UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS IN CONCRETE: REVIEW

OF LITERATURE

CLE1901 - TECHNICAL ANSWERS FOR REAL WORLD

PROBLEM (TARP)

DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT - 02

Fall Semester 2023-24

Submitted By

Syed Noor Akhtar

19BCL0172

Submitted To
Dr. Sofi A
Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering
School of Civil Engineering
LITERATURE SUMMARIES

1.

Title – Value-added utilization of waste glass in concrete

Author - Ahmad Shayan, Aimin Xu

Introduction: This study highlights the potential for cost savings and value addition in concrete
production through the utilization of GLP derived from recycled glass.

In this research, three aspects of glass utilization in concrete were addressed:

Coarse Glass Aggregate (CGA): Coarse glass particles with a particle size range of 4.75 – 12
mm were used as a replacement for natural coarse aggregates in concrete.

Fine Glass Aggregate (FGA): Fine glass particles with a particle size range of 0.15 – 4.75 mm
were used as a replacement for natural fine aggregates in concrete.

Glass Powder (GLP): Glass powder with a particle size of less than 10 micrometers was studied
as a pozzolanic material, similar to the application of silica fume (SF) or fly ash.

Materials Used:

Post-Consumer Glass – GLP (Pozzolanic Material), FGA, CGA, Glass Crushing Equipment,
Portland cement, Sand and Coarse Aggregates , Water, Superplasticizers and retarders, Fly Ash,
Laboratory Equipment: molds for casting concrete specimens, a hydraulic press for compressive
strength testing, and equipment for curing specimens under controlled conditions (e.g.,
temperature and humidity chambers)

Analytical Instruments: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Safety Equipment: Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Key Findings (Analysis):

Coarse and Fine Glass Aggregates: Up to 30% of glass in concrete may not cause deleterious
effects, especially if the alkali content of the concrete is low. Smaller glass particle sizes (below
0.30 mm) did not cause harmful expansions, while larger fractions (above 0.60 mm) were more
problematic.
Glass Powder (GLP): GLP was found to act as a pozzolanic material, similar to SF or fly ash,
and its use in concrete improved strength development over time. It was also effective in
suppressing ASR expansion when used in sufficient amounts (10% SF and >20% GLP). The
research indicated that GLP could be used in concrete without causing harmful expansion.

Results –

Strength Tests:

Compressive Strength: Despite initial lower strength values due to reduced cement content,
concrete containing GLP continued to gain strength and approach the strength of control
mixtures.

ASR Expansion Tests:

Mortar Bars and Concrete Prism Tests: The results demonstrated that GLP effectively
suppressed ASR expansion when used in sufficient quantities, even with very reactive
aggregates.

Shrinkage Tests:

Drying Shrinkage: Results showed that the drying shrinkage of these mixtures was within
acceptable limits. Excessive shrinkage, which can lead to cracking, was not observed in the
concrete containing GLP.

Microstructure Analysis:

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): The microstructure analysis revealed a dense

microstructure in the mortar, illustrating the interaction between GLP and cement.

Long-Term Testing: (up to 270 days) These longer-term tests demonstrated that the beneficial
effects of GLP persisted over time.

Conclusion -

The research concludes that GLP can be effectively integrated into concrete as a pozzolanic
material, offering benefits such as ASR suppression, enhanced strength development, and
improved durability. It suggests that up to 30% GLP can be used as a replacement for cement or
aggregate in concrete without long-term adverse effects.

2.
Title – Concrete with waste glass as aggregate

Author - C Meyer, N Egosi , C Andela

Introduction: This research primarily discusses the concept and potential of using waste glass as
an aggregate in concrete products and the challenges and considerations involved in such an
endeavour. It mentions the use of waste glass as aggregate for concrete and the historical
challenge of alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Research efforts at Columbia University have aimed to
understand ASR and its impact on concrete properties when using glass aggregate. It outlines
measures to prevent or mitigate ASR, such as grinding glass to specific sizes, adding mineral
admixtures, modifying glass chemistry, and using low-alkali cements. Despite potential
reactivity, glass has several desirable properties as a concrete aggregate, including low water
absorption, high durability, abrasion resistance, flow improvement, aesthetic potential, and
pozzolanic properties.

Overall, recycling glass in concrete offers new markets for recycled glass, both mixed and color-
sorted, in various applications, including specialty products and regular concrete. Recent
research findings have expanded the potential for recycled glass use in concrete applications,
fostering the development of markets for recycled glass.

Measures to avoid alkali-silica reaction (ASR) or its damaging effects in concrete when using
glass as an aggregate:

Grinding the Glass: This reduces the reactivity of the glass and its potential contribution to ASR.

Mineral Admixtures: Adding mineral admixtures to the concrete mix that can effectively
suppress the ASR reaction.

Alkali-Resistant Coating (Zirconium): Coating the glass with alkali-resistant materials like
zirconium is an option, although it may be impractical for post-consumer waste glass. This
coating helps protect the glass from reacting with alkalis in the concrete.

