
Þ w0 = At equilibrium
M
mg = ky0
40. (a) V(x) = k | x |3
mg
dV(x) Þ y0 =
since, F = - = -3k | x |2 …… (i) k
dx
x = a sin (wt) mg 2kh
Þ Amplitude A = y – y0 = 1+
This equation always fits to the differential equation k mg
Energy of oscillation is
d2 x 2
= -w2 x or m d x = -mw 2 x
dt 2 dt 1 2 æ mg ö
2
E= kA = mgh + ç
Þ F = – mw2x …… (ii) 2 è 2k ÷ø
Equations (i) and (ii) give 44. (b) For block A to move in S.H.M.
2 2
-3k | x | = - mw x N
A
3kx 3ka
Þ w= = [sin(wt)]1/ 2
m m
mg x
mean
Þ wµ a position

1 mg – N = mw2x
Þ Tµ
a where x is the distance from mean position
For block to leave contact N = 0
2R l
41. (b) T = 2p = 2p
g g g
Þ mg = mw2 x Þ x =
w2
42. (d) Let the extension in the spring be x0 at equilibrium. If
F0 be the tension in the string then F0 = kx0. Further if 45. (a) The displacement of a particle in S.H.M. is given by
T0 is the tension in the thread then T0 = mg and y = a sin (wt + f)
2T0 = kx0.
dy
Let the mass m be displaced through a slight velocity = = wa cos (wt + f)
dt
displacement x downwards. Let the the new tension in
the string and spring be T and F respectively. The velocity is maximum when the particle passes
through the mean position i.e.,
æ xö æ dy ö
Þ F = ç x 0 ÷ and F = 2T çè ÷ø
è 2ø dt max = w a
 Oscillations 369

The kinetic energy at this instant is given by A simple harmonic motion is always periodic. So motion
2 is periodic simple harmonic.
1 æ dy ö 1
mç ÷ = mw2 a2 = 8 × 10–3 joule From the given equation,
2 è dt ø max 2
æp ö
1 y = 3cos ç - 2wt ÷
or × (0.1) w2 × (0.1)2 = 8 × 10–3 è4 ø
2
Solving we get w = ± 4 Compare it by standard equation
Substituting the values of a, w and f in the equation of y = a cos(wt + f)
S.H.M., we get
y = 0.1 sin (± 4t + p /4) metre. So, w ' = 2w
80 2p 2p p
46. (d) Slope of F - x curve = – k = - Þ k = 400 N/m, = 2w Þ T ' = =
0.2 T' 2w w
m p
Time period, T = 2p = 0.0314 sec. Hence, the motion is SHM with period .
k w
47. (b) At resonance, amplitude of oscillation is maximum
2. (b) A motion will be harmonic if a µ displacement and a
Þ 2w2 – 36w + 9 is minimum
simple harmonic motion is always periodic but all
Þ 4w – 36 = 0 (derivative is zero)
Þ w= 9 simple harmonic motion are periodic but all periodic
are not harmonic.
48. (b) Torque about hinge
As given equation of motion is
2.5 g × 0.40 cos q – 1g × 1 cos q = 0
49. (c) 50. (b) y = sin 3 wt

EXERCISE - 3 = (3sin wt - 4sin 3wt ) / 4

Exemplar Questions [Q sin 3q = 3sin q - 4sin 3 q]

Differentiating both side w.r.t. t
æp ö
1. (b) As given that, y = 3cos ç - 2wt ÷ dy éd d ù
è 4 ø So, v = dt = ê dt (3sin wt ) - dt (4 sin 3wt ) ú / 4
Velocity of the particle ë û