Low-Alkali Cement: Using low-alkali cement can be an effective measure, although its success
may depend on the ability to keep external alkalis away from the concrete. Low-alkali cement is
less likely to contribute to ASR.

Testing and Evaluation:

The results from the concrete block test program:

Batch A (Control): (no glass content) After 28 days, the concrete block had a compressive
strength of 4.68 units (measurement not specified).
Batch B: In this batch, 10% of the gravel aggregate was replaced with glass of size #-30. After
28 days, the concrete block had a compressive strength of 4.26 units.

Batch C: In Batch C, 10% of the cement was replaced with finely ground glass powder passing
through mesh size #-400. The compressive strength of the concrete block after 28 days was 4.63
units.

Batch D: This batch involved a combination of changes. It replaced 10% of the gravel aggregate
with glass of size #-30 and also replaced 10% of the cement with glass powder passing through
#-400. The compressive strength of the concrete block in Batch D was also 4.26 units after 28
days.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that the replacement of a portion of the traditional aggregate and cement with
glass did not significantly affect the compressive strength of the concrete blocks compared to the
control group (Batch A). These results provide some confidence that incorporating glass as an
aggregate in concrete blocks may be feasible without compromising their strength.

Additionally, the text mentions that one of the requirements for approval is to demonstrate that
damage due to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansion is not likely to impair the strength of the
block. Although the research doesn't provide specific ASR test results, it states that research has
shown that this problem can be controlled. This suggests that measures to mitigate ASR may
have been implemented or considered in the experiment, contributing to the overall feasibility of
using glass as an aggregate in concrete blocks.

3.

Title – Utilization of waste glass powder in production of cement and concrete

Author - Ali A. Aliabdo, Abd Elmoaty

Materials used -

Concrete aggregate (Natural siliceous sand with 2.4 fineness modulus and crushed pink lime
stone with 12.5 mm nominal maximum aggregate size) - ASTM C33-04

Ordinary Portland cement - ASTM C150

Glass powder with particles finer than 75 lm and 2.62 specific gravity

Test performed -
Phase 1 - Strength activity index according to ASTM C618

Phase 2 - Tests of cement which includes, water requirement for standard paste, setting time,
soundness and compressive strength were conducted according to ESS 2421-1993.
Thermogravimetric analysis at 28 days.

Phase 3 - , slump, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, absorption, voids ratio and
density were conducted.

Results/Summary -

Phase 1 - Glass has pozzolanic effect and has hydraulic effect. (according to ASTM C618)

Phase 2 -

a. each 5% of glass powder cement replacement decreases water requirement by 0.4%

b. the glass powder replacement level has insignificant effect on the value of initial and final
setting times
c. the use of glass powder as cement replacement does not affect negatively the soundness of
standard Portland cement pastes modified with glass powder
d. no considerable volume increase as a result of the presence of glass powder in the cement
paste.
e. the use of glass powder as cement replacement up to 10% improves slightly the mortar
compressive strength at the considered ages. The increase of replacement level more than 10%
decreases the mortar compressive strength.
f. TG Analysis no change in the chemical phases occurred due to the use of glass powder. The
glass powder cement replacement decreases the amount of calcium hydroxide content

Phase 3 -

a. the increase of glass powder cement replacement level increases concrete slump.
b. the use of glass powder decreases the required water content to produce the same
consistency.
c. the use of 5.0% glass power as cement replacement enhances slightly concrete compressive
strength
d. the use of glass powder as cement replacement greater than 10% has a negative effect on
concrete compressive strength
e. Reduces water absorption and voids ratio which indicates improvement in concrete durability
and mechanical property.

Conclusion -

● Glass powder material fulfills the limits of Class F and Class C pozzolanic materials
according to ASTM C 618 of pozzolanic materials based on physical, mechanical and
chemical characteristics. This behavior is confirmed by TGA test results.
 ● Setting time and soundness of glass powder Portland cement is similar to unblended
Portland cement. The use of glass powder up to 10.0% enhances the mortar compressive
strength. This increase is about 9.0%.
● The use of glass powder as cement replacement up to 25.0% fulfills the limits of
Egyptian Portland cement specification ESS No. 2421 when CEM I 42.5 N Portland
cement is used.
● The use of glass powder refines the pores of cement paste and this reflects the mortar and
concrete properties.
● The increase of glass powder cement replacement level increases concrete slump. For
concrete mix having 33 MPa, the use of each 5.0% glass powder increases concrete
slump around 10 mm.
● Concrete compressive strength, tensile strength, absorption, voids ratio and density are
improved as a result of using 10.0% glass powder cement replacement.
● The use of glass powder more than 15.0% as cement replacement decreases the 28 days
concrete compressive strength. Reduction in w/c ratio is required to cancel the reduction
in concrete compressive strength. For 45 MPa concrete mix, it is enough to decrease the
water cement ration by about 0.03 to cancel the negative effect of using 15% glass
powder as cement replacement.
● The use of glass powder as cement addition up to 15.0% enhances concrete compressive
strength, tensile strength and voids ratio for 33 MPa concrete grade. This increase is
4.7%, 14.6% and 16.8% for concrete modified with 5.0%, 10.0% and 15.0% glass
powder cement addition compared with control mix. For 45 MPa concrete grade, these
mechanical and physical properties are improved up to 25.0% glass powder cement
addition.
● The concrete tensile strength modified with glass powder is about 9–13% of concrete
compressive strength.

4.

Title – Use of glass wastes as fine aggregate in Concrete

Author - S.P. Gautam, Vikas Srivastava and V.C. Agarwal

Materials used -

Grade 43 OPC of fineness 2800 cm2/g and specific gravity 2.96

cement content 380 kg/m3

coarse aggregate (good aggregate stone - fineness modulus 6.05 and specific gravity 2.6)
fine aggregate (natural river sand of zone - II), water

Mix design as per IS 10262 (1982), w/c ratio = 0.5, 66 cubes made with mix of 1: 1.67 : 3.33

Testing - Compressive strength testing

Test result -

a. when fine aggregate is replaced by 10% glass waste, the compressive strength at 7 d
is found to increase by about 47.75% on average.
b. increase in compressive strength at 28 d is only 3.30% at same replacement level.
c. on replacing fine aggregate by 20% glass waste on average there is an increase in
compressive strength at 7 d by 13.64% however, at 28 d; increase in compressive strength is
2.18%
d. increase in compressive strength at 7 d by about 11.32% whereas at 28 d
compressive strength is decreased marginally at 30 and 40% replacement level.

Conclusion -

1. While using waste glass as fine aggregate replacement, 28 d strength is found to

marginally increase up to 20% replacement level.

2. Marginal decrease in strength is observed at 30 to 40% replacement level of waste

glass with fine aggregate.

3. Waste glass can effectively be used as fine aggregate replacement.

4. The optimum replacement level of waste glass as fine aggregate is 10%.

5.

Title – Studies on concrete containing ground waste glass

Author - Yixin Shao, Thibaut Lefort, Shylesh Moras, Damian Rodriguez

Introduction - The possibility of using finely ground waste glass as partial cement replacement
in concrete was examined through three sets of tests: the lime-glass tests to assess the pozzolanic
activity of ground glass, the compressive strength tests of concrete having 30% cement re-
placed by ground glass to monitor the strength development, and the mortar bar tests to study the
potential expansion.

Materials used - Class F fly ash, silica fume, graded standard sand, hydrated lime, Grounded
glass taken : 150um glass, 75um glass and 38um glass, Type-10 portland cement

Experimental analysis/Test performed -

 1. Lime-glass test - Test carried out according to ASTM C593 for all three types of glasses.
Fly ash, silica fumes, hydrated lime, mineral additives and graded standard sand added in
batches, 100%. Water consistency achieved - 65-75%. Mixture was cast in 50-mm cube
molds, sealed and cured at 54C.
2. Compressive strength test - Cement replacement at 30% by volume. Materials used
according to CSA type 10 (ASTM type 1). Total 5 batches - control, silica, fly ask, 150-
um glass, 75-um glass, 38-um glass. Hybrid batches also created and tested. Batches
tested at 3,7,28 and 90 days. Strength activity index according to ASTM C618.
3. Expansion test - In accordance with ASTM C1260 [7]. 25 x 25 x 100-mm mortar bars
were made with water-to-cement ratio 0.47 and cementitious aggregate ratio 1 to 2.25.
Same as compressive strength test, 30% by volume of portland cement was replaced and
5 batches were created. 24-hr curing then placed in 80C water for reference length.
Transferred to a solution of 1N of NaOH at 80C. Readings taken every 14 days.

Result and Discussion -

1. Activity of ground glass with lime - Only 38-um glass satisfied the minimum strength
requirement and glass size small enough to serve as pozzolan.
2. Compressive strength development - Only strength of concrete containing 38-um glass
exceeded that of control by 8% after 90-days of curing.
3. Expansion due to alkali-silica reaction - All batches expand below 0.1% hence within
acceptable limit. The 38-um glass reduced the expansion to half of the control.

Conclusion -

1. The smaller the particle size, the more reaction of the glass with lime as well as more
water required to keep the same workability.
2. The smaller the particle size, the higher the strength, especially at late age.
3. The finer the particle size, less the expansion.
4. Waste glass, grounded finer than 38-um exhibits pozzolanic behavior.

6.

Title – Recycling of waste glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete

Author - Zainab Z. Ismail, Enas A. AL-Hashmi

Introduction - The properties of concrete containing waste glass as fine aggregate were
investigated in this study. The strength properties and ASR expansion were analyzed in terms of
waste glass content. An overall quantity of 80 kg of crushed waste glass was used as a partial
replacement for sand at 10%, 15%, and 20% with 900 kg of concrete mixes.
Materials used - Type I portland cement (ASTM C114-85), fine aggregate (4.75 mm), coarse
aggregate (max 20 mm), waste glass (4.75 mm)

Experimental analysis/Test performed -

1. Mixture proportioning - waste glass aggregates of 10%, 15%, 20% as partial replacement
of sand (fine aggregate), one control mixture
2. Casting, compaction, curing, fresh density, dry density and compression test - according
to B.S. 1881 :1952.
3. Flexural and toughness strength - created according to ASTM C192-88 and tested
according to ASTM C 293-79, ASTM C 1018-85.
4. Pozzolanic activity - 20% of mass of cement replaced by glass powder, tested according
to ATM C311-02.
5. Alkali-silica reaction - Mortar bar test according to ASTM C1260-01.