dy d é æp öù 3 é (3sin q - sin 3q) ù

v= = 3cos ç - 2wt ÷ ú or sin q = ê ú
dt dt êë è4 øû ë 4 û

é æp öù dy
= 3(-2w) ê - sin ç - 2wt ÷ú 4 = 3w cos wt - 4 ´ [3w cos 3wt ]
ë è4 øû dt
Again, differentiating both side w.r.t. t
æp ö
= 6w sin ç - 2wt ÷
è4 ø d2y
4´ = -3 w 2 sin wt + 36 w sin 3wt
So, acceleration, dt 2
dv d é æp öù
a= = 6w sin ç - 2wt ÷ ú d 2 y -3 w 2 sin wt + 36 w sin 3wt
dt dt êë è 4 øû a= =
dt 2 4
æp ö
= (6w) ´ (-2w) cos ç - 2wt ÷ æ d2y ö
è4 ø So, çç 2 ÷÷ is not directly proportional to y.
è dt ø
é æp öù
= -4w2 ê3cos ç - 2wt ÷ú So motion is not harmonic.
ë è4 øû
y(t ) = sin 3 wt ,
a = -4w2 y
In simple harmonic motion acceleration (or force) is y (t + T ) = sin 3 (wt + T )
directly proportional to the negative of displacement
of particle é 2p ù
Þ as acceleration, a µ - y = sin 3 ê (t + T ) ú
ëT û
Hence, due to negative sign motion is simple harmonic
motion (SHM.) = sin3 (2p + wt ) = sin 3 wt
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3. (d) For motion to be SHM acceleration of the particle must

y ' = a 2(cos wt cos 45° + sin wt sin 45°)
be opposite of restoring force and proportional to
negative of displacement. So, F = ma = m(–2x) = a 2 cos(wt - 45°)
i.e., F = –2mx, so F µ - x So, the displacement is not straight line and not
Hence, ax = –2x parabola also.
We should be clear that x has to be linear. Now, squaring and adding eqs. (i) and (ii),
4. (c) Consider a U-tube filled in which a liquid column x2 + y 2 = a 2 [Q cos 2 wt + sin 2 wt = 1]
oscillates. When liquid column lifted upto height y
This is the equation of a circle, so motion in circular
from A to B in arm Q. The liquid level in arm P becomes
(independent of time).
at C', so the difference between the height of two
Clearly, the locus is a circle of constant radius a.
columns are = AB + A'C = y + y = 2y.
6. (d) As given that, the displacement is
In this case, restoring force acts on the liquid due to
gravity. Acceleration of the liquid column, can be y = a sin wt + b cos wt
calculated in terms of restoring force. Let a = A sin f ...(i)
P Q
and b = A cos f ...(ii)
B' B Squaring and adding (i) and (ii)
y
A' A a 2 + b2 = A2 sin 2 f + A2 cos 2 f
h C
C'
A = a 2 + b2 (amplitude)
Equilibrium level y = A sin f× sin wt + A cos f cos wt
Restoring force,
y = A cos (wt - f)
f = Weight of liquid column of height 2y
f = -( A ´ 2 y ´r) ´ g = -2 Argy dy
= - A w sin(wt - f)
dt
[Q h = rv]
As restoring force at A opposite to gravitational force d2y
2
= - Aw 2 cos (wt - f) = - w 2 y
as liquid is lifted against wt (mg )mk = 2 Arg dt

Then f µ - y so motion is SHM. d2y

Thus, µ (- y ) so, motion is SHM.
Time period dt 2
Hence, it is an equation of SHM with amplitude
m A ´ (2h) ´ r h
T = 2p = 2p = 2p A = a2 + b2 .
k 2 Arg g
7. (b) When pendulum vibrate with transverse vibration then
h l
T = 2p T = 2p
g g
Time period is independent of the density of the liquid l = length of pendulum.
and motion is harmonic.
5. (c) The resultant-displacement can be find by adding x Elastic support
G G
and y-components.
According to variation of x and y, trajectory will be
predicted, so resultant displacement is y' = (x + y) e
B
As given that, A
C
x = a cos wt ...(i) D
y = a sin wt ...(ii) Through the elastic rigid support the disturbance is
transferred to all the pendulum A and C are having
So, y ' = (a cos wt + a sin wt )
length and hence same frequency. They will be in
Þ y ' = a(cos wt + sin wt ) resonance, because their time period of oscillation.
So, a periodic force of period (T) produces resonance
é cos wt sin wt ù in A and C and they will vibrate with maximum amplitude
y' = a 2 ê + ú
ë 2 2 û as in resonance.
 Oscillations 371