Result and Discussion -

1. Slump - workable however it decreases as the waste glass ratio increases due to lesser
fluidity and reduction in fineness modulus.
2. Fresh and dry density tests - decreases as waste glass ratio increases still comparable to
control specimen, weight of concrete with waste glass is lower than that without glass.
3. Compressive strength tests - 4.23% increase in compressive strength compared to control
mix at a later stage
4. Flexural strength test - flexural strength decrease as waste glass proportion is increased
5. Pozzolanic activity test - higher than minimum 75% specified in ATSM C618-03
6. ASR tests - reduction in expansion for 20% waste glass content up to 66%

Conclusion -

1. The results proved 80% pozzolanic strength activity given by waste glass after 28 days.
2. The flexural strength and compressive strength of specimens with 20% waste glass
content were 10.99% and 4.23%, respectively, higher than those of the control specimen
at 28 days.
3. The mortar bar tests demonstrated that the finely crushed waste glass helped reduce
expansion by 66% as compared with the control mix.

7.

Title – Evaluation of durability of concrete substituted heavyweight waste glass as fine aggregate

Author – Il Sun Kim, So Yeong Choi, Eun Ik Yang

Introduction – With rapid industrial development as well as the improvement living standard,
the amount of domestic and industrial waste is increasing. A globally unified effort is needed to
implement technologies for effective waste recycling and resource recirculation. In the early
2010s, when analog TV broadcasting ended, and systems converted to digital TV broadcasting, a
large volume of cathode ray tube (CRT) TVs and monitors were discarded and replaced with
LCD panels. In 2020, waste CRT glass volumes were thought to have reached 10 million. One
possible option to recycle heavyweight waste glass that has been studied includes applying waste
glass as an alternative concrete aggregate, however, studies specifically on the durability of
concrete are lacking.

Materials – Type I OPC (ASTM C 150 [2007]), Crushed gravel (≤ 20mm) as CA, River sand (≤
5mm) as FA, Crushed waste glass (passing through 5mm sieve) as FA, Air-entraining admixture,
Water-reducing admixture (polycarbonate-based)

Experiments –

→ Water/Binder ratio = 35%, 45%, and 55%

→ Waste glass substitution = 0%, 50%, and 100%

→ Size of specimens for freezing, thawing, flexural strength = 100 * 100 * 400 (mm)

→ Size of specimens for sulphate attack, chloride ion penetration, compressive strength, water
absorption ratio = 100 mm (dia) * 200 mm (h)

→ Slump and Air Content tests = in accordance with ASTM C 143 and ASTM C 231

→ Compressive and Flexural Strength tests = in accordance with ASTM C 39 and ASTM C 78;
carried out on day 7, 28, and 91

→ Absorption Ratio = in accordance with ASTM C 642

→ Freezing and Thawing tests (to test soundness) = in accordance with ASTM C 666 (Method
B); carried out on day 14

→ Sulphate Attack Resistance test = in accordance with JSTM C 7401; carried out on day 28,
56, and 91

→ Chroride Ion Penetration test = in accordance with ASTM C 1202; carried out on day 28, and
91

→ Weight and Modulus of Elasticity = measured every 30 cycles

Results & Conclusion –

→ Slump and Air Content tests = Slump increased as the waste glass substitution ratio increased,
but the increment decreased as the W/B ratio increased. Air content slightly increased (5.1% to
5.6%) as the waste glass substitution ratio increased, but the increase was not significantly
dependent on the W/B ratio or on the waste glass substitution ratio.

→ Compressive and Flexural Strength tests = Both strengths decreased as the W/B ratio and the
waste glass substitution ratio increased. The decrease of the strength may have been due to
decreased adhesion between the waste glass surface and the cement hydrates.

→ Freezing and Thawing tests = It was seen that the weight of the concrete did not significantly
change due to freezing and thawing. The ratio of the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity was
anywhere between 80% and 90% in all of the mixing conditions, indicating that concrete
containing heavyweight glass waste had good freeze–thaw resistance.

→ Absorption / Sulphate / Chloride = The permeability resistance of the concrete increased as

the waste glass substitution ratio increased, because of the low water absorption ratio of the
waste glass. Additionally, the heavyweight waste glass content may have improved the sulfate
attack resistance of the concrete. Chloride ion penetration resistance is significantly improved
when heavyweight waste glass is used as fine aggregate, as indicated by an increase in diffusion
coefficient value..

8.

Title – Suitability of liquid crystal display (LCD) glass waste as supplementary cementing
material (SCM): Assessment based on strength, porosity, and durability

Author – Hee Jun Yang, Muhammad Usman, Asad Hanif

Introduction – Among various waste materials, potentially useful for use as SCM in concrete
and mortars, liquid crystal display (LCD) glass is produced in significantly high quantities due to
the advancement of the electronic display industry. This e-waste is hazardous because of the
non-degradability and toxic nature due to its composition, thus creating hazards during disposal.
Only a handful of limited studies in which LCDGP is used as SCM primarily investigated the
mechanical, hydration, and microstructural properties.

Materials – Type I OPC (KS L 5201), LCD A (dia = 37.01 μm) powder as binder, LCD B (dia =
10.98 μm) powder as binder

Experiments –

→ Weight of Binder: Water: Sand: Gravel = 1.0 : 0.4: 2.0 : 2.5

→ Size of specimens for compression, sulphate attack & carbonation tests = 100 mm (dia) * 200
mm (h)

→ Size of specimens for freezing & thawing tests = 100 * 100 * 400 (mm)
→ Size of specimens for hydration, TGA & XRD tests = 50 mm cube (mix binder and water)

→ Slump and Air Content tests = in accordance with ASTM C143-03, ASTM C231-04, and
ASTM C185-99

→ Compressive Strength tests = in accordance with ASTM C39, C 39/C 39M − 99 (loading rate
= 2.4 kN/s)

→ Frost Resistance tests = in accordance with KS F 2456 “Standard test method for resistance of
concrete to rapid freezing and thawing” and ASTM C666-97; 300 cycles are performed and
testing is carried out on day 28

→ Carbonation Resistance tests = Specimens are cut in half and covered with a waterproofing
coat. Carbonation is conducted on day 28 and 56, after which depth of carbonation is measure
with phenolphthalein

→ Sulphate Attack tests = in accordace with ASTM C1012/C1012 M, loss in weight measured
after week 6, 12 and 24

→ Porosity tests = assessed by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) at pressures up to 400 MPa

Results –

→ The mechanical strength does improve with the LCDGP incorporation; however, the early-
age strength (up to 7-day age) is significantly lower than that of normal concrete. The better
mechanical properties of LCDGP are attributed to greater pozzolanic reactivity (corroborated by
the thermogravimetric analyses), higher surface area, and finer particle size.

→ In terms of durability, LCDGP proved to be very effective in improving the resistance to

freezing and thawing (apparent change to concrete inner surface is visible through the naked eye)
as well as sulfate resistance (incorporation of LCD B is preferred due to its gradation) of
modified concretes. However, there was no positive influence on the carbonation resistance, as
the depth of carbonation was between 40% to 50% higher than the control concrete.

→ XRD and porosity studies (unimodal distribution seen) did not lead to any major revelation.
However, the fact the resulting hydration products and porosity were comparable to that of
ordinary concretes corroborates the usefulness in terms of economy and sustainable
development.

Conclusion – Liquid crystal display (LCD) glass waste powder (LCDGP) can be successfully
employed as partial replacement of cement in developing sustainable and low embodied energy
concrete. However, the particle size must be carefully attained while grinding. In order to attain
comparative or even better strength and durability attributes, finer gradation is highly essential.

Utilization of LCDGP in concrete would substantially enhance the resulting durability without
compromising the mechanical strength, thus extending the applicability in structural and non-
structural concrete structures. Further, the use of LCDGP modified concrete may be useful in
cold regions as well as in places with high concentration of ions and salts.

9.

Title – Mechanical and durability performance of concrete incorporating fine recycled concrete
and glass aggregates.

Author - Mardani et al. (2012)

Materials used - An ordinary portland cement, two size fractions of a crushed coarse limestone
aggregate (4–16 and 16–25 mm), RC aggregate from waste laboratory made concrete and waste
flint glass.

Tests performed - Fresh Concrete Properties, Compressive Strength Test, Splitting Tensile Test,
Dynamic elastic modulus determined by ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), Transport Properties.

Conclusion -

1. The maximum reduction in strength was observed in the specimens containing 60% recycled
glass aggregate.

2. Increasing the recycled concrete aggregate content caused decrease in UPV value and increase
in water absorption, depth of penetration of water under pressure, chloride-ion penetration, and
water sorptivity of the concrete mixture.

3. However, in recycled glass aggregate-containing mixture, UPV value increased and transport
properties were improved with the increasing recycled glass aggregate content.

10.

Title – Experimental Investigation on Self Compacting Concrete Using Glass Powder

Author - Vanjare and Mahure (2012)

Materials used - Cement, fly ash, aggregate, glass powder, super plasticizer

Tests performed - Self compactability tests like flow test and V funnel test.

Conclusion -

1. The addition of glass powder in SCC mixes reduces the self compactability characteristics like
filling ability, passing ability and segregation resistance.
2. The compressive strength decreases with even increase in glass powder contents. The average
reduction in compressive strength for all grades was around 6%, 15% and 20% for glass powder
contents of 5%, 10% and 15% respectively.

3. The flexural strengths of the mixes were observed to decrease with increase in glass powder
contents. The average reduction in flexural strengths for all grades was around 2%, 3.7% and
6.75% for glass powder contents of 5%, 10% and 15% respectively.

11.