8. (a) As the particle (P) is executing circular motion with Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
radius B. w(wa) = 60 Þ w(30) = 60
Let particle P is at Q at instant any (t), foot of w = 2 rad/s
perpendicular on x axis is at R vector OQ makes Ðq ,
with its zero position not P displacement of particles 2p
= 2 rad/s
for O to R. T
Consider angular velocity of the particle executing T = p sec
circular motion is w and when it is at Q makes and Past Years (2013-2017) NEET/AIPMT Questions
angle q as shown in the diagram.
v2 y2
y 11. (d) As + = 1 This is the equation of ellipse.
a 2w 2 a 2
p(t=0) Hence the graph is an ellipse. P versus x graph is
r Q similar to V versus x graph.
q q
90–q
x 12. (c) Displacement, x = A cos (wt) (given)
O
BR dx
= - Aw sin (wt)
Velocity, v =
dt
dv
Acceleration, a = = - Aw 2 cos wt
Clearly, q = wt dt
Hence graph (c) correctly dipicts the variation of a
Now, we can write with t.
OR = OQ cos(90 – q) (Q OR = X ) 13. (a) As we know, for particle undergoing SHM,

x = OQ sin q = OQ sin wt V = w A2 – X2
V12 = w2 (A 2 – x12 )
= r sin wt [Q OQ = r ]
V22 = w2 (A 2 – x 22 )
2p æ 2p ö
\ x = B sin t = B sin ç t ÷ Substracting we get,
T è 30 ø
V12 2 V22
æ 2p ö + x1 = + x 22
x = B sin ç t ÷ w2 w2
è 30 ø
V12 – V22
Hence, this equation represents SHM. Þ 2
= x 22 – x12
w
9. (c) According to the question, V12 – V22
Þ w =
x = a cos(at )2 x 22 – x12
is a cosine function, so it is an oscillatory motion. x 22 – x12
Þ T = 2p
Now, at, t = (t + T). The equation of motion of particle V12 – V22
14. (b) The two displacements equations are y1 = a sin(wt)
x(t + T ) = a cos[a(t + T )]2 [Q x(t ) = a cos(at )2 ]
æ pö
2 2 and y2 = b cos(wt) = b sin ç wt + ÷
= a cos[at + aT + 2atT ] ¹ x (t ) è 2ø
yeq = y1 + y2
where, T is supposed as period of the function w(t).
Hence, it is oscillatory but not periodic. æ pö
= a sinwt + b coswt = a sinwt + b sin ç wt + ÷
10. (a) Let us consider a equation of an SHM is represented è 2ø
by y = a sin wt Since the frequencies for both SHMs are same,
resultant motion will be SHM.
dy
v= = aw cos wt p
dt Now Aeq = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos
2
(v )max = aw = 30 cm/sec (given) ...(i)
b Þ Aeq = a 2 + b2
dv
Acceleration (a) = = - aw 2 sin wt
dt

amax = w 2 a = 60 (given) ...(ii)

a
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15. (c) As, we know, in SHM 17. (b) Let l be the complete length of the spring.
Maximum acceleration of the particle, a = Aw2 l l l
Maximum velocity, b = Aw Length when cut in ratio, 1 : 2 : 3 are , and
6 3 2
a 1
Þ w=
b Spring constant (k) µ
length (l)
2p 2pb é 2p ù Spring constant for given segments
Þ T=
w
=
a êëQ w = T úû
k1 = 6k, k2 = 3k and k3 = 2k
16. (b) Given, Amplitude A = 3 cm When they are connected in series
Which particle is at x = 2 cm 1 1 1 1
= + +
According to question, magnitude of velocity k ' 6k 3k 2k
= acceleration
1 6
Þ =
w A 2 - x 2 = xw2 k ' 6k
\ Force constant k' = k
2 2 æ 2p ö And when they are connected in parallel
(3) - (2) = 2 ç ÷
è T ø k" = 6k + 3k + 2k
4p 4p Þ k" = 11k
5= Þ T= Then the ratios
T 5
k' 1
= i.e., k' : k" = 1 : 11
k " 11