Title – Concrete Containing Waste Glass as an Environmentally Friendly Aggregate: A Review

on Fresh and Mechanical Characteristics. Materials (Basel)

Author - Qaidi S, Najm HM, Abed SM, Özkılıç YO, Al Dughaishi H, Alosta M, Sabri MMS,
Alkhatib F, Milad A.

Summary -
● The authors substitute F.A in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) mixes with
recycling crystal display (CRT) glass at levels of 25% to 100% by volume. They stated
that the fresh density of waste-glass concrete mixtures increased by 1% 2.5%, 3.5%, and
6%, incorporating 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of waste glass (WG), respectively
● The researchers ascribed this behavior to (i) the sharp edges and smooth particle surfaces,
leading to a poorer bond between cement mortar and glass particles at the interfacial
transition zone (ITZ) [14,40,42,43,55,66,87,90,108,109]; (ii) increased water content of
the glass aggregate mixes due to the weak ability of WG to absorb water [43,110]; and
(iii) the cracks caused by expanding stress formed by the alkali-silica reaction produced
from the silica in WG [40]
● The utilization of WG in concrete affects the fresh and mechanical properties of waste-
glass concrete, which must be taken into consideration before being used in structures
● Workability: They stated that slump flow increased by 2%, 5%, 8%, 11%, and 85%, with
the incorporating of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of WG, respectively. According to
Rashad [61], the optimal content of glass waste to achieve good workability is 20%
● Flowability:They stated that flowability increased by 11, 14, 16, and 12 mm, compared to
the control sample, incorporating 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% WG, respectively.
● Density variations: Taha and Nounu [65] substitute fine aggregate in waste-glass concrete
(WGC) mixes with recycled soda-lime glass at levels of 50% to 100% by volume. They
stated that the fresh density of WG concrete mixes reduced by 1% and 2% incorporating
50% and 100% of WG, respectively. The authors substitute F.A in UHPC mixes with
recycling CRT glass at levels of 25% to 100% by volume They stated that the fresh
density of waste-glass concrete mixtures increased by 1% 2.5%, 3.5%, and 6%,
incorporating 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of WG, respectively. The authors attributed the
 reason to the fact that the density of CRT glass (2916 kg/m3) was larger than that of fine
aggregate (2574 kg/m3) [100,101,102,103,104]
● By reviewing past studies on the impact of WG aggregates on the compressive strength
of waste-glass concrete, summarized, it can be noticed that most studies shown that
incorporating glass waste into concrete reduces compressive strength. The researchers
ascribed this behavior to (i) the sharp edges and smooth particle surfaces, leading to a
poorer bond between cement mortar and glass particles at the interfacial transition zone
(ITZ) [14,40,42,43,55,66,87,90,108,109]; (ii) increased water content of the glass
aggregate mixes due to the weak ability of WG to absorb water [43,110]; and (iii) the
cracks caused by expanding stress formed by the alkali-silica reaction produced from the
silica in WG [40]
● Ali and Al-Tersawy [55] substitute fine aggregate in self-compacting concrete (SCC)
with recycled WG at levels of 10% to 50% by volume. They stated that tensile strength of
waste-glass concrete decreased by 9%, 15%, 16%, 24%, and 28% incorporating 10%,
20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of WG, respectively [129,130,131,132]. Summary of the
results of past studies on the splitting tensile strength of waste-glass concrete. The authors
substitute fine aggregate in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) with recycled WG
at levels of 25% to 100% by weight. They stated that the splitting tensile strength of
concrete increased by 1%, 3%, 11%, and 7%, incorporating 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%
of WG, respectively.
● The flexural strength of waste-glass concrete shows comparable tendencies to its
compressive strength and tensile strength. Kim, Choi and Yang [79] substitute fine
aggregate in WGC with recycled CRT glass at levels of 50% to 100% by volume. They
stated that flexural strength of concrete decreased by 9% and 14%, incorporating 50%
and 100% of WG, respectively, for w/c of 0.45. Jiao, Zhang, Guo, Zhang, Ning and Liu
[81] substitute fine aggregate in UHPC with recovered WG at levels of 25% to 100% by
weight. They stated that flexural strength of concrete increased by 2%, 1%, 5%, and 1%,
incorporating 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of WG, respectively.
● Steyn, Babafemi, Fataar and Combrinck [82] substitute fine aggregate in WGC with
recovered WG at levels of 15% to 30% by volume They stated that MOE of concrete
increased by 1%, and 7%, incorporating 15% and 30% of WG, respectively. Omoding,
Cunningham and Lane-Serff [115] substitute coarse aggregate in glass aggregate
concretes with recycled WG at levels of 12.5% to 100% by volume. They stated that
MOE of concrete increased by 2% to 4% for a replacement rate of 12.5% to 50%,
decreased by 3% to 9% for replacement ratios above 50%

12.

Title – Comprehensive investigation of recycled waste glass in concrete using silane treatment
for performance improvement
 Author - Feras W. Al-Awabdeh, Mazen J. Al-Kheetan , Yazeed S, Husam Al-Hamaiedeh, Seyed
Hamidreza Ghaffar

Introduction - Untreated and silane-treated glass wastes are employed to replace coarse and fine
aggregates in different ratios, in addition to their use as a functional additive to improve the
performance of the resultant concrete. Silane treatment was employed in an attempt to enhance
concrete’s properties, mainly impermeability, after the incorporation of glass. Furthermore,
physical and mechanical properties along with microstructural and interaction mechanism
analyses, are thoroughly assessed and discussed with statistical analyses.

Materials used - CEM I 42.5 N Portland Cement, coarse limestone aggregate with a maximum
grain size of 25 mm, and 2 mm fine river sand, glass waste washed, cleaned, and milled into
various sizes between 0.007 mm and 25 mm and 700-S silane were used in this study.

Results and Conclusion -

1. Water absorption: concrete mixtures integrated with silane-treated fine and coarse glass
aggregates exhibited the least water absorption rates among all mixtures after 7 days of
curing. On the other hand, the integration of untreated coarse and fine glass aggregates in
concrete showed higher water absorption rates than their treated counterparts, which is
evidence of silane’s high efficiency in reducing water absorption. Interestingly,
incorporating untreated and treated glass powder as an additive to concrete recorded
higher water absorption rates than the control, where increasing the glass powder content
increased the water absorption rate due to porosity and minimal presence of silane.

2. Compressive strength: It is perceived that replacing fine and coarse aggregate with
untreated glass waste has resulted in an increase in the 7 days compressive strength due to
the glass’s pozzolanic effect that enhances the hydration process at early ages but a
decrease in 28 days with reflected low density in fw and brittle nature of cw.

On the other hand, using silane-treated glass waste as aggregate (fine and coarse)
negatively influenced the concrete mixtures’ 7 and 28 days compressive strength.
Moreover, the 28 days compressive strength, this might be due to the presence of silane
that coats the glass surface, which hinders the pozzolanic effect of glass powder. In
addition, silane might induce slippage between glass particles and reduce their
interlocking resulting in a decreased compressive strength.

Remarkably, the use of glass waste (treated and untreated) as an additive in concrete led
to an increased compressive strength when tested at 7 days. Using untreated glass waste
as an additive showed a modest enhancement in the 28 days’ compressive strength, yhe
presence of glass powder in small quantities (up to 5%) would minimize its dispersion in
 the mix, affecting its role in enhancing the hydration process. Moreover, treated mixtures
experienced a drop in the 28 days compressive strength compared to the control, which
could refer to the silane effect at later ages in hindering the reaction between silica in
glass and the cement matrix.

3. Splitting tensile strength: All mixtures experienced a drop in their tensile strength
compared to control except untreated fine aggregates mixtures. The drop in the tensile strength
of mixtures containing treated glass is mainly due to the presence of silane on the surface of the
glass, which could reduce the adhesion between the glass and the cement matrix. In addition,
silane promotes slippage and reduces the interlocking between glass particles, reducing
concrete’s tensile strength.
4. Microstructural analysis: Microstructural analysis revealed a high-dense structure
with the absence of microcracks when incorporating silane-treated fine glass aggregate in
concrete. In contrast, a noticeable de-bonded/ delaminated interface between glass and cement
matrix was witnessed in concrete integrated with silane-treated coarse glass.

13.

Title – Recycled waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement in concrete containing
silica fume and fly ash

Author - K.I.M. Ibrahim

Introduction -

Materials used - Cement, Recycled WG, Silica fume, Fly ash, Aggregates, Mixing water,
Superplasticizer (SP).

Procedure -

1. Mixture proportioning: A sum of 15 mixes of concrete was produced, all the mixtures
were by the same sand to basalt ratio = 1:2. The investigated mixtures were distributed to
three groups; each group consists of five various mixtures according to five replacement
ratios of cement by WGP. These ratios were 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 %. The first
mix of each group was with a 0% GP content, taken as a reference mix.
2. Testing of specimens: As stated by BS 12350-2:2009 [24], the slump test was fulfilled on
fresh concrete mixes to define the concrete workability. The density and the water
absorption tests of all groups were fulfilled according to B.S.1881:1952 [25] andASTM
C642 [26], respectively. Also, By ESS 1658/2006 [27], compressive and tensile strengths
were achieved. Three specimens were tested for each mix, and the average was listed.

Results and Conclusion -

 1. Slump test: The results illustrated that the slump of all concrete mixes increases as the
WGP increases. This performance may be owing to the smooth surface and low WGP
water absorption that increases the fluidity of mixes or may be referred to as the coarser
particles of WGP related to the cement.
2. Fresh and dry density results: The results showed a reduction of the fresh density values
of the WGP concrete mixes can be related to the specific gravity of the WGP that is
lesser than the cement. Despite the fresh density value reduction of WGP concrete mixes,
they are still closer to the reference mixes. Similarly, there was a drop in the dry density
rates of WGP concrete mixes, the values are yet similar to the control mixes [0%WGP].
3. Water absorption: The rate of water absorption decreased with the increase of the WGP
content for all groups. This was expected because the glass water absorption ratio is
almost zero. Moreover, the filling influence of tiny milled WG particles results in
enhanced particle packing, resulting in the denser and hence less permeable
microstructure. Water absorption of concrete had been noted to be significant, decreased
with the introduction of milled WG as a partial substitution for cement in mixes.
4. Compressive strength tests: In 28 days’ test, for plain concrete, the performance of reused
WGP as a cement replacement increases the concrete compressive strength at a 5 % ratio
then decreases after this ratio compared to the reference mixture. The increase value at 5
% ratio was 7.51 % and the reductions were 3.48 %, 6.98 % and 21.65 % at 10 %, 15 %,
and 20 % ratios respectively.
5. Tensile strength: In 28 days' test, splitting tensile strength inclined to increase at a 5 %
ratio of recycled waste glass powder substitution in the concrete mixture then decreased
after this ratio compared to the control mix for plain concrete. The increased value at a 5
% ratio was 13.15 % and the reduction was 7.67 %, 10.41 % and 16.99 % at 10 %, 15 %
and 20 % ratios respectively.

14.

Title – Study of Concrete Involving Use of Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Fine
Aggregates

Author - Sajjad Gulzar

Summary - fine aggregates were partially replaced by waste glass as 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%
by

weight. Concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength,
durability (water absorption) and lightweight nature for different waste glass percentages. The
results obtained were compared with results of normal M-25 concrete mix and it was found that
maximum increase in compressive strength occurred for the concrete mix containing 20% waste
glass as fine aggregate. With increase in waste glass content, water absorption decreased
indicating increase in durability. Density of concrete decreased with increase in waste glass
content thus making concrete light weight in nature.

Materials Used:
● Cement and aggregates: ordinary portland cement of grade 43 confining to IS 8112, fine
aggregates were river sand of 4.75mm size with specific gravity 2.6
● Glass powder: waste window glass (soda lime glass), through 1.18mm sieve

Mix Proportion: The concrete mix design was proposed by using IS 10262 [10]. The grade of
concrete used was M-25 with water to cement ratio of 0.45.

Tests were carried out on fresh and hardened concrete, water absorption test, lightweight
character

Conclusions:

● Replacing 20% of fine aggregates with waste glass increased compressive strength by
15% at 7 days and 25% at 28 days.
● Fine aggregates can be replaced with waste glass up to 30% by weight, resulting in a
9.8% increase in compressive strength at 28 days.
● Increasing waste glass content reduces water absorption in concrete.
● A mixture with 40% waste glass becomes lighter, with a 5% reduction in average weight,
making it lightweight concrete.
● Higher waste glass content improves the workability of concrete.
● However, splitting tensile strength decreases as waste glass content increases.
● Using waste glass in concrete can be cost-effective as it's readily available and free.
● Utilizing waste glass in concrete disposal is environmentally friendly and promotes
greener concrete.
● It helps preserve natural resources, especially river sand, making the concrete
construction industry more sustainable.

15.
Title - Utilization of waste glass in concrete.
Author - N. TamannaN., Mohamed Sutan, D. T. C. Lee, I. Yakub
Summary - The text discusses the utilization of waste glass in concrete production. In the
1960s, attempts were made to use crushed waste glass as aggregate, but issues with cracking
arose. Recently, due to high disposal costs and environmental regulations, researchers have
revisited this approach. Waste glass finds application in road construction, glass products, and
more. The alkali-silica reaction (ASR) can cause cracking and reduced strength, but finely
ground glass with particles 300 μm or smaller can mitigate this.

Glass is composed of silica, soda, and lime, with various types based on chemical composition.
Soda-lime glasses, the most common type, are suitable as pozzolanic-cementitious materials. The
process of converting waste glass involves washing, crushing, and sieving. Different particle
sizes serve specific purposes in concrete production, like aggregate or sand replacement. Ground
glass powder with specific sizes can also replace cement as a pozzolan.

Recycled glass has aesthetic properties suitable for architectural and decorative concrete. It
offers benefits such as lower water absorption compared to sand and can be used in concrete
blocks and paving. Despite potential ASR concerns, finely ground glass is considered safe. It
reacts with calcium hydroxide to form compounds with cementitious properties, leading to a
more compact pore structure and higher strength in cement-based materials. Ground waste glass
can be incorporated into concrete without long-term detrimental effects. Overall, waste glass
holds promise for enhancing the sustainability and performance of concrete materials.

Materials Used - Waste Glass, Portland Cement, Fine and coarse aggregates, water, admixtures,
fibers.

Conclusion - This paper has discussed the feasibility of waste glass in concrete production and
its pozzolanic properties in cement in terms of durability and sustainability. Direct Utilization of
waste glass as concrete aggregates has a negative effect on the workability and strength of
concrete. But ground glass powders exhibit very good pozzolanic reactivity and can be used as
cement replacement. Its pozzolanic reactivity increases as its fineness increases. If aggregates are
alkali-reactive, alkalis in the glass powder can causes alkali silica reaction. Besides, fine ground
glasses have less ASR expansion. Hence, incorporation of ground glass powder in cement will
greatly increase the strength and durability and save natural resources as well as keeping the
environment green.

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